LM 101
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izks0 ds- lh- tks”kh izks0 fxkfjtk ik.Ms
iwoZ dqyifr funs”kd lekt foKku fo|k “kk[kk
dqek;qW fo”ofo|ky; ] uSuhrky mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky;
mRrjk[k.M gY}kuh mRrjk[k.M
izks0 d`’.k nso jko izks0 “;kefcgkjh feJk
dqylfpo foHkkxk/;{k fof/k foHkkx ds-th-ds- eqjknkckn
jk’Vªh; fof/k fo”ofo|ky; mRrjizn”s k
nsgyh
Mk0 “kSQkyh ;kno Mk0 euh’k flag
lg izk/;kid Lkgk;d izk/;kid
,e-ts-ih- :gsy[k.M fo”ofo|ky; Yk[kuÅfo”ofo|ky;
mRrjizn”s k mRrjizn”s k
ujsUnz dqekj txwM+h
ikB~;dze leUo;d
fof/k foHkkx
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky;
gY}kuh ¼mÙkjk[k.M½
ikB~;dze leUo;d ,oa lEiknu
ujsUnz dqekj txwM+h
ikB~;dze leUo;d
fof/k foHkkx
mRrjk[k.M eqDr fo”ofo|ky;
gY}kuh ¼mÙkjk[k.M½
Unit Writers No. Of Unit
Mr. Narendra Kumara Jaguri 1,2,3(Block-1)
Contract Teacher Law
Law Department
Uttrakhand Open University
Haldwani Uttarakhand
Mr. Sandeep Khanduri 4To16 (Block-2 to4)
Law Department
H.I.C. Educational
Dehradun.Uttrakhand
Copy Right @UTTRAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY
Edition% June 2012
Publisher % Director Study & Publish
mail : [email protected]
Uttrakhand Open University, Haldwani (Nainital) &263139
UTTRAKHAND OPEN
UNIVERSITY HALDWANI
Law and Social Transformation in India LL.M.-101
fof/k dk lkekftd ifjorZu
[k.M& 1 fof/k dk lkekftd ifjorZu NO of Page
bdkbZ &1 fof/k dk lkekftd ifjorZu 1-22
bdkbz &2 izFkvksa ,oa ijEijkvksa ds }kjk fof/k dk fuekZ.k 23-40
bdkbZ&3& Hkkjrh; fof/k O;oLFkk ds vuq:Ik fof/k dk lkekftd ifjorZu 41-60
[k.M& 2 /kZe vkSj fof/k
bdkbZ &1/kkfeZd lkEiznkf;drk 61- 76
bdkbZ&2 /kkfeZd vYila[;d ,oa fof/kd lq/kkj 77-98
bdkbZ&3-tkfr O;oLFkk 99-122
bdkbZ&4 fof/k dk lkekftd ifjorZu% dkjd ,oa fl)kUr 123-141
[k.M & 3 efgyk;sa @ckyd ,o afof/k
bdkbZ&1%efgykvksa ds fo#) fgalk ,oa vijk/k 142-161
bdkbZ&2&fo/kk;u }kjk lkekftd ifjorZu 162-184
bdkbZ&3 “kS{kf.kd vf/kdkj@vYila[;drk ,oa fof/k 185-205
bdkbZ&4-cky&nqO;Zogkj vkSj cky&Je 206-229
bdkbZ&5& fof/k ds ifjorZu esa U;kf;d lfØ;rk ,oa U;kf;d vojks/k 230-242
[k.M & 4 vk/kqfudhdj.k vkSj leqnk; fof/k
bdkbZ&1%leqnk; ¼tkfr½ % lS)kfUrd ifjizs{; 242-265
bdkbZ&2%tkfr;ksa ds lEcU/k esa laoS/kkfud micU/k 266-290
bdkbZ&3% vk/kqfudhdj.k 291-307
bdkbZ&4% fof/kd lq/kkj 308-323
LAW AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA LL.M. 1001
,y&,y-,e- izFke o’kZ
Hkkjr esa fof/k ,oa lkekftd ifjorZu
[k.M& fof/k dk lkekftd ifjorZu
bdkbZ&1 fof/k vkSj lkekftd ifjorZu
bdkbZ dh lajpuk
1-1& izLrkouk
1-2&mn~n”s ;
1-3&fof/k vkSj lkekftd ifjorZu
1-4&fof/k&lkekftd vfHk;fU=fd ds :i esa
1-4-1&fgr vkSj mldk oxhsZdj.k
1-4-2&O;fDrxr fgr
1-4-3&?kjsyq lEcU/kksa esa lEcfU/kr fgr
1-4-4&rRo lEcU/kh fgr
1-4-5&yksd fgr
1-4-6&fof/kd :i esa jkT; dk fgr
1-4-6-1&lkekftd fgrksa ds laj{k.k ds :i esa jkT; dk fgr
1-4-7-&lkekU; lqj{kk lEcfU/k fgr
1-4-7-1&vizfof’V dk dksbZ izHkko ufga
1-4-8&vkfFkZd izxrh
1-4-9&O;fDrxr thou esa lkekftd fgr
1-4-10&fgrksa dk eqY;kadu
1-5& eqfLye efgykvksa ds Hkj.k&iks’k.k dk vf/kdkj
1-6& cky fookg
1-7& fookg dk vko”;d :i ls iathdj.k
1-8& lrh izFkk dk mUewyu
1-9& cgq fookg izFkk dk mUewyu
1-10& nkl izFkk dk mUewyu
1-11& lk{; ds :i esa fofM;ks dkUQzsfU”kax
1-11-1 bysDVªkfud fjdkMZ
1-12& lkekftd ,oa tufgr okn
1-12-1& lkekftd fgr okn
UTTRAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY 1
LAW AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA LL.M. 1001
1-13& lwpuk dk vf/kdkj
1-14& cky Je dks jksduk
1-15& fof/k ds vUrxZr cUnh ¼dSfn;ksa ls lEcfU/kr dkuwu½
1-16& lkjka”k
1-18& vH;kl iz”uksa ds mRrj
1-19& LkUnHkZ xzUFk lwph
1-20& fucU/kkRed iz”u
1-1&izLrkouk
LorU=rk ds i'pkr fo/kk;uksa ds fØ;kuo;uksa ls dgka rd lkekftd ifjorZu gks ik;sa mudk bl çlax
esa fnXn'kZu lehphu gksxkA fof/k ds vuiq:i lekt esa fofHkUu rjhdksa ls ifjorZu gksrk x;kA
geus iqqathokn vkSj lkE;okn ds chp dk jkLrk lektokn viuk;k gS vkSj mls ;FkkFkZr% çHkkoh LFkk;h
vkSj mi;ksxh cukus dh fn'kk esa dkjxj dne mBk;s gSA ukSdfj;ksa esa lcdksa leku volj miyC/k
djus ds fy, vkj{k.k dk mik; viuk;k x;kA ge fgalk oxZ la?k"kZ ;k cy ç;ksx ls ugha vfirq
'kkfUriw.kZ mik;ksa ls lkekftd ifjorZu ds y{; rd igq¡pus esa fo'okl djrs gSA gekjs fodkl dk
cqfu;knh <+kpk cu x;k gSA mls lqn`< cukus esa ge tqVsa gSA ge vkn'kZ lekt vkSj l'kDr jk"Vª cukus
ds ladYi ds lkFk vkxs c<+ jgs gSA ;g lc fof/k ds ek/;e ls gh lEHko gks ik;k gS vkSj gS HkhA
1-2& mn~n”s ;
bl bdkbZ dks i<us ds ckn vki&
fof/k ds vUrxZr lkekftd ifjorZu fdl izdkj gksrk gS le> ldsx
a sA
lekt esa izpfyr fofHkUu izFkkvksa dk fof/k }kjk fdl izdkj ifjorZu fd;k x;k gS lfe{kk
djsx
a sA
fof/k dk Lo:Ik lkekftd vfHk;kfU=dh ds :i esa fdl izdkj gS blfd izeq[k fLFkfr;ksa ij
izdk”k Mky ldsx
a sA
lk{; ds :i esa fofM;ks dkUQzsfU”kax dks Li’V dj ldsaxsA
UTTRAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY 2
LAW AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA LL.M. 1001
lwpuk ds vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e ij izdk”k Mky ldsx
a sA
1-3& fof/k vkSj lkekftd ifjorZu
,sfrgkfld ifjis{; esa ns[ksa rks lekt dh çpfyr dqjhfr lfrçFkk dks dkuwu }kjk lekIr djus ds
i'pkr ^vkRenkg* dks vkSj mls çsfjr djus dks Hkh nkf.Md vijk/k ?kksf’kr dj fn;k x;kA bl çdkj
fgUnw lekt esa lrh çFkk ls eqfDr fnykus esa lgk;d gqbZA dukZVd esa lfn;ksa iqjkuh nsonklh çFkk
lekIr lekIr djuk blfy, vko';d ekuk x;k gSA D;ksa dh ;g O;oLFkk Hkz"V gks xbZ Fkh vkSj vius
ikyu iFk ls HkVd xbZ FkhA bl çFkk dk glz vuSfrdrk ;kSu 'kkS"k.k jgk lekt ds vUnj O;kir bl
cqjkbZ ;qDr çFkk ds vUr ds fy, dukZVd nsonkl çksfgoh'ku vkQ MsMhds'ku Act 1982 ls bldks
lekIr fd;k x;k ftldksa ge Li"V :i esa dg ldrs gS fd lkekftd ifjorZu fof/k ds v/khu gqvk
gSA
blds vfrfjDr vusd çdkj dh lkekftd cqjkbZ;ka nwj djus ds fof/k }kjk vusdksa dkuwu fodflr fd,s
x;s ftlls Li"V gS fd lkekftd ifjorZu ds fy, fof/k esa fujUrj fØ;k'khyrk jgh vkSj lkekftd
ifjorZu dk eqq[; vk/kkj cuhA
ftl çdkj lkekftd cqjkbZ;ksa dks nwj djus ds fy, fof/k viuk dk;Z djrh vFkkZr fof/k ml cqjkbZ;ksa
dks lekIr vFkok jksdus ds fy, ,d uohu fof/k dk l`tu djrh gS ;g fof/k dk uohu l`tu gh
lkekftd ifjorZu vFkkZr lekt dks ml cqjkbZ djus ls jksdus ij fof/k ds vk/kkj ij lkekftd
ifjorZu gksrk gS ftldks ge fof/k dsa vUrxZr ;k fof/k ds }kjk lkekftd ifjorZu dgsxsa vkSj blds
lafo/kku lalks/ku dh le;&2 ij vko';drk çrhr gksrh jgrh gS bUgha lalks/ku vFkok uohu fof/k ds
l`tu ls lkekftd ifjorZu dh lEHkkouk gksrh jgrh gSA
1-4& fof/k lkekftd vfHk;kfU=fd ds :i esa
ikmUM dh [;krh cgqr cM+k Js; muds lkekftd vfHk;a=.k dks tkrk gSA os fof/k ds dk;ksZ dks lks'ky
bUthfu;fjax crkrs gS ftlls mudk rkRi;Z la?k"kZ djus okys fgrksa esa larqyu LFkkfir djus ls gSA
UTTRAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY 3
LAW AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA LL.M. 1001
fof/k foKku ds ç;kstukFkZ fgr ,d ekax bPNk gksrh gSA ;s ekaxs ;k vko';drk,a ,d O;fDr ;k O;fDr
leqnk; dh gks ldrh gSA mUgh fd r`"Vh dk ç;kl gks ldrk gS vkSj fdlh Hkh lH; lekt vkSj jkT;
ds fy, vko';d gksrk gS fd og ;Fkk'kfDr mudh iwrhZ dk ç;kl djsa ;k lgk;rk ns ;gh lkekftd
vfHk;U=.k dk vFkZ gS dk;Z gSA
ikmUM fof/k dks dksbZ vHkwrZ oLr q ugha cfYd ,d lkekftd lR;] ,d oLrqfu"B rFkk la?k"kksZ }Unksa
dks nwj djus vkSj muesa lketL; LFkkfir djus okyk ekurs gSA fof/k lekt dk fgr o)Zd]
dY;k.kdkjd rFkk O;fDr;ksa ds LokFkksZ dks de djus okyk gksrk gSA
ikmUM ds vuqlkj fof/k u rks bZ'ojsPNktuk gksrh gS vkSj u rks lEçHkq dk lekns'k gh gS ftlds fiNs
vuq'kkfLr gksrh gSA
;fn fof/k mi;ksxh vFkok fØ;k'khy ugha gS rks mldk lekt ds fy, dksbZ ewY; ugha gSA lekt ds
fy, dkuwu ,d ,slk lk/ku gS ftlds cy ij lkekftd mÌs'; 'kkUrh lq[k le`f) vkSj fodkl ds
y{; dh çkfIr gks ldrh gSA lekt ds Hkkoh fodkl esa mldk veqY; ;ksxnku gksrk gSA U;k; ç'kklu
esa rks fof/k dh vge Hkqfedk gksrh gS blfy;s fof/k dk fuekZ.k lkekftd ifjfLFkfr;ks]a ekax bPNkvksa vkSj
vko';drkvksa ds vk/kkj ij fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
ikmUM us mRiknu dk miHkksx rFkk forj.k dh iwrhZ gks tk; blfy, mUgksus bl {ks= esa fof/k dks
lgk;d crk;k gSA dkuwu ges'kk lekt dh çxfr ds fy, cuk;s tkrs gS mldks jksdus ds fy, ughaA
blfy, lekt ds lkFk fof/k dk Hkh çxfr'khy gksuk visf{kr gSA
lekt ds yksxksa ds lkekkU; fgrks]a LokFkksZ esa rkyesy leUo; u cSBkus ij og mxz :i /kkj.k djds
lekt dh 'kkUrh O;oLFkk dks çfrdqfyr çHkkfor dj ldrk gS ;g dk;Z fof/k gh djrh gS blh dks
ikmUM lkekftd vfHk;U=.k uke nsrs gSA blds fy, lkekftd vko';drkvksa ifjfLFkfr;ksa vkfn dh
tkudkjh j[kuk fdlh Hkh dY;k.kdkjh jkT; esa vko';d gksrk gSA blfy, ikmUM us lkekftd 'kks/k
U;k; ç'kklu] U;kf;d dk;ksZ ij fo'ks"k tksj fn;k gS lekt dk fujh{k.k vkSj 'kks/k ikmUM vko';d
le>rs gSA blls drZO; dk irk pyrk gS mUgksus vesfjdk ds le{k ,d ToyUr leL;k ns[kh ftldh
tM+ esa ogka dh /ku dh çpqjrk] okf.kT; dk foLrkj rFkk vkS|ksfxd {ks= esa ØkUrh rFkk vflfer HkkSfrd
UTTRAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY 4
LAW AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA LL.M. 1001
lk/ku Fks bu lcds xgu v/;;u ds cy ij ikmUM bl fu"d"kZ ij igq¡ps fd ;fn dksbZ ns' k vkfFkZd]
okf.kT;] vkS|ksfxd lkekftd n`f"V ls lEHkq™kr rFkk le`) gS rks ogka ij l?k"kZ v'kkarh rFkk
vjktcdrk ugha gksuh pkfg, ;fn gksrk gS rks blds fiNs dksbZ ewy jgL; vo'; gS vkSj os ewy ckrsa nks
gks ldrh gS ¼1½ visf{kr fu;U=.k ¼2½ /ku nkSyr lk/kuksa voljksa dk vuqfpr vkcaVuA
,slh leL;k ls mcjus ds fy, ikmUM us lkekftd vfHk;U=.k ij fo'ks"k cy fn;k gS blfy, ;s fof/k
ds vkn'kZ] okLrfod vo/kkj.k (Ideal realistic conception) ds çcy leFkZd gSA fof/k esa nksuksa
fo'ks"krkvksa ;FkkFkZrk rFkk vkn'kZ gksuk pkfg, rkfd lkekftd vfHk;U=.k dk dk;Z lgh <ax ls
fØ;kfUor fd;k tk ldsA
bl vfHk;kfU=drk ds lgkjs ikmUM us vesfjdk dh lkekftd iqujZpuk ds fy, lks'ky Engineering
dk vfo"dkj fd;k ikmUM ds fof/k n'kZu esa ladYiukRed fopkj/kkjk dk de LFkku gS] fof/k dk
lkekftd fu/kkZj.k egRo ds nwljs Øe gSA
lcls vkxs U;k;ikfydk dh l`tukRed Hkwfedk gS D;ksa dh ubZ fof/kd rdfufd esa tks lkekftd
vko';drkvksa ds çfr lefiZr gSA mldh vf/kd vko';drk gS lkekftd vfHk;U=.k dk eq[; dk;Z
vfUre y{; ;g ç;kl djuk gS fd ekuo bPNk nkoksa bR;kfn dh larq f"V ;Fkk lEHko fof/kd O;oLFkk
ds vUrxZr U;wure fojks/k ;k eueqVko vkSj U;wure viO;; ds lkFk dh tk;A
1-4-1& fgr vkSj mldk oxhZdj.k
ikmUM fgrksa dks fof/k dh çeq[k fo"k; oLrq ekurs gSA vkSj muds laf{kIr fd;s tkus ij tksj nsrs gSA
fgr dh ifjHkk"kk os bl çdkj nsrs gS& fgr os nkos] bPNk ;k vis{kk,a gS ftUgsa yksx rF;su cyiwoZd
dgrs gS vkSj ftuds ckjs esa fof/k dks vo'; dqN djuk pkfg, ;fn laxfBr leqnk; dks fVdk jguk
gSA ikmUM fgrksa dks O;fDrxr lkoZtfud ¼yksd½ vkSj lkekftd rhu oxksZ esa foHkkftr djrs gS ftudk
laj{k.k lekt dh lq[k 'kkUrh le`f) rFkk mRFkku ds fy, vko';d gSA
1-4-2& O;fDrxr fgr (Individual Interest)
UTTRAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY 5
LAW AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA LL.M. 1001
O;fDrxr fgr esa fuEufyf[kr ikap fgr lfEefyr gSA
1- 'kkjjhd fgr] 2- bPNk dh LorU=rk] 3- lEeku vkSj çfr"Bk ¼xfjek½ 4- ,dkUrrk
(privacy) 5- fopkj ,oa fo'okl lEcU/kh fgr
?kjsyq lEcU/kksa esa lEcfU/kr fgr (Domestic Ration) :- bleas ifr&iRuh ] ekrk firk
vFkok cPpksa ds fgr ds lkFk ifjokj vkSj fookg ls lEcU/kh fgr vkrs gSA
rRo lEcU/kh fgr ( Interest of substance ) :- blesa lEifÙk m|ksx vkSj lafonk dh
LorU=rk çfrKktU; ykHk la?k ;k leqnk; lEcU/kh fgr] nwljksa ds lkFk ykHkçn lEcU/k ls mRiUu fgr
vkSj fu;kstu dh fujUrjrk lEcU/kh fgr N% rjg ds fgr lfEefyr gSA
1-4-3 & yksd fgr (Public Interest)
blesa fuEufyf[kr nks rjg ds fgr lfEefyr gS&
fof/kd ofDr ds :i esa jkT; dk fgr (Interest of State as a Juristic person):-
blesa Hkh iqu% nks fgr lfEefyr gS d& v[k.Mrk dk;Z dh LorU=rk vkSj jkT; ds O;fDrRo dk lEeku]
[k fuxe tSls jktuSfrd :i ls laxfBr lektksa ds lEifÙk vftZr djus vkSj fuxfer mÌs';ksa ds fy,]
j[kus ds nkos esa fufgr fgrA
lkekftd fgrksa ds laj{k.k ds :i esa jkT; dk fgr & blesa U;kl ,oa /kekZnk dk fufj{k.k
çkÑfrd okrkoj.k dh lqj{kk] mls cuk;s j[kuk] lkeqfæd isVh vkSj rVksa dk laj{k.k lkekftd fu;kstu
dk fofu;eu vkfn vkrs gSA
1-4-4 & lkekftd fgr (Social Interest) & blesa Hkh N% rjg ds fgr lfEefyr gksrs gSA
lkekU; lqj{kk lEcU/kh lkekU; fgr %& lkekU; lqj{kk] lkekU; LokLFk;] 'kkUrh O;oLFkk]
vf/kxzg.k dh lqj{kk vkSj] laO;ogkj dh lqj{kkA
lkekftd laLFkkvksa dh lqj{kk esa fufgr fgr %& blesa ?kjsyq jkt uSfrd vkSj vkfFkZd laLFkkvksa
ls lEcfU/kr fgr lfEefyr gSA
UTTRAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY 6
LAW AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA LL.M. 1001
lkekU; uSfrdrk esa lkekU; fgr %& blesa os';ko`fÙk e/kiku tqvk ;k ?kwr ØhMk ij fu"ks/k
vkfn lfEefyr gSA ,sls dk;Z uSfrd Hkkoukvksa dks Bsl igq¡pkrs gSA
lkekftd lalk/kuksa ds laj{k.k esa lkekftd fgr&blesa 1- çkÑfr lalk/kuksas ds laj{k.k vkSj 2-
vkfJr ,oa fodykaxksa dh j{kk vkSj Vsªfuax esa fufgr fgr lfEefyr gSA
1-4-5& lkekU; çxfr esa lkekftd fgr %& blesa fuEufyf[kr fgr lfEefyr gSA
d½ vkfFkZd çxfr & blds vUrxZr lEifÙk ds miHkksx] LorU= O;kikj] LorU= m|ksx] vkSj isVsUV ds
ek/;e ls uohu [kkstksa dks çksRlkgu nsuk 'kkfey gSA
[k½ jktuhfrd çxfr & blesa vfHkO;fDr dh LorU=rk] LorU= la?k fgr lfEefyr gSA
x½ lkaLÑfrd çxfr & blesa LorU= foKku LorU= i=kpkj dyk f'k{kk ,oa Kku lao)Zu rFkk lkSUn;Z
ckS/k lEcU/kh fgr lfEefyr gSA
1-4-6 && O;fDrxr thou esa lkekftd fgr
blesa vkRen`<+rk volj vkSj thou dh n'kkvksa ls lEcfU/kr fgr lfEefyr gSA fgrksa dh lwph cukus
ds ckn ikmUM us bl ij Hkh fopkj fd;k dSls ;k fdu mik;ksa ls bu fgrksa dks lajf{kr fd;k tk,A
bu mik;ksa esa fof/kd O;fDr dk mik; vkSj nkoksa drZO;ksa LorU=rkvks]a 'kfDr;ksa ,oa mUeqfDr;ksa dk
vkjksi.k lfEefyr gSA blds ihNs mipkj lEcU/kh e'khujh Hkh gS ftldk y{; dHkh n.M vkSj dHkh
fujks/k gksrk gSA
1-4-7& fgrksa dk eqY;kadu
mi;qZDr fgrksa esa larqyu cuk;s j[kuk rFkk mudk eqY;kadu djuk U;kf;d foKku ds fy, cgqr cM+h
leL;k gS fdls ekU; fd;k tk,] ftlls lokZf/kd fgr gks] ;g vko';d ij fodV dk;Z gSA fgrksa
bPNkvksa ekaxksa dk vkadyu rFkk iwrhZ visf{kr gSA blls fgrksa ds ikjLifjd la?kuksa dks cgqr gn rd
de rFkk Øec) rFkk Js.khc) fd;k tk ldrk gSA lekt ds orZeku Lrj lsa gh bldk vkadyu
gksxkA oS;fDrd rFkk lkekftd fgrksa ds l?k"kZ dks /;ku esa j[kuk gksxkA
UTTRAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY 7
LAW AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA LL.M. 1001
1-5& eqfLye efgykvksa ds Hkj.k iks"k.k dk vf/kdkj
tgka rd Hkkjr esa jgus okys eqlyekuksa ij Hkj.k iks"k.k dh fof/k ykxw gksus dh ç'u gS] os yksx nks
çdkj dh fof/k;ksa ls ç'kkflr gksrs gSA çFke çdkj dh fof/k gS tks fd O;fDrxr fof/k ds uke ls tkuh
tkrh gSA nwljs çdkj dh fof/k ds vUrxZr n.M çfØ;k lafgrk dh /kkjk 125 ,oa mlls lEcfu/kr
/kkjk,a vkrh gSA
eqfLye efgyk ds Hkj.k iks"k.k ds vf/kdkj esa ek0 loksZPp U;k;ky; us eksgEen vgen [kka cuke
'kkgckuksa csxe AIR 1985 S.C. ds ckn esa n.M çfØ;k lafgrk dh /kkjk 125 ds vUrxZr ,d
rykd'kqnk efgyk }kjk Hkj.k iks"k.k gsrq vkosnu çLrqr fd;k x;k FkkA mPpre u;k;ky; ds le{k
ç'u ;g Fkk fd D;k eqfLye fof/k rykd'kqnk iRuh ds Hkj.k iks"k.k ds fy, ifr ij dksbZ mÙkjnkf;Ro
ugha MkyrhA
bl okn esa mPpre U;k;ky; us dgk gS fd & eqfLye ifr dks ;g fo'ks"kkf/kdkj gS fd og viuh
iRuh dks mfpr vuqfpr ;k fcuk dkj.k ds tc Hkh og pkgs R;kx nsaA
mPpre U;k;ky; us dgk gS fd& /kkjk 125 ¼1½ ds Li"Vhdj.k ds mi[k.M ¼l½ ds }kjk iRuh ds
vUrxZr rykd'kqnk L=h] ftlus iqufoZokg ugha fd;k gS 'kkfey gSA blfy, ,slh rykd'kqnk iRuh
ftlus iqufoZokg ugha fd;k gS bn~nr dh vof/k ds i'pkr Hkh vius iwoZ ifr ls Hkj.k iks"k.k çkIr djus
dh vf/kdkjh gSA ;g micU/k fcYdqy Li"V gS vkSj blesa dksbZ langs ugha gSA bu micu/kksa esa bl ckr
dk egRo ugha gS fd ifr iRuh dk /keZ dkSu lk gS /kkjk 125 ,sls yksxksa ds fy, tks viuk Hkj.k iks"k.k
djus ds fy, vleFkZ gS 'kh/kz mipkj djkus gsrq cuk;h x;k gS ,sls micU/k tks fd fujks/kkRed Lo:i
ds gSA /keZ ds cU/kuksa dks dkVrs gSA mPpre U;k;ky; us dgk gS fd /kkjk 125 ds v/khu Mkyk x;k
mÙkj nkf;Ro /keZ ds lkFk ugha tksM+k tk ldrkA /kkjk 125¼1½ ds eqfLye efgyk dks mlds {ks=kf/kdkj
ls ckgj fd;k tk, /kkjk 125 /keZ fujis{k gSA
vfiykfFkZ dk rdZ Fkk fd eqfLye fof/k ds v/khu iRuh dk Hkj.k iks’k.k djus dk mÙkjnkf;Ro bn~nr dh
vof/k rd gh lhfer gSA mPpre U;k;ky; us dgk gS fd eqfLye fof/k ds vUrxZr ifr ,slh iRuh ds
Hkj.k iks’k.k ds fy, tks fd viuk Hkj.k&iks’k.k djus esa vleFkZ gS mÙkjnk;h ugha gS ftlls dh mlus
UTTRAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY 8
LAW AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA LL.M. 1001
rykd fn;k gSA mPpre U;k;ky; us dgk gS fd lgh fLFkfr ;g gS fd ;fn rykd”kqnk iRuh viuk
Hkj.k&iks’k.k djus esa l{ke gS rks bldk Hkj.k&iks’k.k djus dk mÙkjnkf;Ro bn~nr dh vof/k ds ckn
lekIr gks tkrk gSA ;fn og viuk Hkj.k iks’k.k djus ds fy, vleFkZ gS rks og /kkjk 125 n.M çfØ;k
lafgrk dh lgk;rk ysus dh ik= gSA lkFk gh /kkjk 125 vkSj eqfLye fof/k esa rykd'kqnk iRuh tks fd
viuk Hkj.k iks"k.k djus esa vleFkZ gS ds Hkj.k iks"k.k ds fdlh eqfLye ifr ds mÙkjnkf;Ro ds lEcU/k
esa fojks/kkHkkl ugha gSA ifo= dqjku ij fofHkUu ys[kdksa dh fVIi.kh;ksa dk mYys[k djrs gq, mPpre
U;k;ky; us dgk gS fd dqjku rykd'kqnk iRuh ds Hkj.k iks"k.k dk mÙkjnkf;Ro eqfLye ifr ij Mkyrh
gSA
'kkgckuksa csxe ds ekeys esa mPpre U;k;ky; ds fu.kZ; dk dV~Vj vkSj çfrfØ;koknh eq lyekuksa us
dM+k fojks/k fd;k vkSj vkokt mBk;h fd ;g fu.kZ; muds /keZ ¼'kfj;r½ ds çfrdwy gSA dV~VjiUFkh
eqlyekuksa ds vuqlkj ifr rykd'kqnk iRuh dks bn~nr dh vof/k ds i'pkr Hkj.k iks"k.k nsus ds fy,
ck/; ugha gS Hkkjrh; laln us bl fo"k; ij eqfLye fof/k dks Li"V djus ds fy, lu~ 1986 esa eqfLye
efgyk ¼fookg foPNsn ij vf/kdkjksa dk laj{k.k ½ vf/kfu;e (The muslim woman protection
ot rights on divoce Act 1986) ikfjr fd;k x;kA bl vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 3 ds vuqlkj iwoZ
ifr rykd'kqnk iRuh dks mldh bn~nr dh vof/k rd Hkj.k iks"k.k nsus ds fy, ck/; gSA
1-6& cky fookg dk laj{k.k
cky fookg dh çFkk us fL=;ksa dh fLFkfr dks vkSj n;uh; cuk fn;k FkkA bl çFkk dks çpfyr djus esa
fofHkUu lkekftd ckrksa dk ;ksx Fkk ogka ds ekSle dk ftl çdkj dk çHkko iM+rk gS mlh ds vuqlkj
lkekftd ç.kkfy;ksa dk fu;eu gqvkA xje ekSle okys bykdksa esa 'kkjjhd fodkl tYnh gksrk gS vkSj
lekt viuk uSfrd Lrj cuk;s j[kus ds dkj.k yM+fd;ksa ds dkSek;Z ij fo'ks"k egRo nsrk FkkA fookg
;ksX; vk;q dh gksus ls igys gh mudk fookg djds yksx bl ckr ls fuf'pUr gks tkrs Fks fd lekt
dh uSfrd 'kq)rk cuh jgsxhA blds vfrfjDr dqN vkfFkZd dkj.k Hkh Fks xjhc yksxksa ds fy, yM+dh
vius ekrk firk ij cks> gksrh FkhA e/;;qx ds nkSjku cky fookg çFkk [kwc çpfyr FkhA fgUnq
UTTRAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY 9
LAW AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA LL.M. 1001
eqlyeku nksuksa gh mldk ikyu djrs Fks cgqr gh NksVh vk;q esa eka cu tkuk ihys tnZ vkSj detksj
cPpksa ls f?kjs jguk ,slh cky fookg ls dbZ vkSj cqjkbZ;ksa Åith vkfFkZd raxh ls ekrk firk viuh
yM+fd;ksa dks /kuh yksxksa ds gkFkksa nqYgu ds #i esa csph tkrh FkhA
cky fookg ls lcls Åitus okyh leL;k Fkh cky fo/kokvksa dh c<+rh gqbZ la[;k bu NksVh2 fo/kok
yM+fd;ksa ds ikl ftUnk jgus ds fy, dksbZ vkfFkZd lk/ku ugha FksA fudVRe lEcfU/k ls çse o I;kj
ugha feyrk Fkk os yksx bUgsa nkf;Ro n`f"V ls ns[krs Fks rFkk lkekftd dyad vkSj va/kfo”okl dh
Hkkoukvksa ds okrkoj.k esa os cspkjh tSls&rSls viuk thou fcrkrh FkhA lekt ds mPp oxksZa dh dqN
cky fo/kok;sa bl nqnZ”kk ls NqVdkjk ikus ds fy, lrh vkRenkg dh çFkk dk vkJ; ysrh FkhA ysfdu
lekt ds lHkh oxksZa vkSj tkfr;ksa dh vf/kdka”k fo/kokvksa dk thou ihM+k vkSj O;Fkk dh ,d yEch
dgkuh ek= FkhA cky fookg dks jksdus ds fy, The child marriage act 1929 ykxw fd;k x;k
ftlesa yM+ds dh mez 21 o"kZ ,oa yM+dh dh mez 18 o"kZ fu;r dh x;h Fkh fdUrq fQj Hkh cky fookg
dks iw.kZ #i ls jksd ugha ik;k blds ckn orZeku le; esa cky fookg çfr"ks/k vf/kfu;e 2006 llan
}kjk ikfjr fd;k x;k ftls 10 tuojh 2007 ls ykxw fd;k x;k vf/kfu;e esa n.M dk çko/kku dBksj
gksxk ftlesa nks o"kZ rd dk dkjkokl vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 10 ds vUrxZr fn;k tk;sxkA tqekZuk tks fd
,d yk[k #0 rd dk gks ldrh gS çko/kfur gS lkFk gh n.M dks fLFkfruqlkj i` Fkd i`Fkd #i esa j[kk
x;k gSA lkFk gh cky fookg vojks/k vf/kfu;e 1929 dks /kkjk 21 ds vUrxZr fujlu fd;k x;k ,oa
/kkjk 20 ds vUrxZr fgUnq fookg vf/kfu;e 1955 esa /kkjk 18 esa [k.M d dks lalksf/kr dj n.M dh
çko/kku j[kk x;kA
1-7& fookg dk vko';d :i ls iathdj.k gksuk pkfg,
Hkkjr esa fookg i`Fkd #i ls /kkfeZd vk/kkj ij fof/k ds vf/ku gS tSls loZçFke fookg ds fy, fczfV'k
dkuwu ds vurxZr blkbZ fookg vf/kfu;e 1872 cuk;k x;k fdUrq ;g vf/kfu;e vU; /keksZ ds micU/kksa
ls vyx ,d leqnk; fo'ks"k ds fy, gh Fkk ftl dkj.k fgUnw fookg vf/kfu;e 1954 ikfjr fd;k x;k
fgUnw fookg vf/kfu;e 1955 dh /kkjk 8 fookg ds jftLVªhdj.k ds fy, vko';d #i ls funsZf'kr
UTTRAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY 10
LAW AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA LL.M. 1001
djrh gS fd jkT; ljdkj fgUnq fookg ds çek.k dks ljyhdj.k ds ç;kstu ds fy, ;g micfU/kr
djus okys fu;e cuk ldsxh fd ,sl
s s fdlh fookg ds i{kdkj vius fookg ls lEcfU/kr jftLVj esa
,slh jhfr esa vkSj ,slh 'krksZ ds v/khu jgdj tSlh dh fofgr dh tk,aa çfo"V dj ldsx
a sA
;g /kkjk vkxs micU/k djrh gS fd jkT; ljdkj ;fn mldk er gS fd ;g vko';d gS vFkok ,slk
djuk loksZfpr gS fd mi;qDrZ fooj.kksa dh çof"V dh tk; rks jkT; esa ;k mlds Hkkx esa ;g vfuok;Z
gksxk pkgs lHkh ekeyksa esa vko';d gks tSlk fd fofgr fd;k tk;A
1-7-1& vçfof"V dk dksbZ çHkko ugh
fdlh fgUnw fookg dh oS/krk fookg dh iaftdk esa çfof"V dk yksi gksus ds dkj.k çHkkfor ugha gksxhA
;g vko';d #i ls /;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr gS fd bl /kkjk ds vUrxZr fookg dk jftLVªhdj.k lkekU;rk
;g micU/k fgUnw fookg ds oS/k fjfr ls vuq"Bkfir gksus dk oS/k çek.k çLrqr djrk gSA ;fn dksbZ
fookg ugha gS fdUrq fookg iathÑr gS rks bl çdkj jftLVªhdj.k çek.k i= fookg dks oS/k ugh cuk
ldrk 'kkth cuke xksihukFk AIR 1995 eækl gkbZdksVZ us bl ekeys esa dgk fd bl vf/kfu;e ds
micU/kksa ds vUrZxr dksbZ fookg ugha Fkk fdUrq i{kdkjksa ds chp dsoy fookg iathÑr Fkk D;ksfa d yM+ds
us yM+dh ls dgk fd ,slk çek.k i= fons'k esa ml yM+dh dh ukSdjh ds fy, vko';d gksxk] mPp
U;k;ky; us vfHkfu/kkZfjr fd;k fd ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa fookg dk jftLVªhdj.k vÑr vkSj 'kwU; gksxkA
vr% oS/k fookg dk jftLVªhdj.k gksuk vko';d gSA
1-8& lfr çFkk dk mUewyu
eqxydky esa fgUnw lekt dh mPp oxZ dh L=h;ksa esa lrh çFkk dk çpyu cgqrk;kr ls çpfyr Fkk
bl çFkk dk fo'ks"k #i ls çpyu jktLFkku esa Fkk bCucrwrk us vius fooj.k esa lfr çFkk dk foLr`r
mYys[k fd;k gS ,slk blfy, gksrk Fkk D;ksfa d lekt esa fo/kokvksa dh fLFkfr n;uh; FkhA
UTTRAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY 11
LAW AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA LL.M. 1001
Msyk osy ds vuqlkj fo/kok,sa iqu% fookg ugha dj ldrh Fkh mUgsa vius ds'kksa dks dkVuk iM+rk Fkk vkSj
viuk leLr thou nkl dh Hkkarh O;rhr djuk FkkA bl ukjdh; fLFkfr dks fcrkus ls og lrh gks
tkuk vf/kd ilUn djrh FkhA vdcj us lcls igys lfr çFkk dks jksdus ds Hkjld ç;kl fd;s fdUrq
og lQy ugha gqvkA
blds i'pkr lfr çFkk dks jksdus ds fy, ckj&ckj vkUnksyu ç;kl gksrs x;s fdUrq lfr çFkk ds vUr
ij iw.kZ fojke ugha yx ik;k cnyrs dky [k.M ds chp jktk jke eksgu jk; us L=h;ksa dh n'kk
lq/kkjus dh vksj /;ku fn;k vkSj mudk vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgkA lfr çFkk vR;Ur gh Hk;kog
,oa vekuqf"kd lkekftd çFkk Fkh mUgksusa lfr çFkk ds fo:) vkUnksyu pyk;k ftlds ifj.kke Lo#i
1829 bZ0 esa ykMZ fofy;e cSafVd }kjk yk;s x;s dkuwu ls lkekftd cqjkbZ dk vUr gks x;k ftlls
fof/kd vk/kkj ij lekt esa ,d u;k ifjorZu mRiUu gqvkA
1-9& cgq fookg çFkk dk mUewyu
cgq fookg ds nks #i gSA
cgq iRuhRo %& tc iq#"k vusd L=h;ksa ls fookg djrk gS rks mls cgq iRuhRo fookg dgrs gSA
bl fookg dk eq[; dkj.k mPN[ky dkeokluk dh r`Irh vFkok iq= çkfIr gSA
cgq ifrRo fookg %& dksbZ L=h tc vusd iq#"kksa ds lkFk fookg djrh gS rc mls cgqifr
fookg dgrs gSA
vktknh ds i'pkr Hkkjro"kZ esa fof/kd tkx:drk ds vUrxZr bl çFkk dks jksdus dk fof/kd #i esa
ç;kl fd;k x;k Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk dh /kkjk 494 dh mi/kkjk 5 ds vUrxZr ;g vijk/k gS blh
çdkj ls fookg vf/kfu;e 1955 dh /kkjk 5 ds vUrxZr Li"V fookg dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, fy[kk x;k
gS fd fookg ds le; ifr dks dksbZ vu; nwljh iRuh u gks ,oa iRuh dk nwljk vU; dksbZ ifr thfor
UTTRAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY 12
LAW AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA LL.M. 1001
u gks blds i'pkr gh fookg fof/k ekU; gksxk vU;Fkk fookg 'kwU; gksxkA bl çdkj fof/k ds }kjk cgq
fookg dh çpyu çFkk esa lq/kkj vk;k vkSj lkekftd ifjorZu dks fof/k }kjk vxzlkfjr fd;k x;kA
1-10& nkl çFkk dk mUewyu
fo'o bfrgkl v/;;u ls Kkr gksrk gS fd nkl çFkk feJ] vlhfj;k] lqesfj;k] cSfoyksfu;k] Hkkjr vkfn
ns'kksa esa çkphu dky esa çpfyr FkhA ;g çFkk mUuhloha 'krkCnh ds e/; rd thfor jgh gS vkSj vc
dkuwuh #i ls bldk lHkh lH; ns'kksa esa vkSipkfjd cfg"dkj gks x;k gS Hkkjr esa vaxzstksa ds dky ds
le; Hkh dydÙkk esa nklksa dk ¼ftUgas rc dksQjh½ dgk tkrk Fkk [kqys vke Ø;&foØ; gksrk FkkA tc
fczfV”k ikfyZ;kesVa esa 1833 dk bafM;k foy çLrqr fd;k Fkk rc mlesa 28oha /kkjk ds vUrxZr nkl çFkk
ds lekfIr dh O;oLFkk j[kh x;h fdUrq mlds fojks/k esa cksyrs gq, M~;wd vkWQ cSfyadju us dgk Fkk
fulansg Hkkjr esa nkl çFkk fo|eku gS rFkkfi eS bl /kkjk dks gVk nsus dh lhQkfj'k d#xkaA eS tkurk
gw¡ dh Hkkjrh; lsuk dss çR;sd eqlyeku flikgh dh >ksiM+h esa nklh gksrh gS tks flikgh dks dgha Hkh
Hksts tkus ij mlds lkFk tkrh gS 1843 rd vaxzstksa us nkl çFkk dks gVkus dk ç;kl ugha fd;k Fkk]
11 Qjojh 1843 dks ykMZ ,yecksjksa us loZçFke nklksa ds Ø; foØ; ds lekfIr dh ?kks"k.kk dh Fkh rFkk
1862 esa Hkkjrh; n.M fo/kku esa bls dkuwu ds #i esa lfEefyr fd;k lkFk gh Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds
vuq0 23 ,oa Hkkjr esa vf/kfu;e cfU/kr Je i)fr ¼mRlknu½ vf/kfu;e 1976 ikfjr fd;k x;k ftlds
vUrxZr v/;k; 6 dh /kkjk 16 ls 23 rd vf/kfu;e ds mYya?ku ij n.M ds çko/kku ls ;qDr gS tks
fd dBksj dkjkokl 3 o"kZ rd dk tqekZuk 2000@#0 rd dk nsuk gksxkA
1-11& os';ko`fr esa dkuwu
vusd lkekftd vkSj /kkfeZd fjfr fjoktksa vkSj ijEijkvksa ds QyLo:i Hkh fgUnw lekt esa os';kÑfr
çpfyr jgh gS] ;Fkk egkjk"Vª] gSnjkckn] eSlwj esa] nsohnklh çFkk] caxky esa dqyhu çFkk vkfn] vk/kqfud
UTTRAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY 13
LAW AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA LL.M. 1001
dky esa fu/kZurk] QS'ku] uxjhdj.k] ;kSu LorU=rk ;kSu oSfpH; dh bPNk oxZ la?k"kZ ikfjokfjd ruko
vkfn ds QyLo#i os';kÑfr dks c<+kok feyk gSA
Hkkjr esa loZçFke 1718 esa cEcbZ vkSj dydÙkk esa vaxzstksa dh lgk;rk ls os';ko`fÙk dks jksdus ds fy,
dkuwu cuk fdUrq blls os';ko`fÙk dks iw.kZ #i ls ugha jksdk x;kA vktknh ds i'pkr Hkkjr esa loksZPp
U;k;ky; }kjk f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa os';ko`fr ds vf/kdkf/kd çpyu dks jksdus ds fy, flfu;j vf/koDrk
egktu ds usr`Ro esa ,d desVh dks cuk;k x;k tks fd os';ko`fr ds dk;ksZ ij yxs cdZjks cPpks ds
dkj.kksa dh lfe{kk djsx
a sA
bl çdkj ls os';ko`fr ds lEcU/k es xkSjo tSu cuke Hkkjr la?k ¼1997½ ds okn esa mPpre U;k;ky;
ds U;k;ewrhZ jkekLokeh us dgk fd efgykvksa dks nsg O;kikj djus ds fy, mudh lkekftd vkfFkZd
ifjfLFkfr ftEesnkj gS vkSj blls vf/kd gekjk lekt mudks vijkf/k dh n`f"V ls ns[krk gS fdUrq
vijk/k dsoy nsg dk okf.kT;d nksgu gSA çR;sd jkT; ljdkj dk nkf;Ro gS fd fu/kZurk csjkstxkjh]
ikfjokfjd thou ds mRFkku ds fy, dY;k.kdkjh ;kstukvksa dks lapkfyr dj os';ko`fr esa nsg dk
okf.kT;d nksgu jksdus dk ç;kl djsaA
os';ko`fr ds fy, fof/k }kjk dBksjre mik; o nkf.Md çko/kku j[kk x;k ftlds dkj.k dkQh gn
rd os';ko`fr dh çFkk dks vijk/k Lo#i esa lekt dks fn[kkbZ nsus yxk vkSj fof/k }kjk bl çFkk dk
lkekftd ifjorZu dj fu"ks) fd;k x;kA
1-12& lk{; ds #i esa fofM;ks dkUÝsfU'kax Lohdkj djuk
vferkHk ckxph cuke ,uk ckxph A.I.R. 2005 dydÙkk ds bysDVªkfud lk{; ds lEcU/k esa fofM;ks
dkUÝsflax ds ek/;e ls bls is'k djus dh çkFkZuk dh xbZ Fkh U;k;ky; us dgk fd fofM;ksa dkUÝsflax
ds ek/;e ls lk{kh dh ifj{kk ij dksbZ jksd Vksd ugha FkhA ;g bysDVªksfud fof/k dk ,d lgt fgLlk
Fkk blfy, lkekU; cpko ds lkFk] çkFkZuk dh vuqefr nsnh xbZ ;g eqdnesa ds nkSjku ds le; Hkj.k
iks"k.k ds nkos dk ,d eqdnek FkkA ifr LFkk;h #i ls vesfjdk esa jg jgk Fkk bysDVªkfud ek/;e ls
vuqefr nsnh xbZA
UTTRAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY 14
LAW AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA LL.M. 1001
lkFk gh Hkkjrh; lk{; vf/kfu;e 1872 dh /kkjk 3 ds vUrxZr nks çdkj ds lk{; crk;s x;s ftlesa
igyk çkFkfed lk{; tSls ekSf[kd lk{; vkSj nwljk nLrkosth lk{; ftlds vUrxZr bysDVªkfud
ek/;e ls nLrkost fn;s tk ldrs gSA
1-12-1& bysDVªkfud fjdkMZ
;g ifjHkk"kk lwpuk çks|kSfxdh vf/kfu;e 200 }kjk lalksf/kr dh x;h FkhA bysDVªkfud fjdkMZ dks
lwpuk çks|ksfxdh vf/kfu;e 2000 dh /kkjk 2¼1½ ds vuqlkj ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k vkSj fofM;ksa
dkUÝsflax dks lk{; ds #i esa lfEefyr fd;k x;k] lkFk gh lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh vf/kfu;e 2000 ds
v/;k; 12 d dh /kkjk 79 d esa bySD;wfud lk{; dks ifj{k.k djokus lEcU/kh fu;eksa dks cukus gsrq
lalwphr djrh gSA
vkijkf/kd ekeyksa esa rks bysDVªkfud fjdkMZ ds ek/;e ls gh vijk/kh dks n.M nsuk lqyHk çfØ;k gks
x;h gSA fofM;ks dkUÝsflax ds ek/;e ls vijkf/k;ksa ds vkokxeu esa lqj{kk O;oLFkk ls lEcfU/kr dk;Z
lkekU;r% gks x;s gSA lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh vf/kfu;e 2000 ikfjr gksus ls fof/k ds vk/kkj ij lkekftd
tu psruk dk dk;Z fujUrj fof/k ds lkFk ifjofrZr gksrk tk jgk gSA
1-13& lkekftd ,oa tu fgr okn
lk/kkj.kr;k og O;fDr ftlds ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa vFkok vU; vf/kdkjksa dk mYya?ku gksrk gS lafo/kku ds
vuq0 32 vFkok 226 tks Hkh bu vf/kdkjksa ds çorZu ds fy, U;k;ky; esa tkus ds fy, ykxw gksrh gS] ds
v/khu ;kfpdk lafLFkr dj ldrs gSA
1-13-1& lkekftd fgr okn (Social Interest litigation)
çkjEHk esa lqus tkus ds vf/kdkj dks ml n'kk esa f'kfFky vFkok O;kid cuk;k tkrk Fkk tcfd
lkekftd deZdrkZ vFkok laxBu }kjk mu O;fDr;ksa ;k O;fDr;ksa ds leqg dh vksj ls buds vf/kdkjksa
dks çofrZr djkus ds fy, vkosnu vFkok ;kfpdk çLrqr dh tkrh Fkh tks fd xjhc ncs dqpys vFkok
lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd vykHkdj vFkok çfrdwy ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa gksrs Fks vkSj bl dkj.k vius vf/kdkjksa
UTTRAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY 15
LAW AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA LL.M. 1001
dks çofrZr djkus esa vleFkZ gksrs FksA blh dkj.k vkjEHk esa bldk uke lekftd fgrokn FkkA bldk
mÌs'; lekftd U;k; fnyokuk vFkok lkekftd vU;k; jksduk FkkA
1-13-2& tufgr okn (Public Interest litigation)
tufgr okn dk f'k?kz gh foLrkj fd;k x;k vkSj bls dsoy mlh n'kk esa vuqKkr ugha fd;k x;k
tcfd ;g nso dqpys xjhc vkSj lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd n`f"V ls vykHk dj vFkok çfrdqy fLFkfr esa
jgus okys O;fDr;ksa ds vf/kdkjksa dks çofrZr djkus ds fy, çLrqr fd;k x;k cfYd bls ml n'kk esa Hkh
vuqKkr fd;k tkus yxk tcfd ;kfpdk vFkok vkosnu tufgr vFkok lkekU; fgr ds laj{k.k ds fy,
çLrqr fd;k x;k gSA bl foLrkj ds i'pkr~ bls tufgr okn uke ls iqdkjk x;k vkSj ;g lkekftd
fgr okn ls vf/kd yksdfç; gks x;kA
ca/kqvk eqfDr ekspkZ cuke Hkkjr la?k ,oa ,l0ih0 xqIrk cuke Hkkjr la?k A.I.R. 1982 lq0 dks0 ,e0o
lh0 esgrk V/s ;wfu;u vkWQ bf.M;k A.I.R. 1988 lq0 dks0 tSls tufgr okn ds dbZ mnkgj.k
lfEefyr gSA
1-14& lwpuk dk vf/kdkj (Right to Information)
lwpuk dk vf/kdkj ekuokf/kdkj dk ,d Hkkx ekuk x;k gS fcuk bl vf/kdkj ds ckn vkSj vfHkO;fDr
dh lwpuk çHkkodkjh vkSj lkFkZd ugha gksxh tks fd ges lafo/kku ds ekSfyd vf/kdkj vuq0 19¼1½¼6½ ds
vUrxZr çkIr gS ijUrq ;g vf/kdkj yEcs le; rd dsoy vfHkO;fDr rd ls ugha ns[kk x;kA ljdkj
ls dksbZ Hkh lwpuk vf/kdkj Lo#i ugha ekaxh tk ldrh FkhA
loksZPp U;k;ky; us mÙkj çns'k jkT; cuke jktukjk;.k 1975 ds ekeys esa vke turk dh mDr
vkdk{kk dks U;kf;d LohÑfr Hkh çnku dhA loksZPp U;k;ky; us ;g O;oLFkk nh f dbl ns”k esa
ukxfjdks dks tu lsod }kjk tufgr esa fd;s x;s dk;ksZa dh tkudkjh çkIr djus dk vf/kdkj gSA
tSls&tSls tupsruk dk fodkl gksrk x;k mDr vf/kdkj dk Lo:I vkSj Li’V gksrk x;kAloksZPp
U;k;ky; us ,d vU; ekeys esa ,l-ih-xqIrk cuke Hkkjr ljdkj 1982 esa lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 19¼1½
UTTRAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY 16
LAW AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA LL.M. 1001
¼6½dh O;k[;k djrs gq, lwpuk ds vf/kdkj dks vfHkO;fDr dh LorU=rk ds vf/kdkj esa fufgr ik;kA
ekuuh; U;k;ky; us O;oLFkk nh fd ljdkj dh dk;Zç.kkyh ds ckjs esa lwpuk nsuk ,d lkekU; fu;e
gksuk pkfg, ,oa xksiuh;rk ek= vioknA vr% lwpuk ds vf/kdkj ds egRo ,oa oS/krk dks U;kf;d
LohÑfr feyhA blds lkFk gh lalkj dh fofHkUu çtkrkfU=d ç.kkfy;ksa }kjk mDr vf/kdkj dks fof/kor
vf/klwfpr djus ds mijkUr jk’Vªh; Lrj ij çc) O;fDr;ksa ,oa laLFkkvksa }kjk bl eqn~ns dks “kfDr”kkyh
,oa çHkko”kkyh <ax ls mBk;k x;kA fofo/k psruk ds ek/;e ls tuçfrfuf/k;ksa dks bldh vko”;drk
,oa egRo dk vkHkkl gqvk o vUrr% vDVwcj 2005 esa lwpuk ds vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e dk tUe gqvkA
1-15& cky Je dks jksdus esa fof/k
fiNys ikap n”kdks ls fujUrj dY;k.kdkjh ;kstuk ds dk;ZØe] fof/k fuekZ.k vkSj ç”kklfud dk;Z ds
mijkUr Hkh Hkkjr esa vf/kdka”k cPps nq%[k o ladV esa jg jgs gSA ftlds fiNs lh/ks rkSj ij fu/kZurk gh
lkeus vkrh gSA fu/kZu ifjokj ds yk[kksa cPpksa dks vkfFkZd dkj.ksa ls ck/; gksdj Je cy ( Labour
force) esa lfEefyr gksuk iM+rk gSA Hkkjr dks lalkj ds dk;Zjr cPpksa dh lcls vf/kd la[;k ds gksus
dh lafnX/k çfr’Bk çkIr gSA
ckydks dks fu;kstu vkSj dke ds ?k.Vksa dks fu;fU=r djus ds fy, igyk vf/kfu;e QSDVªh ,DV 1881
cuk Fkk blds i”pkr~ cky fu;kstu dh fuEu vk;q dks fu/kkZfjr djus ds fy, 1929 esa ,d vk;ksx
fu;qDr fd;k x;k mldh flQkfj”k ij pkbYM yscj Act (Child Labour Act 1933) ikfjr
fd;k x;k ftlus 14 o"kZ ls de vk;q ds cPpksa dh fu;qfDr ij çfrcU/k yxk fn;k rRi'pkr QSDVªh
vf/kfu;e 1948 us cky Jfedksa ds fy, dqN lqj{kk;sa çnku dh 1986 esa yksdlHkk us Child
Labour Act (Regulation and probhition) cuk;k ftlds }kjk dqN fo'ks"k ukSdfj;ksa esa cky
fu;qfDr dh ;kstuk cukbZ x;h vkSj tksf[ke jkstxkjkaas esa dke dh 'krksZ dks fu;fU=r fd;k x;kA blds
vfrfjDr cky Je dks jksdus ds fy, vU; vf/kfu;e tSls The plantation Act 1951 the
merchant shipping act 1958 the motor transport laborers Act 1961 le; le;
UTTRAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY 17
LAW AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA LL.M. 1001
ij cuk;s x;s blds vf/kdkj esa cky Je ¼çfr"ks/k vkSj fofu;e½ vf/kfu;e 1986 ds vUrxZr cky Je
dks jksdus ds fy, vf/kfu;e ds Hkkx 3 dh /kkjk 6 ls 13 rd cky Je ds fu;kstu dk le; vodk'k
lqj{kk vkfn dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA Hkkx 4 dh /kkjk 14 ls 17 rd n.M ,oa fu;e cukus dk çko/kku
gS lkFk gh vf/kfu;e lEiw.kZ Hkkjr o"kZ esa ykxw gksxk vkSj cky Je dks jksdus ds leqfpr ç;kl djsxkA
1-16& fof/k ds vurxZr cfUn ¼dSfn;ksa ls lEcfU/kr dkuwu½
;g ,d egRoiw.kZ {ks= gS tgka dkuwu ds }kjk vijkf/k;ksa dh ltk esa lkekftd ifjorZu dj fn;k gSA
vijk/k cgqr çkphu dky ls lekt esa O;kIr gSA vijk/k fofgu lekt dh dYiuk ugha dh tk ldrhA
ftlds dkj.k vijkf/k;ksa ls vijk/k jksdus ds fy, dM+h ls dM+h ;kruk,a nh tkfr Fkh ftlls lekt
Hk;Hkhr gksdj Hkfo"; esa bl çdkj ds vijk/k ugha djsa fdUrq fQj Hkh vijk/k vR;Ur rhoz xfr ls c<+us
yxk blfy, ;kruk ds LFkku ij lq/kkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k viuk;s tkus yxk vkSj ftl txg ij mUgsa
j[kk tkrk gS mls dkjkxkj tsy ;k cUnh x`g dg tkrk gSA
U;k;ewrhZ Ñ".kk yk;j dgrs gS fd tsyksa dks dkuwu ds iRFkj ds lkFk cuk;k tkrk gS dSfn;ksa dks dbZ
vf/kdkj gSA vk/kqfud ;qx esa vijkf/k;ksa ds çfr utfj;k dks cnyk tk jgk gSA vkt ;g ekuk tk jgk
gS fd vjk/kh ,d fo'ks"k çdkj dk jksxh gksrk gSA lkFk gh ;g ekuk tk jgk gS] f dbl jksx dks lq/kkjk
tk ldrk gSA
mPpre U;k;ky; us mohd griasddin v/s state of A.P., AIR 1977 s.c. dk okn egRoiw.kZ
gS ftlesa Li"V dgk x;k gS fd Hkkjr gj nwljs ns'k dh rjg vius Lo;a ds vijk/k o n.M ds fy,
tfVy nqfo/kk esa gSA
cfUn;ksa dks Hkh lq/kkjkRed n`f’Vdks.k ds e/; utj dqN vf/kdkj feyus pkfg, D;ksfd cfUn;ksa ds
vf/kdkj ls gh lq/kkjkRed okD;ka”k dh iwfrZ gks ldrh gSA ftlds fy, vko”;d gS fd cfUn;ksa dks
cfUnx`g esAa
iM+us fy[kus ds fy, vPNs vPNs ys[kdksa dh iqLrd feyuh pkfg, rkfd cUnh;ksa ds vUnj
lq/kkjkRed ço`fr dk Hkko O;kIr gksA
UTTRAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY 18
LAW AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA LL.M. 1001
iSjksy ds mnkj mi;ksx gksuk pkfg,A
dSfn;ksa ds vyxkoA
mPpre U;k;ky; ç'kklfud lapkyu ds dk;ksZ ds fy, ;ksX; dSfn;ksa dk lk{kkRdkj fd;k
tkuk vko';d le>k vkSj bl çdkj ç'kklu dks djus ds fy, x;kA
dSfn;ksa dks Hkh laoS/kkfud mipkj ,oa ekSfyd vf/kdkj çkIr gksus pkfg,A
ikao esa csM+h ck/k dj ifj{k.k ij dSfn;ksa dks ys tkuk fu"ks/k gksuk pkfg,A
lk{kkRdkj dk vf/kdkj A
tekur ij fjgk gq, dSfn;ksa ds fy, bl çdkj ls ifo= dk;ksZ ds çn'kZu gksuk pkfg, ftlls
muds ân; dh ekufld psruk dk fodkl gks ldsA
ifj{k.k dSfn;ksa dhs NDPC ds rgr tekur ij fjgkbZ gksuh pkfg,A
mijksDr vf/kdkj dSfn;ksa dks çn~nr gksus pkfg,] ftlls dh cUnh;ksa dks lq/kkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k
viukus esa fdlh Hkh çdkj dk d"V mBkuk u iMs+Aa
1-17& vH;kl iz”u
1-& lR;@vLkR; crkb;s
v& eksgEn vgen [kkW cuke “kkgckuks csxe A.I.R.1985 S.C. dk okn cgq fookg ds lEcU/k esa FkkA
c& lrh izFkk dk dkuwu 1829 esa yk;k x;k FkkA
l& lwpuk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e 2005] 2005 esa laln }kjk yk;k x;k gSA
n& pkbYM ysoj vf/kfu;e 1933 esa cPpksa dh fu;qfDr ij izfrcU/k dh mez 21 o’kZ ls de j[kh x;h
FkhA
2& cgq fodYih; iz”u
v& O;fDrxr fgr esa fdrus fgr lfEefyr gS&
d&pkj [k& lkr
UTTRAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY 19
LAW AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA LL.M. 1001
x& ikWp ?k& nks
c& os”;ko`fr dks jksdus ds fy;s Hkkjr esa loZizFke eqEcbZ vkSj dydRrk esa dkuwu cuk&
d& 1718 [k&1719
x& 1720 ?k& 1721
3&fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwrhZ djs&
v& eqfLye efgyk Hkj.k& iks’k.k dk vf/kdkj n.M izfdz;k lafgrk dh /kkjk--------------------- ds vUrxZr
vkrk Gsa
c& cky fookg vf/kfu;e 2006] dks ykxw fd;k x;k----------------------------------------lsA
l& cgq fookg dks Hkk0n0la0 dh /kkjk ------------------------dh mi/kkjk----------------------- esa vijk/k ekuk x;kA
n& vferkHk ckxph cuke ,uk ckxph A.I.R.2005 dydRrk dk okn ---------------------------------------------------
ls lEcfU/kr gSA
4& y?kq mRrjh; iz”u
v& O;fDrxr fgr D;k gS le>kb;s \
c& ykMZ fofy;e CkSfUVd }kjk yk;k x;k dkuwu ,oa jktkjke eksgu jk; dk vkUnksyu fdlls
lEcfU/kr Fkk \
l& tu fgr okn D;k gSa le>kb;s \
n& mPpre U;k;ky; }kjk cfUn;ksa ds D;k&D;k vf/kdkj crk;s x;s gS \
1-18& lkjka”k
bl bdkbZ dk v/;;u djus ds Ik”pkr vki tku pqds gSa fd fdl izdkj ls fof/k ds vk/kkj ij
lkekftd ifjorZu esa fof/k dk Hkh vge ;ksxnku tSls lrh izFkk gS lrh izFkk dks dksbZ dqjhfr;ka ugha
ekuk tkrk Fkk lfr izFkk dk izpyu lekt ds }kjk gh gqvk Fkk blds vfrfjDr cky fookg] nkl izFkk]
cgq fookg izFkk] vkfn tSls eq[; lkekftd izpyu ds vUrxZr izFkk;sa Hkh tks fd lekt ds }kjk gh
UTTRAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY 20
LAW AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA LL.M. 1001
Lohdk;Z Fkh fdUrq fof/k dh tkx:drk ;k fof/k }kjk lekt dks Hk; dkfjr dj bu dqizFkkvksa dk
izpyu jksdk x;k ftlls lekt esa ifjorZu gqvk ;gka rd fd lk{; ds vUrxZr fofM;ks dkUQzsfU”kax
dks fof/k }kjk gh Lohdk;Z fd;k x;k tcfd Lkk{; vf/kfu;e ds vUrxZr igys ;g fof/k ekU; ugha Fkk
fQj Hkh fof/k ds vuq:Ik ;g mYys[kuh; ifjorZu gSa lkFk gh lwpuk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e 2005 vkfn
,sls db mnkgj.k lekt esa mifLFkr gSa ftlesa fd fof/k ds }kjk lekt dk ifjorZu gqvk gSA
1-19&vH;kl iz”uks ds mRrj
1& v& vlR;] c& lR;] l& lR;] n& vlR;A
2& v& x] c& dA
3& v& 125] c& 10 tuojh 2007] l& 494 o 5] n& fofM;ks dkUQzsfU”kax lk{; A
4& v&ns[ksa & 1-4-1] c& ns[ksa&1-8] l& ns[ksa&1-14-2] n&ns[ks&
a 1-17A
1-20& lUnHkZ xzUFk lwph
1- izks0 th0ih0 =hikBh& Hkkjr dk oS/kkfud ,oa laoS/kkfud bfrgkl¼2007½& lsUVªy ykW
ifCyds”kuA
2- rstLdj&vkstLdj ik.Ms;&lekt dk;Z n”kZu ¼2009½& Hkkjr cqd lsUVj
3- efyd vkSj jkoy&ykW ,.M lks”ky VªkUlQksjes”ku bu bf.M;k¼2009½&bykgckn ykW
,tsUlh
4- jke vkgqtk& lkekftd leL;k; ¼2008½& jkor ifCyds”ku fnYyh
5- jke vkgqtk&Hkkjrh; lekt ¼2007½& jkor ifCyds”ku fnYyh
6- Mk0 vorkj flag&Hkkjrh; Lkk{; vf/kfu;e 1872¼2006½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”ku
7- Mk0x.ks”k ik.Ms&vijk/k “kkL= ¼2008½& jk/kk ifCyds”ku fnYyh
8- izks0bUnzthr flag&fof/k “kkL=¼2006½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”ku
UTTRAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY 21
LAW AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA LL.M. 1001
9- fof/k dk lkekftd ifjorZu ¼LVsMh eVsfj;y Hkkst eqDr fo”ofo|ky;]Hkksiky½&Mk0
“kSQkyh ;kno
10- Mk0 dSyk”k jk;& tufgr odkyr fof/kd lgk;rk ,oa le:ih fof/kd¼2009½& lsUVªy
ykW ifCyds”ku
11- Mk0vHk; flag&lwpuk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e2005] ¼2009½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”ku
12- Mk0vkj0ds0vxzoky&fgUnw fof/k¼2002½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”ku
13- Mk0 bdcky flag&eqfLye fof/k ¼2001½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”kuA
1-21&lgk;d @mi;ksxh ikB~; lkexzh
1- lh0ih0 vjksjk&fofo/k vijk/k vf/kfu;e ¼2010½& ;wuholZy ykW ifCyds¼2010½A
2- Mk0 Vh0ih0 =hikBh&flfoy izfdz;k lafgrk¼2006½& bykgckn ykW ,tsUlhA
3- izks0 bUnzthr flag&Jfed fof/k;ka&¼2005½&lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”kuA
4- Mk0 ,l0ds0 diwj& ekuo vf/kdkj ,oa vUrjk’Vªh; fof/k¼2004½&lsUVªy ykW
ifCyds”kuA
1-22& fucU/kkRed iz”u
1-&fof/k ds }kjk lkekftd ifjorZu ls vki D;k le>ras gSa \mnkgj.k lfgr le>kb;s \
2&fof/k u rks bZ”ojsPNktu gksrh gS vkSj u rks lEizHkq dk lekns”k gh gS ftlds fins vuq” kkfLr
gksrh gS& jksLdks ikm.MSA O;k[;k djsa \
UTTRAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY 22
LAW AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA LL.M. 1001
,y&,y-,e- izFke o’kZ
Hkkjr esa fof/k ,oa lkekftd ifjorZu
[k.M&1 fof/k dk lkekftd ifjorZu
bdkbZ&2 çFkkvksa ,oa ijEijkvksa ds }kjk fof/k dk fuekZ.k
bdkbZ dh lajpuk
2-1& izLrkouk
2-2&mn~n”s ;
2-3&izFkk ,oa ijEijk fof/k dk LFkku dc xzg.k djrh gS
2-4&izFkk ,oa ijEijk esa vUrj
2-5 izFkk fd fof/k ekU;rk ds fy;s vko”;d rRo
2-5a-1&vfriqjkrurk ;k izkphurk (Antiquity)
2-5-2&fujUrjrk (Continuity)
2-5-3&”kkfUriw.kZ mi;ksx(Peaceful enjoyment)
2-5-4&fuf”prrk(Certainty)
2-5-5&ck/;dkjh cy(Obiligatory Force)
2-5-6& ikjLifjd laxrrk (Mutual Consistency)
2-5-7& ;qfDr;qDrrk
2-6-&izFkkxr fof/k ds fy, lSfoXuh dk er
2-6-1- &lsSfoXuh dh yksdpsruk dk fl)kUr
2-7- &izFkkxr fof/k ds lEcU/k esa vkUV dk er
2-8- &izFkk U;k; rFkk lekt
2-9&dkWeu ykW iz.kkyh esa izFkk dk LFkku
2-10&fgUnw rFkk eqfLye fof/k essa izFkk dk LFkku
2-11&fofHkUu izFkk,a% fof/k ds fuekZ.k ds :i esa
2-11-1 &cky fookg izFkk ds vUrxZr fof/k dk fuekZ.k
2-11-2& nkl izFkk ds vUrxZr fof/k dk fuekZ.k
2-11-3&os”;ko`fRr izFkk ds vUrxZr fof/k dk mRikn
2-11-4& cky vf/kdkjksa ds laj{k.k ds fy, fof/k dk fuekZ.k
2-11-5& lfr izFkk dk mUewyu % fof/k dk fuekZ.k
UTTRAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY 23
LAW AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA LL.M. 1001
2-12&izFkk dks fof/k ds Lo:i esa Lohdkj djus dk vkSfpR;
2-13& izFkk fd orZeku lkekftd fLFkfr
2-14& lkjka”k
2-15& vH;kl iz”uksa ds mRrj
2-16&lUnHkZ xzUFk lwph
2-17&fucU/kkRed iz”u
2-1 çLrkouk
fof/k ds lzksrksa dk ge v/;;u djsa rks ges ekyqe iM+rk gSA fd çFkk vkSj ijEijkvksa ds vk/kkj ij Hkh
fof/k dk fuekZ.k gqvk gS ftl çdkj catj iM+h Hkwfe esa çfrfnu ds vkokxeu ls ixM.Mhuqek iFk cu
tkrk gSA Bhd mlh çdkj ls çFkk o ijEijkvksa ls fof/k dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA çFkk o ijEijkvksa dk
çpyu ftruk vf/kd iqjkuk gksrk gS mruh gh fof/k vf/kd çHkkoh :i /kkj.k djrh gS lekt ds vk/kkj
ij gh fof/k dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS çFkk;sa ,oa ijEijk;sa vukSipkfjd fof/k dk Lo#i gS ftUgsa vkt
vkSipkfjd fof/k ds #i esa LFkku çkIr gqvk gS tc ge çFkkvksa vkSj ijEijkvksa ls mRiUu fof/k ds
lksikuksa ij fopkj djrs gS rks ,d vfr egRoiw.kZ rF; lkeus vkr gS fd gj ;qx bldh vo/kkj.kk esa
ifjofrZr gksrk x;k vkSj n`f"V ls bldh vifjorZu'khyrk ij Åaxyh mBus yxhA loZlk/kkj.k ds fy,
bl çdkj çFkkvksa vkSj ijEijkvksa ls mRiUu fof/k ds leku #i ls ykxw fd;s tkus ds ihNs ;g çcy
Hkkouk dke djrh FkhA pwd
a h bldk lzksr lekt dk çpyu gS vr% ;g çpyu bZ'ojh; gS u cfYd
ekuoh; gS ftlls ;g ifo= ,oa loksZijh gSA le; ds lkFk tSls tSls vkSipkfjd fof/k vFkkZr fo/kk;u]
U;kf;d fu.kZ;ksa dk egRo c<+rk x;k tSl&tSls çFkk o ijEijk #ih fof/k dk gzkl gksrk x;k Hkys gh
Hkkjrh; lekt esa lnSo ls gh vkSipkfjd fof/k ds vfrfjDr vfyf[kr vukSipkfjd fof/k dk vfLrRo
jgk gks fdUrq xyr vukSipkfjd fof/k dk vkSipkfjd fof/k ds gh }kjk çfr'ks/k dj mldks lekIr fd;k
x;k gS ftldk bfrgkl lk{kh gS
2-2 mÌs';
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bl bdkbZ dk mÌs'; gS fd vki fof/k rFkk çFkk ,oa ijEijkvksa ds lEcU/kksa dks tku ldsaA vki le>
ldsa fd fof/k dk ,d Hkkx çFkkvksa ,oa ijEijkvksa dk mRikn gSA lkFk gh fdl çdkj ls çFkk vkSj
ijEijkvksa ls fof/k dk fuek.kZ gqvk og dkSu&dkSu lh çFkk;sa gS ,oa ijEijk;sa gS ftlds yxkrkj çpyu
ls mlus fof/k dk Lo#i çkIr fd;k gS lkFk gh la{ksi esa vki fuEufyf[kr fcUnqvksa dks vkRelkr dj
ldsAa
çFkk ,oa ijEijk fof/k dk LFkku dc xzg.k djrh gS
çFkkxr fof/k ds fy, lSfoXuh dk er
fofHkUu fof/kd i)fr;ksa esa çFkk dh fLFkfr
çFkkxr fof/k ds lEcU/k esa vkUVZ dk er
çFkk U;k; rFkk lekt
dkeu ykW iz.kkyh esa izFkk dk LFkku
fgUnw rFkk eqfLye fof/k esa izFkk dk LFkku
fofHkUUk izFkk,a% fof/k ds fuekZ.k ds :i esa
çFkk dh orZeku lkekftd fLFkfr
izFkk dks fof/k ds Lo:i esa Lohdkj djus dk vkSfpR;
2-3 çFkk ,oa ijEijk fof/k dk LFkku dc xzg.k djrh gS
bl ckr dks ysdj lgefr fn[kkbZ iM+rh gS fd çFkk fof/k dk Lo:i xzg.k djrh gS ysfdu U;k;kfonksa
vkSj ys[kdksa esa lgefr ds vk/kkj dks ysdj erSD; ugha gSA çFkk ,oa ijEijk fof/k dk LFkku dc xzg.k
djrh gS blls igys çFkk o ijEijk ds vUrj dks le>kuk vko';d gksrs k gSA
2-4- çFkk ,oa ijEijk esa vUrj
Lk/kkj.kr;k çFkk o ijEijkvksa dks ,d gh ekuk tkrk gS ijUrq okLro esa ;g nksuksa vkil esa dkQh
fHkUurk j[krs gSA çFkkvksa dk fuekZ.k lekt ds fdlh leqg ds O;ogkj ls mRiUu gksr gS vkSj lekt fd
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LohÑfr ds ckn bldk fuek.kZ gksrk gSA ijEijkvksa dk l`tu tc lekt ds fdlh leqg }kjk LohÑr
rjhdksa dk çpyu ih<+h nj ih<+h gLrkUrfjr gksrk jgrk gS rc ijEijkvksa dk l`tu gksrk gS] ijEijkvksa
ds l`tu ds i'pkr mls lkekftd ekU;rk çkIr gksus ds ckn og çFkk dk #i /kkj.k djrh gSA
2-5- çFkk dh fof/k ekU;rk ds fy, vko';d rRo
çFkk dks fof/k dk Lo:i çkIr gksus ds fy, fuEufyf[kr vko';d rRo çFkk esa gksus vko';d gSA
2-5-1&vfriqjkrurk ;k çkphurk (Antiquity)
çFkk dks çkphu gksuk pkfg, og Hkh fdruh çkphu]Lej.kkrhr gksuh pkfg, ;k ugha ;g fooknkLin ç'u
gSA bldks ysdj ererkUrj gSA çks0 ,ysu ds vuqlkj fdlh O;ogkj vknr ;k QS'ku dk cgqr fnuksa
pyu vius vki esa mls ck/;dkjh ugha cuk nsrkA fdUrq ç'u ;g gS fd çkphurk ;k vfriqjkrurk dh
D;k lhek gS D;k dksbZ lhek fu/kkZfjr gS \ fdruh vo/kh ds çpyu dks iqjkrurk dk |ksrd ekuk
tk;A baXyS.M esa euekus rkSj ij lhek o"kZ 1189 A. D. eku fy;k x;k gSA mlh o"kZ fjpkMZ çFke xÌh
ij cSBs FksA bl vk'k; dk lk{; nsus ij fd ç'uxr çFkk 1189 A.D. ls ;k mlds igys ls gh
çpyu esa pyrh vk jgh gS rks mls fuf'pr #i ls çkphu ekuk tk;sxkA fdUrq Hkkjr esa ;g erSD;
ugha gSA dkR;ku vkSj O;kl 60 o"kZ dk le; gh blds fy, i;kZIr ekurs gSA vkf/kiR; ds fy, 100
o"kZ ls çpfyr çFkk dks lk{; ds #i esa çLrqr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
2-5-2&fujUrjrk (Continuity)
çFkk ds çpyu rFkk ikyu esa fo/ujfgr fujUrjrk ds rRo dk fo|eku jguk vfr vko';d gSA
vYidkyhu O;o/kku rks utj vUnkt fd;k tk ldrk gS ysfdu nh?kZdkyhu ?kkrd ekuk tk;sxk
D;ksfa d blds ukrs çFkk viuh çHkkodkfjrk [kks nsxhA CySd LVksu vf/kdkj ds ç;ksx rFkk dCts ds
ç;ksx ds O;o/kku esa vUrj ekurs gSA igys ekeys esa ,d fnu dk O;o/kku ?kkrd gksxk vkSj çFkk dks
lekIr dj nsxkA çFkk dks fof/k dk Lo:i xzg.k djus ds fy, çFkk esa fujUrjrk vko';d gSA
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2-5-3&'kkfUriw.kZ mi;ksx (Peaceful enjoyment)
;g Hkh ,d vko';d rRo gS fd çFkk dk ikyu vuUrdky ls 'kkfUriw.kZ <+x ls gksrk jguk pkfg,A
fdlh çFkk ds yEcs le; rd fookfnr jgus dh fLFkfr esa ;g /kkj.kk cyorh gksxh fd ,slh çFkk ds
fy, vko';d vke lgefr ugha gSA 'kkfUriw.kZ mi;ksx esa ,ysu dk dFku gS fd og çFkk gks gh ugh
ldrh ftldk “kkfUriw.kZ mi;ksx u gks blh çdkj CySd LVksu dgrs gS fd lkekU; lgefr dh deh
vFkok mldk yEch vo/kh rd fookfnr jguk] çFkk dks lekIr djus dk vk/kkj gksxk vr% çFkk dk
'kkfUriw.kZ mi;ksx gksuk vko';d gSA
2-5-4&fuf'prrk (Certainty)
çFkk esa fuf'prrk dk gksuk vko';d gSA rHkh og fof/k dk Lo#i xzg.k djsxh D;ksfa d tks Loa;
vfuf'pr gS mls O;ogkj esa mrkjuk dfBu gksxkA ckMosUV cuke fofyDl ¼1982½ esa eq[; U;k;k/kh'k
foysl dk lEçs{k.k çklafxd gS çFkk dks fuf'pr jguk pkfg, D;ksfa d mlds fuf'pr u jgus ij bls
Lej.kkrhr fl) djuk dfBu gksxkA fdlh pht dks fnekx ls dSls dgk tk ldrk gS tc rd og
Lo;a fuf'pr ugha gSA çFkk dk fuf'pr u gksuk çkphurk dks lekIr dj nsrk gS ftlls og fof/k dk
Lo#i xzg.k ugha dj ldrh gSA vRk% çFkk dks fuf'pr gksuk vko';d gSA
2-5-5&ck/;dkjh cy (Obiligatory Force)
çFkk dks bruk lqn`M+ rFkk lqfuf”pr gksuk pkfg, fd loZlk/kkj.k mlds ikyu ds fy, ck/; gSA
ikyu ;k vikyu mldh bPNk ij fuHkZj ugh gksuk pkfg,A fof/k ds leku mldk ck/;dkjh Lo:i
,oa cy gksuk vko”;d gSA fu;e dh Hkkafr mldk ç;ksx vf/kdkj ds crkSj gksuk pkfg,A ,ysu us
mnkgj.k nsdj bls le>kus dk ç;kl fd;k gS fd tSls U;k;ky; esa vf/koDrk ds fcx vkSj xkmu
iguuk ck/;dkjh gS] vkSj ,slh fu/kkZfjr iks”kkd u igus ij U;k;ky; mldh ckr dks vulquh dj nsxk
vkSj og vius is”ks ls fuf’k) gks tk;sxkA vkSj xehZ ds cgkus blls eqfDr ikuk lEHko ugh gSA vknr
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,oa çFkk fHkUu& fHkUu gS ,d ughA çFkk dk vuqikyu LoSfPNd ugha vfirq ck/;`` dkjh gksuk pkfg,
ftlls mls fof/k dk Lo:i çkIr gks tk;A
2-5-6&ikjLifjd laxrrk (Mutual Consistency)
çFkkvksa dks tks çkphu vkSj ekU; gS mUgs vkil esa esy [kkuk pkfg, D;ksfa d og lkekU; mit gksrh
gSA muesa ls fdlh ,d dks csdkj dguk dfBu gksxk D;ksfa d ijLij nks fojks/kh :f<+;ka gks gh ugha
ldrhA ;fn ,slk gS rks ,d dks vPNk ugh ekuk tk;sxkA ikjLifjd laxrrk vko”;d gSA
2-5-7&lafof/k;ksa ls laxrrk (Conformity with the Statutes)
fdlh Hkh çFkk dks lafo/kku vFkok vf/kfu;e ds fdlh çko/kku ds fo:) ugha gksuk pkfg,A vf/kfu;e
çFkk dks lekIr dj ldrs gSa ysfdu foykse lR; ugha gS vFkkZr çFkk fof/k dks lekIr ugh dj ldrhA
çFkk dks lafof/k;ksa ls laxrrk esa gksuk pkfg,A Hkkjr vkSj baXyS.M esa ,slh gh vo/kkj.kk gS ysfdu jkseu
fof/k rFkk ml ij vk/kkfjr vU; i)fr;ksa esa çFkk dks loksZPp ekuk tkrk gSA ogka “ Lex posterior
derogate priori a later law derogates fro man earlier one.”
2-5-8&;qfDr;qDrrk
,slh gh çFkk;sa ekU; vkSj çorZuh; gksxh tks ;qfDr;qDr gks rdZ laxr ,oa ykHkdkjh gksA ç'u ;g gS
fd ;qfDr;qDrrk dh dlkSVh D;k gS lkE;k çkÑfrd U;k; 'kq) vUr% dj.k yksdfgr tSls rRoksa ij
vk/kkfjr çFkk dks gh ge ;qfDr;qDr dgsxAsa lekt çFkk dks fdl n`f"V ls ns[krk vkSj vkadyu djrk
gS] og dgka rd muds fgrksa dk laj{k.k ikjLifjd lkSgkæZ lkeatL; LFkkfir djus esa çHkkoh gS] ;g
ckr ;qfDr;qDrk ds lUnHkZ esa egRoiw.kZ fopkj.kh; fcUnq gSA
U;k;kf/k'k czsV ds vuqlkj %& çFkk dks ;qfDr;qDr rc ekuk tk;sxk tc og lgh ;k xyr ds ewy
fl)kUrksa ds vuqdqy gSA çFkk dks foods ls vlaxr ;k mlds foifjr ugha gksuk pkfg,A
2-6&çFkkxr fof/k ds fy, lSfoXuh dk er
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ÝsMfjd dkyZ oku lSfofXu us fof/k ds lacU/k esa viuk er O;Dr fd;k fd çFkkvksa dh mRiÙkh lekt
dh vUr% psruk ls gksrh gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa çFkk dh mRiÙkh vko';d #i ls çkÑfrd çHkkoksa ls gksrh gS
ftudk lEcU/k ,d fof'k"V oxZ dh psruk ls gksrk gSA oLrqr% çFkk;sa jk"Vªh; psruk ls gksrk ftlesa
¼lR; U;k; vkSj ykSfdd mi;ksfxrk ds xq.k lfEefyr gS½ dk çrhd gSA ijUrq ,slk ges'kk ugha gksrk
vusd çFkk,sa tu bPNk ds fo#) mu ij Fkksih tkrh gS tSls nkl çFkk ftls cgqer ugha pkgrk dks
vYire Fkksirk gSA lSfofXu ds vuqlkj çR;sd leqnk; esa fuf'pr ifjikfV vkSj :f<+ dk fodkl gksrk
gSA ftlds vuojr vkpj.k ls fof/kd fu;e cu tkrs gSA çkjfEHkd pj.kksa esa gh fof/k yksxksa dh Hkk"kk
rkSj rfjdks vkSj lkekftd lajpuk ds vuqdwy viuk Lo#i xzg.k dj ysrh gSA
2-6-1&lSfofXu dh yksd psruk
yksd psruk ls lSfofXu dk vfHkçk; fof/k ls gSA fof/k vpsru ,oa lgt fodkl dk fo"k; gS bldk
fodkl :f<+xr fof/k ds leku] lekt jk"Vª ds fodkl ds lkFk gksrk jgrk gSA çkphu dky ls yksxksa
dh Hkk"kk pky <+ky fjfr fjokt rFkk lafo/kku ds vuq:i fof/k dk dksbZ u dksbZ #i vo'; jgk gS tks
bl ckr dk çR;{k çek.k gS fd fof/k lr`r çxfr'khy gSA mlesa LFkkf;Ro ugha vk ldrk mldk
fodklksUeq[k çokg :d ugh ldrk vFkkZr fof/k jk"Vª ds lkFk l`ftr gksrh gSA blds lkFk fodflr
gksrh gS vkSj mlds yksi ds lkFk og ej tkrh gS vkSj ;gh blfd fo'ks"krk gSA
Volk dk vfHkçk; yksx People ls gS blfy, Volks geist dks yksd fof/k dgk tkrk gSA yksd
,oa le; ds lkFk ifjofrZr gksus okyh fof/k lnSo yksd psruk ds vuq#i gksuh pkfg,A ;g fdlh
leqnk; ;k ns'k fons'k ds yksxksa dh vkUrfjd vko';drkvksa ,oa Hkkoukvks]a çFkk] lgt ço`fr] foosd
vUrn`Zf"V dh vfHkO;fDr gSA Volk Gesit fof/k çR;; dk ekxZ n'kZd gSA fof/k esa rkjrE; cuk jgrk
gSA ftldk lEcU/k Hkwr Hkfo"; orZeku rhuksa ls gksrk gS ;g yksxksa dks ,d lw= esa ck/ks j[kus dk dke
djrh gSA yksd psruk ,d ekun.M gS blfy, fof/k lnSo yksd psruk ds vuq#i gksuh pkfg,A fof/k
fuekZrkvksa dks tufç; psruk dk vknj djuk pkfg, vkSj mlh #i yksd dY;k.k ds fy, fo/kk;u
cukuk pkfg,A
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2-7&çFkkxr fof/k ds lEcU/k esa vkUVZ dk er
vkUVZ çFkk dks egRoiw.kZ crkrs gq, dgrs gS fd çFkkxr fof/k dh oS/krk Loa; vius esa gh gksrh gSA ;g
viuh çÑfr ds ukrs fof/k gS u fd vuq'kkfLr ds ukrs yksxksa ds fy, mufd viuh çFkkxr fof/k
loksZRÑ"B gksrh gSA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd blfd mRifÙk mufd vko';drkvksa ,oa U;k; dh psruk
ifj.kkeLo:i gksrh gS vkSj mlds fodkl ds lkFk vkxs c<+rh jgrh gSA vr% çFkk fo/kk;u vkSj iwoZ
fu.kZ; nksuksa ls Js"B gSA u dsoy lkj Substance dh n`f"V ls cfYd viuh mRifÙk dh n`f"V ls Hkh
gSA vkUVZ us vU; fufeZr fof/k ls çFkk dks Js"V fof/k blfy, ekuk gS fd çFkk esa çkphurk fujUrjrk
;qfDr;qDrk vkfn U;kf;d xq.k Lor% gh mRiUu gksrs gS ftlls çFkkxr fof/k viuk Js"Bre LFkku xzg.k
djrh gSA
2-8&çFkk U;k; rFkk lekt
U;k;ky; dkuwu ls c) gksrs gS mudk çorZu rFkk O;k[;k djrs gSA çFkk dks tgka fl) djuk iM+rk gS
dkuwu ogk¡ vius vki Loa; fl) gksrk gS dkuwu vkSj çFkk nksuksa ekuo fufeZr gksrh gSA vUrj dsoy
bruk gS fd dkuwu ;k fo/kk;u laln ;k fo/kkue.My cukrs gS tcfd çFkk dk fuekZ.k lkekftd tuksa
ds fujUrj pyu esa fd;s tk jgs O;ogkj vkSj ikjLifjd lg;ksx rFkk Lohdk;Zrk ls gksrk gSA fof/k
çphu vFkok vokZphu ;k vR;Ur gh de vof/k dh Hkh gks ldrh gS ysfdu çFkk ds fy, ;g vko';d
gS fd og çkphu rks gks gh Lej.kkrhr Hkh gksA lekt dk çFkk vkSj fof/k nksuksa ls gh vius vius <+x ls
U;k; feyrk gSA U;k;ky; Hkh lekt esa ekU;] çpfyr çFkk dks /;ku esa j[kdj U;k; çnku djrs gS
fu.kZ; fof/k blds çek.kksa ls Hkjh iM+h gS çFkk U;k; vkSj lekt dk pksyh nkeu dk lkFk gSA çFkk vkSj
U;k; dk mn~Hko lekt esa vkSj lekt ls gh gksrk gS vkSj nksuksa gh lekt dk fu;U=.k djrh gSA
bfrgkl bl ckr dk lk{kh gS fd iqjkru dky esa jkT; vkSj dkuwu ds u jgus ij çFkk,a gh lkekftd
dky fu;U=.k dk dke djrh Fkh fof/k ds leku muesa cy FkkA mlds ukrs lekt esa xfr'khyrk
dk;e FkhA lekt mlls vko) FkkA dbZ çFkkvksa us fo/k;ku dk LFkku fy;kA baXyS.M dk lkjk dk
lkjk dkeu ykW çFkk ij gh vk/kkfjr gS çFkk ds vuqlkj pyuk lqxe gksrk gS blds foifjr pyus okys
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dks lkekftd n.M nsus ds dbZ mnkgj.k gSA lkE;ifÙkd rFkk oS;fDrd lEcU/kksa dks çFkk;ksa gh fu;fer
djrh pyh vk jgh gSA CySd LVksu rks çFkk dks dkuwu ds gh leku ekurs gS vUrjkZ"Vªh; fof/k dk
vk/kkj çFkk,a gh gSA equjksfLeFk us lekt U;k; rFkk çFkk ds vVwV lEcU/kksa dh vksj ladsr fd;k gSA
2-9&dkeu ykW ç.kkyh esa çFkk dk LFkku
baXyS.M ds deku ykW dk vk/kkj :f<+tU; fof/k gh ekuh tkrh gSA CySdLVksu lkekU; ,oa fof'k"V
:f<+;ksa rFkk fof'k"V fof/k dks dkWeu ykW dk vk/kkj ekurs gS D;ksfa d og vfyf[kr gSA ykMZ dksd ds
vuqlkj :f<+ baXyS.M dh fof/k;ksa dh =hdks.k esa ,d eq[; dks.k gSA lsUVteSu us viuh iqL rd MkWDVj
,.M LVeMs.V esa dkeu ykW ds :f<+ ij vk/kkfjr gksus dh ckr dh nyhy bl çdkj is'k dh gS pqafd
dfFkr :f<+;ka u rks bZ'ojh; fof/k ds foifjr gks ldrh gS vkSj u gh ;qfDr ds fof/k ds foifjr vkSj
dkeu osYFk ds lEiw.kZ lkezkT; ds fy, lnSo vPNh vkSj vko';d ekuh xbZ gS] blfy, mUgs]a ;gka rd
fd fof/k dk cy çkIr gS fd tks muds fo:) dk;Z djrk gS og U;k; ds fo:) dk;Z djrk gS vkSj ;s
gh os :f<+;ka gS ftUgsa mfpr #i esa dkeu ykW dgk tk ldrk gSA :f<+ dks dkeu ykW ls ls vyx
djuk vlEHko gSA ogka dh lalnh; ç.kkyh dk vk/kkj gh çFkk gSA
2-10&fgUnq rFkk eqfLye fof/k esa çFkk dk LFkku
fgUnq fof/k esa osnks]a iqjk.kks]a euqLe`fr vkfn esa çFkk dks cgqr Å¡pk LFkku fn;k x;k gS ;gka rd fd fof/k
ds fo:) gksus ij Hkh mUgsa ekU; fd;k x;k gSA fofHkUu /kkfeZd xzUFkksa esa tkfrxr çFkk dks Lohdkj
fd;k x;k gS euq çFkk dks loksPZ p fof/k ekurs gS xkSre] of'k"V bl fopkj ls lgefr çdV djrs gSA
ukjn us rks #f<+ dks fof/k dh vis{kk cgqr Å¡pk LFkku fn;k gS vkSj os bl ckr ds fgek;rh gS fd
cyorh çFkk rks ifo= fof/k dks fujkÑr dj nsrh gS vkt ds fnu esa Hkh dqN ekeyksa esa fu.kZ; nsrs
le; U;k;ky; çFkkvksa dk gokyk nsrs gS vkSj mUgh ds vkyksd esa fu.kZ; nsuk rdZ laxr rFkk U;k;fgr
esa ekurs gSA eqfLye fof/k esa bl ckr dks Li"V fd;k x;k gS fd fjokt ;k çFkk ftls ÅQZ dgk x;k
gS dqjku lq=ksa ls vlaxr ugha gksuk pkfg, D;ksfa d mls loksZPp LFkku fn;k x;k gSA çFkk ds ekus tkus
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ds fy, nks rRo gksuk vko';d gS ,d rks çFkk çpyu esa gks] nwljk fdlh {ks= fo'ks"k esa mls ekU;rk
çkIr gksA gsnk;k dk ekuuk gS fd tc dksbZ lqO;Dr lw= ugha miyC/k gS] rHkh fjokt dks O;ogk;Z ekuk
tk,xk og Hkh bTek ds leku gh çFkk dks eqfLye fof/k ds fodkl dk vk/kkj ekuk x;k gS fdUrq
dqjku] lqUur] bTek vkSj d;kl dh rqyuk esa mldk LFkku xkS.k gSA vcnqjZghe eqfLye fof/k ds fodkl
esa çFkk ds ;ksxnku dks Lohdkj djrs gSA
2-11&fofHkUu çFkk,a %& fof/k ds fuekZ.k ds :i esa
jkseu fof/k mYys[kuh; gS fd jkse esa ekU; çpfyr çFkkvksa dh lekfIr VosYo VscqYl vf/kfu;e ds
ikfjr gks tkus ls gks xbZA jkse esa U;k;ky;ksa ij çFkktU; fof/k gh ck/;dkjh gksrh gS tc fyf[kr fof/k
miyC/k ugha gksrhA orZeku jkseu fof/k esa vf/kfu;fer fof/k ds cy ds lekIr gks tkus ds ckn jkseu
fof/k :f<+tU; fof/k cu xbZ egkf}ih; ;wjksi esa :f<+tU; fof/k dk cgqr de egRo jg x;k gSA
2-11-1&cky fookg izFkk ds vUrxZr fof/k dk fuekZ.k
cky fookg dh çFkk us fL=;ksa dh fLFkfr dks vkSj n;uh; cuk fn;k FkkA bl çFkk dks çpfyr djus esa
fofHkUu lkekftd ckrksa dk ;ksx Fkk ogka ds ekSle dk ftl çdkj dk çHkko iM+rk gS mlh ds vuqlkj
lkekftd ç.kkfy;ksa dk fu;eu gqvkA xje ekSle okys bykdksa esa 'kkjjhd fodkl tYnh gksrk gS vkSj
lekt viuk uSfrd Lrj cuk;s j[kus ds dkj.k yM+fd;ksa ds dkSek;Z ij fo'ks"k egRo nsrk FkkA fookg
;ksX; vk;q dh gksus ls igys gh mudk fookg djds yksx bl ckr ls fuf'pUr gks tkrs Fks fd lekt
dh uSfrd 'kq)rk cuh jgsxhA blds vfrfjDr dqN vkfFkZd dkj.k Hkh Fks xjhc yksxksa ds fy, yM+dh
vius ekrk firk ij cks> gksrh FkhA tcfd vius ifr ds ifjokj ds fy, og mi;ksxh Fkh D;ksfa d ogka
mls jlksbZ?kj laHkkyuk iM+rk FkkA cky fookg dks çksRlkgu nsus ds fy, fgUnw la;qDr ifjokj ç.kkyh Hkh
de ftEesnkj ugha gSA nknk nknh ukuk ukuh ;k cM+s cq<k+ sa dh ;gh bPNk jgrh FkhA fd os vius ukrh
iksrksa dks fookfgr ns[ksa e/;;qx ds nkSjku cky fookg çFkk [kwc çpfyr FkhA fgUnq eqlyeku nksuksa gh
mldk ikyu djrs Fks cgqr gh NksVh vk;q esa eka cu tkuk ihys tnZ vkSj detksj cPpksa ls f?kjs jguk
UTTRAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY 32
LAW AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA LL.M. 1001
,slh cky fookg ls dbZ vkSj cqjkbZ;ksa Åith vkfFkZd raxh ls ekrk firk viuh yM+fd;ksa dks /kuh yksxksa
ds gkFkksa nqYgu ds #i esa csph tkrh FkhA
cky fookg ls lcls Åitus okyh leL;k Fkh cky fo/kokvksa dh c<+rh gqbZ la[;k bu NksVh2 fo/kok
yM+fd;ksa ds ikl ftUnk jgus ds fy, dksbZ vkfFkZd lk/ku ugha FksA fudVRe lEcfU/k ls çse o I;kj
ugha feyrk Fkk os yksx bUgsa nkf;Ro n`f"V ls ns[krs Fks rFkk lkekftd dyad vkSj va/kfo”okl dh
Hkkoukvksa ds okrkoj.k esa os cspkjh tSls&rSls viuk thou fcrkrh FkhA lekt ds mPp oxksZa dh dqN
cky fo/kok;sa bl nqnZ”kk ls NqVdkjk ikus ds fy, lrh vkRenkg dh çFkk dk vkJ; ysrh FkhA ysfdu
lekt ds lHkh oxksZa vkSj tkfr;ksa dh vf/kdka”k fo/kokvksa dk thou ihM+k vkSj O;Fkk dh ,d yEch
dgkuh ek= FkhA cky fookg dks jksdus ds fy, The child marriage act 1929 ykxw fd;k x;k
ftlesa yM+ds dh mez 21 o"kZ ,oa yM+dh dh mez 18 o"kZ fu;r dh x;h Fkh fdUrq fQj Hkh cky fookg
dks iw.kZ #i ls jksd ugha ik;k blds ckn orZeku le; esa cky fookg çfr"ks/k vf/kfu;e 2006 llan
}kjk ikfjr fd;k x;k ftls 10 tuojh 2007 ls ykxw fd;k x;k vf/kfu;e esa n.M dk çko/kku dBksj
gksxk ftlesa nks o"kZ rd dk dkjkokl vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 10 ds vUrxZr fn;k tk;sxkA tqekZuk tks fd
,d yk[k #0 rd dk gks ldrh gS çko/kfur gS lkFk gh n.M dks fLFkfruqlkj i`Fkd i`Fkd #i esa j[kk
x;k gSA lkFk gh cky fookg vojks/k vf/kfu;e 1929 dks /kkjk 21 ds vUrxZr fujlu fd;k x;k ,oa
/kkjk 20 ds vUrxZr fgUnq fookg vf/kfu;e 1955 esa /kkjk 18 esa [k.M d dks lalksf/kr dj n.M dh
çko/kku j[kk x;kA
2-11-2&nkl çFkk ds vUrxZr fof/k dk Lo:i
fo'o bfrgkl v/;;u ls Kkr gksrk gS fd nkl çFkk feJ] vlhfj;k] lqesfj;k] cSfoyksfu;k] Hkkjr vkfn
ns'kksa esa çkphu dky esa çpfyr FkhA ;g çFkk mUuhloha 'krkCnh ds e/; rd thfor jgh gS vkSj vc
dkuwuh #i ls bldk lHkh lH; ns'kksa esa vkSipkfjd cfg"dkj gks x;k gS vesfjdk] nf{k.k vÝhdk vjc
baXyS.M Hkkjr vkfn ns'kksa esa ;g çFkk fiNys chl iPphl o"kksZ rd fdlh u fdlh #i esa çpfyr jgh
gSA vesfjdk ds xksjs O;fDr;ksa dh le`f) ds ihNs vÝhdk ls vk;kr fd;s x;s yk[kksa uhxzksa nklksa dh
UTTRAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY 33
LAW AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA LL.M. 1001
Hk;adj osnuk o dBksj ifjJe jgk gSA jk"Vªifr ,czkge fyadu us ogka nkl çFkk dh lekfIr dh Hkkjr
esa vaxzstksa ds dky ds le; Hkh dydÙkk esa nklksa dk ¼ftUgas rc dksQjh½ dgk tkrk Fkk [kqys vke
Ø;&foØ; gksrk FkkA tc fczfV”k ikfyZ;kesVa esa 1833 dk bafM;k foy çLrqr fd;k Fkk rc mlesa 28oha
/kkjk ds vUrxZr nkl çFkk ds lekfIr dh O;oLFkk j[kh x;h fdUrq mlds fojks/k esa cksyrs gq, M~;wd
vkWQ cSfyadju us dgk Fkk fulansg Hkkjr esa nkl çFkk fo|eku gS rFkkfi eS bl /kkjk dks gVk nsus dh
lhQkfj'k d#xkaA eS tkurk gw¡ dh Hkkjrh; lsuk dss çR;sd eqlyeku flikgh dh >ksiM+h esa nklh gksrh
gS tks flikgh dks dgha Hkh Hksts tkus ij mlds lkFk tkrh gS 1843 rd vaxzstksa us nkl çFkk dks gVkus
dk ç;kl ugha fd;k Fkk] 11 Qjojh 1843 dks ykMZ ,yecksjksa us loZçFke nklksa ds Ø; foØ; ds
lekfIr dh ?kks"k.kk dh Fkh rFkk 1862 esa Hkkjrh; n.M fo/kku esa bls dkuwu ds #i esa lfEefyr fd;k
lkFk gh Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vuq0 23 ,oa Hkkjr esa vf/kfu;e cfU/kr Je i)fr ¼mRlknu½ vf/kfu;e
1976 ikfjr fd;k x;k ftlds vUrxZr v/;k; 6 dh /kkjk 16 ls 23 rd vf/kfu;e ds mYya?ku ij
n.M ds çko/kku ls ;qDr gS tks fd dBksj dkjkokl 3 o"kZ rd dk tqekZuk 2000@#0 rd dk nsuk
gksxkk
2-11-3& os”;ko`fRr izFkk ds vUrxZr fof/k dk mRikn
vusd lkekftd vkSj /kkfeZd fjfr fjoktksa vkSj ijEijkvksa ds QyLo:i Hkh fgUnw lekt esa os';kÑfr
çpfyr jgh gS] ;Fkk egkjk"Vª] gSnjkckn] eSlwj esa] nsohnklh çFkk] caxky esa dqyhu çFkk vkfn] vk/kqfud
dky esa fu/kZurk] QS'ku] uxjhdj.k] ;kSu LorU=rk ;kSu oSfpH; dh bPNk oxZ la?k"kZ ikfjokfjd ruko
vkfn ds QyLo#i os';kÑfr dks c<+kok feyk gSA
Hkkjr esa loZçFke 1718 esa cEcbZ vkSj dydÙkk esa vaxzstksa dh lgk;rk ls os';ko`fÙk dks jksdus ds fy,
dkuwu cuk fdUrq blls os';ko`fÙk dks iw.kZ #i ls ugha jksdk x;kA vktknh ds i'pkr Hkkjr esa loksZPp
U;k;ky; }kjk f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa os';ko`fr ds vf/kdkf/kd çpyu dks jksdus ds fy, flfu;j vf/koDrk
egktu ds usr`Ro esa ,d desVh dks cuk;k x;k tks fd os';ko`fr ds dk;ksZ ij yxs cdZjks cPpks ds
dkj.kksa dh lfe{kk djsx
a sA
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LAW AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA LL.M. 1001
bl çdkj ls os';ko`fr ds lEcU/k es xkSjo tSu cuke Hkkjr la?k ¼1997½ S.C. esa mPpre U;k;ky; ds
U;k;ewrhZ jkekLokeh us dgk fd efgykvksa dks nsg O;kikj djus ds fy, mudh lkekftd vkfFkZd
ifjfLFkfr ftEesnkj gS vkSj blls vf/kd gekjk lekt mudks vijkf/k dh n`f"V ls ns[krk gS fdUrq
vijk/k dsoy nsg dk okf.kT;d nksgu gSA çR;sd jkT; ljdkj dk nkf;Ro gS fd fu/kZurk csjkstxkjh]
ikfjokfjd thou ds mRFkku ds fy, dY;k.kdkjh ;kstukvksa dks lapkfyr dj os';ko`fr esa nsg dk
okf.kT;d nksgu jksdus dk ç;kl djsaA
os';ko`fr ds fy, fof/k }kjk dBksjre mik; o nkf.Md çko/kku j[kk x;k ftlds dkj.k dkQh gn
rd os';ko`fr dh çFkk dks vijk/k Lo#i esa lekt dks fn[kkbZ nsus yxk vkSj fof/k }kjk bl çFkk dk
lkekftd ifjorZu dj fu"ks) fd;k x;kA
2-11-4& cky vf/kdkjksa ds laj{k.k ds fy, fof/k dk fuekZ.k
ckydks dks fu;kstu vkSj dke ds ?k.Vksa dks fu;fU=r djus ds fy, igyk vf/kfu;e QSDVªh ,DV 1881
cuk Fkk blds i”pkr~ cky fu;kstu dh fuEu vk;q dks fu/kkZfjr djus ds fy, 1929 esa ,d vk;ksx
fu;qDr fd;k x;k mldh flQkfj”k ij pkbYM yscj Act (Child Labour Act 1933) ikfjr
fd;k x;k ftlus 14 o"kZ ls de vk;q ds cPpksa dh fu;qfDr ij çfrcU/k yxk fn;k rRi'pkr QSDVªh
vf/kfu;e 1948 us cky Jfedksa ds fy, dqN lqj{kk;sa çnku dh 1986 esa yksdlHkk us Child
Labour Act (Regulation and probhition) cuk;k ftlds }kjk dqN fo'ks"k ukSdfj;ksa esa cky
fu;qfDr dh ;kstuk cukbZ x;h vkSj tksf[ke jkstxkjkaas esa dke dh 'krksZ dks fu;fU=r fd;k x;kA blds
vfrfjDr cky Je dks jksdus ds fy, vU; vf/kfu;e tSls The plantation Act 1951 the
merchant shipping act 1958 the motor transport laborers Act 1961 le; le;
ij cuk;s x;s blds vf/kdkj esa cky Je ¼çfr"ks/k vkSj fofu;e½ vf/kfu;e 1986 ds vUrxZr cky Je
dks jksdus ds fy, vf/kfu;e ds Hkkx 3 dh /kkjk 6 ls 13 rd cky Je ds fu;kstu dk le; vodk'k
lqj{kk vkfn dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA Hkkx 4 dh /kkjk 14 ls 17 rd n.M ,oa fu;e cukus dk çko/kku
gS lkFk gh vf/kfu;e lEiw.kZ Hkkjr o"kZ esa ykxw gksxk vkSj cky Je dks jksdus ds leqfpr ç;kl djsxkA
UTTRAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY 35
LAW AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA LL.M. 1001
2-11-5& lfr izFkk dk mUewyu % fof/k dk fuekZ.k
lfr izFkk dk izkjEHk Hkxoku “kadj dh iRuh ,oa fgeky; jkt dh iq=h ikoZrh ds ;K”kkyk esas lfr gks
tkus ds ckn tgka ifr vieku gksus ds i”pkr ,oa ifr ds izfr izse dk Hkko iznf”kZr djus ls tu
leqnk; us vius izpyu esa yk;k tks fd vuSfrd Fkh ftldk fd vUr 1829 esa ykMZ fofy;e CksfUVd
ds fof/k ds l`tu ls lekIr gks x;kA eqxydky esa fgUnw lekt dh mPp oxZ dh L=h;ksa esa lrh çFkk
dk çpyu cgqrk;kr ls çpfyr Fkk bl çFkk dk fo'ks"k #i ls çpyu jktLFkku esa Fkk bCucrwrk us
vius fooj.k esa lfr çFkk dk foLr`r mYys[k fd;k gS ,slk blfy, gksrk Fkk D;ksfa d lekt esa fo/kokvksa
dh fLFkfr n;uh; FkhA
Msyk osy ds vuqlkj fo/kok,sa iqu% fookg ugha dj ldrh Fkh mUgsa vius ds'kksa dks dkVuk iM+rk Fkk vkSj
viuk leLr thou nkl dh Hkkarh O;rhr djuk FkkA bl ukjdh; fLFkfr dks fcrkus ls og lrh gks
tkuk vf/kd ilUn djrh FkhA vdcj us lcls igys lfr çFkk dks jksdus ds Hkjld ç;kl fd;s fdUrq
og lQy ugha gqvkA
blds i'pkr lfr çFkk dks jksdus ds fy, ckj&ckj vkUnksyu ç;kl gksrs x;s fdUrq lfr çFkk ds vUr
ij iw.kZ fojke ugha yx ik;k cnyrs dky [k.M ds chp jktk jke eksgu jk; us L=h;ksa dh n'kk
lq/kkjus dh vksj /;ku fn;k vkSj mudk vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgkA lfr çFkk vR;Ur gh Hk;kog
,oa vekuqf"kd lkekftd çFkk Fkh mUgksusa lfr çFkk ds fo:) vkUnksyu pyk;k ftlds ifj.kke Lo#i
1829 bZ0 esa ykMZ fofy;e cSafVd }kjk yk;s x;s dkuwu ls lkekftd cqjkbZ dk vUr gks x;k ftlls
fof/kd vk/kkj ij lekt esa ,d u;k ifjorZu mRiUu gqvkA
2-12&izFkk dks fof/k ds Lo:i esa Lohdkj djus dk vkSfpR;
izFkk dks fof/k ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;s tkus ds lke.M us vusd dkj.k crk,a gSa] ftuesa ls dqN izeq[k
dkj.k fuEufyf[kr gS&
1- izFkk dks fof/k ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;s tkus dk ,d izeq[k vkSfpR; vFkok dkj.k ;g gS fd izFkk esa
mu fl)kUrksa dk lekos”k jgrk gS] tks U;k; laxr yksdksi;ksxh rFkk jk’Vh; psruk ds vuqdqy gksrsa gS aA
UTTRAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY 36
LAW AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA LL.M. 1001
fdlh fu;e esa “kkfLr dk gksuk bl ckr dk izrhd gS f dog fu;e fof/k }kjk ekU; fd;s tkus ds
;ksX; gSA
2- izFkk dks fof/k ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;s tkus dk vkSfpR; blfy, Hkh gS fd lekt ds fy;s izFkk dk
ogh egRo gS tks jkT; ds fy, fof/k dk gS nksuks gh vkSfpR; U;k; ds fl)kUrksa dks izfrLFkkfir djrs gSa
;|fi dh izFkk dk fof/k fl)kUr jkT; dh lEizHkqrk “kfDr ds dkj.k ekU; gksrh gSA
3- izFkk dks fof/k ds :i esa Lohdkj djus dk vFkZ ;g Hkh gS fd orZeku esa fo|eku izFkk Hkfo’; esa Hkh
ykxw jgsxh bl lUnHkZ esa izFkk dks fof/k ds :i eas Lohdkj fd;s tkus ds vkSfpR; ij izdk”k Mkyrs gq,
lke.M us dFku fd;k fd ;fn izFkk,a vkn”kZ :i esa U;k; laxr vkSj ;qfDr;qDr u Hkh gks vkSj bu
izFkkvksa ds LFkku ij vf/kd vPNs fu;eksa dk fuekZ.k ,oa izorZu U;k;ky;ksa }kjk fd;k tk ldrk gSA
fQj Hkh izFkkvksa dks ;Fkkor Lohdkj dj fy;k tkuk gh Js;Ldj gksrk gS] D;ksa fd izLFkkfir vkpkj ij
vk/kkfjr izR;kf”k;ksa dks foQy djuk mfpr ugha gksxkA
iSVu us Hkh lke.M ds mi;qDrZ fopkjksa ls lgefr izdV djrs gq, dgk gS fd izFkk,a fof/k fuekZrkvksa dks
fof/k dk <kWpk rS;kj djus es lgk;d gksrh gS D;ks fd iw.kZr% u;s fljs ls fof/k dh jpuk fd;k tkuk
lafgrkdkjksa ds fy, vko”;drkvksa ls vf/kd cqf)erk dk ifjp; nsus ds leku gksxkA muds vuqlkj
euksoSKkfud n`f’V ls Hkh ,slh izFkkvks ij vk/kkfjr gks D;ksfd blds fins ;g ekU;rk fNih jgrh gS fd
tks dqN vrhr ls vuqdj.kh; jgk gks og Hkfo’; ds fy, lqxe iFk izn”kZd Hkh gksxkA
2-13&çFkk dh orZeku lkekftd fLFkfr
;FkkFkZ rks ;g gS fd çFkkvksa dk vfLrRo esa jguk bl ckr ij fuHkZj djsxk fd lekt fdl çdkj dk
ifjoZru pkgrk gSA le; cny x;k gSA vkt foKku dk ;qx gSA O;kid iSekus ij gj {ks= esa ifjoZru
gq, gSA ftudk çHkko çFkkvksa ij Hkh iMs fcuk ugha jgk gSA ifjorZu'khyrk fuR; uohurk dh çkfIr gh
vkt lekt dk y{; cu x;k gSA iqjkru esa tks dk;Z djus ds rjhds] fØ;k dyki fof/k ds Lo:i Fks
og vk/kqfud le; esa fcYdqy fHkUurk /kkj.k fd, gq, gSA ;g fHkUurk LokHkkfod Hkh gS D;ksfa d orZeku
le; esa u;s fopkj u;s vf/kfu;e U;k;ky;ksa ds vUrxZr u;s fu.kZ; fof/k dk Lo:i çkIr dj jgsa gSA
UTTRAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY 37
LAW AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA LL.M. 1001
Hkkjr esa LoraU=rk çkfIr ds iwoZ vkSj i'pkr dh lkekftd ifjfLFkfr;ksa rFkk çFkkvksa esa O;kid cnyko
fn[kykbZ iM+rk gSA tc ;g ns[kk x;k fd çkphu ekU;rka, rFkk çFkk;sa yksd fgr esa ugha gS rFkk
lkekftd fodkl esa ck/kd gS rks dkuwuh <ax ls mldks lekIr djus dk ç;kl fd;k x;k ftlds
dkj.k ,d ubZ fof/k dk l`tu gqvk vkSj u;h l`ftr fof/k dks vko';drk iM+us ij ckj&ckj lalksf/kr
fd;k x;kA Lej.k jgs fd çFkk lekIr djus ds fiNs lkekftd fodkl rFkk lejlrk dks /;ku esa j[kk
tkrk gSA euekus <ax ls ugha vfirq lksp le>dj ifjorZu ds nwjxkeh ifj.kkeksa dk fpUru djds
ifjorZu gksuk pkfg, vkt ds fnu Hkh cgqr lh çFkk,a jk"Vªh; ,drk vkSj lkekftd lejlrk esa ck/kd
gSA muds futkr ikuk vko';d gS rkfd ge ,d lqn`<+ lEiUu jk"Vª ds #i esa vkxs c<+ ldsa vkSj
fo'o iVy ij viuk vxz.kh; ,oa fof'k"V LFkku çkIr dj ldsA
vH;kl iz”u&
1-fjDr LFkku Hkjsa
iz”u& 1& baxyS.M esa izFkk dks o’kZ ---------------------ls ekuk x;k gS \
iz”u&2& yksd psruk ds fl)kUr dk izfriknu fd;k --------------------------
2-cgqfodfYi; iz”u&
iz”u&3& baxyS.M dk dkWeu ykW vk/kkfjr gS&
v& U;k; fu.kZ; ij c& izFkk ij
l& fo/kk;u ij n& mijksDr lHkh
iz”u& 4& fof/k jk’Vª ds lkFk l`ftr gksrh gS blds lkFk fodflr gksrh gS vkSj mlds yksi ds lkFk
og ej tkrh vkSj ;gh mldh fo”ks’krk gS]& ;g er fuEu fl)kUr ls gS&
v& lkekftd vfHk;kfU=fd c& fo”kq) fof/k fl)kUr
l& yksd psruk n& mijksDr esa ls dksbZ ugha
3-lR; o vlR; iz”u&
iz”u& 5& izFkk esa fujUrjrk gksuh pkfg,A lR;@vlR;A
iz”u&6& euq izFkk dks lokZsPp fof/k ughsa ekursa gSa lR;@vlR;A
iz”u&7& eqfLye fof/k ds fodkl esa izFkk dk ;ksxnku jgk gS& vCnqjgZ he] lR;@vlR;A
iz”u&8& izFkk lEizHkq dk vkns”k gS lR;@vlR;A
2-14&lkjka'k
UTTRAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY 38
LAW AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA LL.M. 1001
fof/k ds #i esa çFkk dk n`f"Vdks.k vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ gS çFkkvksa ds }kjk fof/k dk mRiknu vFkkZr
uol`tu fdl çdkj gksrk gS vHkh rd ge mldk v/;;u dj pwds gS çFkk,a ftlesa fujUrjrk]
çkphurk dksbZ ck/;dkjh cy vko';d gS vFkkZr ftlesa dqN fu;e cuk;s x;s gS mudk ikyu vko';d
le>k x;k Fkk Hkys gh og lekt ds }kjk vaxhÑr fof/k ds foifjr D;ksa u gks vFkkZr çFkk dk l`tu
Hkh fdlh fu;eksa ds vUrxZr gksrk Fkk og fu;e ;k og l`ftr çFkk lkekftd cqjkbZ;ksa dk tc |ksrd
curh gS rks mls lekIr djus ds fy, ,d u;h fof/k dk mRiUu gksuk ;k cuuk vfr vko';d gS
vkfLVu dh nh xbZ ifjHkk"kk fof/k lEçHkq dk vkns'k gS ,oa mlds fiNs vuq'kkLrh gSA bl ifjHkk"kk dk
vFkkZUo;u nks vk/kkjksa ij gksrk gS lEçHkq ?kks"k.kk djsa dh ;g çFkk lkekftd folafxrk mRiUu djrh gS
blfy, bls lekIr fd;k tkrk gS rks lEHkor% og iw.kZ #i ls lekIr ugha gksxh tc rd lekt dks
ml ÑR; dk ¼çFkk½ ikyu u djus ds fy, vuq'kkfLr ¼n.M½ dk Hk; ugh fn;k tk;sxkA vuq'kkfLr dk
;gh fuekZ.k fdlh fu;e fofu;e ls gksuk lEeHko gS ;gh fu;e fof/k dk Lo#i xzg.k djrs gSA vkSj
ge ;g dg ldrs gS fd çFkk ds }kjk fof/k dk mRiknu ¼l`tu½ gqvk gSA
orZeku vk/kqfud lekt esa lkekftd fu;U=.k ds fy, çFkk,a vi;kZIr gS rFkk fof/k çkFkfed #i ls ;g
dk;Z djrh gS rFkk blh çdkj vusd l`ftr fof/k;ksa esa çFkk,a çfrfcfEcr gksrh gSA
2-15&iz”uksa ds mRrj&
1-fjDrLFkku Hkjsa &
iz”u& 1& 1189 ekuk x;kA
iz”u& 2& lsofXu us fd;kA
2-cgqfodYih; iz”u&
iz”u&1& izFkk ij 2A
Ikz”u&2& yksd psruk 3A
3-lR;@vlR;
iz”u&1& lR;] iz”u&2& vlR;] iz”u&3& lR; iz”u&4& vlR;A
2-16& lUnHkZ xzUFk lwph
14- rstLdj&vkstLdj ik.Ms;&lekt dk;Z n”kZu ¼2009½& Hkkjr cqd lsUVj
15- jkeUkkFk “kekZ@jktsUnz dqekj “kekZ & Hkkjr esa lkekftd ifjorZu ,oa lkekftd leL;k;as
¼2007½vaVyakfVd IkfCyds”klZA
16- izks0 th0ih0 =hikBh& Hkkjr dk oS/kkfud ,oa laoS/kkfud bfrgkl¼2007½& lsUVªy ykW
ifCyds”kuA
17- ds0,y0 “kekZ & Hkkjrh; lkekftd lajpuk ,oa ifjorZu¼2006½ jkor ifCyds”kuA
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18- efyd vkSj jkoy&ykW ,.M lks”ky VªkUlQksjes”ku bu bf.M;k¼2009½&bykgckn ykW
,tsUlh
19- jke vkgqtk& lkekftd leL;k;sa ¼2008½& jkor ifCyds”ku fnYyh
20- jke vkgqtk&Hkkjrh; lekt ¼2007½& jkor ifCyds”ku fnYyh
21- Mk0x.ks”k ik.Ms&vijk/k “kkL= ¼2008½& jk/kk ifCyds”ku fnYyh
22- izks0bUnzthr flag&fof/k “kkL=¼2006½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”ku
23- Mk0 dSyk”k jk;& tufgr odkyr fof/kd lgk;rk ,oa le:ih fof/kd¼2009½& lsUVªy
ykW ifCyds”ku
24- Mk0vkj0ds0vxzoky&fgUnw fof/k¼2002½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”ku
25- Mk0 bdcky flag&eqfLye fof/k ¼2001½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”kuA
2-17&lgk;d @mi;ksxh ikB~; lkexzh
1-lh0ih0 vjksjk&fofo/k vijk/k vf/kfu;e ¼2010½& ;wuholZy ykW ifCyds¼2010½A
2-izks0 bUnzthr flag&Jfed fof/k;ka&¼2005½&lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”kuA
3-Mk0 ,l0ds0 diwj& ekuo vf/kdkj ,oa vUrjk’Vªh; fof/k¼2004½&lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”kuA
2-18& fucU/kkRed iz”u
1- izFkk ,oa ijEijk esa vUrj Li’V fdft, \
2- izFkk fd fof/k ekU;rk ds fy;s vko”;d rRoksa dh foospuk fdft, \
3- Ykksd psruk dk fl)kUr D;k gS foospuk dhft;s \
4- izFkk fof/k dk Lo:i fdl izdkj xzg.k djrh gS O;k[;k djsa \
5- cky fookg ,oa lfr izFkk us fof/k dk Lo:i fdl izdkj xzg.k fd;k le>kb, \
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,y&,y-,e- izFke o’kZ
Hkkjr esa fof/k ,oa lkekftd ifjorZu
[k.M&1 fof/k dk lkekftd ifjorZu
bdkbZ&3& Hkkjrh; fof/k O;oLFkk ds vuq:Ik fof/k dk lkekftd ifjorZu
bdkbZ dh lajpuk
3-1 izLrkouk
3-2 mn~ns”;
3-3 izkphu Hkkjr fof/k O;oLFkk ,oa U;k; iz”kklu
3-3-1 ekS;Zdkyhu O;oLFkk
3-4 e/; dkyhu Hkkjr fof/k O;oLFkk
3-4-1 eqxy lkezkT; o fof/k O;oLFkk
3-4-2 ejkBk fof/k O;oLFkk
3-5 vkaXy fof/k O;oLFkk% Hkkjrh; izis{k
3-5-1 vaxzsth laoS/kkfud fof/k O;oLFkk
3-5-2 lu~ 1669 bZ0 dk dkuwu
3-5-3 lu~ 1672 bZ0 fd vkafx;j ;kstuk
3-5-4 lu~ 1726 bZ0 dk jkti= ,oa vaxzsth fof/k dk izlkj
3-6 lkE; fof/k
3-6-1 lkE; fof/k dk lw=ikr
3-6-2 fgUnw dky
3-6-3 eqfLye dky
3-6-4 fczfV”k dky
3-6-5 lkE; fof/k ds lUnHkZ esa fofHkUu er
3-6-6 lkE; fl)kUr fd Hkkjr esa vko”;drk
3-7- fo/kk;u dh mRifr ,oa fodkl
3-8 U;k; iz”kklu dk mn~Hko
3-9 lekt “kkL=h; fl)kUr
3-10 izFkk vk/kkfjr fof/k ,oa fo/kk;u dk vkykspukRed ifj{k.k
3-11 lkjka”k
3-12 vH;kl iz”uksa ds mRrj
3-13 lUnHkZ xzUFk lwph
3-14 fucU/kkRed iz”u
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3-1 çLrkouk
vHkh rd v/;;u ls ges Kkr gqvk gS fd çFkk ds }kjk fof/k us lekt ds ifjorZu ds lkFk lkFk gksus
okys ifjorZuksa ls ifjofrZr gksrh x;h vkSj fof/k bu ifjorZuksa esa ,d u;k ifjorZu'khy Lo#i xzg.k
fd;k gSA fdUrq okLro esa tks fof/k ,d u;k Lo#i orZeku le; esa gesa çkIr gS vFkkZr orZeku fof/k
dk Lo#i Hkh mRiÙkh ds dbZ vk;keksa ls tqM+k gqvk gSA D;ksfa d iSkjkf.kd çkphure çFkkvksa dk Øeokj
c<+rs çHkko ls çFkk us fof/k dk Lo#i xzg.k fd;k fdUrq orZeku fof/k dk v/;;u djsa rks çFkk ds
lkFk&lkFk mldks u;s Lo#i esa lekt xzg.k djrk gS ftls ge Hkkjr dk oS/kkfud ,oa laoS/kkfud
bfrgkl dgrs gSA
orZeku fof/k ds Lo#i dk D;k bfrgkl jgk gS bldk mn~Hko Hkkjr esa fdl çdkj gqvk gS D;ksfa d Hkkjr
dh orZeku U;k; O;oLFkk vf/kdka'k fLFkfr rd vaxztksa dh nsu gS tks LorU=rk ds ckn u;s #i esa
vaxhdkj dh xbZ FkhA orZeku O;oLFkk ds iwoZ Hkkjro"kZ esa U;k;ç.kkyh fgUnw ,oa eqfLye fof/k;ksa }kjk
fofgr O;oLFkk FkhA tks fd fofHkUu çFkkvksa ijEijkvksa ij vk/kkfjr FkhA fgUnq fof/k fgUnqLrku dh lcls
çkphu O;oLFkk dk Lo#i çLrqr djrh gS ftls vusd LFkkuksa ij eqlyekuksa us Hkh vius 'kklu ds chp
cuk;s j[kkA çkjEHk esa fgUnw fof/k lkekU; fof/k ds #i esa fgUnwLrku ds lHkh fuokfl;ksa ij ykxw gksrh
jgh] ijUrq eqlyeku 'kkldksa ds 'kklu ds nkSjku fgUnw fof/k;ksa dks ek= fgUnwvksa rd lhfer fd;k x;k
vkSj eqfLye fof/k dks lkekU; fof/k dk Lrj çnku fd;k x;k vaxzstksa us vius 'kklu ds chp eqfLye
fof/k dks O;SfDrd fof/k ds #i esa ekU;rk çnku dj nhA f/kjs&f/kjs fczfV'k 'kkludky esa fof/k ds Lo#i
esa fHkUu&fHkUu ifjorZu fd;s x;s vkSj Hkkjro"kZ dh orZeku U;k; O;oLFkk dh mRiÙkh osnks iqjk.kksa
vfrçkphure çFkkvks]a Le`fr dky /keZ 'kkL= dky iqjk.k o bfrgkl feekalk n'kZu HkkL; fucU/k
vFkZ'kkL= ls f/kjs&f/kjs lkekftd ifjorZu ds lkFk orZeku U;k; O;oLFkk dk l`tu gksrk gSA
blh orZeku U;k; O;oLFkk dk l`tu lkekftd ifjorZu ,oa lkekftd vko';drkvksa ds vk/kkj ij
fdl çdkj gksrk x;k blesa ml Øeokj ifjorZu dk v/;;u djsaxAsa
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3-2 mÌs';
foxr bdkbZ;ksa esa fofHkUu çFkkvksa dk v/;;u fd;k ,oa çFkkvksa ds }kjk fdl çdkj fof/k dk fuekZ.k
gqvk bldk v/;;u fd;k ;g bdkbZ orZeku U;k; O;oLFkk dk l`tu fdl çdkj gqvk vkSj orZeku
U;k; O;oLFkk fdl çdkj ls fof/kd Lo#i esa lekt us xzg.k dh dk v/;;u bl bdkbZ ls dj ldsx
a s]
blds vfrfjDr eq[;r% vki fuEufyf[kr fcUnqvksa dks le> ldsx
a s ftlls orZeku U;k; O;oLFkk dk
lkekftd ifjorZu ds lkFk2 l`tu gqvkA
1& çkphu Hkkjr O;oLFkk o U;k; ç'kklu
2& e/;dkyhu Hkkjr U;k; O;oLFkk
3& vkaXy U;k; O;oLFkk Hkkjrh; çis{;
4& lkE; fof/k
5& fo/kk;u dh mRiÙkh ,oa fodkl
6& U;k; ç”kklu dk mnHko o fodkl
7& fof/k dk lekt “kkL=h; fl)kUr
8& çFkk vk/kkfjr fof/k ,oa fo/kk;u dk vkykspukRed ifj{k.k
3-3 & çkphu Hkkjr O;oLFkk ,oa U;k; ç”kklu
çkphu Hkkjr dh U;k; O;oLFkk dk v/;;u ge djsa rks gesa çFkk }kjk mRikfnr fof/k dk Lej.k gksxk
fdUrq blls FkksM+k fHkUu O;oLFkk fof/k ds ifjis{; esa miyC/k Fkh ftudk tUe çFkkvksa ls ugha cfYd
fo}ojs.; lekt ds Kku ls çkIr gksrk gSA ekuo lH;rk dk bfrgkl fgUnqvksa ds ifjis{k esa lr;qx]
=srk] }kij o dy;qx esa ckaVk tk ldrk gSA bu lHkh dk fyf[kr :i ls fof/kd fLFkfr ekStwn ugha gS
vr% bls bfrgkl iwoZ dky ¼çkxsfrgkfld dky½ dgk x;k gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa bZ - iw- 3000 rd gSA
bl çdkj bl çxSfrgkfld dky esa osnksa mifu"nksa iqjk.kksa Le`fr;ksa ds cus fu;eksa ij fof/k dk ikyu
gksrk Fkk ftlesa çFkk dk dkQh egRo FkkA çFkk ds vfrfjDr Hkh Jqrh Le`fr tks ,d çdkj dk
ekSf[kd Kku gksrk Fkk mUgha ds fu;eksa ds vk/kkj ij fof/k dk l`tu ;k fof/k dk ikyu gksrk FkkA
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çkphu Hkkjr dh U;k; O;oLFkk esa lkekU; ls lkekU; çtk dh ckr jktk rd igq¡prh FkhA jkt
deZpkjh [kqfQ;k <ax ls irk yxk;k djrs Fks fd çtk dks D;k rdfyQsa gS U;k; jkt 'kklu dk /keZ
FkkA jkt/keZ i<+us esa mez ds 25 o"kZ xq:dqy dks lefiZr djuk gksrk FkkA U;k; /keZ Fkk] /keZ gh U;k;
Fkk] /keZ dh O;k[;k /keZ xq: djrk Fkk tks cu esa dqfV;k esa jgrk FkkA vkSj /keZ ds vuqlkj n.M ;k
vU; fu.kZ; djrk FkkA
osnksa esa fof/k O;oLFkk dk i`Fkd foLr`r fooj.k miyC/k ugha gS dsoy _Xosn esa gh fof/k ds lUnHkZ esa
vkJe /keZ LohÑr O;oLFkk feyrh gSA
lw= dky esa xkSre /keZ lw= lcls iqjkuk gSA blesa U;k; ç.kkyh fodflr gq;h jktk eq[;U;k;k/kh'k Fkk
vU; vf/kdkjh Hkh fu;qDr fd;s tkrs FksA lw=dkj dBksj n.M ds leFkZd Fks U;k; O;oLFkk o.kZ Hksn ij
vk/kkfjr FkhA ,d gh vijk/k ds fy, fof/k i`Fkd o.kksZ dks i`Fkd&i`Fkd n.M dh O;oLFkk djrh FkhA
3-3-1 ekS;Zdkyhu O;oLFkk
blds çeq[k 'kkldksa esa pUæxqIr ekS;Z rFkk v'kksd bfrgkl çfl) FksA dkSfVY; dh vFkZ'kkL= O;oLFkk
dk fp=.k gSA vFkZ'kkL= pkSFkh 'krkCnh bZ0 iw0 dh Ñfr gS blesa 4000 'yksd gSA jktLo ukxfjd
ç'kklu fnokuh] QkStnkjh ,oa O;fDrxr fof/k dk fooj.k lezkV o vuqpjksa ds drZO; jkt; ds lkrksa
vaxksa ¼Lokeh] vkekR;] jk"Vª nqxZ cy dks"k rFkk fe=½ dk fooj.k fons'k uhfr lSfud vfHkeku ;q) rFkk
lfU/k vkfn esa fof/kd fu;e cuk;s x;s FksA mU;k;k/kh'kksa dh csp
a Fkh fonsf';ksa ds fy, fo'ks"k U;k;ky;
FksA ;gka rd fof/k dh O;k[;k Fkh fd fdlh U;k;k/kh'k }kjk xyr c;ku fy[kus fujijk/k O;fDr dks
n.M nsus o vijk/kh dks NksM+us ij U;k;k/kh'kksa ,oa U;k;ky; ds deZpkfj;ksa dks n.M fn;k tk;sxkA
v'kksd }kjk fof/k O;oLFkk dk lq/kkjk x;k ekS;Z dky esa fof/k }kjk e`R;qn.M dh fLFkfr dks ;Fkkor j[kk
x;k fdUrq v'kksd }kjk mlesa rhu dks eksgyr nh x;h rkfd og ml vijk/k ds fy, i'pkrki dj
lds blh çdkj ;g çkphu fof/k O;oLFkk xqIr dky esa lkekftd ifjorZu ds dkj.k FkksM+k ifjofrZr gks
x;h n.M fo/kku vfr dksey Fkk e`R;qn.M ugha fn;k tkrk FkkA xqIr dky esa loZ= 'kkUrh Fkh vijk/k
de FksA ;g ;qx Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dk Lo.kZdky dgk x;kA fof/k O;oLFkk dk o)Zu jktoa'k esa 'kklu
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O;oLFkk ns'k o çkUrksa esa foHkDr gks x;h fof/k O;oLFkk xqIr dky ds 'kklu dky ls vf/kd dBksj FkhA
vijkf/k;ksa dks ns'k ls ckgj fudkyk tkr FkkA funksZ"k ;k vijk/kh fl) djus ds fy, vXuh ty ,oa
fo"k vkfn }kjk fnO; ifj{kk;sy
a h tkrh FkhA 'kkfUr o O;oLFkk ds fy, iqfyl foHkkx }kjk LFkkfir fd;k
x;kA blesa n.M ds fy, i`Fkd iqfyl O;oLFkk FkhA
bl çdkj çkphu Hkkjr esa fof/k O;oLFkk ekuo lekt ds ifjorZu esa f/kjs&f/kjs ifjofrZr gks x;hA
3-4 e/;dkyhu Hkkjr fof/k O;oLFkk
lekt esa ekuo lH;rk ,oa 'kkldksa ds vius la?k"kksZ ds dkj.k ftl çdkj ls u;s&u;s ifjorZu gksrs x;s
fof/k Hkh mlh çdkj ls ,d u;s Lo#i esa ifjofrZr gksrh x;hA vjcksa ds vkØe.k ds iwoZ 'kklu esa
iSxEcj eksgEen ds iwoZ vjc NksVs NksVs yM+kdksa dk ns'k Fkk ftUgs dsoy ryokj dh Hkk"kk cksyuk o
le>uk vkrk FkkA eksgEen us mUgsa bZ'oj dh ,drk cU/kq ckU/ko dh fn{krk ls fnf{kr fd;k mu
vkØe.kksa ds i'pkr vjcksa us LFkkuh; O;oLFkk dks gh cuk;s j[kk f/kjs&f/kjs c<+rs gq, ifjorZu tks fd
vkilh la/k"kZ Li:ih; Fks vkxs pydj eqxy lkezkT; ds #i esa LFkkfir gks pqds FksA
3-4-1 eqxy lkezkT; o fof/k O;oLFkk
eqxy 'kkldksa us fu"i{k U;k; ds fy, dke fd;k tgkafxj }kjk viuk;h fof/k dks U;k; tathj bfrgkl
çfl) gq;hA lezkV dh vnkyr loksZPp vihy vnkyr FkhA e`R;qn.M nsus dk çko/kku ;Fkkor j[kk
x;kA vkSajxtsc fd fof/k O;oLFkk esa U;k; çse Qrok vkyefxjh esa çko/kku j[kk x;k fd dkth ds
vkns'k ds fcuk fdlh dks tsy esa ugha j[kk tk ldrk gS vkSj tc rd çR;{k ekeyk u gks fdlh dh
fxj¶rkjh ugha gks ldrh FkhA fdlh dks Hkh cUnhx`g esa vf/kd le; rd ugha j[kk tk ldrk Fkk
vfoyEc U;k; djus dk çko/kku j[kk x;k FkkA
3-4-2 ejkBk fof/k O;oLFkk
ejkBk fof/k O;oLFkk lalksf/kr eqfLye fof/k tSls Lo#i dh FkhA bLyke O;oLFkk dh vPNh
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ckrsa ejkBk 'kkldksa us ykxw j[kk tSls 'kkld dk loksZPp LFkku fgUnq fof/k esa ugha Fkk ijUrq eqfLye
O;oLFkk esa Fkk ejkBksa us bls Lohdkj fd;kA
ejkBk fof/k O;oLFkk esa e`R;qn.M dk çko/kku ugha j[kk x;k FkkA ejkBk fof/k O;oLFkk dk fuekZ.k fjfr
fjotksa ds vk/kkj ij gqvk FkkA bl fof/k O;oLFkk esa iapk;rksa dks flfoy çdkj ds ekeyksa dk fuiVkjk
djus dk vf/kdkj fn;k x;k Fkk] vkSj iapk;r }kjk fn;k x;k fu.kZ; ck/;dkjh gksrk FkkA n.M dk
mÌs'; vijk/kh dks lq/kkjuk FkkA vr% e/;dkyhu Hkkjrh; fof/k O;oLFkk esa lekt ds ifjorZu ds lkFk
lkFk fof/kd ifjorZu gksrs x;sA
3-5 vkaXy fof/k O;oLFkk % Hkkjrh; çis{k
3-5-1 vaxzsth laoS/kkfud O;oLFkk
vaxzsth lafo/kku dh ekU; fof/k O;oLFkk ds vuqlkj dksbZ Hkh vaxszt vius uke esa Hkwfe ugha çkIr dj
ldrk gSA bl rjg dksbZ Hkh Hkw[k.M fczfV'k lkezkT; dk vax gksrk gSA ;gh dkj.k Fkk fd bZLV bf.M;k
dEiuh }kjk çkIr Hkw[k.M ij vf/kjkV us ç'kklu dk nkok fd;kA fof/k O;oLFkk dh fHkUurk ds dkj.k
ikfyZ;kes.V dk rd rd fl/kk n[ky foftr çns'kksa esa ugha gksrk tc rd fd vf/kjkV ,sls ns'kksa dks
dksbZ Li"V lafo/kku u nsa Li"V lafo/kku ns nsus ds ckn ikfyZ;kes.V dk n[ky Hkh ,sls ns'kksa esa gks
tk;sxkA
3-5-2 lu~ 1669 bZ0 dk dkuwu
dEiuh ds fof/k vf/kdkfj;ksa us ljdkj o ç'kklu rFkk U;k; forj.k ds fy, ubZ fof/k dk l`tu fd;k
ftls lkfylVj vuqeksnu ds ckn lu~ 1669 esa cEcbZ Hkstk x;kA bl fof/k esa 6 /kkjk;sa Fkh tks mfpr
dk;Zokgh dsa fy, U;kf;d <ax dks çfrikfnr djrh FkhA n.M fof/k ds fo"k; esa Li"V fooj.k de
feyrk gSA Qk¡lh dh ltk çpfyr FkhA ltk fdl çdkj nhtk, bls fMIVh xouZZj ,oa ifj"kn ij NksM+
fn;k x;k FkkA
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3-5-3 lu~ 1672 bZ0 d vkafx;j ;kstuk
lu~ 1672 bZ0 esa vkafx;j dh fof/k O;oLFkk dk çLrko j[kk x;k ftlds vUrxZr ,d
gkbZdksVZ vkWQ tqMhdspj dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ iqrZxkyh fof/k O;oLFkk dks iw.kZr% lekIr dj vaxzsth
dkuwu dks ykxw fd;s tkus dh Li"V ?kks"k.kk dh xbZbl vnkyr ds çFke U;k;k/kh'k foydkDl Fks
tsjkYM vkafx;j dk U;k;ky; dh LFkkiuk ds le; fn;k x;k Hkk"k.k U;kf;d fufHkZdrk dk cstksM+
uewuk çLrqr djrk gSA bl rjg Hkkjr ds ,d NksVs ls fgLls ij baxfy'k dkeu ykW dk vcf/kr ç;ksx
çkjEHk dj fn;k x;kA QSlys dk ,d lcls egRoiw.kZ lk/ku dysDVj dh U;k; dh fu"Bk Fkh ftls
tLV fMLluVseaVs dgk tkrk FkkA bl 'kCn dks tfLVl bfDofV ,.M xqM dkU'ku baxfy'k fof/k ds
ç;ksx ls lEcf/kr FkkA
3-5-4 lu~ 1726 bZ0 dk jkti= ,oa vaxzth fof/k dk çlkj
vf[ky Hkkjrh; Lrj esa loZçFke vaxzth fof/k dk çlkj lu~ 1726 bZ0 ds jkti= ds }kjk gqvkA lu~
1726 bZ0 ds jktiFk }kjk fdlh Hkh vnkyr dh LFkkiuk ugha gqbZA ijUrq bl o"kZ dEiuh us ,slh
vnkyrksa dks LFkkfir djus dk vf/kdkj çkIr dj fy;k ftudk Lrj vaxzsth vnkyrksa dks Hkh ekU; FkkA
,slh vnkyrs es;j dksVZ o dksVZ vkWQ vks;j ,.M Vjfeuj ¼xouZj ,.M dkmafly½ ds uke ls tkuh
x;hA bu vnkyrksa dh LFkkiuk çR;sd ;k fdlh Hkh ,d çslhMsUlh uxj esa dh tkuh FkhA ç'u ;gh jg
x;k fd fdl frfFk ls vaxzsth fof/k Hkkjr esa lkekU; fof/k ds :i esa ykxw dh x;h blds lkFk gh ;g
vo/kkj.kk Lor% fl) ,oa iqjkru jgh fd lu~ 1726 bZ0 ds jkti= us çlhMsUlh uxjksa esa baXyS.M dk
og lkjk dkuwu ykxw dj fn;k tks lu~ 1726 bZ0 esa lqLi"V gks x;k FkkA ,sls dkuwu dk Lo:i pkgs
dkWeu ykW ds :i esa gks ;k LVSP;wj o bfDoVh ds fl)kUrksa ds #i esa gks jgk gksA baxfy'k ykW dk vFkZ
vaxzsth fof/k lkfgR; ds ,sls fgLls ls Fkk tks Hkkjro"kZ dh LFkkuh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa fefJr gks ldrh gSA
3-5-5 jsX;wysfjax ,DV o lu~ 1774 ds jkti= ,oa vaxzsth fof/k
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lu~ 1726 ds jkti= ds ckn çk;% lHkh jkti=ksa us vaxzsth fof/k dk ç;ksx Hkkjr esa fd;kA ijUrq ç'u
;g Fkk fd lcls igys jkti= dkSu Fkk vkSj lcls vfUre jkti= dkSu FkkA D;k lu~ 1726 bZ0 ds
jkti= }kjk lu~ 1726 bZ0 rd fo?keku lkjh fof/k O;oLFkk esa Hkkjr esa ykxw gq;h ;k blds }kjk ikfjr
fof/k O;oLFkk;sa Hkkjr esa vaxzsth dkuwu dk yxkrkj ç;ksx djrh jgh D;k lu~
1774 ds jsX;wyfs Vax ,sDV o mlds ekrgr ikl fd;k x;k lu~ 1774 bZ0 ds pkVZj vkWQ tfLVl }kjk
Hkh lu~ 1726 bZ0 ls 1774 bZ0 ds chp ikl fd;s x;s ,DV o lqfLFkj dkeu ykW lqçhe dksVZ ds lkFk
iqu% ykxw fd;s x;sA
jkuh lwuksZe;h nklh cuke ,MoksdsV tujy vkWQ caxky 9 ewj bf.M;u vihy esa dydÙkk lqçhe dksVZ
ds eq[; U;k;k/kh'k ckjusl fidkd us er çdV fd;k gS fd Hkkjr esa loZçFke lkekU; fof/k ds #i esa
vaxszth fof/k tktZ çFke us lu~ 1726 ds tkjh fd;s x;s jkti= }kjk ykxw dh xbZA
mUgksua s bls yxHkx v/kZ'krkCnh ls lqO;ofLFkfr vo/kkj.kk ?kksf"kr fd;k vkSj blds iwoZ ds jktys[kksa dk
bl fo"k; ds lUnHkZ esa fo'ys"k.k vuko';d ?kksf"kr fd;k fçoh dkmfUly Lrj ij bUgha fopkjksa dk
leFkZu ykMZ fdXlMku us Hkh fd;kA
bl rjg ;g fu"d"kZ Li"Vr% ekU; gS fd vaxszth fof/k Hkkjr esa loZçFke 1726 esa ykxw gqbZA ;?kfi fd
jktys[k esa ,slk dksbZ Li"V funsZ'k ugha Fkk vkSj u rks bl lUnHkZ esa LFkkfir es;j dh vnkyrksa esa gh
,slh dksbZ ckr FkhA ijUrq vc ;g fufoZokn rF; gS fd vaxzsth fof/k 1726 bZ0 esa gh ykxw gqbZ vkSj
mlds ckn iqu% ykxw ugha gqbZA ijUrq LVhQu us ;g fopkj O;Dr fd;k gS fd lu~ 1726 bZ0 ds
jkti= ,oa mlds ckn ikfjr lu~ 1774 bZ0 ds jkti= nksuksa us vius vius le; rd dk lkjk dkuwu
vius lkFk Hkkjr esa ykxw fd;kA es;j vnkyrs o lqçhe dksVZ nksuksa vaxzsth dkuwu ds ç;ksx dk ek/;e
cuhA Hkkjro"kZ ds fy, bl ç'u ij fuf'pr rkjh[k crkuk vlEHko gS tSlk fd lu~ 1828 ds ,DV esa
U;w lkmFk osYl foDVksfj;k vkSj rLekfu;k ¼vkLVªsfy;k½ ds fy, Li"V funsZ'k fn;k FkkA
bu ç'uksa dk lek/kku nsrs gq, LVhQsUl us fu"d"kZ fn;k fd 1661 ds jktys[k }kjk loZçFke vaxzsth
fof/k dks iqu% rhuksa voljksa ij Hkkjr esa ykxw fd;kA vr% 1774 bZ0 ds vUr rd fLFkfr ;g Fkh dh
lkjh vkaxy fof/k Hkkjro"kZ esa ykxw gks pwdh FkhA
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3-6 lkE; fof/k
U;k; lkE; ,oa lnkpkj dk lEcU/k eu fLFkfr ls gksrk gSA lkekU; fof/k dk tUe lksp
le> ,oa efLr"dh; gksrk gSA bls tfLVl ckbZ gsM+ dgk tkrk gSA çR;sd i{k dks U;k; lkekU; fof/k
ds vuqlkj fn;k tkrk gS bls dkeu ykW ds vuqlkj U;k; dgk tkrk gS tSls n.M fof/k lafonk fof/k
lk{; fof/k vkfn dk ç;ksx blds foifjr U;k;ky;ksa dks dHkh2 ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk lkeuk djuk
iM+rk gSA fd bu fof/k O;oLFkkvksa esa veqd leL;k dk gy ugha feyrk gSA ;k i;kZIr gy mi;qDr o
i;kZIr ugha gS ;k lEcfU/kr O;oLFkk }kjk çnÙk jkgr ls de jkgr lEcfU/kr ifjfLFkfr esa U;k; ns
ldsxh ;k mlls vf/kd jkgr dh O;oLFkk lEcfU/kr ifjfLFkfr esa vfuok;Z gSA dkuwu dks rksM+&
ejksM+dj O;oLFkk }kjk dqN u dqN vHkh"V çkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
3-6-1 lkE; fof/k dk lw=ikr
bl fof/k dk lw= ikr jkse rFkk xzhl esa gqvkA bldh Nki baXyS.M dh 'kklu ç.kkyh ij Hkh iM+hA
bldk mi;ksx O;kid iSekus ij rc 'kq: gqvk tc pkUlyj] pkUljh dksVZ ds #i esa ,sls yksxksa dks
U;k; çnku djus yxs tc dkWeu ykW dksVZ ls U;k; ikus ls iw.kZr;k oafpr gks tkrs Fks] ;k U;k; viw.kZ
gksrk FkkA ,sls esa O;fFkr i{kdkj lezkV dh 'kj.k ysrk Fkk] ftls U;k; dk lzksr ekuk tkrk jgkA çkjEHk
esa lezkV ,sls yksxksa dh Qfj;kn Loa; lqurk Fkk vkSj U;k; çnku djrk FkkA f/kjs&f/kjs Qfj;knksa fd
la[;k c<+us ds dkj.k tx lezkV ds fy, U;k; çnku djuk vlEHko gks x;k rks blds fy, pkUlyj
fu;qDr fd;s tkus yxs tks eq[; #i ls iknjh gqvk djrs FksA /keZ ls tqM+s gksus ds ukrs lkE; U;k; vkSj
'kq) vUr%dj.k ds vk/kkj ij os U;k; çnku djrs Fks vkSj ;s xq.k lkE; dh okLrfod dlkSVh FkhA dqN
fnu rd dkeu ykW vkSj lkE; ds U;k;ky; lkekUrj dk;Z djrs jgs vkSj fLFkfr ij iSnk gks xbZ fd os
,d nwljs ds çfrLi/khZ ekuus yxsA bl xfrjks/k dks baXyS.M esa T;wMhdspj ,DV o 1873&1875 ikl
djds nksuksa dks ,d dj fn;k x;kA fQj Hkh mudk vUrj tc O;ogkj esa ns[kk tkrk gSA lkE; dk
vk/kkj U;k; vkSj ;qfDr;qDrrk gksrh gSA Hkkjr esa vyx os lkE; U;k;ky; ugha Fks u gS ghA ysfdu
U;k; ç'kklu esa lkE; dks ges'kk vk/kkj cukdj gh U;k; çnku fd;k tkrk jgk gSA lEifÙk vUrj.k
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vf/kfu;e& 1882 Hkkjrh; fofufnZ"V vuqrks.k vf/kfu;e] Hkkjrh; U;k; vf/kfu;e 1888 dh eq[; :i ls
lkE;k gh vk/kkj'khyk gSA lkE;k fof/k dh dBksjrk] rduhdhiu nq:grk dk;Zokgh dh yEch vo/kh dks
de vkSj nwj djrh gS vkSj U;k; ç.kkyh dks _tqrk 'kq) vUr% dj.k vkSj yphysiu ls ljy vkSj
lqxe cukrh gSA
U;k; lkE; rFkk 'kq) vUr% dj.k ds fl)kUr dk okLrfod ç;ksx ,sls ekeyksa ds fu.kZ; ds fy, fd;k
tkrk Fkk ftuesa lkekU; O;oLFkk ds ç;ksx }kjk okLrfod U;k; lEHko u gks ikrk FkkA bl fl)kUr esa
U;k;k/kh'k dks iw.kZ LorU=rk Fkh fd fdlh ekeys fo'ks"k esa fu.kZ; dk vk/kkj cu ldrk Fkk rFkk fdlh
Hkh çdkj dh LFkkuh; O;oLFkk mlds vf/kdkj esa ck/kd ugha FkhA Hkkjr esa lkE;k fof/k dk bfrgkl
v/;;u dh n`f"V ls fuEu Hkkxksa esa foHkDr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
3-6-2 fgUnw dky
fgUnw fof/k bZ'oj çnÙk FkhA jktk ;k çkfDookn U;k;k/kh'k dk dk;Z bZ'ojh; funsZ'kksa dk ikyu Fkk
ftudk ikyu djus esa mUgsa Lo;a ij Hkh vius nkf;Roksa dk çfrcU/k Fkk] fQj Hkh Le`fr;ksa esa jktk dks
U;k; ds fy, fn;s x;s vcf/kr vf/kdkjksa dh ppkZ vkbZA jktk dks vf/kdkj Fkk fd ekeyksa dk fu.kZ;
csn Le`fr] lnkpkj rFkk vkRek rqf"V ds fl)kUrksa ds vuqlkj djsaA vkRe rqf"V ds ekin.M dk ladsr
vaxzsth fof/k ds lkE;k fl)kUr ls feyrk tqyrk gS] vr% lân;rk lkStU;rk o lkSgknZ ls ifjiw.kZ ;g
fl)kUr Hkkjr ds fy, vtuch u FkkA
3-6-3 eqfLye dky
fgUnw fof/k O;oLFkk dh gh Hkkarh eqfLye fof/k Hkh gqDesa vYykg gSA dqjku esa fn;s x;s fl)kUr tsczkby
nsonwr }kjk nf'kZr fl)kUrksa ds lkjeke gS tksa vYykg dh Ñik ls iSxEcj eksgEen dks çkIr gq, Fks
bTek rFkk d;kl dh O;qRifÙk lkE;k tSls fl)kUrksa ij vk/kkfjr gSA eqfLye fof/k esa U;k;k/kh'kksa dks
dkQh LorU=rk nh xbZ FkhA dqjku ds fu;eksa dk ikyu vko';d gksrk FkkA
3-6-4 fczfV'k dky
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lkE;k ds bl fl)kUr dk ç;ksx vkaXy fof/k esa vyx rjhds ls gqvkA Hkkjr ds fgUnq ,oa
eqfLye dky esa lkE;k ds fl)kUr dk ç;ksx ,slh O;oLFkk esa fd;k x;k tc fd Jqfr le`fr
lnkpkj dqjku] lqUur bTek] vkfn ds fl)kUr vi;kZIr gks pqds gks] ijUrq lkE;k dh çFkk dk
fodkl vkaXy fof/k esa rhu dkj.kksa ls gqvk gSA
lkekU; O;oLFkk ds lgk;d ds #i esa
lkE;k fof/k dk ekSfyd {ks=kf/kdkj
lkekU; O;oLFkk fd lgxkfeuh O;oLFkk ds #i esaA
fczfV'k dky esa lkE;k U;k; o 'kq) vUr% dj.k dk bfrgkl fuEu çdkj ls xqtjk
Hkkjr dh ifj"ln ds v/;{k ls lapkyu lfefr dks i= 2 uoEcj 1772 bZ0
U;k;ky; esa ekyxqtkjh çFkk dh O;oLFkk ds lEcU/k esa lkE;k ds vUrxZr O;oLFkkA
lu~ 1774 bZ0 dk jkti= dh T;qMhdspj ,DV /kkjk 18 esa crk;k x;k dh lqçhe dksVZ lkE;k
dh vnkyr gksxhA
lu~ 1781 bZ0 dh bEis ;kstuk dh /kkjk 93 esa funsZ'k Fkk fd lnj fnokuh vnkyr o mlds
U;k;k/kh'k ,sls ekeyksa dk fu.kZ; U;k; o 'kq) vUr%dj.k ds vk/kkj ij ns ldrs gSA
lu~ 1793 dkuZckfyl ;kstuk lkE;k ds fl)kUrksa dk ç;ksxA
lu~ 1831 bZ0 dh csfa Vx ;kstukA
blds vfrfjDr fçfo dkmfUly us c?ksyk jktlu th cuke 'ks[k elqyÌq hu 14 I.A. 18 dk
okn ukckfyx dh lEifÙk ds Ø; ds lEcU/k esa lkE;k ds fl)kUr dk ç;ksx fd;k x;kA
blds vfrfjDr fu'Ny Øsrk ,oa lEifÙk dk foØ; yxkrkj nwljs ls rhljs esa gLrkukUrj.k
dk ekeyk okjMsu lsB lke cuke ydiFkh ds ckn esa lkE;k ds fl)kUr ds vk/kkj ij fu.kZ;
fn;k x;kA
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3-6-5 lkE;k fof/k ds lUnHkZ esa fofHkUu er
1- LVhQu dk er %& lu~ 1872 bZ0 esa Hkkjrh; lafonk vf/kfu;e dk çLrko j[krs gq, fof/k lnL; lj
tsEl LVhQu us ftØ fd;k fd ;|fi U;k; lkE;k o 'kq) vUr%dj.k ,slh O;oLFkk gS ftls Hkkjrh;
U;k;ky;ksa o Hkkjrh; U;k;k/kh'kksa dks ç;ksx djuk gksrk gSA oLrqr% ,sls ekeyksa o Hkkjrh; U;k;k/kh'kksa dks
ç;ksx djuk gksrk gSA oLrqr% ,sls ekeyksa esa ekxZn'kZu ds fy, mudk ,dek= vkJ; vaxzth fof/k
lkfgR; o uthjsa gh gksrh gSA vU; ekxZ muds fy, loZFkk vlEHko gS tc fd muds ekxZn'kZu ds fy,
lsfgrk;sa u fufeZr dh tk ldsAa
2- okjusl fidkd dk er &
lu~ 1868 bZ0 ds ,d ekeys ds flyflys esa bl lqçfl) U;k;k/kh'k us viuh jk; O;Dr dh FkhA
mUgksusa ç'u fd;k fd U;k; lkE;k o 'kq) vUr%dj.k ds fl)kUr dk vuqlj.k djus dk funsZ'k fey
tkus ij lEcfU/kr vko';d O;ogkfjd dkuwu dgka ls feysxkA mÙkj ds :i mUgksua s dgk fd ;qxksa ls
fufeZr rFkk ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa vkpfjr vaxzth fof/k ds O;ogkfjd fl)kUrksa ds muds leku Hkkjrh;
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh ykxw djuk vuqfpr u gksxkA
3- oh0 ds0 vkpk;Z dk er %&
Hkkjrh; U;k;k/kh'kksa dks lkE;k dk ç;ksx djus dk funsZ'k feyus ij mUgksus vaxzsth fl)kUrksa dk
fopkjghu gksdj ç;ksx fd;k ftlls Hkkjrh;ksa dh :fp;ksa fufr;ksa vknrksa ds foifjr fl)kUr Hkh
çekno'k ç;qDr gks x;s tks dkykUrj esa iqujkorfr ds ckn U;k;ky;ksa dh uthjksa ds #i esa Hkh
çHkko'kkyh fof/k fl)kUr dk #i /kkj.k dj cSB vkSj mufd lekfIr vlEHko gks xbZA mUgsa ;fn lekIr
djuk lkekftd n`f"Vdks.k ls vko';d le>k x;k rks O;oLFkkfidk }kjk vf/kfu;e fuekZ.k gh ,dek=
vkJ; jgkA
3-6-6 lkE;k fl)kUr dh Hkkjr esa vko';drk
fgUnq fof/k rFkk eqfLye fof/k le{k rFkk lqO;ofLFkr O;oLFkk;sa Fkh] ftudh lafgrkvksa dk fo'kæ Lo:i
,sls fl)kUrksa ds vckf/kr ç;ksx ds vuqdqy u FkkA vUr%dj.k ;k vkRer`f"V ds fl)kUr dk çHkko xkS.k
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FkkA ijUrq tc fczfV'k dky esa Hkkjr dks O;ogkfjd n`f"V ls O;oLFkk jfgr ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k vkSj fgUnq
rFkk eqfLye fof/k dks ek= O;SfDrd fof/k;ka crk;k x;kA rks lkE;k ds fl)kUr us viuk fouk'kdkjh
vkdkj /kkj.k fd;k vkSj fl)kUr ds mUewyu rFkk çfrcU/k ds mik;ksa dh [kkst dks ck/; dj fn;kA
fgUnw rFkk eqfLye fof/k;ksa dk lPpk Lo:i çLrqr fd;k x;k gksrk rks lE;k o vUr%dj.k dk fl)kUr
vius okLrfodrk ls nwj u gks ikrkA fczfV'k ljdkj u rks çR;sd fo"k; ij lafgrk,a gh rqjUr ns ldha
vkSj u gh fgUnw fof/k rFkk eqfLye fof/k dks lkekU; O;oLFkk ds :i esa Lohdkj dj ldhA va'kr% fof/k
fuek.kZ dk;Z us lkE;k fl)kUr dks foLr`r dk;Z {ks= çnku fd;kA vaxzth U;k;k/kh'kksa ij vckf/kr
vf/kdkj lkSi fn;k x;k fd 'kkfUr O;oLFkk] ljdkjh fufr o U;k; ds fy, ;Fkk lEHko eupkg fu.kZ;
ns ldsA
vH;kl iz”u&
1& fjDr LFkkuksa fd iwrhZ djsa&
iz”u&1& lu~ 1672 fd vkafx;j ;kstuk ds vUrxZr --------------------------------fof/k O;oLFkk dks lekIr fd;k
x;k FkkA
iz”u&2& lw= dky esa lcls iqjkuk /keZ lw= ------------------------ gSA
iz”u&3& jsX;wyfs Vax ,DV lu~ -------------------------- esa ykxw fd;k x;k A
iz”u&4& lkE; fof/k dk lw=ikr -------------------------------esa gqvk A
2& cgq fodYih; iz”u&
iz”u&1& 1669 bZ0 dk dkuwu ¼vkaXy fof/k½ esa /kkjk;sa Fkh&
v& 4 c&5
l&6 n&7
iz”u&2& vf[ky Hkkjrh; Lrj esa loZizFke vaxzsth fof/k dk izlkj gqvk lu~ &
v& 1669 c&1772
l&1729 n& 1726
iz”u& 3& csfa Vax ;kstuk lu~
v& 1835 c& 1831
l& 1834 n& 1836
iz”u&4& U;k; izse Qrok vkyefxjh dk lEcU/k gS&
v& vkSjaxtsc c&tgkafxj
l& mijksDr nksuksa n& mijksDr esa ls dksbZ ugha
3-7 fo/kk;u dh mRifÙk ,oa fodkl
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ysftLVs'ku 'kCn dh O;qRifÙk ds ckjs esa ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd ;g ySfVu Hkk"kk ds 'kCnksa ls cuk gS
ysftl vkSj ySfV;ksa ;k ySVe ftldk vFkZ gS fof/k rFkk fuek.kZ ;k çLFkkiu mYys[kuh; gS fd
fo/kkf;dk gh fof/k dk fuekZ.k djus esa l{ke gS] dksbZ O;fDr ughaA Hkkjr esa lfo/kku ds vuqlkj 245
vkSj 246 ds vUrxZr Øe”k% laln vkSj jkT; fo/kku eaMyksa dks fo/kku fuekZ.k dk dk;Z vkSj vf/kdkj
çnku fd;k x;k gSA blds lkFk lafo/kku ds vuq0 123] 213 rFkk 357 esa dqN ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa jk’Vªifr
vkSj jkT;iky dks v/;kns”k tkjh djus dk vf/kdkj gSA fo/kkf;dk ds ,d vf/kfu;e dh Hkkafr gh tkjh
v/;kns”kksa dk Hkh çHkko gksrk gSA fof/k “kkL= dh fo”ys’k.kkRed fopkj/kkjk fo/kku dks gh ,d vke fof/k
dk lzksr ekuuk gS rFkk çFkk vkfn dks bl ç;kstu ds fy, vLokdkj dj nsrk gSA
tsEl dkVZ ds vuqlkj&**fo/kkf;uh dk;Z }kjk fof/k dk fuekZ.k lEHko ugh gSA vf/kfre bldh “kfDr dk
mn~n”s ; fdlh vkpj.k fo”ks’k ds fy, iqjLÑr ;k n.M nsus dh /kedh nsuk gS vkSj bl çdkj vkpj.k
dks çHkkfor djus ds fy, vfrfjDr mRçsjd miyC/k djkuk gSA vfyf[kr fo/kku rks ijEijkvksa ij
vk/kkfjr gS vkSj çFkk,a gh fo/kku dk dke djrh Fkh tc os ugh cus FksA;g vk/kqfud lH;rk vkSj
lkekftd ifjorZu dk dkj.k gSA jkT;ksa ds xBu ds ckn i”pkr vius&vius {ks=ksa ds fy, dkuwuksa dk
fuekZ.k djus ds fy, fo/kku e.Myksa dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ vkSj U;k;ky;ksa us muds }kjk fufeZr dkuwuksa
dks ekU;rk nh vkSj çofrZr gh ugha fd;k cfYd vko”;drkuqlkj mudh O;k[;k Hkh dhA tgka jktrU=
Fks rFkk tgka vHkh Hkh jktrU= cpk gS ogka jktkKk gh fo/kku ekuh tkrh Fkh vFkok ekuh tkrh gSA lHkh
ns”kksa dh lalnksa rFkk fo/kkue.Myksa dks gh fo/kku cukus dh “kfDr çnku dh xbZ vkSj lgh ek;us esa
muds }kjk fufeZr fof/k gh fof/k gksrh gSA
vkfLVu vkSj csUFke fo/kku dks O;kid vFkZ esa ysrs gSa vkSj ekurs gS fd fo/kku fof/k fuekZ.k dh çfØ;k
dk ifjpkyd gSA vr% l{ke çkf/kdkjh vFkkZr fo/kf;dk }kjk cuk;k x;k fu;e gh fo/kku dgk tk
ldrk gS] vU; fu;e ughaA
vkfLVu dgrs gSa fd& **fo/kk;h dk;Z ds fcuk dksbZ fof/k gks gh ugh ldrh**
3-8 U;k; ç”kklu dk mn~Hko
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U;k; rFkk fof/k dk vVwV pksyh&nkeu dk lEcU/k gSA U;k; dk lEcU/k ges'kk vU;k; ls tqM+k gksrk
gSA tSls /kwi] Nk;k çdk'k vU/kdkj dks ,d nwljs ds fcuk le>uk dfBu gSA mlh çdkj U;k; dks
vU;k; ds lUnHkZ esa le>uk mÙke gksxkA çkjfEHkd dky esa euw";
vkt tSls lqlaxfBr jkT; esa ugha jgrk Fkk NksVs eksVs leqnk; FksA lH;rk dh fdj.k QwVh ugha Fkh ,sls
esa dfcyksa dk eq[kh;k vkilh fookn m<us ij U;k; djrk FkkA lekt xfr ds vkxs c<+us vkSj xk¡o esa
LFkk;h fuokl ds le; Hkh rRdkyhu U;k; O;oLFkk dk mYys[k feyrk gS pqus gq, yksx iapk;r ds
ek/;e ls U;k; djrs FksA iqjkuh iap fu.kZ; ç.kkyh dks Hkkjr esa LorU=rk ds ckn vf/kfu;e ikfjr
djds lq/kjs #i esa mls iapk;rh jkt ds ek/;e ls xzkE;kapy esa dk;e j[kus ij cy fn;k x;kA D;ksa
fd iapk;rh O;oLFkk loZlqyHk rFkk lLrh gksrh gSA U;k; ikus esa vçR;kf'kr foyEc ugha gksrk gSA le;
chrus ds lkFk cUtkjksa vkSj [kkukcnkslksa dk thou fcrkus okys yksx NksVs2 leqnk; cukdj jgus yxsA
lkeqnkf;d vuq'kklu rFkk fu;U=.k ds fy, mUgksus dqN fu;e Hkh cuk;s ftlds v/khu n.M dh
O;oLFkk cnyh vkSj yksx dqyks ifjokjksa vkSj la?kks ds #i esa jgus yxs vkSj tc mldk vkSj lq/kkj
fodflr #i esa vk;k rks ek/;LFkksa ;k iapkj ¼iap fu.kZ;ks½a }kjk 'kkfUriw.kZ <ax ls fooknksa dk fuLrkj.k
fd;k tkus yxk tc leqnk;ksa us ikjLifjd bPNk vkSj le>kSrksa ls lqlaxfBr jkT; dks vius fgr esa
Lohdkjk rc U;k; ç”kklu dk vf/kdkj vkSj nkf;Ro jkT; ¼ljdkj½ ds gkFkksa vkSj dU/kksa ij vk x;kA
ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vkyksd esa fHkUu&fHkUu jkT;ksa vkSj ns”kksa us U;k; ç”kklu dh O;oLFkk lqO;ofLFkr vkSj
lqn`<+cukus dh fn”kk esa çHkkoh dne mBkus “kq: dj fn;sA lekt vkSj jkT;ksa ds vH;qn; vkSj fodkl
dk bfrgkl bl ckr dk lk{kh gS fd U;k; ç”kklu esa fdruk mrkj&p<+ko gqvk gSA vk/kqfud dky esa
iqjkuh i)fr;ksa esa lq/kkj djds u;h U;k; ç”kklu ç.kkyh vaxhdkj dh xbZA lkekftd ifjorZu ds
lFk&lkFk U;k; ç.kkyh esa Hkh ifjorZu gksrk x;k vkSj lekt dks loZJs’B o mRre U;k; ç”klu nsus
ds fy, vko”;d dne le;≤ ij mBk;s x;s ftlds QyLo:i n.M ds çfrdkRed fl)kUr ls
mipkjkRed fl)kUr tSlk Lo:i U;k; ç”kklu ds :i esa lekt dks çkIr gqvk gSA
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3-9 çFkk vk/kkfjr fof/k ,oa fo/kk;d dk vkykspukRed ifj{k.k
fo/kk;d dk lcls cM+k ykHk bl rF; esa fufgr gS fd blesa fo/kku dks fujkÑr djus dh “kfDr
(Abrogative power) gksrh gS ftlds ek/;e ls orZeku fof/k dks lekIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g
fof/k dk ,d ek= u;k lzksr ugha gSA ;g fujkÑr djus dh “kfDr dk mi;ksx dj ldrk gSA ;g
{kerk çFkkvksa esa ugha jgrh gSA fo/kk;d iwokZuqeku ds cy ij Hkfo’; esa vkus okyh lEHkkfor leL;kvksa
ds fujkdj.k djus ds fy, Hkh micU/k dj nsrk gSA fo/kku ykxw fd;s tkus ds iwoZ ykxw o ?kksf’kr fd;k
tkrk gS ftlds dkj.k yksxksa dks vius vf/kdkjksa o drZO;ksa dh tkudkjh çkIr gks tkrh gS] ftlls yksx
mlds ifj.kkeksa ,oa n.M ls cpus ds fy, fo/kku ds vuqdwy gh vkpj.k djuk fgrdj le>rs gSa]
tcfd çFkk vk/kkfjr fof/k dk vuqdj.k yksc ikjEifjd fujUrjrk ls çpyu ds vk/kkj ij djrs gSA
çFkk vk/kkfjr fof/k dk vuqdj.k yksx iwoZtksa ds }kjk ekU; fjfr fjoktksa o iwoZtksa ds }kjk fufeZr fu;eksa
ds vk/kkj ij djrs pys vkrs gSA ftlfd fujUrj çpyu ls çFkk fof/k dk Lo:i xzg.k djrh gSA çFkk
vk/kkfjr fof/k ,oa fo/kku mRÑ"B rc ekuk tk;sxk tc çFkk vk/kkfjr fof/k lekt ds fo#) fu;eksa dk
fuek.kZ djrh gksA
ç'u ;g mBrk gS fd fo/kku tc orZeku esa fLFkfr jgrk gS vkSj mls fo/kkf;dk vfLrRo esa ykrh gS
vkSj ykrh jgrh gS vkSj lalks/ku i'pkrorhZ çfØ;k gS rks fQj fo/kku ds jgrs lq/kkj dh vko';drk
D;ksa vku iM+rh gSA bldk mÙkj gesa cnyrh gq;h lkekftd ifjfLFkfr;ksa tukdka{kkvksa vkSj fodkl esa
vkus okyh vM+puksa esa <q¡<uk gksxk D;ksfa d mudk jkT; ljdkj ij bruk Hkkjh ncko curk gS fd mlds
vuq#i lalks/ku djuk vko';d gks tkrk gSA ;gh lalks/ku lq/kkj ds :i esa xzg.k fd;k tkrk gSA
lke.M rks ;gka rd dgrs gS fd fo/kku u dsoy fof/kd fodkl dk ,d vifjgk;Z midj.k gS cfYd
fof/kd lq/kkj dk Hkh ,d vfuok;Z mik; ¼ek/;e½ gSA fof/kd lq/kkj ds bfrgkl dks ge ;fn ns[ksa rks
Li"V gksrk gS fd lkekftd ifjorZu vkSj fodkl ds ek/;e ds :i esa bls gj {ks= esa vktek;k x;k
gSA
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;g yxus ij fd dksbZ fof/k vR;Ur iqjkru gks xbZ] çpfyr çFkk,a vçkalafxd çrhr gksrh gS ,slh fof/k
vkSj çFkk;sa lkekftd fgr vkSj fodkl ds fy, vuqi;ksxh gks xbZ rks loksZÙke mik; gS mUgsa fu"çHkkoh
cukdj ubZ fof/k ykbZ tk;A
;g dk;Z fo/kku ds ek/;e ls gh lEHko gSA fujlu vkSj vekU; djus dk dk;Z rks fo/kku gh dj
ldrh gSA lkekftd ifjorZu vkSj fodkl ds çfr çfrc)rk bldh Nkuchu djuk vko';d cuk nsrh
gS fd çpfyr fo/kku vkSj çFkk,a lekt ds lUnHkZ esa vko';drk vkSj mi;qDrrk dh dlkSVh ij [kjh
mrj jgh gSA vFkok ugha ;fn mÙkj udkjkRed gS rks muesa lq/kkj dh çfØ;k viukbZ gh tkuh pkfg,A
dHkh&dHkh ns[kus esa vkrk gS fd ,d gh fo"k; dks ysdj çpfyr çFkkvksa esa ,d #irk vkSj lkeatL; u
gksdj ijLij fojks/kh Hkko gksrk gS ftlls Hkzked fLFkfr mRiUu gksrk gSA ,sls esa ;g t#jh gks tkrk gSS
fd le; dh ekax ds vuqlkj ;Fks"V ifjorZu ;k ifjo)Zu dj fn;s tk,a ;k lekIr dj fn;k tk, ;k
vf/kfu;fer fof/k dk Lo:i çnku dj fn;k tk,A fo/kkuksa esa lq/kkj djus gsrq lq>koksa vkSj laLrqrh;ksa
dks çnku djus ds fy, Hkkjro"kZ esa ,d fof/k vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gS tks le; 2 ij lkekftd
ifjfLFkfr;ksa vkdk{kkavksa dk v/;;u djds mlds vkyksd esa ewY;oku lq>ko vkSj laLrqrh;ka Hkkjr
ljdkj dks lkSirk jgk gSA vkSj ;g okLrfodrk gS] bls udkjk ugha tk ldrk fd ljdkj us fo/kk;u
ds }kjk leqfpr yksd fgrdkjh lq/kkj fd;k gSA
fo/kku ds vUrxZr vf/kfu;fer fof/k iw.kZrk ugha gksrh gS vkSj ;g Hkh dguk mfpr gh gS fd fo/kku
fof/k ds lzksr ds #i esa eq[; lzksr gS blls lqLi"V fof/k dk l`tu gksrk gSA fdUrq lqLi"Vrk ckj 2
lalks/ku fd çfØ;k ls ,oa lkekftd ifjorZu ds vk/kkj ij gksrk jgrk gS vr% fo/kku ds vUrxZr fof/k
dk l`tu ,oa çFkkxr fof/k dk l`tu ,d nwljs ds Lo:i ds vk/kkj ij lapkfyr gks rs gSA çFkkxr
fof/k lekt ds fo:) gksus ij fo/kku }kjk fof/k fuekZ.k djds mldk fujlu dj fn;k tkrk gS vkSj
çFkkxr fof/k dks Øec) Lo:i esa ysdj dHkh2 fo/kku mlesa uohu fof/k dk l`tu djrk gSA
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3-10 lekt'kkL=h fl)kUr
;g fl)kUr lkekftd ifjfLFkfr;ks]a ekuo ds fodkl] lq[k nq%[k fof/k ds mnHko fodkl vkfn dk
v/;;u vkSj fo'ys"k.k lekt 'kkL=h; <ax la djrk gSA ;g vk/kqfud dky dh lcls cM+h miyfC/k gSA
;g fl)kUr fof/k ij vkSj fof/k dk lekt ij iM+us okyk çHkko] muds ifj.kkeksa dk xgjkbZ ls v/;;u
fd;k tkrk gSA lkekftd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds lkFk fof/k Fkh] tks
lkekftd O;oLFkk vkSj fodkl dk ek/;e gS] cnyrh jgrh gSA fof/k lekt dks fu;fU=r] lw=c) vkSj
mlds fodkl ds vusdksa }kj [kksyrh gSA ysfdu lekt mlesa ifjorZu dh ekax rc mBkrk gS tc yksd
fgrksa dk laj{k.k vkSj lEc)Zu djus esa og foQy fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA çkphu dky ls m|ru dky dk
fof/kd bfrgkl bl ckr dk lk{kh gSA 19oha 'krkCnh ds çkjEHk esa vkfFkZd O;oLFkk vkfn esa vgLr{ksi
dk fl)kUr çpfyr FkkA jkT; dk gLr{ksi okf.kT; f'k{kk LokLFk; ds ekeyksa esa ugh FkkA ysfdu bl
'krkCnh ds vUr esa eglwl fd;k tkus yxk fd vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd fo"kerk,a c<+ xbZ gSA vkcknh
c<+h vkS|ksfxd ØkafUr rks gqbZ vo'; ysfdu mlus leL;kvksa dks vkSj c<+k;k vkSj tfVy cuk fn;k
iw¡thifr;ksa vkSj etnwjksa ds nks oxZ cu x;s vkfFkZd fo"kerk c<+ xbZ vkcknh c<+hA jksth jksVh ds fy,
yksx 'kgjksa dh vksj HkkxsA ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i vlekatL; fd fLFkfr isnk gks xbZA vc jkT; ds fy,
bu fo"kerkvksa dks dqN gn rd nwj djus ds fy,] vf/kdre yksxksa dh vf/kdre lq[k lqfo/kkvksa thou
Lrj Å¡pk mBkus f'k{kk jkstxkj vkSj LokLFk; vkfn ckrksa ds fy, çHkkoh dne mBkus vkSj gLr{ksi djus
dh vko';drk eglwl dh tkus yxhA ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i fof/k us viuk u;k vk;ke xzg.k fd;k
lkekftd ifjorZu ds lkFk lkFk fof/k dk Hkh ifjorZu'khyrk fujUrj gksrh pyh vkbZAfof/k lrr~ la?k"kZ
dk ifj.kke gSA fof/k dk fodkl mlfd mRifÙk O;oLFkk cuk;s j[kus dh n`f"V ls lrr~ la?k"kZ ;k fojks/k
dk ifj.kke gSA fof/k y{; dh iwrhZ dk ,d lk/ku gSA
3-11 lkjka”k
bl bdkbZ dk v/;;u djus ds Ik”pkr vki tku pqds gSa fd fdl izdkj ls fof/k esa f/kjs&f/kjs ifjorZu
gksrk pyk vk jgk gS vHkh rd ge mu bdkbZ;ksa dk v/;;u dj pqds gsSa ftlls izFkk ds }kjk fof/k dk
fuekZ.k gqvk gS ijUrq yksd psruk ds vk/kkj ij ;g ifjorZu fujUrj gksrk pyk vkrk x;k D;kafs d
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ikSjkf.kd izkfpure izFkkvksa dk dzeokj c<+rs izHkko ls izFkk us fof/k dk Lo:i xzg.k fd;k fdUrq orZeku
fof/k dk v/;;u djsa rks izFkk ds lkFk&lkFk mldks u;s Lo:i esa lekt xzg.k djrk gsS ftldks ge
Hkkjr dk oS/kkfud ,oa laoS/kkfud bfrgkl ds :i esa tkurs gSA
Hkkjr esa fof/k dk Lk`tu vf/kfu;e ds :i esa vkaXy fof/k O;oLFkk ds vk/kkj ij gh gks Ikk;k Fkk bl
vf/kfu;fer fof/k dk ifjorZu”khYk vk;ke Hkkjr esa ns[kus dsk feyk D;ksfa d Hkkjr esa fgUnw ,oa eqfLye
leqnk; dks “kkflr djus ds fy;s oS;fDrd fof/k i`Fkd&i`Fkd :i ls dk;Z djrh jgh tks fd fujUrj
:i ls vkt Hkh izpfyr gSA
lkFk gh bl bdkbZ ls geus izkphu Hkkjr dh fof/k O;oLFkk o Hkkjr esa izkphu U;k; dk iz”kklu fdl
izdkj fdz;kfUor Fkk mldks le> ldsa gSaA
mlh izdkj ls e/;dkyhu Hkkjr dk U;k; iz”kklu fdl izdkj ls lapkfyr gksrk Fkk mldk foLrkj ls
v/;;u ge bl bdkbZ ls dj lds gSaA
bl bdkbZ ds ek/;e ls vkaXy U;k; O;oLFkk fdl izdkj Hkkjrh; fof/k O;oLFkk esa viuk ;ksxnku ns
ik;ha vkSj fo/kk;u dh mRifRr mlds fodkl lkE; vkSj izFkk vk/kkfjr fof/k ,oa fof/k ,oa fo/kk;u ds
vkykspukRed ifj{k.k dks le> ldsa gSA
bl izdkj bl bdkbZ ls ge Hkkjr esa fof/k O;oLFkk vius ifjorZuxkeh vk;keskas esa f/kjs&f/kjs fdl izdkj
gksrh x;h bldks iw.kZ rjhds ls le> pqds gSA
3-12 vH;kl iz”uksa ds mRrj
iz”uksa ds mRrj &
1& fjDr LFkku fd iwrhZ &
mRrj &1& iqrZxkyh ] mRrj &2& xkSre /keZ lw= ] mRrj &3& 1774 ] mRrj & 4& jkse rFkk xzhlA
2& cgq fodYih; iz”u &
mRrj & 1& l ] mRrj & n ] mRrj & c ] mRrj & v
3-13 lUnHkZ xzUFk lwph
26- izks0 th0ih0 =hikBh& Hkkjr dk oS/kkfud ,oa laoS/kkfud bfrgkl¼2007½& lsUVªy ykW
ifCyds”kuA
27- rstLdj&vkstLdj ik.Ms;&lekt dk;Z n”kZu ¼2009½& Hkkjr cqd lsUVj
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28- efyd vkSj jkoy&ykW ,.M lks”ky VªkUlQksjes”ku bu bf.M;k¼2009½&bykgckn ykW
,tsUlh
29- jke vkgqtk& lkekftd leL;k;sa ¼2008½& jkor ifCyds”ku fnYyh
30- jke vkgqtk&Hkkjrh; lekt ¼2007½& jkor ifCyds”ku fnYyh
31- Mk0x.ks”k ik.Ms&vijk/k “kkL= ¼2008½& jk/kk ifCyds”ku fnYyh
32- izks0bUnzthr flag&fof/k “kkL=¼2006½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”ku
33- fof/k dk lkekftd ifjorZu ¼LVsMh eVsfj;y Hkkst eqDr fo”ofo|ky;]Hkksiky½&Mk0
“kSQkyh ;kno
34- Mk0 dSyk”k jk;& tufgr odkyr fof/kd lgk;rk ,oa le:ih fof/kd¼2009½& lsUVªy
ykW ifCyds”ku
35- Mk0vkj0ds0vxzoky&fgUnw fof/k¼2002½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”ku
36- Mk0 bdcky flag&eqfLye fof/k ¼2001½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”kuA
2-17&lgk;d @mi;ksxh ikB~; lkexzh
5- lh0ih0 vjksjk&fofo/k vijk/k vf/kfu;e ¼2010½& ;wuholZy ykW ifCyds¼2010½A
6- izks0 bUnzthr flag&Jfed fof/k;ka&¼2005½&lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”kuA
7- Mk0 ,l0ds0 diwj& ekuo vf/kdkj ,oa vUrjk’Vªh; fof/k¼2004½&lsUVªy ykW
ifCyds”kuA
3-14 fucU/kkRed iz”u
iz”u&1& izkphu Hkkjrh; O;oLFkk ,oa U;k; iz”kklu dk laf{kIr o.kZu dhft, \
iz”u&2& vkaXy U;k; O;oLFkk dk Hkkjrh; ifjis{; D;k gS \ le>kbZ;s \
iz”u&3& lkE; fof/k D;k gS \ blfd mRifRr ,oa fodkl dks le>kbZ;s \
iz”u&4& izFkk vk/kkfjr fof/k ,oa fo/kk;u dk vkykspukRed ifj{k.k dhft, \
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,y&,y-,e- izFke o’kZ
Hkkjr esa fof/k ,oa lkekftd ifjorZu
[k.M&2 /keZ vkSj fof/k
bdkbZ&1&/kkfeZd lkEiznkf;drk
bdkbZ dh lajpuk
1-0 izLrkouk
1-1 mn~n's ;
1-2 /keZ vkSj U;kf;d fuoZpu
1-2-1vUr%dj.k dh LorU=rk%&
1-2-2-/keZ dk vck/ks ekuusvkpj.k vkSj çpkj djus dh LorU=rk
1-3- fofHkUu U;kf;d fuoZpu
1-4 /kkfeZd dk;ksZ dks çcU/k dh LorU=rk
1-5 lkEiznkf;d fgalk ds fl)kUr
1-6 lkjka”k
1-7 lUnHkZ lwph
1-8lgk;d @mi;ksxh ikB~; lkexzh
1-0 izLrkouk
/kkfeZd fofHkUurk Hkkjrh; lekt dh eq[; fo'ks"krk gS lkFk gh Hkkjr dk lafo/kku fdlh /keZ fo'ks"k dks
ekU;rk ugha nsrk gS /keZ ds Lo:i esa Hkkjr fujis{k gS vFkkZr Hkkjr /keZ fujis{k jk"Vª gSA Hkkjr esa çR;sd
ukxfjd dks vius fo'okl ds vuqlkj fdlh Hkh /keZ dks ekuus rFkk fdlh Hkh :i esa bZ'oj dh vjk/kuk
djus dh iw.kZ LorU=rk gSA /keZ dh ;g LorU=rk dsoy mldks ekuus ds fy, gh ugha cfYd mldk
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çpkj çlkj djus dh iw.kZ LorU=rk çnku gSA /keZ ds bl fujis{krk o /keZ ds çfr leku vknj Hkko ds
fy;s Hkkjrh; lafo/kku gh ugha cfYd vesfjdk lafo/kku dk çFke lalks/ku ;g micfU/kr djrk gS fd
dkaxzsl fdlh /keZ ds LFkkiuk esa ;k mlds LorU= ç;ksx fuf"k) djus ds lEcU/k esa dksbZ fof/k ugha
cuk;sxhA vesfjdu lqçhe dksVZ us ,olZu cuke cksMZ vkWQ ,tqds'ku ¼1947½ ds ekeys esa bl inkoyh
dh O;k[;k djrs gq, bl vf/kdkj dk mi;qZDr vFkZ Lohdkj fd;k gSA nksuksa lafo/kkuksa esa vUrj dsoy
;g gS fd tgka vesfjdu lafo/kku esa ;g vf/kdkj fcYdqy vfucZfU/kr inkoyh esa ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k gS
ogka Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa bl ij fucZU/kuksa dk Hkh mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dk vuq0 26
çR;sd /kkfeZd lEçnk; dks fucZU/kuksa ds v/khu jgrs gq, /kkfeZd dk;ksZ ds çcU/ku dh LorU=rk çnku
djrk gSA tSls fd /kkfeZd ,oa iwrZ ç;kstu ds fy, laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk] vius /kkfeZd dk;Z lEcfU/k
fo"k;ksa dk çcU/k vkfnA vuq0 27 ;g micfU/kr djrk gS fd dksbZ Hkh fdlh O;fDr] fdlh fo'ks"k /keZ
vFkok lEçnk; dh mUurh ds fy, dj nsus ds fy, ck/; ugha fd;k tk;sxk vkSj lkFk gh jkT; dj ds
:i esa ,df=r fd;s x, turk ds /ku dks fdlh fo'ks"k /keZ dh mUufr ds fy, [kpZ ugha dj ldrkA
1-1 mn~ns';
bl bdkbZ ds ek/;e ls vkt tku ldsx
a s fd /keZ fujis{krk D;k gS /keZ dks ekuus mldk çpkj djus
dh Hkkjrh; lafo/kku }kjk tks vf/kdkj çnku fd;k x;k gS mldk U;kf;d vk/kkj D;k gS vkSj /kkfeZd
LorU=rk ij D;k&D;k fuoZU/ku yxk;s x;s gSa] blds lkFk gh vki fuEufyf[r fcUnqvksa dks le>
ldsx
a s%&
Û /keZ vkSj U;kf;d fuoZpu
Û /kkfeZd LorU=rk% laoS/kkfud micU/k U;kf;d vk/kkj
Û /keZ fujis{krk ,oa iaFk fujis{k jkT;
Û /kkfeZd LorU=rk ij fucZU/ku
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1-2/keZ vkSj U;kf;d fuoZpu
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa /keZ dh dksbZ i`Fkd ls ifjHkk’kk ugha nh xbZ gSA /keZ ds vFkZ dks le>us ds fy,
fofHkUu U;k;ky;ksa ,oa Hkkjr ds loksZPp U;k;ky; }kjk le;≤ ij fn;s x;ss fu.kZ;ksa dk v/;;u
djus ds i'pkr le> ldrs gSaA U;k;ky;ksa ds vuqlkj /kkfeZd LokrUe; lS)kfUrd fo'oklksa rd gh
lhfer ugha gSaA blds vUrZxr /keZ ds vuqlj.k esa fd;s x;s dk;Z Hkh gSA /keZ ;k /kfeZd ifjikVh dk
vko';d Hkkx D;k gS mldk fu/kkZj.k U;k;ky;ksa }kjk fof'k’V /keksZ ds fl)kUrksa ds çfr funsZ'k ls fd;k
tk;sxk vkSj blds vUrZxr ,slh ifjikVh;ka vkrh gS ftUgs leqnk; }kjk /keZ dk Hkkx le>k tkrk gSA
;fn dksbZ O;fDr /kkfeZd fopkjksa dks nwljs rd laçsflr djus dh ctk; mls /keZ ifjorZu djus ds fy,
foo'k djrk gS rks og mlds vUr%dj.k dh LorU=rk ij lh/kk vk?kkr djrk gS tks lafo/kku }kjk
oftZr gSA blesa deZdka.Mksas /kkfeZd dk;ksZ] laLÑfr] miklukvksa dh i)fr;ksa dh xkjUVh gSA tks /keZ ds
vfHkUu vax gSA
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 25 ds v/khu O;fDr dks nks çdkj ds vf/kdkj çkIr gS%&
1-vUr%dj.k dh LorU=rk
2-/keZ dks vck/k ekuus **vkpj.k vkSj çpkj djus dh LorU=rkA
1-2-1vUr%dj.k dh LorU=rk
vUr%dj.k dh LorU=rk dk rkRi;Z vkR;kfU=d vkUrfjd LorU=rk ls gS ftlds ek/;e ls O;fDr bZ'oj
ds lkFk viuh bPNkuqlkj lEcU/kksa dks LFkkfir dj ldrk gSA vkSj tc ;g LorU=rk czkg; Lo:i esa
O;Dr dh tkrh gS rks vUr%dj.k dh LorU=rk esa ifjorZu gks tkrk gSA vuq0 25 ¼1½ çR;sd ukxfjd
dks vUr%dj.k dh LorU=rk dh xkjaVh djrk gSA og dsoy vius fo'ks’k /keZ dks vuqlj.k djus dk
vf/kdkj ugha çnku djrk gSA blesa fdlh nwljs O;fDr dks vius /keZ dks ifjorZu djus dk ewy
vf/kdkj lfEefyr ugha gS ;fn dksbZ O;fDr vius /kkfeZd fopkjksa dks nwljs rs laçsflr djus dh ctk;
mls /keZ ifjorZu djus ds fy, foo'k djrk gS rks og mlds vUr%dj.k dh LorU=rk ij lh/kk vk?kkr
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djrk gS tks lafo/kku }kjk oftZr gSA ;fn fo/kkueaMy dksbZ ,slh fof/k cukdj /keZ ifjorZu dk çfr"kks/k
djrk gSa rks og lafo/kkfud gksxkA
1-1-2-/keZ dk vck/ks ekuusvkpj.k vkSj çpkj djus dh LorU=rk
/keZ }kjk fofgr drZO;ks deZdka.Mksa vkSj /kkfeZd ÑR;ksa dks çnf'kZr djus dh LorU=rk tks mlds /keZ
}kjk fofgr fd;s x;s x;s gksa /keZ ds çpkj djus dk vFkZ gS fopkjksa dk nwljs rd laçsf"kr djuk vkSj
blds fy, mudk çdk'ku muds fy, vko';d gSA /keZ dk çpkj djus dk vFkZ dsoy vki vius
fopkjksa dks nwljs rd igqapkuk gh ugha cfYd mldks euokus ds fy, nqljs O;fDr dks le>kus cq>kus dk
Hkh vf/kdkj /keZ dks vok/k ekuus vkpj.k vkSj çpkj djus dh LoraU=rk ls lfEefyr gSA le>kus
cq>kus ds vf/kdkj esa fdlh O;fDr ij /keZ dks xzg.k djukus ds fy, ncko esa ugha fy;k tk ldrk gS
vFkkZr blesa dksbZ ncko dk rRo u gksa lkFk gh çpkj djus ds vf/kdkj esa fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks viuk
/keZ ifjorZu djus ds fy, ck/; djus dk vf/kdkj 'kkfey ugha gSA
1-3fofHkUu U;kf;d fuoZpu
,e0 ih0 feÙky cuke Hkkjr la?k 1983 ¼vjksfoy vkJe dk ekeyk½ mi;qZDr ekeys esa vkikr
çko/kku vf/kfu;e 1980 dh fof/kekU;rk dks bl vk/kkj ij pqukSfr fn;k fd blls fiV'kujksa ds
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku }kjk çnku ekSfyd vf/kdkj /keZ dh LorU=rk vuq0 25 ,oa 26 ds vUrxZr fn;s x;s
/kkfeZd LorU=rk ds vf/kdkj dk mYy?kau gksrk gSA Jh vjfoUn us ;ksx dh ,d u;h ç.kkyh çfrikfnr
dh vkSj vius u;s çn'kZu ds çpkj çlkj ds fy, ,d lkslkbVh cuk;h ftlus ika fMpsjh esa vjksfoys
vkJe LFkkfir fd;k ftlls vjfoUn ds u;s n'kZu ,oa f'k{kk dk çpkj fd;k tk ldsA lkslkbZVh dks
ljdkj o vU; lzksrksa ls vjksfoys vkJe esa fuekZ.k ,oa fodkl ds fy, nku ls /ku çkIr gqvk eka¡ dh
e`R;q ds i'pkr lkslkbZVh ds dqçcU/k ds lEcU/k esa ljdkj dks vusdksa f'kdk;r feyh vr% dsUæ ljdkj
us mDr vf/kfu;e ikfjr djds dqN le; ds fy, lkslkbZVh dk çcU/ku vius gkFkksa esa ys fy;k
mPpre U;k;ky; us 4%1 ds cgqer ;s mDr çdj.k ij viuk fu.kZ; fn;k fd Jh vjfoUn vkSj mudh
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ek¡ dk ;g dFku dh vjksfoy ,d /kkfeZd laLFkk ugha gS] lkslkbZVh dk caxky vf/kfu;e ds v/khu
iathdj.k vkfn ls Li"V gS fd u rks lkslkbZVh vkSj u gh vjksfoys vkJe laLFkk,a gSA vjfoUn dh
f'k{kk /kkfeZd f'k{kk ugha gSA vr% ljdkj }kjk lkslkbZVh vkSj vkJe dk vf/kxzg.k vuq0 25 o 26 }kjk
çnÙk vf/kdkj dk mYy?kau ugha gSA vkxs mPpre U;k;y; us dgk vjfoUn dh f'k{kk mudk Loa; dk
n'kZu gS ;g /kkfeZd f'k{kk ugha gS] /keZxq:vks]a vkpk;ksZ] m)j.k xzUFkksa vkSj lekpkj ,tsUlh;ksa dk er gS
fd Jh vjfoUn dh f'k{kk ,d /kkfeZd f'k{kk gS] ijUrq bldk fu.kkZ;d çek.k ugha gS vkSj lkslkbZVh dh
lnL;rk lcds fy, gS vkSj og Hkh vius /keZ ds vfLrRo dks lekIr fd;s fcukA blls Li"V gS fd
muds }kjk çfriknr n'kZu ,d fof'k"V /keZ ugha gSA ijUrq ;fn ;g eku Hkh fy;k tk, fd vjksfoys
vkJe ,d /kkfeZd laLFkk gS rks Hkh vf/kfu;e muds /kkfeZd ekeyksa esa gLr{ksi ugha djrk gSA vkSj
mlds lEifÙk ds çcU/ku dks gh vius gkFkksa esa ysrk gS ftls fou;fer djus dh ljdkj dks vuq0 26
(B) esa 'kfDr çkIr gSA
xqyke dknj vgen HkkbZ esuu cuke lwjr uxj fuxe ¼1998½ ds ekeys ds rF; fuEu gS& bl okn esa
eqEcbZ çkUrh; uxj fuxe vf/kfiu;e 1949 dh /kkjk 212 dh fof/k ekU;rk dks pqukSrh nh xbZ FkhA
blds vUrxZr jkT;ksa ds lM+d pkSM+h djus ds ç;kstu ds fy, xqtjkr jkT; ds lwjr ftys ds vUrxZr
jkT; us lM+d pkSM+h djus ds fy, ,d çeq[k lM+d ij fLFkfr nks efLtnksa ds dqN Hkkx dks fxjkus dk
vkns'k fn;kA mPp U;k;ky; us bLekby Qk:dh cuke Hkkjr la?k ds ekeys esa mPpre U;k;ky; ds
fu.kZ; dk vuqlj.k djrs gq, ;g vfHkfu/kkZfjr fd;k fd lafo/kku ds vuq0 25 o 26 esa çnr /kkfeZd
Lok/khurk dk vf/kdkj jkT; dks fdlh /kkfeZd LFky ;k mlds fdlh Hkkx dks yksd ç;kstu gsrq
vf/kxzg.k djus ls oftZr ugha djrk gSA vkSj lM+d dks pkSM+h djus ds mís'; ls mDr efLtnksa ds dqN
Hkkx dks fxjk;s tkus dk vkns'k fof/k ekU; gSA
/keZ fujis{krk jkT; dh iwtk LFky ds çfr vknjHkko fn[kkus ls ugha jksdrk gS vkSj fo'ks"k #i ls tc
og vf/kxzg.k dh 'kfDr dk ç;ksx djrs gS /keZ fujis{krk dh ;gh /kkj.kk Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa fufgr gSA
/keZ ds ekeys esa jkT; dh dsoy udkjkRed Hkwfedk ugha cfYd ldkjkRed Hkwfedk gSA blh çdkj dk
Hkkjr esa /keZ ds ckjs esa ,d egRoiw.kZ ckn dk fuoZpu bLekby Qk:dh cuke Hkkjr la?k ¼1994½
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v;ks/;k dj ekeyk bl okn esa 6 fnlEcj 1992 dks fookfnr ckcjh efLtn ds <gk;s tkus ds dkj.k
ns'k esa lkEçnkf;d lkSgknZ rFkk yksd O;oLFkk cuk;s j[kus ds mÌs'; ls dsUæ ljdkj us ,d v/;kns'k
tkjh djds fookfnr <+kps ds ikl leLr Hkwfe dk vf/kxzg.k dj fy;k vkSj ekeys dks vuq0 143 ds
v/khu mPpre U;k;ky; dh jk; ds fy, lkSai fn;kA ;g v/;kns'k ckn esa vf/kfu;e cu x;kA
fiV'ujksa us bl vf/kfu;e dh fof/kekU;rk dks bl vk/kkj ij pqukSrh fn;k fd og i{k fujis{krk ds
fo#) gS vkSj fgUnw leqnk; dks eqfLye leqnk; dh vis{kk vf/kd i{k ysrk gS D;ksfa d mUgs fookfnr
<kaps esa uekt i<+us ls oafpr djrk gS tcfd fgUnqvksa dks ogka iwtk djus dk vf/kdkj gSA mPpre
U;k;ky; us ;g vfHkfu/kkZfjr fd;k gS fd jkT; dks viuh laçHkq 'kfDr ds ç;ksx esa iwtk ds LFkku tSls
efLtn efUnj vkSj fxjtk?kj dks vf/kxzg.k dk vf/kdkj gSA iwtk djus ds vf/kdkj ds vUrxZr fdlh
;k gj LFkku ij iwtk djus dk vf/kdkj 'kkfey ugha gSA vuq0 25 vkSj 26 dsoy mu /kkfeZd çFkkvksa
dh lqj{kk çnku djrs gS tks /keZ ds vko';d rRo gS efLtn esa uekt i<+uk bLyke /keZ dk vko';d
rRo ugha gSA ,d eqlyeku fdlh Hkh LFkku ij ukekt i<+ ldrk gSA vr% jkT; yksd O;oLFkk çse o
lkSgkns cukus gsrq efLtn dk vf/kxzg.k dj ldrh gSA iwtk djuk ,d /kkfeZd dk;Z gS fdUrq ,d
fo'ks"k LFkku ij iwtk djuk tc rd fd mldk fof'k"V egRo u gks /keZ dk vko';d Hkkx ugha gSA
vr% Hkkjr ds lafo/kku ds vuq0 25 o 26 dk dkbZ mYya?ku ugha gSA
/kkfeZd LorU=rk lac/kh laoS/kkfud micU/k %&
Hkkjr ds lafo/kku Hkkx&3 esa ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gS ftlds vUrxZr vuq0 25 ,oa
26 /kkfeZd LorU=rk ds lEcU/k esa gSA
vuq0 25¼1½ ds vuqlkj lkoZtfud O;oLFkk lnkpkj vkSj LokLFk; rFkk bl Hkkx ds micU/kksa ds v/khu
jgrs gq, lHkh O;fDr;ksa dks vUr%dj.k dh LorU=rk rFkk /keZ dks vcks/k ekuus] vpkj.k djus vkSj çpkj
djus dk vf/kdkj çnku djrk gSA fdUrq /keZ LorU=rk dk ;g vf/kdkj Hkh vU; vf/kdkjksa dks Hkkarh
vkR;fUrd vf/kdkj ugha gSA vuq0 25 ¼1½ esa gh lkoZtfud O;oLFkk] lnkpkj vkSj LokLF; dks cuk;s
j[kus ds fy, /kkfeZd LorU=rk ij jkT; fof/k cukdj fucZU/ku yxk ldrs gSA
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lafo/kku esa /keZ 'kCn dh dkbZ ifjHkk"kk ugha nh x;h gSA blds vFkZ dks le>us ds fy, gesa U;kf;d
fu.kZ;ksa dh lgk;rk ysuh gksxhA mPpre U;k;ky; }kjk /keZ dks cM+s vPNs rjhds ls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k
x;k gS U;k;ky; ds vuqlkj /kkfeZd LorU=rk lS)kfUrd fo'oklksa rd gh lhfer ugha gSA blds
vUrxZr /keZ ds vuqlj.k esa fd;s x;s dk;Z Hkh gS vkSj blesa deZdk.Mksa /kkfeZd dk;ksZ] laLÑfr vkSj
miklukvksa dh i)fr;ksa dh xkjUVh gSA tks /keZ ds vfHkUu gS /keZ ;k /kkfeZd ifjikVh dk vko';d Hkkx
D;k gS] mldk fu.kZ; U;k;ky;ksa }kjk fof'k"V /keZ ds fl)kUrksa ds çfr funsZ'k ls fd;k tk;sxk vkSj
blds vUrxZr ,slh ifjikfj;ka vkrh gS ftUgsa leqnk; }kjk /keZ dk Hkkx le>k tkrk gSA
vuq0 25 ds v/khu O;fDr dks nks çdkj ds vf/kdkj çkIr gSA
1-vUr%dj.k dh LorU=rk
2-/keZ dks vck/k ekuus vkpj.k vkSj çpkj djus dh LorU=rk
mijksDr nksuksa fcUnq /kkfeZd LorU=rk dks vuq0 25 ds vUrxZr Li"V djrs gSA euq"; vius /kkfeZd
fo'oklksa ds fy, jkT; ds çfr mÙkjnkf; ugha gSA bZ'oj dh iwtk dksbZ tSls Hkh pkgs dj ldrk gSA
dkuwu fdlh O;fDr dks fdlh fo'ks"k iwtk i)fr dks viukus ds fy, ck/; ugha dj ldrk gSA
1-3iaFk fujis{krk ,oa /keZ fujis{k jkT;
iaFk fujis{k jkT; dh dksbZ ifjHkk"kk Hkkjrh; lafo/kku essa ugha nh x;h gSA fdUrq lk/kkj.kr;k iaFk fujis{k
jkT; ls ;g vk'k; gksrk gS fd ml jkT; dk viuk dksbZ ?kksf"kr fo'ks"k /keZ ugha gS vkSj u og fdlh
/keZ fo'ks"k dks iksf"kr djrk gS og /keZ ds ekeys esa iw.kZ #i ls rVLFk gSA og fdlh Hkh /keZ dk vuknj
ugha djrk gS vkSj lHkh /kekZoyfEc;ksa dks vius vius /keZ dk ikyu djus dh LorU=rk nrk gSA
,l0 vkj0 cksEebZ cuke Hkkjr la?k ¼1994½
bl okn esa mPpre U;k;ky; us vfHkfu/kkZfjr fd;k gS fd iaFk fujis{krk lafo/kku dk vk/kkjHkwr <kapk gS
jkT; lHkh /keksZ vkSj /kkfeZd leqnk; ds lkFk leku O;ogkj djrk gSA /keZ O;fDrxr fo'okl dh ckr
gS mls ykSfdd fØ;kvksa ls ugha feyk;k tk ldrkA iaFk fujis{krk bZ'oj fojk/kh ugha gSA
Hkkjr ds lHkh O;fDr;ksa dks leku :i ls /kkfeZd LorU=rk dh xkjUVh çkIr gSA
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Hkkjrh; lafo/kku Hkkjr esa iaFk fujis{k jkT; dh LFkkiuk djrk gS vkSj lHkh O;fDr;ksa dks leku :i ls
/kkfeZd LorU=rk dh xkjUVh djrk gSA
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dk 42oka lalks/ku vf/kfu;e 1976 }kjk lalks/ku mísf'kdk dh ;g inkoyh& lEiw.kZ]
çHkqRolEiUu] yksdrU=kRed iaFk fujis{k lektoknh x.kjkT; bl ckr dk Li’V ladsr nsrh gS fd ;g
lafo/kku Hkkjr esa iaFk fujis{k jkT; dh LFkkiuk djrk gS vkSj çLrkouk esa Hkkjrh; turk }kjk çdV
fd;k x;kA ;g ladYi] fopkj] vfHkO;fDr fo'okl /keZ vkSj mikluk dh LorU=rk Hkkjr ds leLr
ukxfjdksa çkIr djus ds fy, /kkfeZd LorU=rk dk |ksrd gSA
/keZ dh LorU=rk ds vUrxZr vuq0 25 esa nks çdkj ds çkf/kdkj fn;s x;s gS&vUr%dj.k dh LorU=rk
vkSj /keZ dh vck/k ekuus] vkpj.k vkSj çpkj djus dh LorU=rkA
HkwjhukFk cuke tEew&d'ehj jkT; AIR 1997 esa mPpre U;k;ky; us vfHkfu/kkZfjr fd;k gS fd fdlh
iwtk ds LFky ij çpfyr çFkk] :f<+ ds vuqlkj /kkfeZd lsok djuk] /kkfeZd fo'pkl vkSj vLFkk dk
vko';d rRo gS ftldk fofue;u jkT; ugha dj ldrk gS fdUrq jkT; dks iqtkjh dh fu;qfDr djus
rFkk osru fu/kkZfjr djus dk djus dh 'kfDr çkIr gSA
1-4 /kkfeZd dk;ksZ dks çcU/k dh LorU=rk (Freedom to manage religious affairs)
lkoZtfud O;oLFkk lnkpkj vkSj LokLF; ds v/khu jgrs gq, çR;sd /kkfeZd lEçnk; vFkok mlds fdlh
foHkkx dks&
1-/kkfeZd vkSj iwoZ ç;kstuksa (religious and charitable purposed) ds fy, laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk
vkSj iks"k.k dk A
2-vius /kkfeZd dk;ksZ lEcU/kh fo"k;ksa dk çcU/k djus dkA
3-txe o LFkkoj lEifÙk ds vtZu vkSj LokfeRo dk rFkk
4-,slh lEifÙk ds fof/k ds vuqlkj ç'kklu djus dk vf/kdkj gksxkA
bu vf/kdkjksa dk ç;ksx laxfBr laLFkkvksa dks gh çkIr gSA /kkfeZd lEçnk; dk vFkZ O;fDr;ksa ds ,sls
lewg ls gS tks fd ,d fof'k"V uke ds vUrxZr laxfBr gksrs gSA
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czgepkjh fl)s'oj lgk; cuke if'pe caxky jkT; 1995 ds ekeys esa mPpre U;k;ky; us
vfHkfu/kkZfjr fd;k gS fd jkeÑ".k fe'ku ,d /kkfeZd lEçnk; gS vr% vf/kdkjksa dk nkok dj ldrk
gSA
fdlh fo'ks"k /keZ dh mUufr ds fy, dj u nsus dh LorU=rk ( Freedom from taxes for
promotion of any particular religion) :-
dksbZ Hkh O;fDr ,sls djks dks nsus ds fy, ck/; ugha gS vkSj u gh fd;k tk;sxk ftuds vkxe
(Proceeds) fdlh fo'ks"k /keZ ;k /kkfeZd lEçnk; dh mUufr ;k iks"k.k esa O;; djus ds fy, fo'ks"k
#i ls fofu;ksftr fd;s x;s gSA vuq 27
jkT; iksf"kr f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa esa /kkfeZd f'k{kk ;k mikluk dk çfr"ks/k (Prohibition of religious
Instruction in state aided Institutions) vuq 28 ds çko/kku micfU/kr djrs gS
1-jkT; fuf/k ls iwjh rjg ls iksf"kr fdlh f'k{kk laLFkk esa dksbZ /kkfeZd f'k{kk ugha nh tk;sxhA
2-mi;qZDr [k.M 1 fd dksbZ ckr ,slh f'k{kk laLFkk ij ykxw ugha gksxh ftldk ç'kklu jkT; djrk gks]
fdUrq tks fdlh ,sls /keZLo ;k U;kl ds v/khu LFkkfir gqbZ gks] ftlds vuqlkj ml laLFkk esa /kkfeZd
f'k{kk nsuk vko';d gSA
lafo/kku ds mi;qZDr micU/kksa ls Hkkjr ds iaFk fujis{k jkT; dk Lo:i Li"V gks tkrk gS vkSj ;g Hkh
Li"V gks tkrk gS fd jkT; çR;sd /keZ dks leku vknj nsrk gS vkSj çR;sd O;fDr dks leku #i ls
vius fo'okl ds vuqlkj fdlh Hkh /keZ dks ekuus ;k bZ'oj dh mikluk djus dh iw.kZ LorU=rk çnku
djrk gSA
1-5/kkfeZd LorU=rk ij çfrcU/k
/kkfeZd LorU=rk ij Hkkjr ds lafo/kku ds vUrxZr dqN çfrcU/k yxk;s gS ;g çfrcU/k
fuEufyf[kr vk/kkjksa ij gh yxk;s tk;sx
a sA
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1-6lkoZtfud O;oLFkk] lnkpkj vkSj tu LokLFk;
/keZ ds uke ij ;k /kkfeZd LorU=rk dh vkM+ esa ,slk dksbZ dke ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS] tks
lkoZtfud O;oLFkk] lnkpkj vkSj tu LokLFk; ds fo#) gks tSls tkuokjksa dks dkVuk] 'kjhj dk vHkæ
çn'kZu NqvkNqr ekuo O;kikj vkfnA
Eksgewn guhQ dqjS'kh cuke fcgkj jkT; AIR 1958 S.C. ds ekeys esa mPpre U;k;ky; us dgk
cdjhn ds R;kSgkj ij xk; dkVuk /keZ dk vko';d vax ugha gSA blh çdkj ls dydÙkk mPp
U;k;ky; us ekSykuk eqfDr lbZn eksgEen cuke if'pe caxky jkT; AIR 1999 esa vfHkfu/kkZfjr fd;k
gS fd eqlyekuksa ds }kjk vtku ds le; ekbØksQksu ;k ykmMLihdj ds ç;ksx ij jksd yxkukA vuq0
25 dk mYya?ku ugha gSA D;ksfa d vtku esa ykmMLihdj dk ç;ksx djuk vko';d ugha gSA
ykr /keZ ifjorZu (Forced conversion) /keZ çpkj djus ds vf/kdkj esa fdlh O;fDr dks viuk
/keZ ifjorZu djus ds fy, ck/; djus dk vf/kdkj 'kkfey ugha gSA ;fn dksbZ O;fDr vius /kkfeZd
fopkjksa dks nwljs fopkjksa rd igqapkus ds ctk; mls /keZ ifjorZu djus ds fy, ck/; djrk gS rks og
mlds vUr%dj.k dh Lok/khurk ij lh/kk vk|kr djrk gS tks lafo/kku }kjk oftZr gSA ;fn fo/kku
e.My dksbZ dkuwu cukdj /keZifjorZu dk fu"ks/k djrk gS rks og laoS/kkfud gksxkA
1-7/keZ ls lEc) vkfFkZd foÙkh; jktuSfrd fØ;kvksa dk fofu;eu
vuq0 25¼2½ ds vuqlkj ykSfdd fØ;kvksa fØ;kfUor djus ds fy, jkT; fu;e cuk ldrk gSA ijUrq ;g
fu/kkZj.k djuk dfBu gksrk gS fd dksUlZ fØ;k;sa ykSfdd gksrh gS vkSj dkSu lh ugha gSA
if'pe caxky jkT; cuke vk'kqrks"k yfgfM AIR 1955 s.s.c.
lekt dY;k.k vkSj lekt lq/kkj ds dk;Z & lekt dY;k.k vkSj lekt lq/kkj ds mÌs'; ls jkT; }kjk
cuk;s x;s dkuwu ;k fd;s x;s dk;Z fdlh O;fDr dh /kkfeZd LorU=rk esa ck/kd ugha gSA
LVsV vkWQ ckWEcs cuke ujlw vikekyh ARI 1962- S.C. ds ekeys esa U;k;ky; us cgqfookg fuf"k)
djus okys jkT; ds vf/kfu;e dks laoS/kkfud ?kksf"kr fd;k gSA
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lSQf)u lgkc cuke cEcbZ jkT; AIR 1962 S.C. ds ekeys esa U;k;ky; us lfr vkSj nsonklh tSlh
lkekftd dq:fr;ksa dks fuf"k) djus okys dkuwu dks oS/k ?kksf"kr fd;k gSA
/kkfeZd lorU=rk ij çfrcU/k (Restriction on religious Freedom) /kkfeZd LorU=rk ij bl
lafo/kku ds vUrxZr fuEufyf[kr vk/kkjksa ij çfrcU/k yxk;s tk ldrs gSA
1-8 lkEiznkf;d fgalk (Communal Violence) vo/kkj.kk
vo/kkj.kk ds Lrj ij gesa lkEiznkf;d fgalk vkSj vkanksyuksa (agitations), vkradokn (terrorism),
jkT; izfrjks/k vkSj fonzksg (insurgency) esa vUrj djuk pkfg;sA ;g vUrj N% Lrjksa ij ns[kk x;k
gS% tu laxzg.k (mass mobilization), fgalk dh ek=k] lEc)rk dh ek=k] vkØe.k dk y{;] naxksa
dk ;dk;d HkM+d mBuk (flare-ups), usr`Ro vkSj naxksa ls ihfM+r O;fDr vkSj mlds ifj.kkeksa ds
vuqHkoA
vkanksyuksa esa tulaxzg (mass mobilization) tqywlks]a izn'kZuksa vkSj ?ksjkoksa ds :i esa fojks/k izdV
djus vkSj f'kdk;rksa ,oa ekaxksa dks izLrqr djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA lkEiznkf;d fgalk esa O;fDr;ksa
dk laxzg.k nwljs leqnk; ds fo#) fd;k tkrk gSA blesa vkUnksyuksa ds ckjs esa igys ls tkudkjh ugha
feyrh (unpredictable), os vfu;af=r gksrs gSa vkSj buesa ,d HkkoukRed jks"k vkSj fgalkRed
vfHkO;fDr gksrh gS] tks naxksa dk :i /kkj.k dj ysrh gSA
fgalk dh ek=k (degree of violence) vkSj fgalk djus ds rjhds Hkh vkanksyuksa vkSj lkEiznkf;d naxksa
esa fHkUu gksrs gSaA vkradokn esa tuleFkZu fuf"Ø;] vizdV vkSj xqIr gksrk gSA ;g eku dj fd jkT;
fonzksg vlaHko gS] dqN gh ,sls lfØ; l'kL= mxzoknh xqV gksrs gSa tks ;kstukc) rjhds ls fgalk dk
iz;ksx djrs gSaA jkT; fonzksg esa tuleFkZu jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa ifjorZu ykus ds fy;s laxfBr fd;k
tkrk gSA blds foijhr lkEiznkf;d fgalk esa tu leFkZu lkekftd O;oLFkk ds izfr jks"k O;Dr djus
ds fy;s laxfBr fd;k tkrk gSA jkT; fonzksg esa izf'kf{kr xqV Hkkx ysrs gSa tc fd lkEiznkf;d naxksa es a
vizf'kf{kr yksx fyIr gksrs gSaA jkT; fonzksg esa turk esa izpkj 'kklu ds fo#) gksrk gS tcfd
lkEiznkf;d naxksa esa og lkekftd i{kikr] lkekftd mis{kk vkSj lkekftd ,oa /kkfeZd 'kks"k.k ds fo#)
gksrk gSA
lEc)rk dh ek=k (degree of cohesion) Hkh lkEiznkf;d fgalk] vkUnksyu] vkradokn vkSj jkT;
fonzksg esa fHkUu&fHkUu gksrh gSA lkEiznkf;d naxs dh fLFkfr esa lEc)rk dh Åaph ek=k 'k=qrk] ruko
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vkSj tula[;k ds /kzqohdj.k ds dkj.k gksrh gSA tcfd vkUnksyuksa esa og LokFkZ ds ;qfDrdj.k ij
vk/kkfjr gSA vkradokn vkSj jkT; fonzksg esa lac)rk lfØ; dk;ZdrkZvksa vkSj muds usrk ds chp gksrh
gS( turk esa ;g bldh rqyuk esa de gksrh gSA
jkT; fonzksg vkSj vkradokn esa vkØe.k dk y{; ljdkj gksrh gSA vkUnksyuksa esa og lÙkk/kkjh lewg
gksrh gS vkSj lkEiznkf;d fgalk esa ^'k=q* leqnk; ds lnL; mlds y{; gksrs gSaA dHkh&dHkh vkanksyuksa
vkSj lkEiznkf;d naxksa esa fgalk dk iz;ksx ljdkjh lEifÙk dks ywVus vkSj tykus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
vlkekftd rRoksa dks vkUnksyuksa vkSj lkEiznkf;d naxksa esa [kqyh NwV fey tkrh gS] ijUrq vkradokn vkSj
jkT; fonzkgs esa ,slk ugha gksrkA jkT; fonzkgs vkSj vkradokn esa ftu 'kL=ksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS]
os vkanksyuksa vkSj lkEiznkf;d >xM+ksa esa fd;s tkus okys 'kL=ksa ls vf/kd vk/kqfud vkSj ifj"d`r
(sophisticated) gksrs gSaA
lkEiznkf;d naxksa dk ;dk;d HkM+d mBuk (flare-up) fo'ks"k lkekftd <kaps rd lhfer jgrk gS]
tcfd jkT; fonzksg vkSj vkradokn esa ;g vfu;r vkSj vfuf'pr gksrk gSA vkanksyuksa esa minzo fdUgha
fo'ks"k <kapksa dks ysdj ugha gksrs] vfirq fofnr oapuksa vkSj O;fDr;ksa ds laxBu ij vk/kkfjr gksrs gSaA
vkradokn jkT; fonzksg vkSj vkanksyuksa esa usr`Ro vklkuh ls igpkuk tk ldrk gS ijUrq lkEiznkf;d
naxksa esa lnSo ughaA lkEiznkf;d naxksa esa ,slk dksbZ usr`Ro ugha gksrk tks naxs dh fLFkfr dks fu;fU=r dj
lds vFkok mls jksd ldsA nwljh vksj vkanksyuks]a vkradokn vkSj jkT; fonzksg esa tks dqN gksrk gS] os
usrkvksa ds fu.kZ; ds vuq:i gksrk gS vkSj fLFkfr ij mudk izHkkoh fu;a=.k jgrk gSA
vUr esa] lkEiznkf;d fgalk ds ifj.kke (aftermath) gksrs gSa% rhoz 'k=qrk] iwokZxzg vkSj ,d leqnk; ds
nwljs ds izfr ikjLifjd lUnsgA vkUnksyuksa esa ekuo gkfu rqyukRed n`f"V ls de gksrh gS ;|fi
lEifÙk dh dHkh&dHkh vf/kd gkfu gks tkrh gSA tc vkanksyuksa esa le>kSrk gks tkrk gS rks ljdkjh
,tsfUl;ksa ds fo#) oSjHkko Hkh lekIr gks tkrk gS vkSj cnys dh Hkkouk Hkh dqN le; i'pkr~ pyh
tkrh gSA vkradokn esa ihfM+rksa esa ls vf/kdka'k funksZ"k gksrs gSaA os mxzokfn;ksa ds izfr fuf"Ø; jgrs gSa
vkSj fuf"Ø; O;ogkj ls os Lo;a dks vf/kd lqjf{kr le>rs gSaA ihfM+r O;fDr;ksa esa izfr'kks/k dh Hkkouk
gks gh ugha ldrh D;ksfa d mxzoknh xqeuke gksrs gSa vkSj laxfBr :i ls ifj"d`r 'kL=ksa ls ySl gksrs gSaA
jkT;&fonzkgs ksa esa ihfM+r O;fDr;ksa esa vf/kdka'k lqj{kk cyksa ds lnL; ;k ljdkjh deZpkjh gksrs gSa tks
jkT; fonzksg ds fy;s izR;qik;ksa (counter-measures) esa lgk;rk djrs gSaA
bl izdkj ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd lkEiznkf;d fgalk ize[q k :i ls ?k`.kk] }s"k vkSj izfr'kks/k ij
vk/kkfjr gSA vc ge lkEiznkf;d fgalk dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk v/;;u djsaxsA
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1-9 lkEiznkf;d fgalk ds fl)kUr (Theories of Communal Violence)
lkEiznkf;d fgalk ,d lkewfgd fgalk gSA tc leqnk; ds yksxksa dk ,d cM+k Hkkx vius lkewfgd y{;ksa
dh izkfIr esa vlQy gks tkrk gS ;k ;g eglwl djrk gS fd muds fo#) HksnHkko gks jgk gS vkSj mUgsa
leku voljksa ls oafpr j[kk tk jgk gS] rks mlesa dq.Bk vkSj eksgHkax dh Hkkouk,a tkx`r gks tkrh gSaA
;g lkewfgd dq.Bk [ftls Qk;jkcsUM~l (Feierabends) vkSj usloksYM (Nesvold) us ^fu;fer
dq.Bk* (Systematic Frustration) dgk gS] lkewfgd fgalk dks tUe nsrh gSA fQj Hkh leLr
leqnk; fgalkRed fojks/k iznf'kZr ugha djrkA njvly esa vlarq"V O;fDr tks lÙkk esa gksus okys lewg
;k lÙkk esa gksus okys vfHktuksa ¼ftuds vkpj.k ds fo#) os fojks/k djrs gSa½ ds fo#) tks dk;ZØe
vk;ksftr djrs gSa og izk;% vfgalkRed gksrk gSA og dsoy izfrokfn;ksa dk ,d NksVk lk ny gh gksrk
gS tks vfgalk dks vizHkkoh ekurk gS vkSj la?k"kZ dh lQyrk ds fy;s fgalk dks vR;ko';d le>rk gS A
;gh xqV viuh fopkj/kkjk dh 'kfDr dh iqf"V djus ds fy;s izR;sd vfopkfjr (precipitating)
volj dk] fgalk dk iz;ksx djus ds fy;s mi;ksx djrk gSA
;g mi&lewg] ftldk fgalkRed vkpj.k gksrk gS] leLr leqnk; ;k vlarq"V O;fDr;ksa ds lewps lewg
dk izfrfuf/kRo ugha djrkA bl mi&lewg ds vkpj.k dk vf/kdka'kr;k lewg ds ckdh O;fDr
lkQ&lkQ rjhds ds leFkZu ugha djrsA
iz'u ;g mBrk gS fd ^dqN O;fDr;ksa dk lewg* fdl dkj.ko'k fgalkRed gks tkrk gS \ lkewfgd fgalk
ij egRoiw.kZ lS)kfUrd izLrkoksa (propositions) esa ls nks ;s gSa% (i) ;g mÙkstuk ds izfr LokHkkfod
izfrfØ;k gS] vkSj (ii) ;g mu fu;ekpkjksa ls lkeatL; j[krk gS tks blds mi;ksx dks leFkZu nsrs gSaA
fl)kUrksa dk nks Jsf.k;ksa esa oxhZdj.k gks ldrk gS% ¼v½ lkekftd&euksoSKkfud fo'ys"k.k ds Lrj ij]
vkSj ¼c½ lkekftd&lkaLd`frd ;k lekt oSKkfud fo'ys"k.k ds Lrj ijA igyh Js.kh esa
dq.Bk&vkØe.k (Motive-Attribution) fl)kUr] fod`fr (Perversion) fl)kUr] vfHkizk; vkjksi.k
(Motive-Attribution) fl)kUr] vkSj vkReukso`fÙk (self-attitude) fl)kUr dks lfEefyr fd;k tk
ldrk gS] tc fd nwljh Js.kh esa O;oLFkk ruko (System Tension) fl)kUr] O;kf/kdh (Anomie)
fl)kUr] fgalk dh milaLd`fr (Sub-culture of violence) dk fl)kUr vkSj lkekftd&lh[k
(Social Learning) fl)kUr dks lfEefyr fd;k tk ldrk gSA vf/kdrj lekt'kkL=h ekurs gSa fd
mijksDr fl)kUr lkEiznkf;d naxksa dh lkewfgd fgalk ds rF; dks le>kus esa foQy jgs gSaA nks
fl)kUr tks vf/kd xzká gSa dh foospuk fuEufyf[kr gSA ;g fl)kUr jke vkgwtk }kjk fodflr fd,
x, gSa rFkk lkekftd lajpukRed fLFkfr;ksa ds lekt oSKkfud fo'ys"k.k ij dsfUnzr gSaA
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1-10 lkjka'k
ftu ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds dkj.k lkewfgd lkEiznkf;d fgalk gksrh gSa os gSa% ruko] in dh dq.Bk (status
frustration), vkSj fofHkUu izdkj dh ladV&fLFkfr;kaA fgalk dk mi;ksx vkØed (aggressors)
blfy;s djrs gSa D;ksfa d os vlqj{kk vkSj fpUrk ls xzflr gksrs gSaA bu Hkkoukvksa vkSj fpUrkvksa dh
mRifÙk mu lkekftd vojks/kksa ls gksrh gS tks neukRed lkekftd O;oLFkk,a vkSj lÙkk/kkjh vfHktuksa
(power elite) }kjk mRiUu fd;s tkrs gSaA bu ¼Hkkoukvks½a dh mRifÙk ml O;fDr dh i`f"BHkwfe vkSj
ikyu&iks"k.k ls Hkh gksrh gS ftlus ml ¼O;fDr½ ds fy;s dfBukbZ;k¡ mRiUu dh gSa vkSj tks ml
¼O;fDr½ ds lkekftd izfrekuksa vkSj lkekftd laLFkkvksa ds izfr vlaxr vkSj vokLrfod eukso`fÙk;ksa dh
izo`fÙk dks vkSj fcxkM+ nsrh gSaA ;g fl)kUr vkØked ds O;ogkj esa rhu dkjdksa dks Hkh /;ku esa j[krk
gS] vFkkZr~ lek;kstu (adjustment) ¼in esa½] yxko (attachment) ¼vius leqnk; ds izfr½ vkSj
opuc)rk (commitment) ¼ewY;ksa ds izfr½ vkSj lkFk esa lkekftd okrkoj.k ¼ftlesa
O;fDr@vkØked jgrs gSa½ vkSj O;fDr;ksa ¼vkØkedks½a dk lekthd`r O;fDrRoA mudk lS)kfUrd ekWMy
bl izdkj egRo nsrk gS lkekftd O;oLFkk dks] vkØkedksa dh O;fDrxr O;fDrRo lajpuk dks] vkSj
lekt ds mi&lkaLd`frd la:iksa dks ftuesa O;fDr fgalk dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA lkekftd O;oLFkk es]a
mu rukoksa vkSj dq.Bkvksa dks lfEefyr djrk gS tks lekt esa lkekftd lajpukvksa ¼ifjokj] fe=&lewg]
leqnk;] vkfn½ ds QyLo:i gksrs gSaA O;fDrRo lajpuk esa] O;fDrRo vkØedksa ds lek;kstu] yxko vkSj
opuc)rk dks lfEefyr djrk gS( vkSj mi&lkaLd`frd la:iksa esa mu ewY;ksa dks lfEefyr djrk gS tks
lekt ds fu;U=.k esa ,d lk/ku ds :i esa dke djrs gSaA
mudh /kkj.kk gS fd dqlek;kstu (maladjustment), fojfDr (non-attachment) vkSj vopuc)rk
(non-commitment) ds dkj.k ,d lkisf{kd oapuk (relative deprivation) dh Hkkouk mRiUu gks
tkrh gSA lkisf{kd oapu dk vFkZ gS ,d lewg dh vis{kkvksa vkSj mldh {kerkvksa ds chp vuqHko dh
xbZ folaxfr ¼{kerkvksa dk vFkZ gS O;fDr;ks@
a lewgksa dk ;g lkspuk fd leku volj vkSj U;k;laxr
lk/ku feyus dh n'kk esa os Hkh viuh vis{kkvksa dks izkIr djus ;k cuk;s j[kus esa l{ke gSa½A ;gka
egRoiw.kZ 'kCn gS ^vuqHko dh xbZ* ¼vkØkedksa ds }kjk½( blfy;s vkpj.k ds fHkUu :iHksn ;k lkisf{kd
oapuk ds dkj.k lnSo fgalk ugha HkM+drhA
Hkkjr ds vusdoknh lekt esa vusd /kkfeZd leqnk; gSa tSls& fgUnw] eqlyeku] fl[k] bZlkbzZ] ckS) rFkk
tSu vkfnA bZlkb;ks]a ckS)ksa vkSj tSuksa ds >xM+s vR;Yi gSa ijUrq fgUnw rFkk eqlyekuksa ,oa fgUnw rFkk
flD[kksa esa lkEiznkf;d ruko ds vusdksa mnkgj.k gSaA fgUnw&eqfLye lkEiznkf;drk ds lzksr /kkfeZd de]
,sfrgkfld] jktuhfrd ,oa lkekftd vf/kd gSaA fgUnw eqfLye fo}s"k vf/kd O;kIr gS ftlds vusd
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dkjd jgs gSa tSls& eqfLye vkØe.k] fgUnw efUnjksa ij efLtnksa dk fuekZ.k] vaxzsth 'kklu dh QwV Mkyks
dh uhfr] eqfLye vyxkookn dh uhfr] eqfLye rq"Vhdj.k dh uhfr] eqfLye jktuhfrd nyksa dh
vkØkedrk] fgUnqvksa dh vlgu'khyrk vkfnA fgUnw&fl[k laca/kksa esa ruko [kfyLrku dh ek¡x rFkk
Hkkjrh; iz/kkuea=h bafnjk xk¡/kh dh gR;k ds lUnHkZ esa vf/kd jgk gSA orZeku esa fgUnw&fl[k laca/k
lkekU; gSaA
lkisf{kd oapu ¼,d lewg dk½ rc gksrk gS tc (i) vis{kk,a c<+rh gSa tc fd {kerk;sa ogh jgrha gSa ;k
muesa fxjkoV vk tkrh gS ;k (ii) vis{kk,a ogh jgrh gSa vkSj l{kerkvksa dk gzkl gks tkrk gSA D;ksfa d
vis{kk,a vkSj l{kerk,a cks/k (perception) ij fuHkZj gksrh gSa blfy;s ,d lewg ds ewY;ksa dk egRoiw.kZ
laca/k gksrk gS ¼v½ fd fdl rjhds ls og lewg oapu dk vuqHko djsxk] ¼c½ og y{; ftldks og
¼lkisf{kd oapu½ viuk fu'kkuk cuk;sxk] vkSj ¼l½ og :i ftlesa og mls iznf'kZr djsxkA pwfa d izR;sd
lewg@O;fDr fHkUu&fHkUu 'kfDr;ksa ls izHkkfor gksrk gS blfy;s izR;sd lewg@O;fDr fgalk ds izfr ;k
lkewfgd lkEiznkf;d fgalk ds izfr viuh izfrfØ;k fHkUu&fHkUu izdkj ls O;Dr djsxkA
lkekftd cU/ku fl)kUr vko';d :i ls fgalk dk vfHktu&fl)kUr ugha gS tgka fd ,d NksVk lewg]
tks fopkj/kkjk ds lanHkZ esa csgrj gS] fgalk dks QSykus esa igy djrk gSA ;g lewg ;g fu.kZ; Hkh ysrk
gS fd mldk fdl izdkj lEiw.kZ dqf.Br lewg ¼ftldk i{k/kj cudj og fojks/k dks fgalkRed :i ls
eq[kj djrk gS½ dh HkykbZ ds fy;s dke esa yk;k tk;sA blds vfrfjDr ;g NksVk lewg dqf.Br turk
ds O;kid lkewfgd dk;Z ij fuHkZj ugha jgrk gSA
1-11 lUnHkZ xzUFk lwph
1- izks0 th0ih0 =hikBh& Hkkjr dk oS/kkfud ,oa laoS/kkfud bfrgkl¼2007½& lsUVªy ykW
ifCyds”kuA
2- rstLdj&vkstLdj ik.Ms;&lekt dk;Z n”kZu ¼2009½& Hkkjr cqd lsUVj
3- fof/k dk lkekftd ifjorZu ¼LVsMh eVsfj;y Hkkst eqDr fo”ofo|ky;]Hkksiky½&Mk0
“kSQkyh ;kno
4- efyd vkSj jkoy&ykW ,.M lks”ky VªkUlQksjes”ku bu bf.M;k¼2009½&bykgckn ykW
,tsUlh
5- jke vkgqtk& lkekftd leL;k;sa ¼2008½& jkor ifCyds”ku fnYyh
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6- jke vkgqtk&Hkkjrh; lekt ¼2007½& jkor ifCyds”ku fnYyh
7- Mk0x.ks”k ik.Ms&vijk/k “kkL= ¼2008½& jk/kk ifCyds”ku fnYyh
8- izks0bUnzthr flag&fof/k “kkL=¼2006½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”ku
9- Mk0 dSyk”k jk;& tufgr odkyr fof/kd lgk;rk ,oa le:ih fof/kd¼2009½& lsUVªy
ykW ifCyds”ku
10- Mk0vkj0ds0vxzoky&fgUnw fof/k¼2002½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”ku
11- Mk0 bdcky flag&eqfLye fof/k ¼2001½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”kuA
1-11-1 &lgk;d @mi;ksxh ikB~; lkexzh
12- lh0ih0 vjksjk&fofo/k vijk/k vf/kfu;e ¼2010½& ;wuholZy ykW ifCyds¼2010½A
13- izks0 bUnzthr flag&Jfed fof/k;ka&¼2005½&lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”kuA
14- Mk0 ,l0ds0 diwj& ekuo vf/kdkj ,oa vUrjk’Vªh; fof/k¼2004½&lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”kuA
1-12 fucU/kkRed iz”u
¼1½ Hkkjr esa lkEiznkf;drk ij ,d fucU/k fy[ksAa
¼3½ lkEiznkf;d fgalk dh vo/kkj.kk vU; leku vo/kkj.kkvksa ls fdl izdkj fHkUu gS \
¼5½ lkEiznkf;d fgalk ds fl)kUrksa dk laf{kIr ifjp; nhft,A
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,y,y0,e0 izFke o"kZ
Hkkjr esa fof/k ,oa lkekftd ifjorZu ¼izFke iz'u i=½
[k.M&2 /keZ ,oa fof/k
bdkbZ&2 /kkfeZd vYila[;d ,oa fof/kd lq/kkj
bdkbZ lajpuk
2-0 izLrkouk
2-1 mn~n's ;
2-2 Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vUrxZr vYila[;dksa ds vf/kdkj
2-2-1 X;kjg U;k;k/kh'kksa dh ihB dk fu.kZ;
2-2-2 lkr U;k;k/kh'kksa dh ihB dk bukenkj okn
2-2-3 vuq0 29 rFkk 30
2-2-4 mPpre U;k;ky; }kjk iqufoZpkj dh vko';drk
2-3 vYila[;dksa ds fy, jk"Vªh; vk;ksx vf/kfu;e] 1992
2-4 /keZ fujis{krk ds ifjizs{; esa fof/kd lq/kkj
2-5 ofHkUu vk;ksxksa ds iz;kl
2-6 lkjka'k
2-7 lUnHkZ lwph
2-7-1 lgk;d lUnHkZ lwph
2-8 fucU/kkRed iz”u
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2-0 izLrkouk
MkW0 vacsMdj us lafo/kku lHkk esa dgk Fkk cgqer ds fy, ;g mfpr ugha gS fd og vYila[;dksa dh
fo|ekurk vLohdkj djsAa mruk gh vuqfpr ;g gksxk fd vYila[;d vyx Fkyx cus jgsAa bldk
,slk gy fudkyk tkuk pkfg, ftlls nks iz;kstu fl) gksAa izkjaHk esa rks vYila[;dksa ds vfLrRo dks
ekU;rk nh tkuh pkfg, fdUrq gy ,slk gksuk pkfg, fd vYila[;d vkSj cgqla[;d vkxs pydj ,d
fnu ,d nwljs esa foyhu gks tk,aA
ia0 usg: ds mn~xkj Hkh blh izd`fr ds FksA esjs fopkj esa tSlk gekjk ns'k Hkwrdky esa pyrk jgk gS vkSj
laj{k.k ds uke ij vojks/k cuk, tkrs jgs gSa oSlk gh pyus nsuk Bhd ugha gksxkA oLrqr% fdlh vojks/k
ls tks vYila[;dksa dks cgqla[;dksa esa vyx djrk gS fdlh vYila[;d lekt ;k lewg dks dksbZ
laj{k.k ugha feyrkA blls os vLFkkbZ :i ls i`Fkd~ lewg cu tkrs gSa vkSj ns'k ds vU; lewgksa ds lkFk
fudV vkus dh izo`fÙk :d tkrh gSA iafMr usg: dgrs Fks fd /keZfujis{krk dh lQyrk cgqla[;dksa dh
lksp ij ugha vfirq vYila[;dksa dh vuqHkwfr ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
f'k{kk vkSj ukSdjh esa HksnHkko ds vfrfjDr bl vuqHko dk izn'kZu lkEiznkf;d naxksa ds nkSjku gksrk gSA
bl ckr ds i;kZIr mnkgj.k gSa fd dbZ ckj lkEiznkf;d naxksa ds nkSjku jkT; iz'kklu ra= Hkh fu"i{k
ugha jgrs gSaA bUgsa dkuwu ,oa O;oLFkk cgky djus ds izfr /keZfujis{k rFkk fu"i{k n`f"Vdks.k viukuk
pkfg,A fdUrq nqHkkZX;o'k os vYila[;dksa dks ihfM+r djus esa rRij jgrs gSaA Hkkjrh; leqnk;ksa esa uQjr
vkSj HksnHkko] fczrkuh 'kklu rFkk ikfdLrku fuekZ.k ds iz;kl dh nsu gSA vU;Fkk bu lcls tw>rs gq,
/keZfujis{k n`f"Vdks.k ds fodkl ls Hkkjr dh turk {kqnz fopkjksa ls Åij mBrh vkSj Hkkjrh;rk ds leku
lw= esa vkc) gks tkrhA jkT; }kjk ,d vksj /keZfujis{krk dks viuh uhfr ?kksf"kr djus rFkk nwljh vksj
viuh leLr xfrfof/k;ksa esa /keZ dh n[kyvankth djus ls /kez fujis{k jk"Vª dh LFkkiuk dk y{; iwjk
ugha gks ldrk gSA oLrqr% /keZ fujis{krk dh lQyrk ds fy, O;kid /keZfujis{k fo'on`f"V dk gksuk
vko';d gSA if'peh nqfu;k esa Hkh /keZfujis{k izfØ;kvksa dks viukus ls gh /keZfujis{k jkT; dh LFkkiuk
gks ldh gSA Hkkjr esa /keZ fujis{krk ds n`f"Vdks.k ls dqN laoS/kkfud micU/k fd, x, gSaA U;kf;d
fu.kZ;ksa ,oa vk;ksxksa o lfefr;ksa us Hkh /keZ fujis{krk ds lqfuf'prhdj.k esa ;ksxnku fn;k gSA
2-1 mn~ns';
izLrqr [k.M&II dh bdkbZ&4 dk mn~n's ; gS fd vki /kkfeZd vYila[;dksa ds laca/k esa fd, x,
llaoS/kkfud izkfo/kkuksa ls ifjfpr gks ldsa rFkk /keZ fuis{krk gsrq fd, tkus okys fof/kd lq/kkjksa dks Hkh
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le> ldsAa la{ksi esa mijksDr bdkbZ dk mn~ns'; gS fd vki fuEufyf[kr fcUnqvksa dks vkRelkr dj
ldsAa
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vuq0 29 rFkk 30 ds vUrxZr vYila[;dksa ds vf/kdkj
vYila[;dksa ls lacaf/kr egRoiw.kZ U;kf;d fu.kZ;
vYila[;d laLFkkvksa dk fofu;eu
vYila;dksa ds fy, jk"Vªh; vk;ksx
leku ukxfjd lafgrk
2-2 Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vUrxZr vYila[;dksa ds vf/kdkj
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dks vuqPNsn 20 vkSj 30 vYila[;dksa dks dqN vf/kdkj iznku djrs gSaA vuqPNsn 30
fo'ks"k :i ls mYys[k djrk gS fd vYila[;dksa dks viuh :fp dh f'k{kk laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk vkSj
iz'kklu dk vf/kdkj gksxkA ,slh laLFkkvksa dks lkekU;r;k vYila[;d f'k{kk laLFkk dgk tkrk gSA fdarq
,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd vYila[;d dkSu gS vkSj dkSu lh laLFkk vYila[;d f'k{kk laLFkk gS bu iz'uksa
dk dksbZ Li"V mÙkj ugha gSA
bl fo"k; ij dsjy f'k{kk fo/ks;d ¼1957½ ls ysdj lsVa LVhQUl dkyst ¼1992½ rd cgqr ls fu.kZ;
gq, ftu ij fof/kosÙkkvksa dk /;ku vkdf"kZr gqvk gSA fQj Hkh bu nks vfHkO;fDr;ksa dh dksbZ Li"V
ifjHkk"kk lkeus ugha vkbZ gSA bu fofu'p;ksa dk ,d nq[kn izHkko ;g gS fd vYila[;dksa dh
cgqla[;dksa dh rqyuk esa vf/kd vf/kdkj fn, tk jgs gSaA vaxzsth ds izfl) ys[kd tktZ vksjfoy ds
eqgkojs esa dgsa rks vYila[;dksa dks vf/kd leku cuk fn;k x;k gSA blls vYila[;dokn dk tUe
gqvkA ;gh ugha fgUnw lekt ds dqN laiznk;ksa us Hkh foo'k gksdj ;g ekax dh fd mUgsa vYila[;d dk
ntkZ fn, tk,A mPpre U;k;ky; us jked`".k fe'ku ds vYila[;d gksus ds nkos dks vLohdkj djrs
gq, ;g dgk fd Lokeh jked`".k vkSj muds f'k"; Lokeh foosdkuan us tks mins'k fn;k Fkk og fgUnw
/keZ ls fHkUu dksbZ /keZ ugha FkkA og fgUnw /keZ gh FkkA mísf'kdk esa jk"Vª dh ,drk vkSj v[kaMrk dk
mn~?kks"k gSA vuqPNsn 14 esa lerk dh izR;kHkwfr gSA vuqPNsn 15 /keZ ds vk/kkj ij foHksn dks izfrf"k)
djrk gSA fQj Hkh gekjs ns'k esa ;g fLFkfr gS fd vYila[;dksa dk vyx cus jgus vkSj jk"Vª dh
eq[;/kkjk esa u tqM+us esa fufgr LokFkZ gSA vYila[;dksa dks fo'ks"kkf/kdkj gSa tks cgqer okys fgUnw lekt
dks ughaA foHkktu ds ekxZ ls ,drk dh izkfIr ugha gksrhA vYila[;dksa ds izfr U;k; djus dk vFkZ
cgqla[;dksa ds izfr vU;k; djuk ugha gSA
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mPpre U;k;ky; us ¼5 U;k;k/kh'kksa dh ihB½ 1993 esa fuEufyf[kr iz'u fo'kkyrj U;k;ihB dks fufnZ"V
fd,%
1-vuqPNsn 30 esa vYila[;d vfHkO;fDr ls D;k vfHkizsr gS vkSj mldh varoZLrq D;k gS\
2-vYila[;d f'k{kk laLFkk ls D;k vfHkizsr gS vkSj dksbZ laLFkk vYila[;d gS ;k ugha bldks tkapus dh
dlkSVh D;k gS\
3-D;k lsaV LVhQUl dk fu.kZ; lgh gS\
lsVa LVhQUl esa ;g vfHkfu/kkZfjr gqvk fd jkT; ;k fo'ofo|ky; ;g mica/k ugha dj ldrk fd
vYila[;d f'k{kk laLFkk esa izos'k xq.kkxq.k ds vk/kkj ij fn;k tk,xkA U;k;ihB dks ,slk izrhr gqvk
fd og fu.kZ; xyr FkkA U;k;ihB dks ;g funs'k mfpr ugha tku iM+k fd vYila[;d laLFkk,a dqy
LFkkuksa ds 50 izfr'kr rd vius leqnk; ds O;fDr;ksa dks izos'k ns ldrh gSaA
rnqulkj ekpZ 1994 esa 7 U;k;k/kh'kksa dh ,d ihB xfBr dh xbZ FkhA bl ihB us 7 iz'u cuk,A 1997
esa dqN vU; i{kdkj Hkh U;k;ky; ds le{k izLrqr gq,A ml U;k;kihB us ekeys dks 11 U;k;k/kh'kksa dks
fo'kkyrj ihB dks fufnZ"V fd;kA 1995 esa og ekeyk 11 U;k;k/kh'kksa dh ihB ds le{k j[kk x;kA
fdUrq dqN lIrkg ckn U;k;ihB fo?kfVr dj nh xbZA
2-2-1 X;kjg U;k;k/kh'kksa dh ihB dk fu.kZ;
yach izrh{kk ds ckn mPpre U;k;ky; dh 11 U;k;k/kh'kksa dks ihB us bl fo"k; dh lquokbZ djds lu~
2002 esa Vh0,e0,0 ikbZ cuke dukZVd jkT; esa vfHkfu/kkZfjr fd;k%f'k{kk laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk djus
vkSj mUgsa iz'kkflr djus dk vf/kdkj izR;sd ukxfjd dk gS
1-[vuq019¼1½¼N½ vkSj 26]A ;g vf/kdkj vYila[;dksa dks fofufnZ"V :i ls vuqPNsn 30 ds v/khu
fn;k x;k gSA ;s vf/kdkj dsoy vYila[;dksa ds ugha gSaA ;s lcdks miyC/k gSaA
2-^^Hkkf"kd vYila[;d** vkSj ^^/kkfeZd vYila[;d** dkSu gSa bldh vo/kkj.kk djus ds fy, jkT; dks
bdkbZ ekuuk gksxkA
3-U;k;ihB us bl iz'u dk mÙkj ugha fn;k fd tgka fdlh /keZ ds ekuus okys cgqla[;d gSa ogka D;k
ml /keZ dh dksbZ 'kk[kk ;k laiznk; vYila[;d dh izkfLFkfr dk nkok dj ldrk gSA
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4-bl iz'u dk mÙkj ugha fn;k x;k fd og dlkSVh D;k gks ftl ij ijh{kk djds ;g tkapk tk lds
fd dksbZ f'k{kk laLFkk vYilla[;d laLFkk gS ;k ughaA
5-vuq0 30 ds v/khu vYila[;dksa ds vf/kdkj esa o`fÙkd laLFkk,a ¼bathfu;jh] vk;qfoZKku vkfn½ Hkh vkrh
gSaA
6-ftu vYila[;d laLFkkvksa dks jkT; ls foÙkh; lgk;rk ugha feyrh gS muesa Nk=ksa ds izos'k dks jkT;
;k fo'ofo|ky; fofu;fer ugha dj ldrk gS fdarq ;g vgZrk,a vkSj ik=rk dh U;wure 'krs± fofgr
dj ldrk gS D;ksfa d ;g fo|k ds Lrj ds fgr esa gSA
7-jkT; ls lgk;rk izkIr vYila[;d f'k{kk laLFkk dks vYila[;d oxZ ds Nk=ksa dks izos'k nsus dk
vf/kdkj gS fdUrq jkT; ljdkj mlls ;g vis{kk dj ldrh gS fd ;qfDr;qDr la[;k esa vU; Nk=ksa dks
Hkh izos'k fn;k tk,A ;qfDr;qDr la[;k D;k gksxh ;g laLFkk fdl izdkj dh gS] D;k ikB~;Øe gS] vkSj
vYila[;dksa dh D;k vko';drk gS] ;g /;ku esa j[kdj r; fd;k tk,xkA
8-vYila[;d oxZ ds chp izos'k xq.kkxq.k ds vk/kkj ij gh fd;k tk,xkA
9lgk;rk izkIr O;kolkf;d laLFkkvksa dh n'kk esa jkT; ;g fofgr dj ldrk gS fd mUgha O;fDr;ksa dks
izos'k fn;k tk,xk tks lkekU; izos'k ijh{kk esa mÙkh.kZ gq, gSA
10-vYila[;d laLFkk izos'k ds fy, viuh Lo;a dh izfØ;k ;k i)fr viuk ldrh gS fdUrq ;g izfØ;k
_tq vkSj ikjn'khZ gksuh pkfg,A O;kolkf;d vkSj mPp f'k{kk laLFkkvksa esa izos'k xq.kkxq.k ds vk/kkj ij
gh gksuk pkfg,A
11-jkT; ;g micU/k dj ldrk gS fd lgk;rk izkIr laLFkkvksa esa lekt ds nqcZy oxks± dk /;ku j[kk
tk,A
12-ftu laLFkkvksa dks lgk;rk ugha nh tkrh gS mu ij fu;a=.k U;wure gksuk pkfg,A cksMZ ;k
fo'ofo|ky; }kjk ekU;rk ds fy, ;k lac) djus ds fy, tks 'krs± j[kh tkrh gSa mudk vfuok;Zr%
ikyu gksuk pkfg,A fdUrq f'k{kdksa vkSj vU; deZpkfj;ksa dh fu;qfDr izca/ku dj ldsxk vkSj ogh mu
ij fu;a=.k j[k ldsxkA jkT; fofu;e cukdj f'k{kdksa vkSj iz/kkukpk;ks± dks U;wure vgZrk,a vkSj mudh
lsok dh 'krs± fofgr dj ldrk gSA
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13-fcuk lgk;rk okyh laLFkk,a dqN Hkh Qhl izHkkfjr dj ldrh gSa fdUrq dksbZ Hkh laLFkk izfrO;fDr
¼dsfiVs'ku½ Qhl ugha ys ldrhA
14-lsVa LVhQu egkfo|ky;] ds fu.kZ; dk vk/kkj lgh gS fdUrq izos'k ds fy, dBksj izfr'kr la[;k ugha
r; dh tk ldrhA ¼blesa 50% LFkku vYila[;dksa ds fy, vkjf{kr j[kus dh NwV nh xbZ FkhA bls
vc lekIr dj fn;k x;kA bl izdkj bls Hkkxr% myV fn;k x;k½A
15-mUuhd`".ku ¼1992½ esa tks Ldhe cukbZ xbZ og lafo/kku fo#) FkhA fdUrq ;g fl)kar mfpr gS fd
izfrO;fDr Qhl ugha gks vkSj f'k{kk dk mís'; ykHk dekuk ugha gksA ¼bl fu.kZ; dks Hkh Hkkxr% myV
fn;k x;k½A
Vh0,e0,0 ikbZ vkSj bLykfed ,dsMeh ¼2003½ ds i'pkr~ Hkh ;g iz'u fd D;k vYila[;d laLFkk izos'k
ds fy, ijh{kk ys ldrh gS ;k ugha vkSj dqN vU; iz'uksa dk mÙkj Hkh Li"V ugha FksA 2004 esa ;s iz'u
,d o`gÙkj U;k;ihB dks fufnZ"V fd, x, gSaA
2-2-2 lkr U;k;k/kh'kksa dks ihB dk bukenkj dk okn
ikbZ QkmaMs'ku] bLykfed ,dsMeh vkSj vU; fu.kZ;ksa esa tks vfHkfu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k Fkk mlesa Li"Vrk
ugha FkhA muls mRiUu lansgksa dk fujkd.k djrs gq, eq0 U;k0 Jh ykgksVh us ih0,0 bukenkj ¼2005½ ds
okn esa 7 U;k;k/kh'kksa dh ihB dh vksj ls vusd fcanqvksa dks Li"V djrs gq, fuEufyf[kr fl)kUr
izfrikfnr fd,%
1-Hkk"kkbZ ;k /kkfeZd vYila[;d dkSu gSa ;g jkT; dh tula[;k ds vk/kkj ij r; gksxkA
2-vYila[;d laLFkkvksa dks 3 izoxks± esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
(i)os laLFkk,a ftUgsa lgk;rk ;k ekU;rk ugha pkfg,
(ii)os laLFkk,a ftUgsa lgk;rk pkfg,
(iii)os laLFkk,a ftUgsa dsoy ekU;rk pkfg, lgk;rk ugha
izoxZ (i) dh laLFkk,a fcuk fdlh gLr{ksi ds vius vf/kdkj dk iz;ksx dj ldrh gSaA izoxZ (ii) vkSj
(iii) ij 'krs± vkSj fuc±/ku yxk, tk ldrs gSaA
3-jkT;] ikjnf'kZrk vkSj xq.kkxq.k ds vk/kkj ij izos'k lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, gLr{ksi dj ldrk gSA
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4-iz'kklu ds vf/kdkj esa dqiz'kklu dk vf/kdkj lfEefyr ugha gSA
5-mPp f'k{kk iznku djus okys] fo'ks"kdj rduhdh vkSj O;kolkf;d f'k{kk nsus okys laLFkku] ,d fHkUu
oxZ esa vkrs gSaA
6-f'k{kk laLFkk LFkkfir djus dk vf/kdkj mithfodk dk vf/kdkj gSA bls vuqPNsn 19¼1½¼N½ dk
laj{k.k gSA
7-vfuoklh Hkkjrh;ksa ds fy, lhfer la[;k esa LFkku] 15% ls vuf/kd] miyC/k djk, tk ldrs gSaA
8-;fn laLFkk lgk;rk&izkIr ugha gS rks og vYila[;d gks ;k xSj vYila[;d] jkT; ml ij vkj{k.k
dh uhfr ykxw ugha dj ldrk gSA
9-laLFkkvksa ds lewg ds fy, ,d gh izos'k ijh{kk ysuk vuqfpr ugha gSA
10O;kolkf;d laLFkkvksa esa izfreqaM ¼dSfiVs'ku½ Qhl ugha yh tk ldrhA lHkh laLFkkvksa esa izos'k ds fy,
,d gh }kj r; fd;k tk ldrk gSA
11-Qhl dh ljapuk ;qfDr;qDr gksuk pkfg,A ykHk[kksjh ij vadq'k gksuk pkfg,A
U;k;ihB dks ,slk izrhr gqvk fd vc Hkh ikbZ QkmaMs'ku ls mBs dqN iz'u vuqÙkfjr gSa vkSj mudk
mÙkj ikbZ QkmaMs'ku ls vf/kd la[;k okyh ihB }kjk fn;k tkuk pkfg,A fdarq ;g dk;Z Hkkoh ih<+h ij
NksM+ fn;k x;kA
2-2-3 vuq0 29 rFkk 30
vuqPNsn 29¼1½ vYila[;dksa ds laLd`fr laca/kh vf/kdkjksa dh j{kk ds fy, gSA ;fn ukxfjdksa ds fdlh
Hkkx dh dksbZ fo'ks"k Hkk"kk] fyfi ;k laLd`fr gS rks mUgsa mls cuk, j[kus dk vf/kdkj gSA Hkk"kk] fyfi
vkSj laLd`fr dks izHkkoh :i ls lajf{kr j[kus esa f'k{kk laLFkkvksa dk ;ksxnku egRoiw.kZ gksrk gSA blfy,
bl vuqPNsn ls f'k{kk laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk vkSj iz'kklu dk vf/kdkj fu%l`r gksrk gSA ;g vf/kdkj
vuq0 30¼1½ }kjk vfHkO;Dr :i ls fn;k x;k gSA fdUrq ;g vf/kdkj vuq0 29 ds [kaM ¼2½ esa
mfYyf[kr e;kZnkvksa ds v/khu gSA ;g [kaM] ¼d½ jkT; }kjk iksf"kr ;k ¼[k½ jkT;&fuf/k ls lgk;rk ikus
okyh fdlh f'k{kk laLFkk esa izos'k ls fdlh Hkh ukxfjd dks /keZ] ewyoa'k] tkfr] Hkk"kk ;k buesa ls fdlh
vk/kkj ij oafpr djus dk izfr"ks/k djrk gSA
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viuh Hkk"kk dk laj{k.k djuk lkafo/kkfud vf/kdkj gSA ukxfjdksa ds ,d vuqHkkx dh Hkk"kk ds laj{k.k ds
fy, jktuhfrd vkanksyu dks fuokZpu fof/k ds v/khu Hkz"V vkpj.k ugha cuk;k tk ldrkA
vuqPNs 29 dk [kaM ¼1½ ,d lewg ds vf/kdkj dh j{kk djrk gS fdUrq [kaM ¼2½ izR;sd ukxfjd dks
vf/kdkj nsrk gSA ;g vko';d ugha gS fd ukxfjd lewg esa gksA
vuqPNsd 29¼2½ ogka ykxw ugha gksrk tgka fdlh O;fDr dks bl vk/kkj ij izos'k nsus ls badkj fd;k
tkrk gS fd mlds ikl visf{kr vgZrk,a ugha gSa ;k mlus fofgr ek=k esa vad izkIr ugha fd, gSa ;k
mlus fofgr le; ds Hkhrj vkosnu ugha fd;k FkkA
vYila[;dksa dks f'k{kk laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk vkSj iz'kklu dk vf/kdkj vuq0 30¼1½ ls izkIr gksrk gSA
vYila[;d ¼d½ /kkfeZd gks ldrs gSa ;k ¼[k½ Hkkf"kdA vYila[;d fdl izdkj dh laLFkk dh LFkkiuk
djuk pkgrs gSa ;g fodYi mUgha dk gSA jkT; dks f'k{kk dk ek/;e vo/kkfjr djus dh 'kfDr gS fdUrq
bl 'kfDr dk iz;ksx djds vYila[;dksa ds viuh Hkk"kk ds ek/;e ls f'k{kk nsus ds vf/kdkj dks Nhuk
ugha tk ldrkA
tgka dksbZ jkT; izkFkfed Lrj ij ekr`Hkk"kk dks f'k{kk dk ek/;e cukrk gS vkSj mPp Lrj ij f=Hkk"kk
lw= dks ykxw djrs gq, jkT; dh Hkk"kk dks vfuok;Z cukrk gS rks og vuq0 29 vkSj vuq0 30 dk
mYya?ku ugha djrkA jkT; vYila[;d laLFkk ls ;g vis{kk dj ldrk gS fd og jkT; dh jktHkk"kk
i<+k,A ,slh fof/k ;qfDr;qDr gS vkSj blls vYila[;dksa ds vf/kdkj dk mYya?ku ugha gksrk gSA ;fn
fdlh f'k{kk f'k{kk laLFkk dh LFkkiuk fdlh /kkfeZd vYila[;d leqnk; us ugha dh gS rks og leqnk;
mlds iz'kklu ds vf/kdkj dk nkok ugha dj ldrkA
;g vko';d ugha gS fd og laLFkk vuU; :i ls vYila[;dksa ds Qk;ns ds fy, gksA ml laLFkk esa
,sls O;fDr;ksa dks Hkh izos'k fn;k tk ldrk gS tks vYila[;d leqnk; ds ugha gSaA
vYila[;d laLFkkvksa dk fofu;eu
vuqPNsn 30¼1½ }kjk iznÙk vf/kdkj ve;kZfnr ugha gSaA jkT; f'k{kk ds Lrj dks cuk, j[kus ds fy,
gLr{ksi dj ldrk gSA jkT;] f'k{kd vkSj vU; deZpkfj;ksa dks lqj{kk vkSj laj{k.k ns ldrk gSA
vuq'kklu] LokLF;] LoPNrk] uSfrdrk] yksd O;oLFkk vkfn ds fgr esa fofu;e cuk, tk ldrs gSaA
fofu;fer djus ds fy, tks dne mBk, tkrs gSa muls iz'kklu dk vf/kdkj {kh.k ugha gksuk pkfg,A
fofu;e ;qfDr;qDr gksus pkfg, vkSj muds }kjk laLFkk ds f'k{kk okys i{k dk fofu;eu gksuk pkfg,A
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;fn ljdkj ds vkns'kksa dk fØ;kUo;u djus esa dksbZ laLFkk vlQy jgrh gS vkSj ljdkj mldk izca/k
vius gkFk esa ys ysrh gS rks ;g dk;Z vfof/kekU; gksxkA D;ksafd ,slh laLFkk dks vius gkFk esa ysdj
ljdkj us vYila[;dksa dks vius vf/kdkj ls oafpr dj fn;k gSA vYil[a;dksa dks 'kklh ifj"kn~ ds
lnL; vkSj f'k{kdksa dks pquus dk vf/kdkj gSA fdUrq vYila[;dksa dks fo'ofo|ky; us lgc) gksus dk
ewy vf/kdkj ugha gSA lgc)rk dh vgZrk,a vkSj 'krks± dk mís'; f'k{kk dks mRd`"V cukuk vkSj
,d:irk ykuk gSA ekdZ usVks cuke dsjy jkT; ¼1979½ ds okn esa ,d jkT; us ,d fo|eku bZlkbZ
yM+dksa ds Ldwy esa ckfydkvksa dks izos'k nsus ds fy, bl vk/kkj ij vuqefr nsus ls badkj fd;k fd
mlds fudV ,d eqfLye ckfydkvksa dk Ldwy Fkk tgka ij vU; ckfydk,a izos'k ys ldrh FkhaA
mPpre U;k;ky; us ;g vfHkfu/kkZfjr fd;k fd vYila[;dksa dks ;g vf/kdkj gS fd os Nk=kvksa dks
izos'k nsaA U;k;ky; us ;g ?kksf"kr fd;k fd vuqefr nsus ls badkj djus ls vYila[;dksa ds vf/kdkj dk
mYya?ku gqvk gSA
ftl laLFkk dh LFkkiuk okf.kfT;d iz;kstu ls dh xbZ gS og vuq0 30¼1½ ds laj{k.k ds fy, nkok ugha
dj ldrhA jkT; dks ;g vf/kdkj gS fd og f'k{kdksa vkSj vU; deZpkfj;ksa dh lsokvksa ds fuc±/ku vkSj
'krs± vf/kdfFkr djsaA jkT; osrueku fofu;fer dj ldrk gS vkSj ;g funs'k ns ldrk gS fd osru vkSj
HkÙks mlls de ugha gksx
a s tks ljdkjh fo|ky;ksa ds deZpkfj;ksa dks fn, tkrs gSaA
vYila[;dksa dks ;g NwV ugha nh tk ldrh fd os vius deZpkfj;ksa ij vR;kpkj djsa ;k mudk 'kks"k.k
djsAa muds deZpkfj;ksa dks Hkh lqj{kk vkSj vPNs thou Lrj ij mruk gh vf/kdkj gS ftruk fd vU;
yksxksa dksA
vkS|ksfxd fookn vf/kfu;e Jfedksa ds dY;k.k ds fy, cuk;k x;k gSA ;g lHkh laLFkkvksa dks ykxw
gksrk gSA vYila[;d laLFkk,a bldk viokn ugha gSaA vkS|ksfxd fookn vf/kfu;e vkSj vU; Jfed
dY;k.k fof/k;ka vYila[;d laLFkkvksa dks Hkh ykxw gksrh gSaA vuqPNsn 30¼1½ dqiz'kklu djus dh vuqKk
ugha gSA
lsVa LVhQUl dkyst ¼1992½ esa mPpre U;k;ky; us ;g vfHkfu/kkZfjr fd;k fd dkyst vYila[;d
laLFkku gS blfy, fo'ofo|ky; ds funs'kksa dk ikyu djuk mlds fy, vko';d ugha gSA og
lk{kkRdkj ysdj izos'k ds fy, fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk p;u dj ldrk gS vkSj fyf[kr ijh{kk esa izkIr vadksa ds
vk/kkj ij fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk p;u djus ds fo'ofo|ky; ds fu;e dh mis{kk dj ldrk gSA U;k;ky; us
;g Hkh vf/kdfFkr fd;k fd bZlkbZ Nk=ksa ds fy, 50 izfr'kr rd LFkku vkjf{kr fd, tk ldrs gSaA
'ks"k Nk= dsoy xq.kkxq.k ds vk/kkj ij izos'k ik,axsA bl fu.kZ; dks mPpre U;k;ky; us ikb QkmaMs'ku
esa myV fn;kA
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Ýsd
a ,aFkuh ¼1986½ vkSj fØf'p;u esfMdy dkyst ¼1988½ ds fofu'p; /;ku nsus ;ksX; vkSj iz'kaluh;
gS D;ksfa d muds dkj.k f'k{kdksa vkSj vU; deZpkfj;ksa dk 'kks"k.k :d x;kA ftu laLFkkvksa esa ykSfdd
f'k{kk nh tk jgh gS] mudk fofu;eu mu f'k{kk laLFkkvksa dh vis{kk tks 'kq) :i ls /keZ ;k laLd`fr
laca/kh f'k{kk ns jgh gSa vf/kd gks ldrk gSA ykSfdd f'k{kk okyh laLFkkvksa esa fo|kFkhZ dsoy vYila[;d
ugha gksrsA os jk"Vª ds gksrs gSa] mUgha ls jk"Vª xfBr gksrk gSA
vuqPNsn 29 vkSj 30 ls lacaf/kr tks fofu'p; gq, gSa mu ij iqufoZpkj djus dh vR;f/kd vko';drk
gS D;ksfa d Vh0,e0,0 ikbZ vusd fcanqvksa ij vLi"V gS mlds ,d ls vf/kd vFkZ fd, tk ldrs gSaA ;g
ckr mPpre U;k;ky; us bukenkj esa Lohdkj dh gSA
2-2-5 mPpre U;k;ky; }kjk iqufoZpkj dh vko';drk
cgqy lekt esa lHkh laLd`fr;ksa vkSj Hkk"kkvksa dks izLQqfVr gksus dk volj feyuk pkfg,A vk;qfoZKku ;k
bathfu;jh ds egkfo|ky; dk laLd`fr ds laj{k.k ls dksbZ laca/k ugha gksrkA ftl f'k{kk dk /keZ ;k
laLd`fr ls dksbZ laca/k ugha gS mls vYila[;d ;k cgqla[;d ds ?ksjksa esa ckaVk ugha tk ldrk gSA bl
izdkj dk foHkktu iaFkfujis{k vkSj ,dkRed lekt ds fodkl esa ck/kk gSA vYila[;d f'k{kk laLFkkvksa
ds uke dk inkZ mBkdj ns[kk tk, rks mlds ihNs ,sls rRoksa dk lalkj gS tks izfr O;fDr Qhl vkSj
vU; vuSfrd lank; olwy djds /ku ,d= djus esa yxk gqvk gSA tks f'k{kk m|ksx ds :i esa pykbZ
tk jgh gS vkSj ftldk ,dek= mís'; ykHk dekuk gS og vYila[;dksa dks fn, tkus okys lja{k.k dh
ik= ugha gSA vc le; vk x;k gS fd bl insZ dks mBk;k tk, vkSj ns'k dks foHkkftr djus okyh
jk"Vªfojks/kh xfrfof/k;ksa dks jksdk tk,A vYila[;d vkSj cgqla[;d dk foHkktu dsoy /keZ] laLd`fr
vkSj Hkk"kk ds {ks= esa gh vuqer gksA 'ks"k {ks=ksa esa fof/k leku gksuh pkfg,A vuqPNsn 30 dh mísf'kdk dk
vuq0 14] 15] 51¼d½ vkfn ds lkFk leUo; djrs gq, vFkkZUo;u fd;k tkuk pkfg, vkSj bl rF; ds
izdk'k esa fuoZpu gksuk pkfg, fd f'k{kk ,d ewy vf/kdkj vkSj vk/kkjHkwr y{k.k gSA vuqPNsn 30 dks
vf/kfu;fer djus dk mís'; ;g Fkk fd vYila[;dksa ds vf/kdkj ij fo/kku&eaMy vkØe.k u dj
ik,A blds }kjk ;g vk'kadk nwj dh tkuh Fkh fd cgqla[;d vYila[dksa dks viuh laLd`fr vkSj Hkk"kk
cuk, j[kus ds vf/kdkj ls oafpr u djsAa vHkh rd ds fu.kZ;ksa ls ;g fu"d"kZ fudyrk Fkk fd cgqer
dks leku vf/kdkj ugha gSA fdUrq ikb QkmaMs'ku ls ;g Li"V gks x;k fd cgqla[;dksa dks Hkh leku
vf/kdkj gSA cgqla[;dksa vkSj vYila[;dksa ds lkFk leku O;ogkj gksuk pkfg,A vYila[;dksa dh lHkh
laLFkk,sa vaxzsth ds ek/;e ls f'k{kk iznku dj jgh gSaA Hkkjr ds eqlyekuksa ;k bZlkb;ksa esa ls fdlh dh
Hkh ekr`Hkk"kk vaxszth ugha gSA ,slh laLFkkvksa dk Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa ij vfu"Vdj izHkko iM+r k gSA vkt
Hkkjr fgUnqvksa ds fo#) bl vokafNr vkSj fujk/kkj foHksn dks jksdus ds fy, vkSj v[kaM] ,dkRe vkSj
lcy Hkkjr ds fuekZ.k ds fy, mPpre U;k;ky; dh lgk;rk dh izrh{kk dj jgk gSA foMacuk ;g gS
UTTRAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY 86
LAW AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA LL.M. 1001
fd Hkkjr esa fuokl djus okys tks O;fDr ukxfjd ugha gSa og Hkh vuq0 30 dk Qk;nk mBkus ds gdnkj
gSaA lafo/kku fuekZrkvksa dk ;g vk'k; dnkfi ugha FkkA
2-3 vYila[;dksa ds fy, jk"Vªh; vk;ksx vf/kfu;e 1992
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vuq0 29 rFkk 30 ds ekSfyd vf/kdkj] lafo/kku fuekZrkvksa us lafo/kku ds iwoZ dh
fLFkfr rFkk fo'ks"kdj Hkkjr mi}hi ds Hkkjr rFkk ikfdLrku esa foHkktu dks /;ku esa j[kdj j[ks FksA
dnkfpr bUgha dkj.kksa ls izsfjr gksdj Hkkjrh; laln us vYila[;dksa ds fy;s jk"Vªh; vk;ksx vf/kfu;e]
1992 ikfjr fd;kA bl vf/kfu;e dks jk"Vªifr dh lEefr 17&5&1992 dks izkIr gqbZA bl vf/kfu;e
dk izlkj tEew ,oa d'ehj jkT; ds flok; lEiw.kZ Hkkjr esa gSA
vf/kfu;e ds vuqlkj] dsUnz ljdkj vYila[;dksa ds fy;s jk"Vªh; vk;ksx LFkkfir djsxhA bl vk;ksx esa
v/;{k] mik/;{k rFkk ik¡p lnL; gksx
a sA v/;{k lesr ik¡p lnL; vYila[;d leqnk;ksa ds gksx
a sA v/;{k
rFkk izR;sd lnL; dh inkof/k 3 o"kZ ml frfFk ls gksxh tc og in xzg.k djrk gSA vk;ksx ds fy,
,d lfpo rFkk vU; vko';d deZpkjh ljdkj miyC/k djk;sxhA
vk;ksx ds dk;Z fuEufyf[kr gksx
a s&
¼d½la?k rFkk jkT;ksa ds vUrxZr vYila[;dksa ds fodkl dh izxfr dk ewY;kadu djuk(
¼[k½lafo/kku rFkk dsUnzh; ,oa jkT; ljdkjksa }kjk fufeZr fof/k;ksa esa micfU/kr lqj{kkvksa ds dk;ks± dh
fuxjkuh djuk(
¼x½vYila[;dksa ds fgrksa ds laj{k.k ds fy;s lqj{kkvksa ds izHkko'kkyh dk;kZUo;u ds fy;s dsUnz rFkk jkT;
ljdkj dks laLrqfr;k¡ nsuk(
¼?k½vYila[;dksa ds vf/kdkjksa ,oa lqj{kkvksa ds oafpr gksus dh fofufnZ"V f'kdk;rksa dks mi;qDr
izkf/kdkfj;ksa ds ikl ys tkuk(
¼³½vYila[;dksa ds lkFk fdlh izdkj ds HksnHkko gksus ls mRiUu leL;kvksa dk v/;;u djuk rFkk mUgsa
gVkus ds fy;s laLrqfr nsuk(
¼p½vYila[;dksa dh lkekftd] vkfFkZd ,oa 'kSf{kd fodkl ls lacaf/kr elyksa ij v/;;u] [kkst ,oa
fo'ys"k.k djokuk(
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LAW AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA LL.M. 1001
¼N½dsUnz ljdkj ,oa jkT; ljdkjksa }kjk vYila[;dksa ds laca/k esa mik;ksa dk lq>ko nsuk(
¼t½vYila[;dksa ls lacaf/kr rFkk fo'ks"kdj muds vkxs vkus okyh dfBukb;ksa ds ckjs esa vkfof/kd ;k
fo'ks"k fjiksVZ dsUnz ljdkj dks Hkstuk(
¼>½dksbZ vU; ekeyk tks dsUnz ljdkj bls funsZf'kr djsaA
vk;ksx izR;sd foÙkh; o"kZ ds fy, vius iw.kZ dk;Zdykiksa dh fjiksVZ rS;kj djsxh rFkk mldh ,d
izfrfyfi dsUnz ljdkj dks HkstsxhA dsUnz ljdkj okf"kZd fjiksVZ dks rFkk laLrqfr;ksa ij dh xbZ dk;Zokgh
ds Kkiu lesr rFkk ys[kk fjiksVZ dks laln ds izR;sd lnu esa j[kok;sxhA
vk;ksx ds v/;{k] lnL;ksa ,oa deZpkfj;ksa dks Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk dh /kkjk 21 ds Hkhrj yksd lsod
ekuk tk;sxkA
2-4 /keZfujis{krk ds ifjiz{s ; esa fof/kd lq/kkj
ijaijkxr lektksa esa lkekftd fu;a=.k ds midj.k ds :i esa fof/k ls vf/kd /keZ izHkkoh jgk
gSA /keZ dk izHkko leLr dk;ZO;kikjks]a jktuhfrd ,o ikfjokfjd thou ij iM+k] ftlls uSfrd ekudksa
dks vf/kd Lohdk;Zrk feyhA fgUnw ,oa bLyke /keZ] nksuksa gh O;fDr;ksa }kjk fd, tkus okys vkpj.k dks
o`gnrk ls fu;af=r djrs gSaA Hkkjrh; lekt esa /keZ dk lexz izHkko ns[krs gq, /keZ fujis{k fof/k 'kuS%
'kuS% gh fodflr gks ik;h rFkk /keZ fujis{k fof/kd lq/kkjksa dh xfr Hkh /kheh gh jgh gSA Hkkjr esa
vid`R;] vijk/k] lafonk] Hkkxhnkjh vkfn fo"k;ksa ij rks lHkh O;fDr;ksa ij ck/;dj] /keZ fujis{k fof/k;ksa
us vkdkj ys fy;k ijUrq ikfjokfjd fof/k ds {ks= esa ,slk ugha gks ik;k gSA vkt Hkh fgUnw fof/k ,oa
eqfLye fof/k dk vfLrRo fo|eku gSA dsoy fgUnw fof/k vf/kfu;fer gks ikbZ gSA ,d leku flfoy
lafgrk dk vkn'kZ Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vuq0 44 esa feyrk gS ijUrq blds fuekZ.k ,oa izorZu esa vusdksa
ck/kk;sa gSaA rFkkfi /keZ fujis{krk dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, bl izdkj dk fof/kd lq/kkj vko';d gSA
leku ukxfjd lafgrk
lafo/kku fuekZrkvksa dh bPNk Fkh fd Hkkjr ds izR;sd ukxfjd ds fy, leku ukxfjd lafgrk gksA fdUrq
bls ykxw djuk ,d fodV leL;k gSA ;g eglwl fd;k x;k fd leku ukxfjd lafgrk ls ,d
jk"Vªh; igpku cusxh vkSj lHkh /keZ ds yksx ukxfjdrk ds leku lw= esa vkc) gksx
a sA blds vHkko esa
bl ns'k ds ukxfjd ges'kk vkil esa caVs jgsaxs] D;ksfa d fofHkUu /keks± }kjk fn'kk&funsZf'kr fofHkUu izdkj
UTTRAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY 88
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ds ilZuy ykW dk os vuqlj.k djsx
a sA LorU=rk ds i'pkr~ ;g ekuk tkrk Fkk fd leku ukxfjd
lafgrk ykxw djus ls ,d /keZfujis{k lekt ds fuekZ.k esa lgk;rk feysxhA
fdUrq foxr 60 o"kks± esa ,d leku ukxfjd lafgrk ds fuekZ.k esa dksbZ izxfr ugha gqbZ vfirq lafo/kku ds
fuekZ.k ds le; esa ;g dke ftruk lgt Fkk] mldh rqyuk vkt mruk gh vf/kd nq:g gSA vr,o]
lu~ 1986 esa eqlfye lekt ds yksxksa us rykd'kqnk eqlfye efgykvksa ds j[kj[kko ds laca/k esa
vf/kfu;e ykus ds fy, ck/; fd;k tks mlds ilZuy ykW ds vuq:i FkkA vk/kqfud /keZfujis{k fopkj
rFkk eqfLye /keZ fujis{koknh yksxksa ds fopkj dk ljdkj }kjk lEeku ugha fd;k x;kA
blh izdkj dh ekax bZlkbZ vkSj fl[k leqnk; ds yksxksa }kjk dh tk jgh gSA ftlls leku ukxfjd
lafgrk dk fuekZ.k nq"dj izrhr gks jgk gSA
;|fi] bl rF; dks Hkh /;ku esa j[kuk vko';d gS fd Hkkjr mnkj iztkra= dk vuqlj.k dj jgk gS
ftlesa izHkkfor yksxksa dh fpUrk fd, cxSj fdlh dkuwu dk fuekZ.k laHko ugha gSA ;g ca/ku /kkfeZd
dkuwu ds ekeys esa vkSj Hkh tfVy gSA bu lhekvksa ls Li"V gksrk gS fd lgh vFkks± esa /keZfujis{k lekt
dh LFkkiuk esa dbZ ck/kk,a gSaA
mPpre U;k;ky; us vius ,d ,sfrgkfld egRo ds fu.kZ; ljyk eqnxy cukr Hkkjr la?k ¼1995½ esa
iz/kkuea=h ls ;g fuosnu fd;k fd os lafo/kku ds vuq0 44 ij u;k n`f"Vdks.k viuk,a ftlesa lHkh
ukxfjdksa ds fy, ,d ^leku flfoy lafgrk* ds cukus dk funs'k fn;k x;k gS vkSj dgk fd ,slk
djuk ihfM+r O;fDr dh j{kk rFkk jk"Vªh; ,drk ,oa v[k.Mrk dh vfHko`f) nksuksa n` f"V ls vko';d gSA
mPpre U;k;ky; us Hkkjr ljdkj dks] fof/k ,oa U;k; ea=ky; ds lfpo ds ek/;e ls vxLr 1995
rd ,d 'kiFki= Qkby djus dk funsZ'k fn;k ftlesa bl ckr dk mYys[k fd;k tk, fd lHkh
ukxfjdksa ds fy, leku flfoy lafgrk cukus ds fy, D;k dne mBk, x, gSa rFkk D;k iz;kl fd,
x, gSaA U;k;ky; dk fu.kZ; 11 ebZ 1995 dks lquk;k x;k FkkA
izLrqr ekeys esa vuq0 32 ds vUrxZr pkj fiVh'ku Qkby fd, x,A igyk fiVh'ku efgykvksa ds
dY;k.k ds fy, cuh jftLVMZ lkslkbVh }kjk yksdfgr okn ds :i esa izLrqr fd;k x;k FkkA vU;
fiVh'kuj ehuk ekFkqj dk vfHkdFku Fkk fd mudk fookg 1978 esa ,d O;fDr ftrsUnz ekFkqj ls gqvk Fkk
vkSj muds 3 cPps FksA 1988 esa muds ifr us bLyke /keZ Lohdkj dj fy;k vkSj /keZ ifjorZu ds ckn
lquhrk mQZ Qkfrek ds lkFk nwljk fookg dj fy;kA mlls mls ,d lUrku Hkh iSnk gqbZ FkhA nwljk
fiVh'ku Qkfrek }kjk fd;k x;k Fkk ftldk ;g vfHkdFku Fkk fd Jh ftrsUnz ekFkqj us iqu% fgUnw /keZ
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Lohdkj dj fy;k vkSj viuh iwoZ iRuh ds lkFk jgus yxsA mldh f'kdk;r Fkh fd og vHkh Hkh ,d
eqfLye gS vkSj mldk Hkj.k&iks"k.k mldk ifr ugha dj jgk gS vkSj fdlh Hkh oS;fDrd fof/k ds v/khu
mls dksbZ laj{k.k izkIr ugha gSA rhljs fiVh'ku esa xhrk jkuh dk dFku Fkk fd 1988 esa mldk fookg
fgUnw jhfr ls iznhi dqdkj ls gqvk FkkA og mlds lkFk izk;% nqO;Zogkj fd;k djrk Fkk vkSj 1991 esa
,d yM+dh nhik ds lkFk Hkkx x;k vkSj bLyke /keZ Lohdkj djds mlls fookg dj fy;kA pkSFks
fifV'ku esa lqf"erk ?kks"k us ;g f'kdk;r dh fd mldk fookg th0lh0 ?kks"k ls fgUnw laLdkjksa ds
vuqlkj lu~ 1984 esa gqvk FkkA fdUrq ckn esa mlds ifr us mlls dgk fd og mlds lkFk ugha jguk
pkgrk Fkk** vr% mls vkilh lgefr ls fookg foPNsn dj ysuk pkfg,A lu~ 1992 esa mlds ifr us
bLyke /keZ Lohdkj dj fy;k vkSj fouhrk xqIrk uked yM+dh ls fookg dj fy;kA mlus U;k;ky; ls
izkFkZuk dh fd og mlds ifr dks fouhrk xqIrk ls fookg djus ls jksd nsA
mi;qZDr ifjLFkfr;ksa esa U;k;ewfrZ Jh dqynhi flag rFkk Jh vkj0,e0 lgk; us ;g fu.kZ; fn;k fd ,d
fgUnw ifr dk viuk igyk fookg foPNsn fd, fcuk bLyke /keZ Lohdkj djds nwljk fookg fgUnw
fookg vf/kfu;e 1955 ds micU/kksa ds v/khu voS/k gS vkSj ifr cgq&fookg ds vijk/k ds fy, Hkkjrh;
n.M lafgrk dh /kkjk 494 ds v/khu n.Muh; Hkh gSA fgUnw oS;fDrd fof/k ds vuql kj ifr ;k iRuh esa
,d ds bLyke /keZ Lohdkj djus ds i'pkr~ Hkh fgUnw fookg vfLrRo esa cuk jgrk gSA fgUnw fookg
vf/kfu;e 1955 }kjk blesa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha fd;k x;k gSA fgUnw fookg dk Lor% foPNsn ugha gksrk
gSA ,d fgUnw ds fookg dk fo?kVu fgUnw fookg vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 13 ds vUrxZr of.kZr fdUgha vk/kkjksa
ij fookg&foPNsn dh fMØh }kjk gh fd;k tkrk gSA dsoy bLyke /keZ Lohdkj dj ysus ls gh mudk
fookg&foPNsn ugha gks tkrk gSA
leku flfoy lafgrk dh vko';drk ij cy nsrs gq, U;k;ewfrZ;ksa us dgk fd ;g cMs+ vk'p;Z dh ckr
gS fd lafo/kku dks ykxw gq, 45 o"kZ chr pqds gSa vkSj bl chp vusd ljdkjsa vkb± vkSj xb± fdUrq vuq0
44 esa fufgr lafo/kku ds mDr funs'k dks dk;kZfUor djus ds drZO; dk ikyu fdlh ds }kjk ugha
fd;k x;kA vuq0 44 bl /kkj.kk ij vk/kkfjr gS fd lH; lekt esa ^/keZ vkSj oS;fDrd fof/k* esa dksbZ
laca/k ugha gksrk gSA vr% leku flfoy lafgrk cukus ls fdlh leqnk; ds lnL;ksa ds vuq0 25] 26 rFkk
27 ds v/khu izfrHkwr ewy vf/kdkjksa ij dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+rk gSA fookg] mÙkjkf/kdkj vkSj bl izdkj
ds lkekftd izd`fr dh ckrsa /kkfeZd LorU=rk ls ckgj gSa vkSj mUgsa fof/k cukdj fofu;fer fd;k tk
ldrk gSA fookg] mÙkjkf/kdkj laca/kh fgUnw fof/k] bLyke vkSj bZlkb;ksa dh Hkk¡fr gh laLdkjtU; gSA
fgUnqvksa us ns'k dh ,drk ,oa v[k.Mrk ds fy, viuh /kkfeZd Hkkoukvksa dks R;kx fn;k vkSj mudk
lafgrkdj.k fd;k x;k] tcfd lafo/kku lHkh leqnk;ksa ds fy, leku flfoy lafgrk cukus dk funs'k
nsrk gSA cgqfookg dh izFkk dks vesfjdk ds U;k;ky;ksa us Hkh ^yksd vkpj.k* (Public Moral) ds
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fo#) ?kksf"kr fd;k gSA tSls ekuo cfy ;k lrh izFkk dks yksdfgr esa jkT; iz frf"k) dj ldrk gS oSls
gh bldks Hkh fof/k }kjk fofu;fer fd;k tk ldrk gSA cgqr ls fgUnw] fgUnw fookg vf/kfu;e 1955 ds
micU/kksa ftlesa ifr&iRuh ds thfor jgrs nwljk fookg oftZr gS] ls cpus ds iz;kstu ls gh bLyke
/keZ dks Lohdkj dj ysrs gSa vkSj nwljk fookg dj ysrs gSaA U;k;ewfrZ Jh lgk; us ;g dgk fd dksbZ Hkh
/keZ tkucw>dj fod`fr dh vuqefr ugha nsrk gSA bLyke /keZ esa Hkh blds izfr dksbZ yxko ugha gS vkSj
vkt vusd eqfLye ns'kksa lhfj;k] V~;fw ufl;k] eksjDdks]a ikfdLrku] bZjku] lksfo;r la?k ds bLykfed
x.kra= esa blds nq#i;ksx dks jksdus ds fy, oS;fDrd fof/k dk lafgrkdj.k fd;k tk pqdk gSA
U;k;ewfrZ Jh lgk; us ;g dgk fd leku flfoy lafgrk cukus ds fy, lcls igyk dne ;g gksuk
pkfg fd vYila[;dksa dh oS;fDrd fof/k;ksa dks rdZlaxr cuk;k tk,A
mPpre U;k;ky; dk izLrqr fu.kZ; dbZ n`f"V;ksa ls vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ gS vkSj lHkh leqnk; ds yksxksa dks
bldk Lokxr djuk pkfg,A igyk ykHk ;g gS fd ;g /keZ dk nq#i;ksx djds cgq&fookg dh cqjkbZ
dks jksdrk gSA nwljk ;g fd U;k;ky; us ljdkj ls fuosnu fd;k fd og vxLr 1995 rd ,d
'kiFki= nkf[ky djds ;g crk, fd mlus leku flfoy lafgrk cukus dh fn'kk esa D;k dne mBk;k
gSA rhljk ;g fd blls vU; leqnk;ksa esa fookgksa dh n'kk esa lq/kkj gksxkA pkSFkk ;g fd blls lHkh
leqnk;ksa esa lekurk gksxh vkSj ns'k dh ,drk vkSj v[k.Mrk Hkh l'kDr gksxhA U;k;ky; dk mDr
fu.kZ; ,d vR;Ur lkgfld dne gSA vkt gekjs jktusrk oksV dh jktuhfr esa Qal dj eqfLye
rq"Vhdj.k esa yxs gq, gSa vkSj muesa ;g lkgl ugha gS fd os mUgsa le>k;sa fd mlls mudk fdruk
ykHk gksxkA vr% leku flfoy lafgrk dk cukuk vko';d gSA lHkh ny lafo/kku ds ikyu dh nqgkbZ
nsrs gSa fdUrq eqfLye leqnk; esa fL=;ksa dh vogsyuk dj jgs gSaA gekjs HkwriwoZ iz/kkuea=h Jh jko us rks
lalnh; pquko ds nkSjku vius Hkk"k.k esa mÙkj izn's k ds cjsyh 'kgj esa eqfLye leqnk; ds mysekvksa dh
lHkk esa ;g ?kks"k.kk Hkh dj nh Fkh fd os bls ugha cuk;sx
a sA mPpre U;k;ky; us tc leku flfoy
lafgrk cukus ds fy, vkns'k fd;k rks blds ikyu u djus dh ?kks"k.kk djds D;k mUgksua s U;k;ikfydk
vkSj lafo/kku nksuksa dh vogsyuk ugha dh\ fdUrq vk'p;Z dh ckr gS fd 11 vxLr 1995 dks mPpre
U;k;ky; us ,d vfHk;qDr }kjk Qkby dh xbZ fjV ;kfpdk dh lquokbZ ds nkSjku Lo;a ;g Li"V fd;k
fd ^leku flfoy lafgrk* ykxw djus ds fy, ljdkj ck/; ugha gSA U;k;ewfrZ Jh dqynhi flag vkSj
,l0 lxhj vgen dh [k.MihB us ;g dgk fd mi;qZDr fu.kZ; esa fd;k x;k voyksdu dsoy
brjksfDr (obiter) Fkh] u fd vkns'kA mDr ;kfpdk eksgEen djhx dkth mQZ Mh0ih0 ?kks"k us tks /keZ
ifjorZu ds ckn eqlyeku cu x;k Fkk vius fo#) Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk dh /kkjk 494 ds v/khu
cgqfookg ds fy, vfHk;ksx pykus ds fo#) Qkby dh FkhA djhe us tks igys fgUnw Fkk viuh igyh
iRuh ls rykd fy, fcuk nwljk fookg dj fy;k FkkA U;k;ewfrZ dqynhi flag vkSj U;k;ewfrZ vkj0,e0
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lgk; dks [k.M ihB us 10 ebZ 1995 dks ;g fu.kZ; fn;k Fkk fd ljdkj leku flfoy lafgrk cukus
ds fy, vko';d dne mBkosA U;k;ky; dk mDr Li"Vhdj.k lafo/kku dh Hkkouk ds vuq:i ugha gSA
uhfr funs'kdksa dks ykxw djuk ljdkjksa dk drZO; gSA U;k;ky; us ljdkj ds blds ikyu djus dk
vkns'k nsdj mfpr dk;Z fd;k Fkk vkSj vk'kk c¡/kh Fkh fd ns'k dh ,d cqjkbZ rks nwj gksxhA
gky ds dfri; lkgfld fu.kZ;ksa }kjk mPpre U;k;ky; rFkk fofHkUu mPp U;k;ky;ksa us
leku flfoy lafgrk ds cuk;s tkus ds fy, ekxZ dks iz'kLr fd;k gSA
1997 esa izxfr oxhZt cuke fljhy tktZ oxhZt ds ekeys esa eqEcbZ mPp U;k;ky; dh iw.kZ ihB us
Hkkjrh; rykd vf/kfu;e] 1869 dh /kkjk 10 dks voS/k ?kksf"kr dj fn;k gSA blds vUrxZr ,d bZlkbZ
efgyk dks ifr ls rykd ysus ds fy, tkjdeZ ds lkFk&lkFk Øwjrk vkSj vf/kR;tu (desertion) dks
lkfcr djuk ,d 'krZ gSA U;k;ky; us ;g fu.kZ; fn;k fd ;g /kkjk efgyk ds vuq0 21 esa iznÙk ekuo
xfjek ls thus ds ewy vf/kdkj dk mYya?ku djrh gS vr% voS/k vkSj vlaoS/kkfud gSA U;k;ky; us
mDr vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 17 vkSj 18 dks Hkh voS/k ?kksf"kr dj fn;k ftlds vUrxZr ;g ftyk
U;k;ky; }kjk ikfjr rykd dh fMØh dks mPp U;k;ky; ds 3 U;k;k/kh'kksa dh ihB }kjk iqf"V dk
micU/k Fkk tks izk;% laHko ugha FkkA U;k;ky; us dgk fd /kkjk 10 ,d efgyk dks ml O;fDr ds lkFk
jgus ds fy, foo'k djrh gS ftlls og ?k`.kk djrh gS ftlus mls R;kx fn;k gS ;k mlds lkFk Øwjrk
dk O;ogkj fd;k gSA ,slk thou i'kqor thou gSA ml fookg dk foPNsn djus ls tks VwV pqdk gS]
badkj djuk vuq0 21 dk mYya?ku gSA
mlh o"kZ uwj 'kkck [kkrwu cuke eksgEen dkfle ds ekeys esa mPpre U;k;ky; us ;g vfHkfu/kkZfjr
fd;k gS fd ,d rykd'kqnk eqfLye efgyk dks vius cPpksa ds fy, tc rd fd os ckfyx ugha gks
tkrs gSa] ifr ls Hkj.k&iks"k.k ikus dk vf/kdkj gSA U;k;ky; us dgk fd eqfLye oS;fDrd fof/k vkSj
Hkkjrh; n.M izfØ;k lafgrk dh /kkjk 125 nksuksa ds v/khu ifr dk nkf;Ro iw.kZ gS tc fd cPps rykd
'kqnk iRuh ds lkFk jgrs gSaA bl ekeys esa vihykFkhZ uwj 'kkck [kkrwu dk fookg izR;FkhZ ls eqfLye fof/k
ds vuqlkj 27 vDVwcj 1980 dks gqvk FkkA muds dqy rhu cPps iSnk gq, ftuesa ls nks yM+fd;k¡ vkSj
,d yM+dk FkkA ckn esa ifr us mls rykd ns fn;kA ijh{k.k U;k;ky; us iRuh dks 200 #i;s izfr ekl
vkSj cPpksa dks 50 #i;s izfr ekl Hkj.k&iks"k.k iznku fd;kA vihy U;k;ky; us fu.kZ; fn;k fd eqfLye
oqeu ,DV 1986 ds rgr og dsoy 2 o"kZ rd Hkj.k&iks"k.kk ikus dh gdnkj FkhA iVuk mPp U;k;ky;
us fu.kZ; fn;k fd dsoy ,d cPpk 3 o"kZ rd Hkj.k&iks"k.k ikus dk gdnkj FkkA
mPpre U;k;ky; us iVuk mPp U;k;ky; ds fu.kZ; dks myV fn;k vkSj ;g fu.kZ; fn;k fd mPp
U;k;ky; us ;g le>us esa Hkwy fd;k fd eqfLye oqeu ,DV 1986 ds }kjk n.M izfØ;k lafgrk dh
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/kkjk 125 ds v/khu Hkj.k&iks"k.k dk vf/kdkj dks lekIr dj fn;k x;k FkkA U;k;ky; us ifr dks
funsZ'k fn;k fd Hkj.k&iks"k.k dh jde pkj cjkcj fdLrksa esa ,d o"kZ esa Hkqxrku djs vkSj ;fn blesa
dksbZ ,d Hkh O;frØe gksrk gS rks vihykfFkZuh iwjh jde ,d lkFk 12 izfr'kr C;kt ds lkFk olwy dj
ldsxhA
20 twu] 2000 dks dydÙkk mPp U;k;ky; us iqu% 'kkgckuksa dks thfor dj fn;k gS vkSj ;g
vfHkfu/kkZfjr fd;k gS fd ,d eqfLye efgyk dks ftls mlds ifr us rykd ns fn;k Fkk] ifr ls bír
ds le; ds i'pkr~ tc rd og iqufoZokg ugha dj ysrh gS Hkj.k&iks"k.k ikus dh gdnkj gSA mPp
U;k;ky; us v/khuLFk U;k;ky; ds bl fu.kZ; dks fd eqfLye efgyk bír ds i'pkr~ Hkj.k&iks"k.k ikus
dh gdnkj ugha gS] dks myV fn;k vkSj dgk fd bír dk le; mlds iqufoZ okg djus rd c<+ tkrk
gSA
2002 esa ,d vU; egRoiw.kZ ekeys MSfu;y yrhQh cuke Hkkjr la?k esa ;g vfHkfu/kkZfjr fd;k gS fd
eqfLye efgyk ¼rykd ds vf/kdkjksa dk laj{k.k½ vf/kfu;e] 1986 dh /kkjk,¡ ¼3½ vkSj ¼4½ ftlds v/khu
,d eqfLye ifr dks viuh rykd'kqnk iRuh dks bír ds ckn Hkh Hkj.k&iks"k.k ds fy, ;qfDr;qDr vkSj
mfpr O;oLFkk djuk ,d fof/kd nkf;Ro gS] laoS/kkfud gS vkSj fof/kekU; gSA /kkjk 3 ds v/khu
Hkj.k&iks"k.k dk nkf;Ro bír dh vof/k rd lhfer ugha gSA ;fn rykd'kqnk iRuh vfookfgrk jgrh gS
vkSj viuk Hkj.k&iks"k.k djus esa vleFkZ gS rks /kkjk 4 ds v/khu vius ifr ds lacaf/k;ksa ds fo#) tks
mldh lEifÙk ds mÙkjkf/kdkjh gSa dk;Zokgh dj ldrh gSA ;fn dksbZ laca/kh Hkj.k&iks"k.k nsus esa vleFkZ
gS rks eftLVsV jkT; }kjk LFkkfir oDQ cksMZ dks Hkj.k&iks"k.k nsus dk funsZ'k ns ldrk gSA
2003 ds fu.kZ; tku oykeVkse cuke Hkkjr la?k ds ekeys esa mPpre U;k;ky; ds rhu U;k;k/kh'kksa dh
ihB us ,d ckj iqu% leku flfoy lafgrk ds u cukus ds fy, nq[k izdV fd;k gS vkSj blds cukus ds
fy, tksjnkj laLrqfr dh gSA bl ekeys esa fiVh'kujksa }kjk mÙkjkf/kdkj vf/kfu;e] 1925 dh /kkjk 118
dh fof/kekU;rk dks bl vk/kkj ij pqukSrh nh xbZ Fkh fd og vuq0 14 dk mYy?kau djrk gS vkSj
foHksndkjh gS vkSj vlaoS/kkfud gSA /kkjk 118 ,d O;fDr dks ftlds dksbZ Hkrhtk ;k Hkrhth ;k
utnhdh laca/kh gS mls viuh lEifÙk dks /kkfeZd mís';ksa ds fy, olh;r }kjk nku djus ls jksdrk
FkkA /kkjk 28 ds vuqlkj iRuh utnhdh laca/kh esa ugha lfEefyr dh xbZ FkhA ;|fi xksn fy;k gqvk
cPpk utnhdh laca/kh esa vkrk Fkk fdUrq iRuh ugha vkrh FkhA bl izdkj ,slk blkbZ ftlds Hkrhtk ;k
Hkrhth gS og /kkfeZd mís';ksa ds fy, viuh lEifÙk dk olh;r }kjk nku ugha dj ldrk Fkk fdUrq
,slk blkbZ ftlds iRuh gS og olh;r ugha dj ldrk gSA nwljh 'krZ ;g Fkh fd olh;rdrkZ e`R;q ds
12 ekg iwoZ gh olh;r dj ldrk FkkA mPpre U;k;ky; us bl 'krZ dks vuq0 14 dk mYya?ku djus
okyk ?kksf"kr fd;k vkSj vfof/kekU; ?kksf"kr dj fn;kA blh lanHkZ esa eq[; U;k;ewfrZ Jh oh0,u0 [kjs us
UTTRAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY 93
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leku flfoy lafgrk cukus ds fy, tksjnkj flQkfj'k dhA mUgksua s dgk fd vuq0 44 bl /kkj.kk ij
vk/kkfjr gS fd ,d lH; lekt esa /keZ vkSj O;fDrRo fof/k esa dksbZ laca/k ugha gSA vuq0 25 /kkfeZd
Lora=rk dk vf/kdkj iznku djrk gSA fdUrq vuq0 44 /keZ dks lkekftd vkSj O;fDrxr fof/k ls i`Fkd
djrk gSA ;g Li"V gS fd fookg] mÙkjkf/kdkj vkSj bl izdkj dh iaFk fujis{k ckrsa vuq0 25 ds vUrxZr
ugha vkrh gSaA ^ljyk eqnxy* ds ekeys esa U;k;ky; us ;g fu.kZ; fn;k gSA ;g nq[k dh ckr gS fd
laln us leku flfoy lafgrk dks vHkh rd ykxw djus dk dksbZ iz;kl ugha fd;kA ,d leku flfoy
lafgrk fopkjksa ds vk/kkj ij er fHkUurk dks lekIr dj jk"Vªh; ,drk dks l'kDr djus esa lgk;rk
djsxhA
eq[; U;k;ewfrZ ds bl lq>ko ij iwjs ns'k esa oksV dh jktuhfr djus okyksa ds }kjk xEHkhj izfrfØ;k
O;Dr dh xbZA ;g loZFkk vuqfpr gSA lHkh jktuhfrd nyksa dks leku flfoy lafgrk ds cukus fy,
ns'k esa okrkoj.k dks blds i{k esa djus ds fy, xEHkhj iz;kl djuk pkfg,A
2-5 fofHkUu vk;ksxksa ds iz;kl
o"kZ 2005 esa loksZPp U;k;ky; ds iwoZ eq[; U;k;/kh'k jaxukFk feJ dh v/;{krk esa ,d vk;ksx dk xBu
fd;k x;k FkkA bl vk;ksx ds le{k fuEu fo"k; FksA
/kkfeZd o Hkk"kkbZ vYila[;dksa esa lkekftd&vkfFkZd n`f"V ls fiNM+ksa dh igpku
bu fiNM+ksa ds fy, vkj{k.k ds izko/kku lq>kuk
vkj{k.k dks ykxw djus ds fy, dkuwu o iz'kklfud mik; dk fu/kkZj.kA
bl vk;ksx us o"kZ 2007 esa viuh flQkfj'ksa izLrqr dhA gky gh esa vkSipkfjd :i ls izLrko dks
lkoZtfud fd;k x;k gSA vukSipkfjd rkSj ij bldh eq[; flQkfj'ksa o rF; fuEufyf[kr gSaA
Hkkjr esa tkfr O;oLFkk lHkh /keks± esa gSA
fgUnqvksa o vU; /keks± esa ds tks oxZ vuqlwfpr tkfr dh lwph esa 'kkfey gSa] blkbZ;ksa o
eqlyekuksa vkfn ds mu oxks± dks Hkh mijksDr lwph esa 'kkfey fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
vuq0 tkfr ds O;fDr dks /keZ ifjorZu dj ysus ij Hkh mls vuq0 tkfr ds Lrj dk
ekuuk pkfg,A
ljdkjh ukSdfj;ksa esa vYila[;dksa ds fy, 15% LFkku fpfUgr fd;k tk,A vkj{k.k
dh dfBukb;ksa ds eísutj vk;ksx us fodYi ds rkSj ij vU; fiNM+s oxks± ds 27%
dksVs esa vYila[;dksa ds fy, 8.4% lc dksVk dk lq>ko fn;k gSA
UTTRAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY 94
LAW AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA LL.M. 1001
fiNM+s oxks± dh igpku esa /kkfeZd vk/kkj ij dksbZ Hksn ugha fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
Hkk"kkbZ vYila[;dksa dks lkekftd&vkfFkZd :i ls fiNM+s oxZ esa ugha ckaVk tkuk
pkfg,A
leku volj vk;ksx% lPpj lfefr dh fjiksVZ ij dkjokbZ ds mís'; ls nks fo'ks"k ny xfBr fd;s x;s
gSa ,d gS leku volj vk;ksx] nwljk fofo/krk lwpdkad fuekZ.k nyA
izks0 vferkHk dqM
a w dh v/;{krk esa xfBr fo'ks"k ny leku] volj vk;ksx ds dk;ks± ,oa <kapas dk
v/;;u djsxkA MkW0 ,u0vkj0 ek/ko esuu dh v/;{krk esa xfBr f}rh; fo'ks"k ny fofo/krk lwpdkad
ds rgr vYila[;d leqnk;ksa ds jgu&lgu f'k{kk vkfn dh fofo/krk dk v/;;u djsxkA
vYila[;dksa ds fy, vkj{k.k
Hkkjr ds iwoZ eq[; U;k;k/kh'k jaxukFk feJ dh v/;{krk okys /kkfeZd vkSj Hkk"kkbZ vYila[;dksa ds jk"Vªh;
vk;ksx dh fjiksVZ vYila[;d ekeyksa esa ea=h lyeku [kq'khZn us 18 fnlEcj] 2009 dks laln esa is'k
dhA pw¡fd bl vk;ksx dk xBu tk¡p vk;ksx dkuwu ds rgr ugha fd;k x;k Fkk] blhfy, bldh fjiksVZ
ds lkFk dkjZokbZ fjiksVZ (ATR) izLrqr djuk vko';d ugha FkkA vk;ksx us viuh fjiksVZ esa vkj{k.k
uhfr esa vkewy&pwy ifjorZu dh vko';drk crkrs gq, vk; dks gh blds fy, ,dek= vk/kkj cukus
dk lq>ko fn;k gSA vk;ksx us lq>ko fn;k gS fd vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds leku gh vuqlwfpr tkfr ds
ntsZ dks Hkh /keZ ls vlEc) fd;k tkuk pkfg,A blds fy, dkWLVhV~;'w ku ¼'ksM~;wYM dkLV&SC½ vkWMZj]
1950 ds iSjk 3] dks iwjh rjg lekIr djus dh laLrqfr vk;ksx us dh gSA bl vkns'k ds rgr vc Hkh
eqfLye] bZlkbZ] tSu vkSj ikjlh vuqlwfpr tkfr ds ntsZ ls vyx gSaA 'kq: esa bl vkns'k ds rgr
vuqlwfpr tkfr dk ntkZ flQZ fgUnqvksa rd lhfer Fkk] ckn esa ckS) vkSj flD[kksa dks blesa 'kkfey
fd;k x;kA vk;ksx ds vuqlkj mi;qZDr iSjk&3 lekIr djus ls vuqlwfpr tkfr dk ntkZ /keZ vk/kkfjr
ugha jgsxk rFkk fdlh Hkh /keZ ds fiNM+ksa dks bldk ykHk izkIr gks ldsxkA vk;ksx dk ekuuk gS fd ,d
ckj vuqlwfpr tkfr dk ntkZ feyus ds ckn /keZ ifjorZ u djus ls ml ij dksbZ izfrdwy izHkko ugha
iM+uk pkfg,A vk;ksx us ljdkjh ukSdfj;ksa esa vYila[;dksa ds fy, 15% vkj{k.k dh flQkfj'k dh gSA
blesa lokZf/kd 10% dksVk eqlyekuksa ds fy, rFkk 'ks"k 5% dksVk vU; vYila[;dksa dks fn, tkus
dh flQkfj'k dh xbZ gSA vk;ksx dk dguk gS fd ;fn 10% lhVsa eqlyekuksa ls u Hkj ik,a rks ;s lhVsa
nwljs vYila[;dksa dh nh tk,aA ysfdu fdlh Hkh ifjfLFkfr esa ;s 15% lhVsa cgqla[;d leqnk; ls
fdlh dks u fey ik,aA vk;ksx us lykg nh gS fd ;fn 15% vkj{k.k dh flQkfj'kksa dks ykxw djus esa
:dkoV vkrh gS rks vkj{k.k dk vYVjusV :V viuk;k tk ldrk gSA pw¡fd eaMy vk;ksx dh fjiksVZ ds
UTTRAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY 95
LAW AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA LL.M. 1001
vuqlkj vYila[;d vkschlh vkcknh dk 8.4% gSaA vr% 27% vkschlh dksVk esa 8.4% dksVk
vYila[;dksa ds fy, j[kk tk ldrk gSA blesa 6% eqlyekuksa ds fy, gks] D;ksfa d dqy vYila[;dksa
dh vkcknh esa eqlyekuksa 73% gSaA 'ks"k 2.4 dksVk vU; vYila[;dksa ds fy, gksA gkykafd vuwlwfpr
tutkfr ,slk oxZ gS] ftlls /keZ ugha tqM+k gSA ysfdu ;g ns[kk tkuk pkfg, fd blds vkj{k.k esa
vYila[;dksa dh ekStwnxh fdl gn rd gS vkSj blds fy, mik; fd, tkus pkfg,A
2-6 lkjka'k
vuq0 29 }kjk vYila[;dksa ds laLd`fr laca/kh vf/kdkjksa dh j{kk dh xbZ gSA ;fn ukxfjdksa ds fdlh
Hkkx dh dksbZ fo'ks"k Hkk"kk] fyfi ;k laLd`fr gS rks mUgsa mls cuk, j[kus dk vf/kdkj gSA Hkk"kk] fyfi
,oa laLd`fr dks izHkkoh :i ls lajf{kr j[kus esa f'k{kk laLFkkvksa dk ;ksxnku egRoiw.kZ gksrk gS vr% bl
vuqPNsn ls Hkh f'k{kk laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk ,oa iz'kklu dk vf/kdkj fu%l`r gksrk gSA
vYila[;dksa ds fy, ,d jk"Vªh; vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA bldk eq[; dk;Z&vYila[;dksa ds
fodkl dh izxfr dk ewY;kadu] fufeZr fof/k;ksa dh fuxjkuh] fgr laj{k.k ds fy, laLrqfr;ksa nsuk]
fofufnZ"V f'kdk;rksa dks izkf/kdkfj;ksa rd ys tkuk] vYila[;dksa ds lkekftd] vkfFkZd ,oa 'kSf{kd
fodkl ds ekeyksa dk v/;;u] [kkst ,oa fo'ys"k.k djokuk vkfn gSA
Hkkjrh; lekt ,d ijaijkxr lekt gS tgk¡ izkphu dky ls fof/k ls vf/kd /keZ izHkkoh jgk gSA bl
dkj.k Hkkjr esa vijk/k] vid`R; vkfn ij /keZ fujis{k fof/k /khjs&/khjs ls fodflr gks ik;h ijUrq
ikfjokfjd fof/k esa /keZ gkoh jgk gSA ,d leku flfoy lafgrk dk funsZ'k Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vuq0 44
esa fn;k x;k gS ijUrq bl izdkj ds /keZ fujis{k fof/kd lq/kkj esa vusdksa ck/kk;sa gSaA mPpre U;k;ky; us
ljyk eqn~xy ¼1995½ ds fu.kZ; esa leku flfoy lafgrk dks yksxksa dh j{kk ,oa jk"Vªh; ,drk o
v[k.Mrk dh vfHko`f) gsrq vko';d ekuk FkkA vkxs izxfr oxhZt] ¼1997½ 'kkck [kkrwu ¼1997½] MSfu;y
yrhQh ¼2002½ rFkk tku oykeVkse ¼2003½ ds U;kf;d fu.kZ;ksa esa U;k;ky; us leku flfoy lafgrk dks
vko';d ekuk rFkk mudh laLrqfr dhA
iwoZ eq[; U;k;k/kh'k jaxukFk feJ dh v/;{krk esa 2005 esa /kkfeZd ,oa Hkk"kk;h vYila[;dksa ds fy,] ,d
jk"Vªh; vk;ksx fu;qDr fd;k x;k FkkA blus viuh fjiksVZ 2009 esa izLrqr dhA bldh ,d vR;f/kd
egRoiw.kZ flQkfj'k vYila[;dksa ds fy, vkj{k.k ls lacaf/kr FkhA dgk x;k Fkk fd ljdkjh ukSdfj;ksa esa
vYila[;dksa ds fy, 15% LFkku fpfUgr fd, tk;sAa fgUnqvksa o vU; /keks± ds tks oxZ vuqlwfpr tkfr
dh lwph esa 'kkfey gSa] blkbZ;ksa o eqlyekuksa vkfn ds mu oxks± dks Hkh mijksDr lwph esa 'kkfey fd;k
tkuk pkfg,A
UTTRAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY 96
LAW AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA LL.M. 1001
2-7 lUnHkZ lwph
15- izks0 th0ih0 =hikBh& Hkkjr dk oS/kkfud ,oa laoS/kkfud bfrgkl¼2007½& lsUVªy ykW
ifCyds”kuA
16- rstLdj&vkstLdj ik.Ms;&lekt dk;Z n”kZu ¼2009½& Hkkjr cqd lsUVj
17- efyd vkSj jkoy&ykW ,.M lks”ky VªkUlQksjes”ku bu bf.M;k¼2009½&bykgckn ykW
,tsUlh
18- jke vkgqtk& lkekftd leL;k; ¼2008½& jkor ifCyds”ku fnYyh
19- jke vkgqtk&Hkkjrh; lekt ¼2007½& jkor ifCyds”ku fnYyh
20- Mk0 vorkj flag&Hkkjrh; Lkk{; vf/kfu;e 1872¼2006½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”ku
21- Mk0x.ks”k ik.Ms&vijk/k “kkL= ¼2008½& jk/kk ifCyds”ku fnYyh
22- izks0bUnzthr flag&fof/k “kkL=¼2006½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”ku
23- fof/k dk lkekftd ifjorZu ¼LVsMh eVsfj;y Hkkst eqDr fo”ofo|ky;]Hkksiky½&Mk0
“kSQkyh ;kno
24- Mk0 dSyk”k jk;& tufgr odkyr fof/kd lgk;rk ,oa le:ih fof/kd¼2009½& lsUVªy
ykW ifCyds”ku
25- Mk0vHk; flag&lwpuk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e2005] ¼2009½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”ku
26- Mk0vkj0ds0vxzoky&fgUnw fof/k¼2002½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”ku
27- Mk0 bdcky flag&eqfLye fof/k ¼2001½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”kuA
2-7-1 &lgk;d @mi;ksxh ikB~; lkexzh
28- lh0ih0 vjksjk&fofo/k vijk/k vf/kfu;e ¼2010½& ;wuholZy ykW ifCyds¼2010½A
29- Mk0 Vh0ih0 =hikBh&flfoy izfdz;k lafgrk¼2006½& bykgckn ykW ,tsUlhA
30- izks0 bUnzthr flag&Jfed fof/k;ka&¼2005½&lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”kuA
31- Mk0 ,l0ds0 diwj& ekuo vf/kdkj ,oa vUrjk’Vªh; fof/k¼2004½&lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”kuA
UTTRAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY 97
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2-8 fucU/kkRed iz”u
¼1½vYila[;d dkSu gSa\ vYila[;d f'k{kk laLFkk ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\
¼2½Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vuq0 29 o 30 ds vUrxZr vYila[;dksa ds vf/kdkjksa dh foospuk dhft,A
¼3½vYila[;dksa ls lacaf/kr egRoiw.kZ U;kf;d fu.kZ;ksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A
¼4½vYila[;dksa ds fy, jk"Vªh; vk;ksx dc LFkkfir fd;k x;k\ blds eq[; dk;ks± dk o.kZu dhft,A
¼5½leku ukxfjd lafgrk ds fuekZ.k dh D;k vko';drk gS\ bl fo"k; esa U;k;ky;ksa ds n`f"Vdks.k dh
ppkZ dhft,A
UTTRAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY 98
LAW AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA LL.M. 1001
,y,y0,e0 izFke o"kZ
Hkkjr esa fof/k ,oa lkekftd ifjorZu
[k.M&2-/keZ vkSj fof/k
bdkbZ&3-tkfr O;oLFkk
bdkbzZ lajpuk
3-0 izLrkouk
3-1 mn~n's ;
3-2 tkfr dh lajpukRed ,oa lkaLd`frd vo/kkj.kk;sa
3-3 tkfr] o.kZ] mitkfr rFkk tutkfr
3-3-1 tkfr vkSj o.kZ
3-3-2 tkfr ,oa mitkfr
3-3-3 tkfr ,oa tutkfr
3-3-4 tkfr vkSj oxZ
3-4 tkfr dh fo'ks"krk;sa
3-4-1 O;oLFkk ds :i esa tkfr dh fo'ks"krk;sa
3-4-2 bdkbZ ds :i esa tkfr dh fo'ks"krk;sa
3-5 tkfr dh mRifRr
3-5-1 ijEijkxr fl)kUr
3-5-2 czã.kh; fl)kUr
3-5-3 iztkrh; fl)kUr
3-5-4 O;kolkf;d fl)kUr
3-5-5 dsrdj dk fl)kUr
3-5-6 lsukVZ dk fl)kUr
3-5-7 gV~Vu dk ekuk fl)kUr
3-6 lkjka'k
3-7 lUnHkZ lwph
3-7-1 lgk;d lUnHkZ lwph
3-8 fucU/kkRed iz”u
UTTRAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY 99
LAW AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA LL.M. 1001
3-0 izLrkouk
tkfr dks ,d bdkbZ (Unit) ,oa O;oLFkk ,oa mlds lapkyu dh n`f"V ls ns[kk tk ldrk gS vkSj ;gh
bdkbZ O;oLFkk lapkyu ls gh lkaLÑfrd ,oa lajpukRed ?kVuk,a f/kjs2 mRiUu gksrh gSA tkfr O;oLFkk
ds #i esa n`f"Vxr j[kus ds ihNs ,d iwoZ ekU;rk (Presupposition) ;g gS fd dksbZ Hkh tkfr
,dkdh jgdj vfLrRo esa ugha jg ldrh rFkk çR;sd tkfr nqljh tkfr;ksa ld vkfFkZd jkuSfrd ,oa
laLdkjksa ds lEcfU/kr tky esa fudV ls lEc) jgrh gSA
vf/kdrj fo)kuksa us tkfr dks ,d laxBu ds :i esa ekuk gS] u fd ewY;ksa ,oa ço`fÙk;ksa ds lewgu ds
:i esaA owxy us tkfr dh O;k[;k djrs gq, dgk gS fd tkfr oa'kkuqØe vk/kkj ij fof'k"V Js.khc)
:i ls xfBr lewg gSA mUgksusa tkfr dj rhu Js.kh;ka crkbZ gSA%&
iSr`d fof'k"Vrk Js.kh c)rk rFkk frjLdkj
tkfr O;oLFkk ds vUrxZr lekt esa dkQh fo[kjko jgk gS ftlds dkj.k O;fDr vius dks lekt esa
mPp fuEurk ds Hkko esa lapj.k djrk gSA frjLdkj ds Hkko ds vUrxZr lekt esa vlekurk,a mRiUu
gksrh gSA
tkfr O;oLFkk lesdrkvksa ls lajfpr (Composed of solidarities) O;oLFkk ekurs gSA tkfr ,d
cUn lkekftd Lr`r gS ftlls mlds lnL;ksa dk lEeku O;oLFkk vkSj lkekftd lEcU/k fuf'pr gksrs
gSA çR;sd tkfr esa nwljh tkfr;ksa ds lnL;ksa ds lkFk lEcU/k lhfer gksrs gS vkSj fuf'pr çdkj ;s cus
gksrs gSA
tkfr O;oLFkk ds dkj.k lekt esa lkekftd fpUru xkS.k gksrk tk jgk gSA lekt dh ijEijk ds
vuqlkj çR;sd tkfr ds lnL;ksa dk O;olk; oa'k ijEijk ds vk/kkj ij vyx vyx gksrk jgk gs
ftlds dkj.k tkfr vk/kkj ij lekt esa vlekurk mRiUu gksrh tk jgh gS tks fd lekt ds fy,
d"Vçn gksxkA
Hkkjr'kkL=h; ifjiz{s ; esa Hkkjr'kkfL=;ksa us tkfr izFkk dh mRifÙk mís'; ,oa blds Hkfo"; ds fo"k; esa
/keZxzUFkksa dk lgkjk fy;k gSA mudk ekuuk gS fd ^^o.kZ** dh mRifÙk fojkV iq#"k&czãk ls gqbZ gS rFkk
UTTRAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY 100
LAW AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA LL.M. 1001
tkfr;k¡ blh o.kZ O;oLFkk ds Hkhrj [kf.Mr (fisis oned) bdkb;ka gSa ftudk fodkl vuqykse vkSj
izfrykse fookg izFkkvksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i gqvkA bu bdkb;ksa ;k tkfr;ksa dks o.kZ O;oLFkk ds vUrxZr
,d nwljs ds laca/k esa viuk&viuk ntZ (rank) izkIr gqvkA pkjksa o.kks± }kjk fd, tkus okys /kkfeZd
d`R; o laLdkj (rituals) Lrjhd`r (status-bound) gSaA dkykUrj esa tkfr laca/kksa dks {ks=] Hkk"kk rFkk
erksa esa vUrj us Hkh izHkkfor fd;k gSA Hkkjr'kkfL=;ksa ds vuqlkj tkfr dh mRifÙk dk mís'; Je dk
foHkktu djuk FkkA tSls&tSls yksxksa us lekt esa pkj lewgksa vFkok Øeksa o oxks± esa foHkktu Lohdkj
djuk izkjEHk fd;k] os vf/kd dBksj gksrs x, vkSj tkfr dh lnL;rk rFkk O;olk; oa'kkuqxr gksrs x,A
3-1mn~ns';
çLrqr bdkbZ ds ek/;e ls tkfr O;oLFkk dk vki v/;;u dj ldsxsa fdl çdkj tkfr O;oLFkk ds
vk/kkj ij lekt esa foHkktu mRiUu gks jgk gS lkFk gh tkfr O;oLFkk dk foHkktu fdl dkj.k ls gks
jgk gS blds lkFk gh vki fuEufyf[kr fcUnqvksa dks le> ldsx
a s ftlds dkj.k tkfr O;oLFkk dk
inkiZ.k gqvk gSA
1- çkphu ;qx esa tkfr çFkk
2- tkfr dh ifjHkk"kk
3- tkfr dh fo'ks"krk,a ,oa foHkktudkjh dkjdA
4- tkfr dh mRifÙk o ds fl)kUr
5- Hkkjrh; lekt dk tkfr ekMy
6- tkfr ds lkaLÑfrd vkSj lajpukRed igyq
ifjHkk"kk
tkfr dh fo'ks"krk,a %&
tkfr dh fo'ks"krkvksa ds ckjs esa vusdksa fo)kuksa ds fHkUu2 çdkj ds er gSA cwxy us tkfr ds rhu rRo
crk;s gS oa'kkuqxr fo'ks"krk] Js.khc)rk ,oa vkd"kZ.k o fojks/k tcfd fjtys us vUrfoZokg rFkk oa'kkuqxr
UTTRAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY 101
LAW AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA LL.M. 1001
is'ks ij cy fn;k gSA vU; fo}kuksa us Hkh blh fo'ks"krk ij vf/kd cy fn;k gSA bl çdkj ls ge tkfr
O;oLFkk ds vusd çk#iksa dk v/;;u djsaxsa tks fuEu gSA
O;oLFkk ds :i esa tkfr
O;oLFkk ds vk/kkj ij tkfr dk l`tu vusdksa çdkj ls gks ldrk gS O;k[;k dk fu:i.k lekt ds
yksxksa }kjk ;k rks mRiUu fd;k tkrk gSa vFkok lekt es og rRo igys ls gh mRiUu gksrk gSA
A - tUe ij vk/kkfjr Js.khØe
Js.khØe ds fu/kkZj.k esa nks O;oLFkk;sa lekt }kjk viuk;h x;h gS ftls ge voyksdu fof/k vkSj er
eqY;kadu fof/k dgrs gSA voyksdu fof/k esa tkfr dh çkfLFkfr fu/kkZj.k ds fy, ;k rks ladsrukRed
fof/k ;k vUr% fØ;kRed fof/k ç;ksx dh x;h gSA ladsrukRed fof/k tkfr dh çkfLFkfr dk fu/kkZj.k
mlds O;ogkj ls djrh gS ftldk vPNk mnkgj.k viekutud O;o;lk; djuk gSA dHkh Hkh fdUgha
nks tkfr;ksa dh ,d leku çkfLFkfr ugha gksrh gSA ,d tkfr dk nqljh tkfr ls lac/k dk Lrj Åapk ;k
uhpk gksrk gSA
er ewY;kadu fof/k esa lkeqfgd Js.khØe esa fofHkUu tkfr;ksa dh çkfLFkfr ds fu/kkZj.k esa fofo/k tkfr;ksa
ds mÙkjnkrkvksa ds er ij /;ku fn;k tkrk gSA bl çdkj tUe ij vk/kkfjr Js.khØe nks rjhdksa ls
tkfr ds Øe dks fuf'pr djrk gSA
B- lkekftd Hkkxhnkjh vkSj /kkfeZd ekU;rk %&
/kkfeZd ekU;rk,a vf/kdkf/kd :i esa lekt ds ml oxZ dks vius ls nwj j[krs gS ftuds }kjk /keZ ds
vuqlj.k esa fdlh pht dh ekU;rk gS fdUrq mlls nqljk lekt oxZ ,d fo?kVudkjh ifjos'k mRiUu
gks tkrk gS /keZ ds vk/kkj ij ,d oxZ nqljs oxZ ls tkfr foHksn dj vius dks cpkrk gS ftls NqvkNqr
iwtk LFkyksa esa tkus ls ,d oxZ ml oxZ dks jksdrk gS vkSj ogha ls tkfr ds foHkktu dh uhao etcwr
gksrh gS ftls ge lekt dh Hkkxhnkjh ds vkSj /kkfeZd ekU;rk ds vk/kkj ij mRiUu tkfr foHksn dgrs
gSA
C – lgHkkst ij çfrcU/k
UTTRAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY 102
LAW AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA LL.M. 1001
tc fdlh tkfr ds foHksn ls lekt esa tkfr dk foHksn mRiUu gksrk gSaA rks ,d oxZ nqljs oxZ ds lkFk
viuk [kku iku Hkkstu vkfn /kkfeZd dk;ksZ ls fojr jgrk gS mldks ml fuEu oxZ ls fu"ks/k djrk gSA
lekt esa vHkh Hkh ,sls tkfrokn dh mRd"Bk ls bl çdkj dk lekt gS tks tkfr ds bl egku tky
esa bl çdkj Qals gS fd og dHkh Hkh mlls mHkj ugha ldrs gSA
3-3tkfr] o.kZ] mitkfr rFkk tutkfr (Caste, Varna, Sub-Caste and Tribe)
rdZiwoZd vk/kkj ij ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd tkfr] ^^o.kZ** dk fodflr :i gSA tks izkphu Hkkjr ds
oxZ ds :i esa izkjEHk gq, Fks vkSj /khjs&/khjs bUgsa /kkfeZd ekU;rk izkIr gks xbZA tkfr O;oLFkk dk leFkZu
djrs gq, ;gh /kkfeZd fl)kUr tkfr O;oLFkk vkSj Lrjhdj.k esa Hksn djrk gS tks fd vesfjdk o vU;
ns'kksa esa iznÙk izfLFkfr] vUrfoZokg] rFkk fuEu fLFkfr ds :i esa ik;k tkrk gS ¼tSls uhxzks es½a A
3-3-1 tkfr vkSj o.kZ (Caste and Vorna)
tkfr vkSj o.kZ nksuksa fHkUu /kkj.kk,a gSaA lsukVZ izFke O;fDr Fkk ftlus ;g crk;k fd tkfr o o.kZ leku
ugha gSA fgUnw lkekftd laxBu dh fof'k"Vrk ;g gS fd ;g ^^o.kkZJe** O;oLFkk ij vk/kkfjr gSA ;|fi
^^o.kZ** O;oLFkk rFkk ^^vkJe** O;oLFkk nks vyx&vyx laxBu gSa fQj Hkh os ,d lkFk gSa] D;ksfa d os
euq"; dh izd`fr o ikyu iks"k.k dh leL;kvksa ds fo"k; esa crkrs gSaA vkJe O;oLFkk euq"; ds thou
ds fofo/k voLFkkvksa esa O;fDr ds lkalkfjd O;ogkj ds fo"k; esa ekxZn'kZd gS vkSj o.kZ&O;oLFkk ds
LoHkko ds vuqlkj dke djus dh fLFkfr dk funsZ'k nsrh gSA bu nksuks a O;oLFkkvksa ds v/;;u dh /kkj.kk
fHkUu gSA vkJe O;oLFkk esa thou esa pkj voLFkkvksa ds vUrxZr O;fDr dh f'k{kk&nh{kk vFkok
ikyu&iks"k.k dk laca/k gS% czãp;Z] x`gLFkkJe] okuizLFkkJe vkSj lU;klA o.kZ O;oLFkk ds vUrxZr
O;fDr dh mlds futh LoHkko ,oa izo`fÙk;ksa ds lanHkZ esa vius lewg esa fLFkfr ij fopkj fd;k tkrk gSA
^^o.kZ** 'kCn dk iz;ksx _Xosn esa ¼4000 ch0lh0 esa fy[kk x;k½ lcls igys iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS vkSj
izkjEHk esa dsoy ^^vk;Z** vkSj ^^nkl** nks o.kks± dk gh o.kZu gSA blh osn esa lekt ds rhu O;oLFkkvks a
(order) esa foHkktu dk Hkh o.kZu gS% czã ¼if.Mr½] {kk= ¼;ks)k½] vkSj fol ¼lkekU; tu½A pkSFkh
O;oLFkk ^^'kwnz** dk o.kZu ugha gS] ;|fi vk;ks± ds }kjk ?k`.kk fd, tkus okys lewgks&
a ^^v;ksX;**]
^^pk.Mky**] rFkk ^^fu"kkn** 'kCnks&
a dk o.kZu feyrk gSA
;gh pkj O;oLFkk,a vkxs pydj pkj ^^o.kZ** gks x,A izkjEHk esa ^^'kwnzk*sa * dks vLi`'; ugha le>k tkrk
FkkA Jhfuokl us Hkh ekuk gS fd pkSFkh O;oLFkk ds ^^'kwnz** vLi`'; ugha Fks] cfYd bl lewg esa fdlku]
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Jfed ,oa lsod FksA ^^'kwnzk*sa * dks ?kjsyw ukSdjksa ds :i esa gh ugha cfYd jlksb, ds :i esa Hkh yxk;k
tkrk FkkA bl izdkj oSfnd dky esa mPp ;k fuEu ^^o.kZ** tSlk dqN Hkh ugha FkkA lekt dk bu pkj
o.kks± ;k O;oLFkkvksa esa foHkktu Je foHkktu ij vk/kkfjr FkkA czkã.k iqtkjh ds :i esa] {kf=; 'kkld
o ;ks)k ds :i es]a oS'; O;kikjh ds :i es]a rFkk 'kwnz ^^lsod** ds :i esa dk;Z djrs FksA
o.kks± esa fookg laca/kksa esa izfrcU/k ugha Fks vkSj u gh [kkuiku esa o lkekftd laca/kksa esa FksA ;gk¡ rd fd
,d o.kZ ls nwljs o.kZ esa lnL;rk ifjorZu ds fy, Hkh dksbZ izfrcU/k ugha FksA ckn esa tSls ge oSfnd
dky ls czkã.k dky esa vkrs gSa] bu pkjksa o.kks± esa Js.khØe izkjEHk gks x;k vkSj blesa czkã.k loksZPp
fLFkfr esa rFkk ^^'kwnz** fuEure fLFkfr esa gks x,A
,d vkSj fopkj/kkjk ds vuqlkj ^^o.kks±** esa vUrj o Js.khØe dk laca/k jax Hksn ls FkkA blds vuqlkj
^^o.kZ** dk vFkZ ^^jax** gS vkSj blh jax ds vk/kkj ij ^^vk;Z** vkSj ^^nkl** esa vUrj fd;k x;k gksxk
D;ksfa d vk;ks± dk jax ^^lkQ** (fair) vkSj nklksa dk jax dkyk ekuk x;k gSA ^^jax** dh /kkj.kk bruh
cyorh gks xbZ fd dkykUrj esa tc ^^oxks±** dks fu;fer :i ls ^^o.kZ** ekuk x;k] pkj o.kks± ds lnL;ksa
dh pkj jaxksa ls gh igpku gksus yxhA czkã.kksa dks xkSj ;k lQsn jax] {kf=;ksa dks yky jax] oS';ksa dks
ihyk jax rFkk 'kwnzksa dks dkyk jax fn;k x;kA
tkfr;ksa dh mRifÙk dk laca/k ^^o.kks±** ls ugha gS] ;|fi tkfr;ksa ds fodkl dh izfØ;k esa mUgsa ^^o.kks±** ls
lEc) fd;k x;k vkSj tkfr Js.khØe (hierarchy) vkSj tkfr xfr'khyrk dks ^^o.kZ** ls tksM+ dj
crk;k x;kA Jhfuokl dh Hkh ;g ekU;rk gS fd ^^o.kZ** us ,d lkekU; lkekftd Hkk"kk iznku dh gS tks
lewps Hkkjr ds fy, ,d tSlk gS] vFkkZr~ o.kZ us lkekU; O;fDr;ksa dks tkfr O;oLFkk dks le>us dh ,d
ljy o Li"V ;kstuk nh gS tks lkjs Hkkjr esa ykxw gSA L;w (Hsu) dh ekU;rk gS fd o.kZ rks lewps
fgUnw lekt ds fy, ek= fopkjkRed ;kstuk (conceptual scheme) gS] tcfd tkfr fgUnw lekt
dh ;FkkFkZ fLFkfr dks n'kkZrh gSA
3-3-2 tkfr ,oa mitkfr (Caste and Subcaste)
tkfr ,oa mitkfr esa Li"V vUrj crkuk vklku ugha gS D;ksfa d nksuksa dh izo`fÙk;k¡ leku gh gSaA rFkkfi
mitkfr tkfr dk mifoHkktu gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ] dk;LFk ,d tkfr gS vkSj bls vusd mitkfr;ksa esa
foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS( tSls] lDlsuk] JhokLro] fuxe ,oa HkVukxj vkfnA blh izdkj vxzoky
tkfr dk mi foHkktu ^^nlk** o ^^chlk** mitkfr;ksa esa gSA czã.k ,d ^^o.kZ** gS rFkk vusd tkfr;ksa dk
,d e.My gSA bl izdkj dkU;dqCt] lj;wikjh rFkk xkSM+ czkã.k tkfr ds mnkgj.k gSa vkSj Hkkj}kt]
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xkSre] d';i vkfn czkã.k xks= ds mnkgj.k gSaA tkfr vkSj mitkfr nksuksa gh vUrfoZokgh
(endogamous) lewg gSa] fdUrq xks= cfgfoZokgh (exogamous) lewg gSA
mitkfr;ksa dh mRifÙk dSls gqbZ\ bl ij nks n`f"Vdks.k gSa% ,d rks ;g fd budk mn~xe ekrk&firk ds
lewg ds fo[k.Mu (fission) ls gS( nwljk ;g fd budh mRifÙk Lora= lewgksa ls gqbZ gSA /kq;sZ ds
vuqlkj mitkfr tkfr ls bu dkj.kksa dh otg ls fHkUu ekuh tkus yxh% ¼1½ vyxko ds dkj.k ¼tSls]
xqtjkrh vkSj ekyoh tqykgs e/; izn's k esa] esokM+h vkSj ekjokM+h ukbZ jktLFkku es½a ( ¼2½ fefJr mRifÙk ds
dkj.k ¼tSls] e/; izn's k ds ^^feykyk** ftudh mRifÙk Hkhy o jktiwr ekrk&firk ls ekuh tkrh gS½( ¼3½
is'kksa esa vUrj ds dkj.k ¼tSls] dqEgkj tks fd crZu dk dke djrs gSa ^^x/ksMs** dgykrs gSa rFkk [ksr esa
dke djus okys ^^[ksrM+** dgykrs gSa(½ ¼4½ /kU/ks ds rduhdh fof'k"Vrkvksa ds dkj.k ¼tSls] peM+s dk dke
djus okyksa esa eksph mitkfr tks u;s twrs cukrs gSa½( ¼5½ fjoktksa dh vlekurk ds dkj.k ¼tSls] fo/kok
iqufoZokg ls lacaf/kr gks] vkSj½ ¼6½ miuke ds dkj.kA
bjkorh dosZ us ;g n`f"Vdks.k Lohdkj fd;k gS fd mitkfr;ka ;k rks tkfr;ksa ds fo[kf.Mr Hkkx gSa ;k os
LorU= mRifÙk ds gSaA bl lUnHkZ esa mUgksua s dgk gS ^^/kkfeZd pyuksa o rjhdksa ls ;g iznf'kZr gksrk gS
fd bu bdkbZ;ksa dk vyx vfLrRo o bfrgkl gh budh cM+h bdkbZ;ksa ls vyx gksus dk dkj.k gks
ldrk gSA fjt+ys] gêu o etwenkj us dgk gS fd mitkfr;k¡ VwVdj eq[; tkfr;ksa ds cjkcj viuh
fLFkfr dks mBkus ds iz;RuLo:i vfLrRo esa vkbZA
3-3-3 tkfr ,oa tutkfr (Caste and Tribe)
tkfr rFkk tutkfr esa vUrj djus dk dksbZ ekU; vk/kkj ugha gSA vkUnzs osrsM+ (Andre Betaills) dk
fopkj gS fd ^^tutkfr** dh /kkj.kk dks ekStwnk ifjHkk"kkvksa ds vk/kkj ij ugha le>uk pkfg,] vfirq
Hkkjr esa ijEijkxr :i ls ekuh tkus okyh tutkfr;ksa dh fo'ks"krkvksa ,oa muds fo'ys"k.k ds }kjk
le>uk pkfg,A ukMsy (Nadel) tSls lkekftd ekuo'kkfL=;ksa tutkfr dks ^^,d jktuSfrd] Hkk"kkbZ
,oa lkaLd`frd lhekvksa okyk lekt** dgk gSA bldk ;g vFkZ gqvk fd tutkfr ,d ,slk ^lekt* gS
ftlds lnL; lkekU; ljdkj pykrs gSa] lkekU; Hkk"kk cksyrs gSa rFkk ,d lkekU; laLd`fr] fo'okl ,oa
izFkkvksa dk vuqikyu djrs gSaA ;|fi dbZ tutkfr;ksa dh Li"V lkaLd`frd ,oa Hkk"kk laca/kh lhek,a gksrh
gSa] Hkys gh jktuSfrd u gksa ,sls vusd tutkrh; lewg gSa ftuesa ljdkj ugha gksrh vkSj u gh dksbZ
dsUnzh; vf/kdkj j[kus okyk O;fDr lewg gh gksrk gSA blh izdkj ,d tutkfr esa lkaLd`frd le:i
(homogeneity) Hkh Hkzked gksrh gS D;ksfa d bl ;qx esa ,slh dksbZ lhek js[kk ugha gS tgka ,d
^^laLd`fr** lekIr gksrh gS vkSj nwljh izkjEHkA ijUrq tutkfr dh viuh ,d cksyh (dialect) vo';
gksrh gSA vr% tutkfr dh ekStwnk ifjHkk"kk vi;kZIr gSA /kq;sZ] ukbd] csyh rFkk oSfj;j ,yfou tSls
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fo}kuksa us tkfr ,oa tutkfr esa Hksn djus ds fy, fofHkUu vk/kkj iz;ksx fd, gSaA dqN vk/kkj bl
izdkj gSa% /keZ] HkkSxksfyd i`FkDdj.k] Hkk"kk] vkfFkZd] fiNM+kiu rFkk jktuSfrd laxBuA
csyh us dgk gS fd ^^tkfr rFkk tutkfr esa Hksn djus ds fy, ,d ek= gy ;g gS fd ,slh fujUrjrk
(continuum) dh dYiuk djsa ftlds ,d vksj rks lekt gS ftldh jktuSfrd O;oLFkk iwjh rjg
[k.MkRed vkSj lekurk ij vk/kkfjr (egalitarian) izdkj dh gS vkSj ftlesa fuHkZj jgus okys yksx
ugha gksrs] vkSj nwljh vksj og lekt gS ftlesa [k.MkRed jktuSfrd laca/k cgqr de yksxksa esa gksrs gSa
vkSj vf/kdrj yksx ,d nwljs ij fuHkZj gksrs gSaA ,sls lekt dh jktuSfrd O;oLFkk dh rqyuk ,d
tSfodh; O;oLFkk ls dh tk ldrh gSA**A ysfdu csyh dk dguk gS fd fujUrjrk ds ml fcUnq dks
igpkuuk dfBu gS tgka tutkfr lekIr gksdj tkfr izkjEHk gksrh gksA
Hkkjr esa ;g fLFkfr vkSj Hkh tfVy gS D;ksfa d ,slh 'kk;n gh dksbZ tutkfr gks tks vyx lekt ds :i
esa viuk vfLrRo j[krh gksA fdlh Hkh tutkfr dh Hkkjr esa vyx ls dksbZ jktuSfrd lhek ugha gSA
cM+h tutkfr;ka] tSls Hkhy] lUFkky] vksjk¡o vkfn {ks=h; vk/kkj ij fc[kjh gqbZ gSaA fQj yxHkx lHkh
tutkfr;ka fofo/k lhekvksa rd cM+s lekt esa lek Hkh xbZ gSaA vkfFkZd n`f"V ls Hkh tutkrh;
vFkZO;oLFkk {ks=h; o jk"Vªh; vFkZO;oLFkk ls fHkUu ugha gSaA bl izdkj os tutkfr;ka tks ekuo'kkfL=;ksa
}kjk ^^vkn'kZ :i** (ideal type) ekuh xbZ gSa] eqf'dy ls gh ikbZ tkrh gSaA vkUnzs csrsb ¼1969½ dh
ekU;rk gS fd Hkkjr esa lHkh tutkfr;ka ifjorZu ds nkSj ls xqtj jgha gSaA ysfdu dqN leqnk;ksa dks
tutkfr dh ekU;rk nh xbZ gS vkSj mUgsa vuqlwfpr tutkfr dh lwph esa lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA
3-3-4 tkfr vkSj oxZ (Caste and Class)
tkfr vkSj oxZ nksuksa gh izfLFkfr (status) lewg gSaA ,d izfLFkfr lewg O;fDr;ksa dk ,d ladyu gS
ftu ¼O;fDr;ks½a dh ,d fof'k"V thou 'kSyh gksrh gS vkSj ,d izdkj dh psruk j[krs gSaA tkfr ,d
oa'kkuqxr lewg gksrk gS ftldh ,d fuf'pr deZdkaMh (ritual) izfLFkfr gksrh gS] tcfd oxZ mRiknu
ds laca/kksa ds vk/kkj ij ifjHkkf"kr gksrk gSA ,d oxZ ds lnL;ksa dh nwljs oxZ ds lnL;ksa ds lkFk ,d
gh lkekftd&vkfFkZd izfLFkfr gksrh gS] tcfd ,d tkfr ds lnL;ksa dh nwljh tkfr;ksa ds lnL;ksa dh
rqyuk esa mPp ;k fuEu izfLFkfr gksrh gSA ,d lkekftd oxZ laxfBr ugha gksrk] fdUrq O;fDr vkSj
ifjokj tks mlds lnL; gSa vis{kkd`r leku 'kSf{kd] vkfFkZd o lkekftd Lrj ds gksrs gSaA tks yksx
,d gh lkekftd oxZ ds oxhZdj.k ds vUrxZr vkrs gSa muds thou&volj (life chances) Hkh
leku gksrs gSaA dqN lekt'kkL=h lkekftd oxZ dks ewyr% LoHkkor% vkfFkZd (economic in nature)
ekurs gSa] tcfd nwljs thou 'kSyh] lEeku rFkk izo`fÙk tSls dkjdksa ij cy nsrs gSaA
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oxZ O;oLFkk esa O;fDr dh fLFkfr fuf'pr djus ds rhu vk/kkj vkerkSj ij iz;ksx fd, tkrs gSa%
oLrqijd (objective), O;fDrijd (subjective) rFkk izflf)ijd (reputational)A oLrqijd
vk/kkj gSa% vk;] f'k{kk vkSj O;olk; izflf)ijd vk/kkj gS% leqnk; ds lnL;ksa dh eukso`fÙk;ka
(attitudes) vkSj fu.kZ; (judement); vkSj O;fDrijd vk/kkj gS O;fDr;ksa dh lekt esa viuh fLFkfr
cukukA
tkfr ,d cUn lkekftd Lr`r (stratum) gS ftlls mlds lnL;ksa dk lEeku O;olk; vkSj
lkekftd laca/k fuf'pr gksrs gSaA izR;sd tkfr esa nwljh tkfr ds lnL;ksa ds lkFk laca/k lhfer gksrs gSa
vkSj fuf'pr izdkj ls cus gksrs gSaA nwljh vksj oxZ esa ,d oxZ ds lnL;ksa ds nwljs oxZ ds lnL;ksa ds
lkFk laca/k ifjfLFkfro'k ca/ks gksrs gSaA tkfr vkSj oxZ dk lekt esa lg vfLrRo gksrk gSA dbZ voljksa
ij tkfr;ka] oxZ dk dk;Z Hkh dj ldrh gSaA
3-4 tkfr dh fo'ks"krk,a (Characteristics of Caste)
cwxy (Bougle) us tkfr ds rhu rRo crk;s gSa& oa'kkuqxr fo'ks"kKrk] Js.khc)rk] ,oa vkd"kZ.k o
fojks/kA gksdkVZ us /kkfeZd fØ;k&dykiksa dh ifo=rk vkSj vifo=rk ij cy fn;k gSA tcfd fjt+ys us
vUrfoZokg (endogamy) rFkk oa'kkuqxr is'ks (occupation) ij cy fn;k gSA /kq;sZ] dsrdj] ,u0ds0
nÙk] vkfn us Hkh bUgha fo'ks"krkvksa dh vksj ladsr fd;k gSA ;g ekuk tk ldrk gS fd ,d bdkbZ ds
:i esa tkfr dh ;s fo'ks"krk,a gSa% oa'kkuqxr lnL;rk] vUrfoZokg] fuf'pr O;olk;] rFkk tkfr lfefr;ka]
tcfd O;oLFkk ds :i esa tkfr dh fo'ks"krk,a gSa% Js.khØe] [kkuiku ij izfrcU/k rFkk 'kkjhfjd o
lkekftd nwfj;ksa ij izfrcU/kA
3-4-1O;oLFkk ds :i esa tkfr dh fo'ks"krk,a
¼d½ tUe ij vk/kkfjr Js.khØe (Hierarchy basea on birth)
fdUgha Hkh nks tkfr;ksa dh ,d leku izfLFkfr ugha gksrhA ,d tkfr dk nwljh tkfr ls laca/k dk Lrj
Å¡pk ;k uhpk gksrk gSA tkfr Js.khØe O;oLFkk esa izR;sd tkfr dk fuf'pr ;k vuqekfur Lrj ;k
izfLFkfr dk fu/kkZj.k djuk ;fn vlEHko ugha rks eqf'dy vo'; gSA Js.khØe ds fu/kkZj.k esa nks rjhds
viuk;s x;s gSa] voyksdu fof/k vkSj er&ewY;kadu fof/kA voyksdu fof/k esa tkfr dh izfLFkfr fu/kkZj.k
ds fy, ;k rks ladsrukRed (attributional) fof/k ;k vUr%fØ;kRed (interactional) fof/k iz;ksx
dh x;h gSA ladsrukRed fof/k tkfr dh izfLFkfr dk fu/kkZj.k mlds O;ogkj ls djrh gS( mnkgj.kkFkZ]
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viekutud O;olk; djuk] bldh izFkk,a] 'kkdkgkjh gksuk] rFkk e|iku vkfn vknrsAa vUr%fØ;kRed
fof/k nks tkfr;ksa ds ,d nwljs ds laca/k esa izfLFkfr dk ewY;kadu muds [kku&iku dh vUr%fØ;kvksa rFkk
fookg laca/kksa dk voyksdu }kjk djrh gSA ;fn ^^v** tkfr ^^c** tkfr dh yM+dh ls fookg djuk
Lohdkj dj ysrh gS] ysfdu ml tkfr esa viuh yM+dh ugha nsrh rks ^^v** dk Lrj ^^c** ds Lrj ls
Å¡pk gksxkA
er&ewY;kadu (opinion-assessing) fof/k esa lkewfgd Js.khØe esa fofHkUu tkfr;ksa dh izfLFkfr ds
fu/kkZj.k esa fofo/k tkfr;ksa ds mÙkjnkrkvksa ds er ij /;ku fn;k tkrk gSA ,0lh0 es;j] ,e0,u0
Jhfuokl] Mh0,u0 etwenkj] ,l0lh0 nqc]s ikfyu egkj] vkfn fo}kuksa us tkfr Js.khØe esa tkfr dh
fLFkfr ds fo'ys"k.k esa voyksdu fof/k dk iz;ksx fd;k Fkk] tcfd eSfde esfj;V o LVSuys ÝhM us
er&ewY;kadu fof/k dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA ,l0lh0 nqcs us tkfr Js.khØe O;oLFkk esa rsyx
a kuk esa rhu
xkaoksa esa tkfr izfLFkfr fu/kkZj.k ds fy, ,d gh vk/kkj iz;ksx fd;k] ftlesa mUgksua s crk;k fd
dkSu&dkSu lh tkfr;ka fdu&fdu tkfr;ksa ds lkFk Hkkstu dj ldrh gSaA es;j us nwljh vksj lgHkkst
ds vk/kkj dks iz;ksx fd;k] ftlds vUrxZr [kkuk&ikuh rFkk fofHkUu tkfr;ksa ds chp ^^gqDdk** iz;ksx
dk vknku&iznku lfEefyr gSA ikfyu egkj us cgq&vuqeki (multiple-scaling) izfof/k }kjk
tkfr;ksa dh fLFkfr fu/kkZj.k mudh /kkfeZd ¼deZdkaM½ ifo=rk rFkk vifo=rk ds vk/kkj ij fd;kA
¼[k½ lgHkkst ij izfrcU/k (Commensal restriction)
,d O;fDr ds fofHkUu tkfr;ksa ds lnL;ksa ds lkFk [kku&iku laca/kh vusd o foLr`r fu;e izpyu esa
gSaA bl fo"k; ij CyUV (Blunt) ds vuqlkj lkr egRoiw.kZ fu"ks/k (taboos) izpfyr gSa% (i) lgHkkst
fu"ks/k] tks O;fDr ds vU; O;fDr;ksa ds lkFk Hkkstu [kkus ds fu;e fu/kkZfjr djrk gS( (ii) jlksbZ fu"ks/k]
ftlesa jlksbZ cukus laca/kh fu;e gSa fd dkSu&dkSu O;fDr fdu&fdu O;fDr;ksa ds [kkus ;ksX; Hkkstu
cuk ldrs gSa( (iii) [kkus ds fu"ks/k] ftlesa Hkkstu ds le; viuk, tkus okys /kkfeZd d`R;ksa ds fooj.k
,oa fu;e gSa( (iv) ihus ds fu"ks/k] tks nwljs O;fDr;ksa ds gkFk ls ihus dk ikuh ysus ds fu;e crkrs gSa(
(v) Hkkstu fu"ks/k] tks ;g crkrk gS fd fdl izdkj dk Hkkstu ¼dPpk] iDdk] gjh lCth] vkfn½ ,d
tkfr dk lnL; nwljh tkfr ds lnL;ksa ds lkFk [kk ldrk gS( (vi) rEckdw ;k /kweziku laca/kh fu"ks/k]
tks ;g crkrk gS fd fdl O;fDr dk gqDdk fdl tkfr dk O;fDr iz;ksx dj ldrk gS( (vii) crZu
fu"ks/k] tks ;g crkrk gS fd fdl izdkj ds crZu O;fDr dks vifo=rk ls cpus ds fy, iz;ksx djuk ;k
cpuk pkfg,A
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¼x½lkekftd Hkkxhnkjh ij /kkfeZd ekU;rkvksa dh ck/;rk (Compelling
religious sanctions on social participation)
lkekftd vUrfØZ;k dykiksa ij izfrcU/k yxkus dk dkj.k ;g fo'okl gS fd 'kkjhfjd lEidZ ls
vifo=rk (pollution) dk lEizs{k.k gksrk gSA blh izdkj ds fo'oklksa ds dkj.k gh tks fuEu tkfr ds
yksx fud`"V /kU/kksa esa yxs gksrs gSa] mUgsa mPp tkfr ds yksx vius ls nwj gh j[krs gSaA blh izdkj
xksekal [kkus okys vusd fuEu tkfr ds yksx rFkk pekj] /kksch] Mkse] vkfn lkekU;r;k vLi`'; ekus
tkrs gSa] vkSj mUgsa fgUnw yksxksa }kjk i`Fkd gh j[kk tkrk gSA blh izdkj mPp tkfr rFkk e/; tkfr ds
yksxksa ds lkFk vUr%fØ;k ds fy,] vknj&lRdkj ds fy,] nSfud O;ogkj ds fy, rFkk /kkfeZd
fØ;k&dykiksa ls lacaf/kr fuf'pr o fHkUu&fHkUu fu;e cus gq, gSaA
¼?k½ tkfrcká vFkok vLi`'; miLrj (The Out Caste substratum)
tks tkfr;ka fud`"V o efyurk QSykus okys is'kksa esa yxh gksrh gSa] mUgsa vLi`'; ekuk tkrk gSA mUgsa
cká tkfr;ka ¼nfyr oxZ½] ;k vuqlwfpr tkfr;ka Hkh dgk tkrk gSA bu tkfr;ksa ds fo"k; esa ekuk tkrk
gS fd os vk;ks± ds vkxeu ls iwoZ Hkkjr esa jgus okyh iztkfr;ksa ls vorh.kZ gqb±A ckn esa mUgksua s fgUnw
lekt ds fuEure fLFkfr;ksa dks Lohdkj dj fy;kA bu tkfr;ksa ds lnL; vkerkSj ij xk¡o ;k cLrh
ds ckgj dh vksj jgrs gSa vkSj eSyk lkQ djus] twrk cukus] peM+k 'kks/ku] vkfn dk;ks± ls thfodk
pykrs gSaA mUgsa mu dqvksa ls ikuh ysus dh vuqefr ugha gksrh ftuls mPp tkfr;ksa ds yksx ikuh ysrs
gSaA mUgsa tu&lM+dks]a Ldwyksa] efUnjks]a 'konkg LFkyks]a gksVyksa rFkk pk; dh nqdkuksa vkfn ds iz;ksx ls Hkh
ofUpr j[kk tkrk gSA os mu nSR;ksa dks izlUu djus ds fy, i'kq&cfy Hkh nsrs gSa tks muds thou ij
vf/kdkj j[krs gSaA mudh mifLFkfr o Li'kZ Hkh nwljksa dks nwfZ"kr@vifo= dj nsx
a s] ,slk ekuk tkrk gSA
orZeku esa tkfroknh yksxksa }kjk Fkksis x, fu"ks/k dkQh de gks x, gSaA ;|fi ;s fu"ks/k oS/kkfud :i ls
gVk fn, x;s gSa vkSj vf/kdrj mPp tkfr;ksa ds fgUnqvksa }kjk vifo=rk ds Mj dks Hkh lkekftd :i
ls ugha ekuk tk jgk gS] fQj Hkh dqN /kkfeZd fØ;k&dykiksa esa izfrcU/k tkjh gSa] ;|fi ykSfdd nSfud
thou esa bUgsa ykxw ugha fd;k tkrk gSA
1-4-2bdkbZ ds :i esa tkfr dh fo'ks"krk, (Characteristics of Caste as a
unit)
¼d½ iznÙk izfLFkfr (Ascribed Status)
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tkfr esa O;fDr dh lnL;rk mlds tUe ls fu/kkZfjr gksrh gSA izR;sd tkfr dk vU; tkfr;ksa dh rqyuk
esa D;ksfa d ,d fuf'pr ntkZ (rank) gksrk gS] vr% O;fDr dh mPp o fuEu izfLFkfr bl ij fuHkZj
djrh gS fd ftl tkfr esa mldk tUe gqvk gS mldh deZdkaMh; izfLFkfr D;k gSA okLro esa] ,d
ijEijkfu"B fgUnw ds thou dk izR;sd igyw mlds tUe ij vVdk gksrk gSA mlds ?kjsyw laLdkj o
jhfr&fjokt] mldh efUnj vkfn esa iwtk] mldh fe= e.Myh] vkSj mldk O;olk;] lHkh dqN ml
tkfr ds Lrj ij vk/kkfjr gksrs gSa ftlesa mlus tUe fy;k gSA
¼[k½ vUrfoZokg (Endogamy)
izR;sd tkfr ds lnL;ksa dks viuh gh tkfr ;k mitkfr esa fookg djuk gksrk gSA bl izdkj vUrfoZokg
tkfr lewgksa ds chp ,d LFkk;h ck/; fLFkfr gSA
¼x½ fuf'pr O;olk; (Fixed Occupation)
izR;sd tkfr dk fuf'pr oa'kkuqxr is'kk gksrk gSA ,d iqjkuh dgkor gS fd ,d czkã.k lnSo czkã.k
gksrk gS vkSj pekj lnSo pekj gksrk gSA dqN O;olk; xUns (unclean) le>s tkrs gSa ftl dkj.k tks
O;fDr buesa yxs gksrs gSa os vLi`'; gks tkrs gSa vkSj ;fn dksbZ vU; bu O;olk;ksa dks viukrk gS] rks
mls tkfr ls cfg"d`r dj fn;k tkrk gS rkfd og tkfr dks nwf"kr u dj ldsA ysfdu bldk ;g vFkZ
Hkh ugha gS fd czkã.k tkfr esa lHkh czkã.kksa dks iafMrkbZ O;olk; esa gh lnSo yxk jguk gS ;k fQj
lHkh jktiwrksa dks j{kk dk;Z esa yxus ds dkj.k lsuk esa gh 'kkfey gksuk gSA dqN ifjLFkfr;ksa o'k ,d
tkfr ds lnL; dks nwljk O;olk; djus dh vuqefr fey tkrh FkhA blh izdkj ,d gh tkfr dh
fofHkUu mitkfr;k¡ fofo/k O;olk; viuk ysrh gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ] [kfVd ¼dlkbZ½ tkfr dh pkj
mi&tkfr;ka mÙkj izns'k esa dlkbZ] ¼csyuokyk½] jktxhj ¼jktxj½] jLlh cukus okys ¼lksecêk½ rFkk Qy
cspus ds O;olk; esa ¼esokQjks"k½ yxs gSaA O;olk; ifjorZu ls tkfr ifjorZu vko';d ugha gksrk Fkk
tc rd fd fLFkfr esa ifjorZu u gksA CyUV ds vuqlkj tc izfLFkfr esa bl izdkj dk ifjorZu gksrk gS
rc og rhu :i /kkj.k dj ysrh gS % (i) ,d ubZ tkfr esa i`Fkd gksuk (ii) u;s lewg dk igys ls
vfLrRo okyh tkfr esa foy; (iii) ekSfyd tkfr ds Hkhrj gh ,d vUrfoZokgh mitkfr dh jpukA
tkfr }kjk Fkksis x, O;olkf;d izfrcU/kksa ds ihNs lkekU;r% /kkfeZd mís'; gksrk gS] ysfdu dHkh&dHkh
mudk fo'kq) vkfFkZd mís'; Hkh gksrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] vkseSys us e/;izn's k ds ,d ftys ds lqukjksa
ds lUnHkZ esa dgk gS fd os yksx ,d nkor dk vk;kstu djrs gSa ftlesa os dle [kkrs gSa fd os mu
yksxksa dks tkfr ls ckgj fudkyus dk Mj fn[kkrs gSa tks ;g jgL; [kksyx
sa s fd lksus esa fdruh vU;
/kkrq,a fdl ek=k esa feykbZ tkrh gSaA
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¼?k½ tkfr iapk;r (Caste Panchayats)
izR;sd tkfr dh viuh lfefr gksrh gS ftls tkfr iapk;r dgrs gSaA yEcs le; rd bu iapk;rksa dk
vius lnL;ksa ij dkQh izHkko FkkA ;|fi vkt dqN tkfr iapk;rksa dh lewps ns'k esa 'kk[kk,a Hkh gSa
D;ksfa d lapkj ek/;eksa dk leqfpr fodkl gqvk gS] ijUrq dqN n'kkfCn;ksa iwoZ rd bu ¼'kk[kkvks½a dk
dk;Z{ks= bruk lhfer Fkk fd lnL; vklkuh ls bdës gks ldsa vkSj ,d nwljs ds izfr tkudkjh j[k
ldsAa lapkj lqfo/kk rFkk vU; LFkkuh; n'kk,a bu iapk;rksa dk dk;Z {ks= fu/kkZfjr djrh gSaA bl izdkj
Dpksfa d lewph tkfr ;k mi&tkfr ds fy, ,d gh iapk;r gksus ds vkn'kZ dks izkIr djuk vlEHko gS]
vr% ,d tkfr ;k mi&tkfr ds lnL; ,d lacaf/kr lewg dk fuekZ.k djrs gSa ftls ^^fcjknjh**
¼ukrsnkjksa dh lfefr½ dgk tkrk gSA ;g fcjknjh ,d cfgfoZokgh (exogamous) bdkbZ ds :i esa
vUrfoZokgh tkfr ;k mi&tkfr dh rjg dk;Z djrh gSaA og lewg ¼fcjknjh½ tkfr ;k mitkfr ds fy,
dk;Z djrk gS rFkk vius lnL;ksa dks viuh dk;Z ifjf/k ds Hkhrj gh ekU;rkvksa dks euokus ds fy,
ck/; djrk gSA bu iapk;rksa us tks vijk/k ds ekeys vius dk;Z {ks= esa fy, Fks muesa ls izeq[k Fks&
nwljh tkfr o mitkfr esa Hkkstu ds ekeys] ftuds lkFk Hkkstu fu"ks/k Fkk] nwljh tkfr dh L=h dks
j[kSy ds :i esa j[kuk] fookfgr efgyk ds lkFk voS/k laca/k j[kuk] fookg ds ok;ns dks rksM+uk]
vnk;xh ls budkj djuk] NksVs&eksVs >xM+s jhfr&fjoktksa dk mYya?ku] vkfnA ,slk djus ij tks n.M
dk fo/kku viuk;k tkrk Fkk mlesa tkfr ls fudkyuk] vFkZn.M] tkfr ds yksxksa dks nkor nsuk] ;k
'kkjhfjd n.M vkfn izeq[k FksA tkfr ds lHkh lnL; iapk;r ds fu.kZ; dks ekuus ds fy, ck/; gksrs FksA
fczfV'k dky esa Hkh ;s iapk;rsa bruh 'kfDr'kkyh gksrh Fkha fd U;k;ky; }kjk fu.kZ; fd, x, ekeyksa dks
Hkh iqufoZpkj ds fy, ys ysrh FkhaA bl izdkj tkfr iapk;r ,d v/kZ&izHkqrk lEiUu (semi
sovereign) laLFkk FkhA
orZeku esa bu iapk;rksa dk vfLrRo {kh.k gks x;k gS ijUrq vioknLo:i ;s dke dj jgh gSaA
3-5 tkfr dh mRifÙk (Origin of Caste)
Hkkjr esa tkfr dh mRifÙk ds fo"k; esa vusd fl)kUr izfrikfnr fd, x, gSa ysfdu dksbZ Hkh fl)kUr
lgh O;k[;k ugha djrkA fjt+ys us tkfr dh mRifÙk iztkrh; fHkUurkvksa (racial differences) ds
dkj.k crkbZ] uslQhYM rFkk bcsV~lu us is'ks dks bldk dkj.k crk;k] vcs MqckW;l us czkã.kksa dh
Hkwfedk dks bldk dkj.k crk;k] vkSj gêu us ^^ekuk** (Mana) dksA
3-5-1 ijEijkxr fl)kUr (Traditional Theory)
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dqN if'peh ,oa xSj&Hkkjrh; fo}kuksa tSls L;w (Hsu) us fgUnw lekt dks vU/k fo'oklksa ij dsfUnzr
lekt crk;k gS] ftlesa yksx Hkkoe; (abstract) lR; ls izyksfHkr gksrs gSa rFkk bl lR; dks
jgL;okn }kjk <wa<+us dk iz;Ru djrs gS u fd foKku }kjkA ;s fo}ku ekurs gSa fd fgUnw yksx pje
lR; (ultimate reality) ls fudVrk <w<a r+ s gSa vkSj izR;sd oLrq ,oa ?kVuk dh O;k[;k bZ'oj rFkk /keZ
esa <wa<+rs gSaA tkfr tSlh laLFkk dh mRifÙk dks ;s ^^czãk** ds 'kjhj esa [kkstrs gSaA ijEijkRed fl)kUr ds
vuqlkj tkfr iz.kkyh nSoh fo/kku (divine ordinacne) }kjk LFkkfir dh xbZ gS ;k fQj de ls de
bZ'oj ds vuqeksnu (divine approval) ls rks vo'; ghA lekt'kkL=h; fl)kUr dh ekU;rk gS fd
tkfr iz.kkyh ekuo fufeZr (man-made) gS ;k fQj d`f=e :i ls jfpr (artifically-created) gS
vkSj ;g Lrjhdj.k dh iznÙk (ascriptive) iz.kkyh gS ftlesa izfLFkfr rFkk Hkwfedk dk fu/kkZj.k tUe ls
gksrk gSA ijEijkxr fl)kUr tkfr iz.kkyh dks ,d LokHkkfod (normal) o izkd`frd iz.kkyh ekurk
gSA bl fl)kUr ds nks :i gSa% feFkdh; (mythical) vkSj vk/;kfRed (metaphysical)A
feFkdh; dFku ,oa iqjk.k&dFkk ds vuqlkj pkj o.kZ gh pkj tkfr;ka gSa vkSj ;s pkjksa tkfr;ka czã ds
'kjhj ds pkj vaxksa ls fudyh gSaA blds vuqlkj tkfr lkekftd dk;ks± dk izkd`frd :i ls fu/kkZfjr
,d laxBu gS rFkk ,d fo'ks"k tkfr esa O;fDr dh lnL;rk /keZ vkSj deZ laca/kh fl)kUrksa ds vk/kkj ij
le>kbZ tk ldrh gSA
tkfr dk vk/;kfRed (metaphysical) :i tkfr ds y{k.kks]a dk;ks± rFkk laLrj.k ij cy nsrk gSA
izR;sd tkfr dk vyx dk;Z (function) gksrk gS vkSj ;g dk;Z ml ¼tkfr½ ds lnL;ksa ds ^^LoHkko**
rFkk ^^xq.kks*a * ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gSA fgUnw n`f"Vdks.k ls O;fDr dk LoHkko nks xq.kksa esa fufgr gSa% xksf=dk
vkSj ukfedkA ^^xksf=dk** dk vFkZ oa'kkuqxr xq.kksa ls gS tks O;fDr viuh oa'k ijEijk vFkok xks= ls
izkIr djrk gS] vkSj ftldh og vius ifjokj ds lHkh lnL;ksa ds lkFk Hkkxhnkjh djrk gSA ^^ukfedk**
O;fDr ds xq.kksa ls laca/k j[krh gSa tks fd fo'ks"k :i ls O;fDr ds vius gksrs gSa rFkk og O;fDr mu
xq.kksa dh ifjokj ds lnL;ksa ds lkFk Hkkxhnkjh ugha djrk gSA
^^LoHkko** rFkk ^^dk;Z** ¼O;olk;½ dks ijLij vyx ugha fd;k tk ldrkA ;g tkfr ds nwljs y{k.k dh
O;k[;k djrk gS( og gS% ^^fuf'pr O;olk;**A izdk;Z (functions) nks izdkj ds gksrs gSa% lkekU;
(ordinary) rFkk vlkekU;@vlk/kkj.k (extraordinary)A lkekU; izdk;Z os gSa ftuesa fdlh fo'ks"k
n{krk ;k dq'kyrk dh vko';drk ugha gksrh gS] tcfd vlk/kkj.k izdk;Z os gSa ftudks djus ds fy,
fo'ks"k Kku dh vko';drk gksrh gSA vlk/kkj.k izdk;Z fQj rhu izdkj ds gksrs gSa% rduhdh&vkfFkZd
izdk;Z (techno-economic) jktuSfrd oS/kkfud izdk;Z (politico-legl) lkaLd`frd&/kkfeZd izdk;Z
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(cultural-religious)A czkã.k lkaLd`frd&/kkfeZd izdk;ks± esa yxs gSa] {kf=; jktuSfrd&oS/kkfud
izdk;ks± esa] oS'; rduhdh&vkfFkZd izdk;ks± esa] vkSj 'kwnz lkekU; izdk;ks± esaA izFke rhu ^^f}t** Js.kh esa
vkrs gSa] D;ksfa d mudks iwoZ tUe esa izf'k{k.k izkIr gqvk FkkA mijksDr rF; pkj o.kks± dh laLrj.kkRed
O;oLFkk dh O;k[;k djrs gSa] ftUgsa ijEijkRed fl)kUr esa pkj tkfr;k¡ ekuh x;h gSA izdk;ks± esa vUrj
ds vk/kkj ij laLrj.kkRed laxBu esa [kkuiku laca/kh cU/kuksa dk vfLrRo LokHkkfod gh gSA bu
izfrcU/kksa ds vHkko esa izdk;Z foHkktu dk mís'; gh ihNs jg tk;sxkA vr% lewgksa ds fofHkUu /kkfeZd
fØ;kdykiksa ,oa fookg izfrcU/kksa dh O;k[;k Lo;a gh gks tkrh gSA ;gh ijEijkRed fl)kUr dk
vk/;kfRed i{k gSA
tkfr dh mRifÙk ds fl)kUrksa esa ijEijkRed fl)kUr fo}kuksa }kjk fo'ks"k :i ls nks dkj.kksa ls
vLohdkj fd;k x;k gS& izFke] ;g fl)kUr tkfr dks LokHkkfod ?kVuk ekurk gS( f}rh;] ;g pkj o.kks±
dks gh pkj tkfr;ka crkrk gSA bl lUnHkZ esa ,e0,u0 Jhfuokl us Hkh fy[kk gS fd tkfr ds vk/kkj ij
lekt dk pkj Hkkxksa esa foHkktu rF;ksa dk ,d fo'kq) ljyhdj.k ek= gSA tkfr O;oLFkk dh okLrfod
bdkbZ ^^o.kZ** ugha vfirq ^^tkfr** gS] tks ,d NksVk vUrfoZokgh lewg gS] tks ijEijkxr O;olk; viukrk
gS rFkk ftls dqN lkaLd`frd] /kkfeZd o U;kf;d Lok;=rk izkIr gSA
3-5-2 czkã.kh; fl)kUr (Brahminical Theory)
Ýkalhlh fo}ku vcs MqckW;l (Abe Dubois) dk ekuuk gS fd Hkkjr esa tkfr izFkk dk mn~Hko vkSj
fodkl czkã.kksa ds }kjk cukbZ xbZ ,d prqj ;kstuk gS tks fd czkã.kksa us viuh lÙkk fpjLFkkbZ j[kus ds
fy, jph FkhA czkã.kksa us xSj&czkã.kksa ds lkFk [kkus&ihus] fookg rFkk lkekftd laca/kksa esa izfrcU/k yxk
fn, ftlls mudh /kkfeZd ifo=rk cuh jgs tks fd muds }kjk fd, tkus okys iqjksfgrh d`R; djus ds
fy, vko';d gSA lkFk gh mUgksua s Lo;a dks ^^czkãu** vkSj vU; xzUFkksa esa Å¡pk in fn;k vkSj vius fy,
fo'ks"kkf/kdkj vkSj ijekf/kdkj cuk fy, vkSj vU; lHkh yksxksa dks fuEu in iznku fd;sA
/kq;sZ dk Hkh fo'okl gS fd tkfr dh mRifÙk esa czkã.kksa dh izeq[k Hkwfedk gSA vr% os czkã.k fl)kUr dk
leFkZu djrs gSaA mudh ekU;rk gS fd os lHkh fofo/k dkjd tks tkfr&lekt dh fo'ks"krk crkrs gSa]
czkã.kksa ds mu iz;Ruksa dk Qy gSa tks mUgksua s Lo;a dks vkfnokfl;ksa rFkk 'kwnzksa ds /kkfeZd o lkekftd
lEidZ ls i`Fkd j[kus rFkk czkã.k lH;rk dks Åapk cuk, j[kus ds fy, fd, FksA
lekt esa tks lkekftd izfreku bl loZlEekuh; oxZ ¼;kfu fd czkã.kks½a us LFkkfir fd;k] og vU;
lewgksa us lEeku izkIr djus ds fy, udy djuk 'kq: fd;kA bl izdkj fookg laca/kh rFkk [kku&iku
laca/kh ekSfyd izfrcU/k] tks lekt esa dsoy pkj oxks± ds fopkj ij vk/kkfjr Fks] izR;sd lewg dh
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fo'ks"krk,a cu x,A vr% /kq;sZ us Li"Vr% fy[kk gS fd ^^Hkkjr esa tkfr b.Mksvk;Zu laLd`fr ds czkã.kksa dk
cPpk gS tks fd xaxk vkSj ;equk ds eSnku esa iyk gS vkSj ogk¡ ls ns'k ds nwljs Hkkxksa esa ys tk;k x;k
gS**A
gêu cgjgky vuqHko djrs gSa fd tkfr dh mRifÙk ds fo"k; esa czkã.kh; fl)kUr dks Lohdkj djuk
dfBu gSA mUgksua s blds foi{k esa nks rdZ fn, gSa%
(i);fn bl fl)kUr dks Lohdkj dj fy;k tk;s rks bldk vFkZ gksxk fd tkfr dk mn~Hko rc gqvk
gksxk tc czkã.kksa us jktuSfrd 'kfDr izkIr dh gksxhA ysfdu gêu dk ekuuk gS fd tkfr
dk mn~Hko bruh foyEc ls ugha gqvk gksxkA
(ii)tkfr ds leku xgjh tM+ksa okyh laLFkk fdlh iz'kklfud mik; ds }kjk Fkksih ugha tk ldrh gSA
3-5-3 iztkrh; fl)kUr (Racial Theory)
gjcVZ fjt+ys bl fl)kUr ds lcls cM+s izfriknd jgs gSa] ;|fi buds bl fl)kUr dk vuqeksnu /kq;sZ]
etwenkj] oSLVjekdZ vkSj vU; fo}kuksa us Hkh fd;k gSA bl fl)kUr ds vuqlkj laLd`fr;ksa ds la?k"kZ rFkk
iztkfr;ksa ds lEidZ ls Hkkjr esa tkfr ds fuekZ.k dh izfØ;k lEHko gqbZA fo'o bfrgkl esa tc dHkh
fdUgha yksxksa us nwljs yksxksa dks vius vk/khu fd;k] fotsrkvksa us ijkftr yksxksa dh fL=;ksa dks u dsoy
viuh j[kSy ;k iRuh cuk;k] vfirq viuh yM+fd;k¡ mUgsa nsus ls euk dj fn;kA tc ;s nks lew g
¼ijkftr o fotsrk½ ,d gh iztkfr ds rFkk ,d gh jax vkfn ds gksrs gSa] rks buesa iw.kZ lfEeJ.k
(amalgamation) gks tkrk gSA ysfdu ;fn os vyx&vyx iztkfr ;k jax ds gksa rks fodkl dh
fn'kk vyx jkLrksa ij pyrh gSA bl izdkj mPp lewg dh fL=;k¡ vkSj fuEu lewgksa ds iq#"kksa ds
vfu;fer esy&tksy ds dkj.k ,d v)Z&uLy (half-breed) dk oxZ cu tkrk gS ftlds lnL;
dsoy vkil esa gh fookg djrs gSa rFkk gj n`f"V ls ,d tkfr ds :i esa dk;Z djrs gSaA
Hkkjr esa Hkh izoklh vk;ks± ds laLdkjksa ds ckjs esa vius gh fopkj FksA os ewy fuokfl;ksa dks vius ls
fud`"V le>rs FksA blds vfrfjDr] vk;Z yksx fir`o'a kh; Fks tcfd ijkftr ewy fuoklh ekr`oa'kh; FksA
mUgksua s vkfnokfl;ksa dh yM+fd;ksa ls fookg rks fd;k fdUrq viuh yM+fd;ksa dks mUgsa ugha fn;kA ,sls
fookgksa ls mRiUu cPpksa dks lekt esa fuEure LFkku iznku fd;k x;k vkSj mUgsa ^^pk.Mky** dgk x;kA
vr% v)Z&uLy lewg dh mRifÙk rFkk iztkfr Js"Brk dh Hkkouk ifj.kker% tkfr O;oLFkk ds mRifÙk dk
dkj.k cu x;sA
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fjt+ys ds iztkrh; fl)kUr dk leFkZu vusd fo}kuksa us fd;k gSA /kq;sZ ds vuqlkj ewy fuokfl;ksa dh
rqyuk esa vf/kd lH; ,oa xkSj o.kZ (fair) gksus ds ukrs vk;ks± us viuk vyxiu n'kkZus dh ps"Vk dh
gSA lkekftd O;ogkj esa ,dkafrd rFkk laLdkjksa dh ifo=rk esa mudk fo'okl ewy fuokfl;ksa ls fHkUu
FkkA os ewy fuokfl;ksa ds ckjs esa dBksj 'kCn iz;ksx djrs Fks vkSj muds lkFk lkekftd fØ;kvksa esa
vusd izfrcU/k yxkrs FksA
,u0ds0 nÙk] Mh0,u0 etwenkj vkSj osLVjekdZ us Hkh tkfr O;oLFkk dh mRifÙk laca/kh iztkrh; fl)kUr
dk leFkZu fd;k gSA osLVjekdZ dk dguk gS fd vk;ks± ds vkxeu ls iwoZ Hkkjr esa ';ke o.kZ ds yksx
jgrs FksA ewy fuokfl;ksa dh vk;ks± ds izfr fo}s"k dh Hkkouk rFkk vk;ks± dh mnklhurk tks ewy fuokfl;ksa
ds izfr muesa Fkh] nksuksa gh rF;ksa us vk;ks± vkSj vuk;ks± esa rhoz Hksn fodflr fd;sA bUgha Hksnksa ds dkj.k
tkfr O;oLFkk dk tUe gqvkA gêu ds fopkj ls Hkh iztkfr tkfr O;oLFkk dh mRifÙk esa ,d vko';d
dkjd gSA
;fn fjt+ys ds fl)kUr dks Lohdkj fd;k tk;s rc rks tkfr O;oLFkk us dsoy Hkkjr esa gksuh pkfg,
cfYd mu lHkh lektksa esa Hkh gksuh pkfg, ftu ij vU; iztkrh; lewgksa us fot; izkIr dhA fjt+ys dk
Lo;a dk er Hkh ;gh gS fd tkfr izFkk Hkkjr rd gh lhfer ugha gS] cfYd ;g rks Li"V :i ls nf{k.k
vesfjdk] dukMk] eSfDldks vkfn esa Hkh fo|eku gSA
D;k tkfr O;oLFkk Hkkjr dh ,d vf}rh; ?kVuk gS \ (Is Caste System Unique Indian
Phenomenon?)
yhp] M;wekUV] iksdkd] cwxy] gksdkVZ] gêu] lsukVZ] gSjksYM xwYM vkSj Jhfuokl vkfn fo}kuksa dh
ekU;rk gS fd tkfr ,d ,slh ?kVuk gS tks fd dsoy Hkkjr dh gh fo'ks"krk gS] tcfd fjt+ys] fofy;e
Øqd, vkfn dh ekU;rk gS fd tkfr ,d lkoZHkkSfed ?kVuk gSA ,sls fo}ku Hkh gSa ftUgksua s tkfr dks
u`'kkL=h; Js.kh (ethnographic category) esa j[kk gS vkSj bl :i esa tkfr Hkkjr esa gh fgUnw
lkekftd laxBu dh fo'ks"krk gSA ysfdu tks yksx tkfr dks lekt'kkL=h; Js.kh esa j[krs gSa] os ekurs
gSa fd ;g ¼tkfr½ ,d vlk/kkj.k dBksjrk (exceptional rigidity) okyh oxZ lajpuk gSA ÝsMfjd
ukFkZ ftUgksua s eqfLye lekt dh Lrjhdj.k iz.kkyh dk mÙkjh ikfdLrku esa Lokr esa v/;;u fd;k] ;g
ik;k fd ;|fi ladh.kZ lkaLd`frd lanHkZ esa ogk¡ dk izfreku fgUnw lekt ls dkQh fHkUu gS] fQj Hkh
tkfr O;oLFkk ogk¡ Hkh bl :i esa ekStwn gS fd lkekftd lewg O;olk; ls tqM+s gSa vkSj Js.khc)
fLFkfr;k¡ (hierarchical ranking) o Je laxBu dh O;oLFkk fgUnw ttekuh O;oLFkk ds leku gSA
vr% mlus ekuk fd lkaLd`frd ?kVuk ds :i esa ugha ijUrq lajpukRed ?kVuk ds :i esa tkfr O;oLFkk
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mÙkjh ikfdLrku esa feyrh gSA yhp vkSj M~;wekUV rFkkfi ekurs gSa fd ljapukRed n`f"V ls Hkh tkfr
dsoy Hkkjr esa gh lhfer gSA os dgrs gSa fd tkfr lajpukRed laxBu dh ,d fo'ks"k fdLe
(species) dk ladsr djrh gS tks loZ&Hkkjrh; lH;rk ds fpjLFkkf;Ro :i ls tqM+h gqbZ gSA ;yeSu us
ckS) flagfy;ksa ds v/;;u esa ik;k fd ogk¡ tkfr dk lS)kfUrd :i rks gS fdUrq O;ogkj esa og ugha gS
vkSj ;g fl)kUr ;k fopkj vUrfoZokg] vifo=rk vkSj in fLFkfr esa ogk¡ ekStwn gSaA rFkkfi ;s fopkj
LosPNk ls Lohdkj dj fy, tkrs gSa D;ksfa d os /kkfeZd vk/kkj ij ugha cfYd fudV laca/kh lewg dh
ojh;rk ij vk/kkfjr gSA
3-5-4 O;kolkf;d fl)kUr (Occupational Theory)
tkfr iz.kkyh dh mRifÙk ds fo"k; esa bl fl)kUr ds izfriknd us lQhYM o mlds leFkZd MSfUty
bCcsVlu fo'okl djrs gSa fd tkfr dh mRifÙk dks iztkfr ;k /keZ ls dqN ysuk&nsuk ugha gS] cfYd
is'kk gh tkfr O;oLFkk dh mRifÙk ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gSA uslQhYM ekurs gSa fd ,d is'kk dh rduhdh
n{krk oa'kkuqØe ls ,d ih<+h ls nwljh ih<+h dks ns nh tkrh Fkh rFkk yksx ,d gh is'ks dks yEcs le;
rd viukrs jgrs Fks vkSj bl izdkj ^^O;kolkf;d la?kks*a * (occupational guilds) dk vfLrRo izkjEHk
gqvk ftudks ckn esa ^^tkfr** dgk tkus yxkA muds vuqlkj] tkfr izFkk esa laLrj.k (hierarchy)
O;olk;ksa ls tqM+h Js"Brk o ghurk dh Hkkouk dk urhtk gSA mudk ekuuk gS fd fdlh Hkh tkfr dk
mPp ;k fuEu ntkZ bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd rRlaca/kh m|ksx ftldk tkfr izfrfuf/kRo djrh gS]
og laLd`fr ds fodflr ;k fiNM+is u dh voLFkk ls lac) gSA os /kkrq f'kfYi;ksa (artisans) dk
mnkgj.k nsrs gSa tks Vksdjh cukus okyksa vkSj /kkrq dk iz;ksx u djus okys is'kksa esa yxs yksxksa ls Lo;a dks
Js"B le>rs gSaA ;g le>krs gq, fd czkã.kksa us tkrh; laLrj.k O;oLFkk esa fdl izdkj Js"B in cuk
fy;k] os dgrs gSa fd czkã.k Hkh ^^is'kk** dh n`f"V ls laLdkjks]a cfy nsu]s ;K] o ti esa fof'k"Vrk fy,
gq, FksA D;ksfa d ml lekt esa lkekftd thou esa ;K vkSj cfy dk cM+k egRo Fkk] blfy;s czkã.k
lekt esa egRoiw.kZ vkSj lEekuuh; cu x,A bl izdkj czkã.k tkfr O;oLFkk esa izFke Fks vkSj blh
ekWMy ij vU; 'ks"k tkfr;ka cuhaA uslQhYM us tkfr mRifÙk ds nks dkj.k fn, gSa% is'kk ;k O;olk;]
vkSj tutkfr dk laxBuA
uslQhYM dk leFkZu djrs gq, MsfUty bCcsVlu us Hkh tkfr dh mRifÙk dks rhu dkjdksa dk ifj.kke
ekuk gS% (i) tutkfr (ii) la?k (guilds) (iii) /keZA og dgrs gSa fd tutkfr;k¡ is'ksoj la?kksa ds :i
esa fodflr gqbZ vkSj os ¼la?k½ /kkfeZd :i ls dk;Z djus yxs vkSj bl izdkj lkekftd fodkl dh
izfØ;k esa mudk tkfr;ksa ds :i esa fodkl gqvkA
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vusd fo}kuksa us uslQhYM vkSj bCcsVlu ds fl)kUrksa dh vkykspuk dh gSA lsukVZ (Senart) us ,d
iz'u j[kk gS fd pwfa d vusd tkfr;ka ,d ls vf/kd is'kksa esa yxh gSa] os vius uke fdl izdkj j[krh
gSa\ D;k os vius izeq[k (dominant) O;olk; ij uke j[krh gS\ lsukVZ nkok djrs gSa fd :l esa
vusd xk¡o ,sls gSa tgka lewph tula[;k ,d gh is'ks esa yxh gksrh gS( tSls] twrs cukus esa ;k orZu
cukus] vkfn esaA ;s xk¡o dsoy lewgksa dk ,d=hdj.k ugha gSa tks fd ,d gh leq nk; ds :i esa mfnr
gq, cfYd ,sls leqnk; ds :i esa gSa tks dsoy ,d gh m|ksx esa yxs gSaA O;olk; lewghdj.k dk dkj.k
gh gS] vfirq lewghdj.k gh is'ksoj leqnk; ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gksrk gSA rc fQj Hkkjr esa ,slk D;ksa ugha
gS\
Mh0,u0 etwenkj ¼1952%292½ us Hkh uslQhYM ds fopkjksa dh vkykspuk dh gS] fo'ks"kdj tkrh; laLrj.k
dh] ftlesa is'kksa ds vk/kkj ij Js"Brk o ghurk dh Hkkouk dk fodkl crk;k x;k gSA mudh ekU;rk gS
fd tkfr;ksa dh izfLFkfr is'ks dh Js"Brk o ghurk ij fuHkZj ugha djrh gS] cfYd jDr dh 'kq)rk dh
ek=k vkSj lewgksa ds ,dkdhiu dh lhek ij fuHkZj djrh gSA gêu Hkh fo'okl djrs gSa fd uslQhYM
dk O;kolkf;d fl)kUr fofHkUu d`"kd tkfr;ksa ds lkekftd Lrj dh O;k[;k ugha djrk gSA
3-5-5- dsrdj dk fl)kUr (Ketkars' Theory)
dsrdj us tkfr dh mRifÙk izkjfEHkd tutkfr;ksa ls rFkk euq";ksa dh euksoSKkfud i{kikrh izo`fÙk;ksa
(prejudicial tendencies) ls ekuh gSA mudk fo'okl gS fd tkfr;ka fodflr tutkfr;ka ;k
ifjofrZr (converted) oxZ gSaA vusd tutkfr;ka tks Hkkjr ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa jgrh Fkha] fofHkUu
bdkbZ;ksa ds :i esa ekStwn Fkha vkSj vUrfoZokg izFkk ds pyu esa vkus ds ckn os lc ;wjksfi;u
tutkfr;ksa dh rjg ,d nwljs ls ugha feyhaA buesa ls vusd tutkfr;ka vkil esa la?k"kZjr jgha D;ksfa d
muds ljnkjksa us ;k rks lhek ds iz'u ij la?k"kZ fd;k Fkk ;k fQj ,d dchys ds fdlh O;fDr us nwljs
dchys dh fdlh yM+dh dk vigj.k dj fy;k FkkA bu la?k"kks± ds dkj.k yksx nwljh tutkfr;ksa esa
fookg dh vogsyuk djrs jgs vkSj gj izdkj ls viuh gh tutkfr ds lnL;ksa ds chp vUrfØZ;k djrs
jgsA dsrdj vkxs vkSj ekurs gSa fd ^^tkfr O;oLFkk dh mRifÙk** ds fo"k; esa ckr djus dh vis{kk] gesa
^^tkfr ds fofo/k y{k.kksa dh mRifÙk** ds fo"k; esa ckr djuh pkfg, D;ksfa d izR;sd y{k.k ds ihNs mldh
mRifÙk dk ,d bfrgkl gS u fd iwjh tkfr O;oLFkk dk] D;ksfa d tkfr O;oLFkk ds fofHkUu y{k.kksa ds
fodkl dh izfØ;k esa 3000 o"kZ dk le; yxkA bl izdkj dsrdj ds vuqlkj ^^tkfr dh mRifÙk**
dFku dk dksbZ vFkZ ugha gS] ;|fi vUrfoZokg dh viuh mRifÙk gS] oa'kkuqxr is'ks vkSj [kkuikus ds
izfrcU/kksa dh viuh mRifÙk dk bfrgkl gS] iqjksfgrksa dh izHkqrk (ascendency) vkSj mudh izFkkHkko dh
viuh mRifÙk gS] rFkk ifo=rk vkSj vifo=rk dh Hkh viuh mRifÙk gSA bl izdkj buesa ls izR;sd
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?kVuk ¼y{k.k½ dh mRifÙk gks ldrh gS] ysfdu tc rd ^^tkfr;ka** tSls 'kCn lkewfgd vfHkO;fDr ds
:i esa jgsx
a s rc rd ^^tkfr O;oLFkk** dh mRifÙk ds fo"k; esa fopkj Hkh ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
dsrdj ds fl)kUr dh vkykspukRed ewY;kadu dh vko';drk gSA mudk eq[; fopkj fd tkfr;ksa dh
mRifÙk tutkfr;ksa ls gqbZ] jkbl ds VksVeokn fl)kUr dk LokHkkfod ifj.kke ekywe iM+rk gS ftlds
vuqlkj tkfr dh mRifÙk VksVe rFkk fu"ks/kksa (taboos) esa fo'okl ds dkj.k gqbZA ch0,l0 xqgk us Hkh
jkbl ds fl)kUr ds leku gh fl)kUr dk izfriknu fd;kA cuthZ us Hkh crk;k gS fd tkfr dh
mRifÙk vkfndky ds tknw&Vksuksa esa fo'okl ds dkj.k gqbZA tutkfr;ksa ls tkfr;ksa dh mRifÙk ds
fl)kUr dks Lohdkj djus dk vFkZ gksxk ml rF; dks Lohdkj djuk fd tkfr O;oLFkk dk fodkl
vk;ks± }kjk u gksdj ewy fuoklh nzfoM+ksa }kjk gqvkA
3-5-6 lsukVZ dk fl)kUr (Senarts' Theory)
lsukVZ us tkfr O;oLFkk dh mRifÙk dk lzksr vk;ks± dks ekuk gSA mudh ekU;rk gS fd tkfr O;oLFkk ds
y{k.k vk;Z iztkfr dh lHkh 'kk[kkvksa esa leku :i ls mi;ksx vkSj ijEijkvksa dk vax gSa vkSj ;s leku
y{k.k gSa% O;fDrxr thou] fookg&Hkkstu] rFkk laLdkjksa dks fu;fer djus dk {ks=kf/kdkj] dqN vkjk/kuk
ds O;ogkj rFkk fuxfer laxBu vkfnA Hkkjrh;] ;wukuh vkSj jkseoklh lHkh rks vk;Z gSa vkSj mudh
lH;rk,a izkphure gSaA lsukVZ bu rhuksa esa dqN lekurk,a ikrs gSaA ftl izdkj Hkkjr esa rhu izeq[k lewg
gS ifjokj] xks= vkSj tkfr mlh izdkj tsu (gen), D;wfj;k (Curia) vkSj tutkfr (tribe) jkse esa]
rFkk ifjokj] Ýf=; (Pharatria) vkSj Qkby (Phyle) ;wuku esa gSaA ftl izdkj xks= Hkkjr esa
cfgZfookgh lewg gS mlh izdkj jkse esa tsu rFkk ;wuku esa Ýf=; Hkh vius gh lewg esa fookg laca/k
lhfer j[krs gSaA Hkkjrh; czkã.k vkSj jkseu iknjh nksuksa gh dks vuqykse (Hypergamous) fookg ds
vf/kdkj gSaA mlh izdkj] ftl rjg Hkkjr esa fookg ds ckn L=h ds xks= dk ifjorZu mlds ifr ds
xks= esa gks tkrk gS mlh rjg dk fjokt jkse esa Hkh izpfyr gSA Hkkjr ds ^^gqDdk ikuh cUn** ¼cfg"dkj½
fjokt dh rqyuk jkse esa ,d fjokt (Interdict acquae igni) ls dh tk ldrh gSA tSls Hkkjr esa
tkfr iapk;rsa gSa vkSj ljiap mldk eqf[k;k vkSj lcls vf/kd 'kfDreku usrk gksrk gS] mlh izdkj jkse
vkSj ;wuku esa Hkh blh izdkj dh 'kfDroku lfefr;ka gksrh gSaA bl rqyuk ds vk/kkj ij lsukVZ ekurs gSa
fd tkfr] izkphu vk;ks± dh laLFkkvksa dh lkekU; fodflr :i gSA Hkkjr esa] rFkkfi fo'ks"k n'kkvksa ds
dkj.k] tkfr us fo'ks"k :i /kkj.k fd;k gSA
ysfdu nSgyeu rFkk ujens'oj izlkn tSls fo}kuksa us lsukVZ ds fl)kUr dh vkykspuk dh gSA
ujens'oj izlkn dh ekU;rk gS fd lsukVZ ls lgefr dfBu gS D;ksfa d muds }kjk fn, x, ,sfrgkfld
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lekukUrj lk{; mRifÙk dh O;k[;k ugha djrs gSaA mudk dguk gS fd izkphu Hkkjr esa tkfr O;oLFkk
Fkh gh ugha tSlk fd lsukVZ us crk;k] cfYd ;g rks czkã.k ;qx esa fodflr gqbZA
3-5-7 gêu dk ^^ekuk** fl)kUr (Hutton's Theory of Mana)
gêu us vkfne vo/kkj.kk (conception) ^^ekuk** ij tkfr;ksa dh mRifÙk ds fy, tksj Mkyk gS]
ftldk leFkZu 'kjn pUnz jk;] jkbl rFkk LekVZ tSls fo}kuksa us fd;k gSA gêu ds vuqlkj ^^ekuk**
,d voS;fDrd] vykSfdd rFkk vn`'; 'kfDr gS tks O;fDr;ks]a oLrqvksa o LFkkuksa esa feyrh gSA ;g
fo'okl fd;k tkrk gS fd ^^ekuk** dks O;fDr;ksa dks gkfu igqapkus dh 'kfDr gSA tgka ij Hkh ^^ekuk** esa
fo'okl izpfyr gS ogk¡ ,d laj{kd (protective) mik; ds :i esa ^^fu"ks/k** esa Hkh fo'okl feyrk gSA
vr% ,d tutkfr ds lnL;ksa dks nwljh tutkfr;ksa ds ^^ekuk** ls cpkus ds fy, mu ij [kku&iku]
vUrfoZokg vkSj ikjLifjd vUr%fØ;k laca/kh fu"ks/k yxk;s x;s FksA gêu dk dguk gS fd tutkfr;ka
vifjfprksa ds [kkus dks [krjukd ekurh gSaA vr% nwljksa ds lkFk lgHkkst ij izfrcU/k rFkk lEidZ j[kus
ij jksd bl fo'okl ij vk/kkfjr gS fd ;s ¼lgHkkst vkSj lEidZ½ vifjfprksa ds [krjukd
^^vkRek&inkFkZ** (soul-matter) ls lanfw "kr (infected) gks ldrs gSaA
lgHkkst ds fu"ks/kksa dh rjg gh vU; fu"ks/k Hkh yksxksa dks ^^ekuk** ls cpkus ds fy, yxk, x,A gêu
ekuuk gS fd ^^ekuk** fl)kUr vU; /keks± esa Hkh ekuk tkrk gSA ckS)ksa esa ;g ^^bf/k** (Iddhi), eqlyekuksa
esa ^^dqnjr** vkSj fgUnqvksa esa ^^'kfDr** uke ls ;g ifjfpr gSA rFkkfi ,slk yxrk gS fd _XoSfnd
vkØe.kdkfj;ksa ds :i esa tc vk;Z Hkkjr esa vk;s rks muesa tks Js.khd`r (graded) lkekftd oxZ Fks
muds lkekftd vkSj jktuSfrd izHkko ds dkj.k gh gekjs ml lekt esa lkekftd izkFkfedrk dk
fl)kUr LFkkfir gqvk tks igys ls gh fu"ks/kksa ds dkj.k i`FkDd`r (isolated) lewgksa esa foHkkftr FkkA
Mh0,u0 etwenkj us gêu dh ^^ekuk** ds vk/kkj ij tkfr dh O;k[;k dh vkykspuk dh gSA os ekurs gSa
fd nwljs lektksa esa Hkh tutkfr;ka ^^ekuk** esa fo'okl djrha gSa] ysfdu gesa ogk¡ tkfr O;oLFkk ugha
feyrhA Hkkjr esa ;g ¼tkfr O;oLFkk½ iztkrh; la?k"kks± ,oa Hksnksa dk Qy gSA
vUr esa tkfr dh mRifÙk ds laca/k esa ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd ^^fofo/k dkjdks*a * okys fl)kUr dks
Lohdkj djrs gq, ;g ekuuk vuqfpr ugha gksxk fd Hkkjr esa tkfr O;oLFkk dh mRifÙk ds dkjdksa esa
izeq[k bl izdkj gSa iztkrh;&fHkUurkvksa ds dkj.k vk;ks± dh ewy fuokfl;ksa ls Js"Brk dh Hkkouk] czkã.kksa
dk ,dkf/kdkj iw.kZ iqjksfgriu] is'kksa dh fHkUurk] vkSj laLdkjksa dh ifo=rk vkSj vifo=rk ls lEc)
/kkfeZd fopkj tks fd vkjEHk esa 'kwnzksa ¼ewy fuokfl;ks½a ij ykxw fd;s x;s Fks vkSj ckn esa dqN is'kksa ds
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izfr oSpkfjd vifo=rk laca/kh fopkj ds dkj.k vU; lewgksa ij Hkh ykxw fd;s x;sA bl laca/k esa ;g Hkh
Lej.kh; gS fd tkfr O;oLFkk ds fodkl esa vusd dkjdksa dk ;ksx jgk gSA lewgksa dh fo[k.Mu dh
izo`fÙk] ,oa ,drk dh Hkkouk rFkk izR;sd tkfr esa ^^ge Hkko** dks dqN fuEu lkekftd&jktuSfrd
dkjdksa }kjk izJ; feyk( tSls] jkT; }kjk dBksj lSfud fu;a=.k dk vHkko] dkuwu vkSj izFkk laca/kh
leku Lrj dks ykxw djus ds fy, 'kkldksa dh vfuPNk] fofo/k lewgksa dh fHkUu izFkkvksa dks oS/k ekuus
ds fy, mu ¼'kkldks½a dh rRijrk] rFkk ?kVukvksa dks vius vki lek;kstu djus ds fy, le; nsus dh
mudh izo`fÙkA bu lHkh dkjdksa us dqN fHkUurkvksa ij vk/kkfjr tkfr ds fuekZ.k dks izksRlkfgr fd;kA
3-6 lkjka'k
mijksDr bdkbZ&1 ds v/;;u ds mijkUr vkius mu mn~ns';ksa dks izkIr dj fy;k gksxk ftudk lanHkZ
iwoZ esa fn;k tk pqdk gSA vc rd geus ftl fo"k;oLrq dh ppkZ dh gS vkb, mldk iqu% Lej.k djsaA
tkfr ,oa o.kZ fHkUu /kkj.kk;sa gSaA mitkfr] tkfr dk foHkktu gSA tutkfr tkfr ls /keZ] HkkSxksfyd
i`FkDdj.k] Hkk"kk] vkfFkZd fiNM+siu ,oa jktuSfrd laxBu ds vk/kkj ij fHkUu gSA tkfr vkSj oxZ nksuksa
gh izfLFkfr lewg gSaA tkfr ,d oa'kkuqxr lewg gksrk gS ftldh ,d fuf'pr deZdk.Mh izfLFkfr gksrh
gSA tcfd oxZ lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd fLFkfr ds vk/kkj ij ifjHkkf"kr gksrk gSA O;oLFkk ds :i esa tkfr
dh fo'ks"krk;sa gSa& tUe ij vk/kkfjr Js.khØe] lgHkkst ij izfrcU/k] /kkfeZd ekU;rkvksa dh ck/;rk] tkfr
okº; vFkok vLi`'; miLrj vkfnA bdkbZ ds :i esa tkfr dh fo'ks"krk;sa gSa& iznÙk izfLFkfr]
vUrfoZokg] fuf'pr O;olk;] tkfr iapk;r vkfnA
bl bdkbZ ds v/;;u ds i'pkr ges Kkr gksrk gS fd fdl çdkj ls lekt esa tkfr O;oLFkk dh
mÙkifÙk gq;h gS vkSj lekt esa fdu&fdu dkj.kksa ls tkfr;ksa esa foHksn mRiUu gqvk gS lkFk gh tkfr ds
mRifÙk ds fl)kUr ds vUrxZr fo}kuksa us tkfr O;oLFkk ds çfr viuk n`f"Vdks.k j[kk gSA vr% ge
vius v/;;u ls Li"V dj ldrs gS fd bdkbZ ds :i esa tkfr ,d cUn dksfV okyk fLFkr lewg gS
vFkok ,d ,slk lewg gS ftlesa lnL;ksa dh çkfLFkfr mudk O;olk;] thou lkFkh dks pquus dk {ks=
rFkk nqljs lnL;ksa ds lkFk vUrfØ;k lHkh dqN fuf'pr gksrk gSA O;oLFkk ds :i esa tkfr dk lEcU/k
vUrZlEcU/k çkfLFkfr;ksa vkSj tkfr;ksa ds chp ml çfrekfur vUrfØ;k ls gS tks fofHkUu çfrcU/kksa ds
laxzg ij vk/kkfjr gSA
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3-7 lUnHkZ lwph
1- izks0 th0ih0 =hikBh& Hkkjr dk oS/kkfud ,oa laoS/kkfud bfrgkl¼2007½& lsUVªy ykW
ifCyds”kuA
2- rstLdj&vkstLdj ik.Ms;&lekt dk;Z n”kZu ¼2009½& Hkkjr cqd lsUVj
3- efyd vkSj jkoy&ykW ,.M lks”ky VªkUlQksjes”ku bu bf.M;k¼2009½&bykgckn ykW ,tsUlh
4- jke vkgqtk& lkekftd leL;k; ¼2008½& jkor ifCyds”ku fnYyh
5- jke vkgqtk&Hkkjrh; lekt ¼2007½& jkor ifCyds”ku fnYyh
6- Mk0 vorkj flag&Hkkjrh; Lkk{; vf/kfu;e 1872¼2006½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”ku
7- Mk0x.ks”k ik.Ms&vijk/k “kkL= ¼2008½& jk/kk ifCyds”ku fnYyh
8- izks0bUnzthr flag&fof/k “kkL=¼2006½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”ku
9- fof/k dk lkekftd ifjorZu ¼LVsMh eVsfj;y Hkkst eqDr fo”ofo|ky;]Hkksiky½&Mk0 “kSQkyh
;kno
10- Mk0 dSyk”k jk;& tufgr odkyr fof/kd lgk;rk ,oa le:ih fof/kd¼2009½& lsUVªy ykW
ifCyds”ku
11- Mk0vHk; flag&lwpuk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e2005] ¼2009½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”ku
12- Mk0vkj0ds0vxzoky&fgUnw fof/k¼2002½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”ku
13- Mk0 bdcky flag&eqfLye fof/k ¼2001½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”kuA
3-7-1 &lgk;d @mi;ksxh ikB~; lkexzh
14- lh0ih0 vjksjk&fofo/k vijk/k vf/kfu;e ¼2010½& ;wuholZy ykW ifCyds¼2010½A
15- Mk0 Vh0ih0 =hikBh&flfoy izfdz;k lafgrk¼2006½& bykgckn ykW ,tsUlhA
16- izks0 bUnzthr flag&Jfed fof/k;ka&¼2005½&lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”kuA
17- Mk0 ,l0ds0 diwj& ekuo vf/kdkj ,oa vUrjk’Vªh; fof/k¼2004½&lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”kuA
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3-8 fucU/kkRed iz”u
¼1½tkfr dh mRifÙk laca/kh egRoiw.kZ fl)kUrksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A
¼2½tkfr dh ljapukRed ,oa lkaLd`frd vo/kkj.kk ds fo"k; esa vki D;k tkurs gSa\
¼3½tkfr] o.kZ] mitkfr rFkk tutkfr fdl izdkj fHkUu gSa\
¼4½tkfr dh fo'ks"krkvksa dh la{ksi esa ppkZ dhft,A
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,y&,y-,e- izFke o’kZ
Hkkjr esa fof/k ,oa lkekftd ifjorZu
[kz.M&3 z/keZ vkSj fof/k
bdkbZ&4 fof/k dk lkekftd ifjorZu% dkjd ,oa fl)kUr
bdkbZ dh lajpuk
4-1 izLrkouk
4-2 mn~ns”;
4-3 lkekftd ifjorZu ds dkjd
4-3-1 izks|kSfxdh; dkjd
4-3-2 vkfFkZd dkjd
4-3-3 lkaLd`frd dkjd
4-3-4 dkuwuh dkjd
4-3-5 jktuSfrd dkjd
4-4 fo”ys’k.k
4-5 fu’d’kZ
4-6 lkekftd ifjorZu dh vo/kkj.kk
4-6-1 ekuo dk ifjorZu”khy LoHkko
4-7 lkekftd ifjorZu dh ifjHkk’kk
4-8 lkekftd ifjorZu ds fofHkUu fl)kUr
4-8-1 lkekftd ifjorZu % pdzh; fl)kUr
4-8-2 lkekftd ifjorZu % js[kh; fl)kUr
4-8-3 lkekftd ifjorZu % dkyZ ekDl dk vkfFkZd fl)kUr
4-8-4 lkekftd ifjorZu % izks|kSfxdh; fl)kUr
4-8-5 lkekftd ifjorZu % lkaLd`frd fl)kUr
4-9 lkjka”k
4-10 vH;kl iz”uksa ds mRrj
4-11 lUnHkZ xzUFk lwph
4-12 fucU/kkRed iz”u
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4-1 izLrkouk
lekt dh lajpuk vkSj laLÑfr esa lkekftd ifjorZu dk lw=ikr vkarfjd vkSj ckgkz lzksrksa }kjk gksrk
gSA lekt dh lajpuk ls gekjk lanHkZ vf/klajpukRed lqfo/kkvks]a yksxksa esa blds forj.k vkSj mudh
lqfo/kkvksa rd igq¡p ls gS tcfd lekt dh laLÑfr esa ijEijkvks]a /keZ] thou ds ekud vkSj ikjLifjd
O;ogkj 'kkfey gSA lekt dh lajpuk vkSj laLÑfr fLFkj ugha jgh gSA lkekftd ifjorZu bl çdkj
,d vifjgk;Z çfØ;k gks tkrh gSA
blds iwoZ ds v/;k; esa ;g dgk x;k Fkk fd lkekftd ifjorZu dh fn'kk Å/oZeq[kh ;k v/kkseq[kh]
,djs[kh;] cgqjs[kh; ;k pØh; gks ldrh gSA lkekftd ifjorZu mUufr ;k voufr ds :i esa mHkj
ldrk gSA vr% lkekftd ifjorZu dk vFkZ ,d fof'k"V lekt dh lajpuk vkSj laLÑfr esa cnyko ls
gSA lkekU;r;k] lkekftd ifjorZu ewY; rVLFk gSA dHkh dHkh lkekftd ifjorZu :f<+oknh ;k
vfrfjDr] ifjorZu pØh; vkSj oØ dh rjg Hkh gksrk gSA
4-2 mn~ns”;
lkekftd ifjorZu lekt ds lkFk&lkFk pyus okys ifjorZuksa dk v/;;u djkus okyk ,d dfBu
fo’k; gSA bldk eq[; mn~n”s ; gS fd vki lkekftd ifjorZu dks mRiUu djus okys dkjd ,oa mu
ifjorZu”khy mn~ns”;ksa dks iw.kZ djus okys fofHkUu fl)kUrksa dk v/;;u dj ldsx
a sA vkSj lkFk gh
fuEufyf[kr fcUnqvksa dks le> ldsx
a s&
1- lkekftd ifjorZu ds dkjd
2- lkekftd ifjorZu dh vo/kkj.kk
3- lkekftd ifjorZu dh ifjHkk’kk
4- lkekftd ifjorZu ds fofHkUu fl)kUr
4-3 lkekftd ifjorZu ds dkjd
lkekftd la?k"kZ vkSj ifjorZu dk dksbZ ,d dkjd ugha gSA fQj Hkh fuEufyf[kr dkj.kksa dk mYys[k
fd;k x;k gSA ¼1½ tukafddh;] ¼2½ çkS|ksfxdh;] ¼3½ vkfFkZd] ¼4½ lkaLÑfrd] ¼5½ dkuwuh vkSj
ç'kklfud] vkSj ¼6½ jktuSfrdA
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4-3-1 izks|kSfxdh; dkjd
Hkkjrh; lekt esa vU;= nwljs lektksa esa çkS|ksfxdh }kjk egRoiw.kZ ifjorZu vk, gSA foKku vkSj
çkS|ksfxdh esa u, vkfo"dkjksa dh mRifÙk gh vkS|ksfxd ØkafUr FkhA oSKkfud dk;Z{ks= esa u, dneksa ds
vk/kkj ij FklZVhu osCysu us Qqjlr¼foykl½ vkSj Qqjlrh ¼foykl½ oxZ ds fl)kUr dh jpuk dhA ;g
oxZ gS tks rduhdh dk;Z{ks= esa vf/kdre cpr fupksM+rk gS] vkSj lkekftd çfr"Bk çkIr djus dh
n`f"V ls [kqyv
s ke miHkksx dh oLrqvksa ij vR;f/kd O;; gSA MCY;w- ,Q- vksxcuZ us rduhdh çxfr vkSj
lkekftd ifjorZu ds chp vuq:irk ds vHkko dks le>us ds fy, lkaLÑfrd fiNM+is u ds fl)kUr dk
çfriknu fd;kA laLÑfr ds ctk; çkS|ksfxdh T;knk rsth ls ifjofrZr gksrh gSA blfy, laLÑfr fiNM+
tkrh gSA bl laEcU/k esa ,d er ;g gS fd bl çdkj dh fiNM+ Hkkjr esa ugha ikbZ tkrh gSA Hkkjr esa
laLÑfr esa vf/kd rsth ls ifjorZu gksrk gS D;ksfa d ubZ çkS|ksfxdh vklkuh ls miyC/k ugha gSA
m|ksx vkSj Ñf"k ds {ks=ksa esa ifjorZu dh nks çeq[k çfØ;k,¡ vkS|ksfxdj.k vkSj gfjr ØkafUr gSA bu
ifjorZuksa ds lkFk ;krk;kr vkSj lapkj O;oLFkk esa Hkh ifjorZu gq, gSA fo|qrhdj.k vkSj flapkbZ ds
dkj.k xzkeh.k n`'; iVy cgqr lhek rd ifjofrZr gqvk gSA xzkeh.k Hkkjr esa u, oxZ vkSj vlkekftd
laca/k mHkjs gSA u, vkS|ksfxd 'kgjksa ds dkj.k oxZ laca/kksa dk ,d u;k çfreku lkeus vk;k gSA
te'ksniqj] fHkykbZ] jkÅdsyk vkSj cksdkjks ljh[ks 'kgj LoarU= Hkkjr vkS|ksxhdj.k dh çfØ;k ds
mnkgj.k gSA
4-3-2 vkfFkZd dkjd
dkyZ ekDlZ lkekftd ifjorZu ds vkfFkZd fl)kUr ds çeq[k çfriknd gSA ekDlZ ds vuqlkj] mRiknu
dh çfof/k }kjk lkekftd thou ds lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd] /kkfeZd vkSj jktuSfrd igyw fu/kkZfjr gksrs
gSA lkearokn] iw¡thokn vkSj lektokn ds vuq:i ifjorZu ds lanHkZ esa vfHk/kkj.kk] çfrvfHk/kkj.kk vkSj
buds la'ys"k.k dks lkekftd lajpuk ds ifjorZu pj.kksa dh laKk nhA lkearokn ds vUrfoZjks/kksa ls
iw¡thokn dk tUe gqvk gSA oxZ la?k’kZ ds ifj.kkeLo:i iw¡thokn ls lektokn mHkjsxkA iw¡thoknh
O;oLFkk esa nks oxZ ik;s tkrs gSa% cqtqZvk loZgkjkA loZgkjk yksx osru Hkksxh gSa vkSj xqtqZvk cpr ds
“kks’kd gSaA tc loZgkjk iw¡thoknh O;oLFkk dh fujUrjrk dks pqukSrh nsaxsa rc bl O;oLFkk esa ruko
mRiUu gksxkA iw¡thokn dh cqjkb;ksa dk gy dsoy ØkfUrdkjh ifjorZu esa gSA
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4-3-3lkaLÑfrd dkjd
Hkkjr dh lkaLÑfrd lajpuk esa lkaLÑfrd vkSj LFkkuh; ijEijkvksa dk lekos'k gSA jkscV jsMQhYM]
feYVu flaxj vkSj eSfDde eSfj;V ljh[ks vusd fo)kuksa us ijEijk dks v/;;u dk eq[; fcUnq ekuk gSA
eq[; nyhy ;g gS fd fopkjks]a ekudks]a ewY;ks]a /kkfeZd ÑR;ksa vkSj vuqikyuksa esa ifjorZu }kjk gh vkfFkZd
vkSj jktuSfrd laca/kksa esa vk/kkjHkwr ifjorZu vk ldrs gSA eSDl oscj ds vuqlkj] çksVsLVsVa /keZ esa ,sls
rRo gS ftuds dkj.k vkfFkZd fodkl dks c<+kok feyk gSA blds foijhr] fgUnw /keZ esa ri'p;kZ ij cy
nsus ds dkj.k] i¡thoknh vkfFkZd fodkl dks fu#Rlkfgr fd;k x;k gSA ijUrq tkfr vkSj ifjokj ds dqN
rRdkyhu v/;;uksa ls Kkr gqvk gS fd fgUnq /keZ esa fdlh Hkh rjg ds udkjkRed vkSj v/kksxkeh rRo
ugha gSa ftuds dkj.k vkfFkZd fodkl esa deh vk, ;k ck/kk iM+As
4-3-4 dkuwuh dkjd
Hkkjrh; lekt esa lkekftd ifjorZu ykus esa dkuwu dh cM+h Hkwfedk jgh gSA Hkkjrh; lekt tfVy
vkSj fo"ke gS vkSj dkuwu }kjk fofHkUu oxksZ esa le:irk vkSj vkRelkrhdj.k yk;k tk ldrk gSA
dkuwu }kjk ewyHkwr ifjorZu fo'ks"kr% fuEu oxksZ ds fgr esa gks ldrs gSA jktuSfrd vkSj vkfFkZd
laLFkkvksa esa ifjorZu vkSj lkekftd cqjkb;ksa dks lekIr djus vkSj 'kSf{kd O;oLFkk dks lq/kkjus esa dkuwu
dks ,d lk/ku ds :i esa dke esa fy;k tk ldrk gSA dkuwu ds Kku }kjk erkU/krk vkSj va/kfo'oklksa
ds vfoosd dk inkZQk'k djds euq"; dks foosdiw.kZ vkSj lân; cuk;k tk ldrk gSA lfn;ksa iqjkuh
vçdk;kZRed laLFkkvksa ij dkuwu }kjk çgkj fd;k tk ldrk gSA dkuwu }kjk lkekftd :ikUrj.k]
vuq'kklu] oSKkfud vkSj foosdiw.kZ eukso`fÙk;k¡ yk ldrs gS] ysfdu ek= dkuwu }kjk gh cgqr ifjorZu
ugha yk, tk ldrsA lekt dh lajpuk vksj yksxksa dh uSfrd çÑfr esa dkuwu ds vuq:i ifjorZu
ykuk vko';d gSA tuer ifjorZu dk vf/kd n`<+ lk/ku gSA dsoy dkuwu ls ewY;ksa dks ifjofrZr ugha
fdlk tk ldrkA ;fn dkuwu ifjorZu vkSj fu;a=.k dk ,d vçHkkoh lk/ku cu tkrk gSA
;ksxsUæ flag us dkuwu ds rhu çdk;ksZ dk mYys[k fd;k gS ¼1½ ifjorZu ds lwpd ds :i esa] ¼2½
ifjorZu ds çorZd ds :i esa] vkSj ¼3½ ifjorZu ds leUo; ds :i esa dkuwu leUo;d rFkk lehdj.k
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dk dk;Z Hkh djrk gSA Hkkjr esa dkuwuh O;oLFkk ,sfrgkfld nsu gSA bldh vkSifuosf'kd vkSj lkeaaroknh
fojklr gSA dkuwu vfHktkr çofrZr Fkk vkSj blds }kjk vfHktkr lrj vkSj uxjh; e/;e oxksZ dks
ykHk igw¡pkA
4-3-5 jktuSfrd dkjd
Lora=rk ds ckn xzke iapk;r ls ysdj laln rd pqukoksa esa erkf/kdkj çkIr gksus ds dkj.k cgqr vf/kd
lkekftd vkSj jktuSfrd psruk mRiUu gqbZ gSA Hkkjrh; lekt ds ,d cM+s vuqHkkx esa iq:"kksa vkSj
efgykvksa nksuksa us vke pqukoks]a xzke iapk;rksa vkSj ukxfjd bdkbZ;ksa ds pqukoksa esa Hkkx fy;k gSA bu
pqukoksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i xzke] [k.M] ftyk] jkT; vkSj muds usr`Ro ds lanHkZ esa Hkh gSA jktuSfrd ny
u dsoy pquko thrus ds fy, gh dk;Zjr gS] mUgksua s jk"Vªh; fgrksa vkSj lS)kafrd çÑfr ds eqÌksa dks Hkh
mBk;k gSA
dHkh dHkh gesa vkHkkl gksrk gS fd xk¡oksa vkSj 'kgjksa esa çR;sd dk;Z nyxr vk/kkj ij çfrekfur gSA
tkfr;ks]a leqnk;ks]a fof'k"V eqn~nksa vkSj leL;kvksa dks ,d jktuSfrd ny fo'ks"k ds n`f"Vdks.k ls ns[kk
tkrk gSA xqV vkSj njkjsa nyxr vk/kkj ij ikbZ tkrh gS jktuSfrd nyksa ds Hkhrj lS)kfUrd erHksn Hkh
ik, tkrs gS vkSj ;s erHksn tkfr;ks]a mitkfr;ksa vkSj oxksZ] /kkfeZd rFkk u`tkrh; Hkkxksa ds lkFk tqMs+ gq,
gSA tkfr;ksa vkSj vU; lkekftd bdkbZ;ksa ds jktuhfrdj.k ds ifj.kkeLo:i pqukoksa esa lkekftd tqVko
gqvk gSA
4-4- fo'ys"k.k
ifjorZu ds lzksr vkarfjd vkSj ckgkz nksuksa gSA ifjorZu lw{e vkSj o`gn nksuska Lrjksa ij gksrk gSA dkuwu]
lq/kkj vkUnksyu] f'k{kk vkSj orZeku O;oLFkkvksa esa fojks/kkHkklksa dks ge vkarfjd dkjdksa esa 'kkfey djrs
gSA lkaLÑfrd lEidZ] fons'kh 'kfDr;ksa }kjk vkØe.k] vU; ns'kksa ls oSKkfud vkSj çkS|ksfxd mik;ksa dk
gLrkUrj.k vkSj vUrjkZ"Vªh; okf.kT; vkSj O;kikj vkfn ckgkz dkjd gSA o`gn ifjorZuksa esa dkuwu vkSj
uokpkjksa vkfn dk lekos'k fd;k tk ldrk gS tcfd ubZ Hkwfedk,¡ vkSj çolu vkfn }kjk lanHkkZRed
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;k lw{e ifjorZu gksrs gSA] ,d dk;Z{ks= dk ifjorZu lkekftd thou ds vU; dk;Z{ks=ksa dks çHkkfor
djrk gSA blfy, ,d ,dhÑr n`f"Vdks.k dh vko';drk gS] ftlds }kjk lkekftd ifjorZu ds
fofHkUu lzksrksa
vkSj dkjdksa dks le>k tk ldsA
4-5- fu"d"kZ
Hkkjr esa lkekftd ifjorZu dks ijEijk] vk/kqfudrk vkSj fujUrjrk vkSj ifjorZu ds lg vfLrRo ds
lanHkZ esa le>k tk ldrk gSA lkekftd ifjorZu ds dkjd tukafddh;] çkS|ksfxdh;] vkfFkZd]
lkaLÑfrd] dkuwuh vkSj jktuSfrd gSA vf/kd tula[;k dh leL;k ds dkj.k vkfFkZd fodkl esa ck/kk
igq¡ph gS fczfV'k 'kklu }kjk vkS|ksfxd fodkl dks gqbZ gkfu ds dkj.k vkS|ksfxdj.k dks mfpr fn'kk
ugha fey ikbZA lkaLÑfrd ifjorZu vkfFkZd ifjorZuksa ls vf/kd rst gSA nksuksa çdkj ds ifjorZu dHkh
dHkh ,d nwljs ls Lora= Hkh jgs gSA Hkkjr tSls fodkl'khy ns'k lekt ds detksj oxksZ dks lqj{kk
çnku djus vkSj vkfFkZd rFkk jktuSfrd 'kfDr ds mi;ksxh ijEijkxr lewgksa dh lÙkk ds voS/khdj.k esa
dkuwu vkSj U;k;ikfydk dh Hkwfedk cgqr jgh gSA Lora=rk ds ckn ijEijkxr vk/kkjksa ij vYi vf/kdkj
çkIr yksxksa dh çfLFkfr vkSj in Åij mBs gSA
4-6- Lkekftd ifjorZu dh vo/kkj.kk (The Concept of Social Change) %&
4-6-1- ekuo dk ifjorZu”khy LoHkko
ekuo LoHkko ls gh ,d xfr'khy çk.kh gSA vr% ekuo lekt dHkh Hkh fLFkj ugha jgrkA mlesa lnSo
ifjorZu gqvk djrk gSA Mklu vkSj xsfVl us Bhd gh fy[kk gS] ÞfØ;k vkSj ifjorZu lnSo mifLFkr
lkoZHkkSe rF; gSA ,d ls thou ls ekuo Åc tkrk gSA ?kfu"V çsee; lEcU/kksa esa dqN u dqN ifjorZu
dh bPNk ekuo LoHkko gSA çfl) euksfo'ys"k.koknh ÝkW;M ds vuqlkj euq"; esa ijLij fojks/kh Hkko
lnSo mifLFkr jgrs gSA tgk¡ çse gS ogk¡ ?k`.kk Hkh gSA blh dkj.k ckjckj çse cuk;s j[kus ds fy,
?kfu"V çsfe;ksa vkSj ifr iRuh dks Hkh thou esa u;s u;s ifjorZu djrs jgus dh vko';drk iM+rh gSA
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lQy iRuh fur u;s gko Hkko rFkk ifjorZu djrs jgus dh :fp cuk;s j[krh gSA ;gh lHkh ekuo
lEcU/kksa dk gky gSA xzhu ds 'kCnksa esa ifjorZu dk mRlkgiw.kZ Lokxr çk;% thou dk ,d <+x gks x;k
gSßA
4-7-Lkekftd ifjorZu dh ifjHkk"kk
Qs;jpkbZYM %& Þ lkekftd ifjorZu lkekftd çfØ;k] çfreku vFkok Lo:i ds fdlh Hkh igyw esa
gksus okyk vUrj ;k la'kks/ku gSA ;g ,d O;kid 'kCn gS ftlls lkekftd vkUnksyu ds çR;sd çdkj
ds ifj.kkeksa dk cks/k gksrk gSA lkekftd ifjorZu çxfrxkeh ;k çfrxkeh] LFkkbZ vFkok vLFkkbZ]
fu;ksftr vFkok vfu;ksftr] ,d fn'kkxkeh ;k cgq fn'kkxkeh] mi;ksxh vFkok gkfudkj gks ldrs gSaßA
yq.Mox 'pjsx rFkk ykjlsu %& lkekftd ifjorZu ls fdlh fo'ks"k vof/k esa fdlh lkekftd ç?kVuk
esa gksus okys Li"V vUrjksa dk cks/k gksrk gSA
fdaXlys Msfol %& lkekftd ifjorZu ls dsoy mu vUrjksa dk cks/k gksrk gS tks lkekftd laxBu esa
?kfVr gksrs gS vFkkZr~ lekt dh lajpuk rFkk çdk;ksZ esa ?kfVr gksrs gSA bl çdkj lkekftd ifjorZu
dks ge lkaLÑfrd ifjorZu dk dsoy ,d va'k ek= gh dg ldrs gSA lkaLÑfrd ifjorZu esa rks og
lHkh ifjorZu vk tkrs gS tks laLÑfr dh fdlh Hkh 'kk[kk esa ?kfVr gksrs gS tSls dyk] foKku] rduhdh]
n'kZu] bR;kfnA blesa ge mu ifjorZuksa dks Hkh lfEefyr djrs gS tks lkekftd laxBu ds Lo:iksa rFkk
fu;eksa esa vkrs gSA
eSdkboj rFkk ist %&
lkekftd ifjorZu ls vfHkçk; lkekftd lEcU/kksa esa gksus okys ifjorZuksa ls gS mu fjfr;ksa esa ifjorZu
gksus ls gS ftuds }kjk ,d nwljs O;fDr ds lkFk viuk lEcU/k tksM+rs gSA
ekSfjd fxUlcxZ %&
lkekftd ifjorZu esa eukso`fÙk;ksa rFkk fo'oklksa dks Hkh ml lhek lfEefyr fd;k tkuk pkfg, tgk¡ rd
os laLFkkvksa dks rFkk muesa gksus okys ifjorZuksa dks 'kfDr çnku djrs gSA
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4-8-lkekftd ifjorZu ds fl)kUr (Theories of Social Change)
lekt esa lkekftd ifjorZu fdu dkj.kksa ls rFkk fdu fu;eksa ds vUrxZr gksrk gS] mudh xfr ,oa
fn'kk D;k gksrh gS] bu ç'uksa dks ysdj çkphu le; ls vkt rd fo}ku vius vius er O;Dr djrs
gSA 16oha lnh esa thu cksfMu us fo'o dh fofHkUu lH;rkvksa ds ,sfrgkfld v/;;u ds vk/kkj ij ;g
er O;Dr fd;k fd lkekt esa ifjorZu pØh; #i esa ?kfVr gksrs gSA ;|fi mudh ;g ckr ml le;
iw.kZr;k Lohdkj ugha dh x;h fdUrq ckn esa dqN fo}kuksa us ifjorZu ds pØh; fl)kUrksa dks Lohdkj
fd;kA 18 oha lnh esa Ýkal esa ;g er çpfyr gqvk fd fopkj vkS j fpUru lekt esa ifjorZu mRiUu
djrs gSA 19oha lnh esa dkWEVs] ghxy ,oa dkyZ eSughe us lkekftd ifjorZu esa fopkjksa dh Hkwfedk dks
cgqr egRo fn;kA dkWEVs] Lisl
a j ,oa gkWcgkml vkfn fo}kuksa us dgk fd lkekftd ifjorZu ,d lh/kh
js[kk esa dqN fuf'pr Lrjksa ls gksdj xqtjrk gS vkSj çR;sd lekt dks bu Lrjksa ls xqtjuk gksrk gSA ;s
Lrj dkSuls gksx
a ]sa bl ckjs esa muesa erHksn gSA ckn esa vkus okys lekt oSKkfudksa tSls ekWxZu] Vk;yj]
gsujhesu] osLVjekdZ] gsM~Mu ,oa ysfoczqgy vkfn us Hkh ;g er Lohdkj fd;k vkSj bl vk/kkj ij
ifjokj] fookg] /keZ dyk ,oa laLÑfr esa ifjorZu dh mn~fodklh; ço`fÙk dk mYys[k fd;kA ml le;
;g v/kkj.kk cuh fd ifjorZu lnSo ljyrk ls tfVyrk] lekurk ls vlekurk rFkk cqjkbZ ls vPNkbZ
dh vksj gksrk gSA
ifjorZu dh mn~fodklh; ,oa pØh; O;k[;k ds ckn fo}kuksa us fdlh ,d gh dkjd dks ifjorZu ds
fy, mÙkjnk;h Bgjkdj ifjorZu fd fu/kkZj.koknh O;k[;k çLrqr dhA ekDlZ ,oa oscfyu us çkS|ksfxd
,oa vkfFkZd dkjdksa dks] vkWxcuZ us laLÑfr dks] eSDl oscj us /keZ dks rFkk ekYFkl ,oa lSMyj us
tula[;kRed dkjdksa dks lkekftd ifjorZu ds fy, mÙkjnk;h Bgjk;kA
4-8-1-lkekftd ifjorZu ds pØh; fl)kUr
pØh; fl)kUrdkjksa ds vuqlkj lekt esa ifjorZu dk ,d pØ pyrk gSA ge tgk¡ ls çkjEHk gksrs gSa]
?kwe fQj dj iqu% ogha igq¡p tkrs gSA bl çdkj ds fopkjksa dh çsj.kk bu fo}kuksa dks çÑfr ls feyhA
çÑfr esa _rq dk ,d pØ pyrk gS vkSj lnhZ] xehZ ,oa o"kkZ dh _rq,¡ ,d ds ckn ,d iqu% iqu%
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vkrh gSA blh çdkj ls jkr ds ckn fnu ,oa fnu ds ckn jkr dk pØ pyrk jgrk gSA çk.kh Hkh tUe
ysrs gS] ;qok gksrs gS] o`) gksrs gS vkSj ej tkrs gSA ejdj fQj tUe ysrs gS] vkS j iqu% ogh Øe nksgjkrs
gSA ifjorZu ds bl pØ dks dbZ fo}kuksa us lekt ij Hkh ykxw fd;k vkSj dgk fd ifjokj] lekt vkSj
lH;rk,¡ mRFkku vkSj iru ds pØ ls xqtjrs gSA bldh iqf"V ds fy, mUgksua s fo'o dh vusd lH;rkvksa
dk mYys[k fd;k vkSj dgk fd bfrgkl bl ckr dk lk{kh gS fd tks lH;rk,¡ vkt Qy Qwy jgh gSa
vkSj çxfr ds mPp f'k[kj ij gS] os dHkh vkfne vkSj fiNM+h voLFkk esa Fkha vkSj vkt tks lH;rk,¡ u"V
çk;% fn[k;h ns jgh gS] os Hkwrdky esa fo'o dh Js"V lH;rk,¡ jg pqdh gSA bl çdkj pØh;
fl)kUrdkj lkekftd ifjorZu dks thou pØ ds :i esa ns[krs gSA pØh; fl)kUrdkjksa esa LisXa yj]
VkW;uch] isjsVks ,oa lksjksfdu çeq[k gSA
¼1½ Lisx
a yj dk fl)kUr %&
lkekftd ifjorZu ds ckjs esa viuk pØh; fl)kUr teZu fo}ku vksLokYM Lisx
a yj us lu~ 1918 esa
viuh iqLrd esa çLrqr fd;kA bl iqLrd esa mUgksusa lkekftd ifjorZu ds mn~fodklh; fl)kUrksa dh
vkykspuk dhA mUgksua s dgk fd ifjorZu dHkh Hkh ,d lh/kh js[kk esa ugha gksrk gSA lkekftd ifjorZu
dk ,d pØ pyrk gS] ge tgk¡ ls çkjEHk gksrs gS] ?kwe& fQj dj iqu% ogha igq¡p tkrs gSA tSls euq";
tUe ysrk gS] ;qok gksrk gS] o) gksrk gS vkSj ej tkrk gS rFkk fQj tUe ysrk gS] ;gh pØ ekuo
lekt ,oa lH;rkvksa esa Hkh ik;k tkrk gSA ekuo dh lH;rk ,oa laLÑfr Hkh mRFkku vkSj iru] fuekZ.k
vkSj fouk'k ds pØ ls xqtjrh gSA os Hkh ekuo 'kjhj dh rjg tUe] fodkl vkSj e`R;q dks çkIr gksrh
gSA viuh ckr dks fl) djus ds fy, Lisx
a yj us fo'o dh vkB lH;rkvksa ;Fkk vjc] feJ] esft;u]
ek;k] :lh ,oa if'peh laLÑfr;ksa vkfn dk mYys[k fd;k vkSj muds mRFkku ,oa iru dks n'kkZ;kA
if'peh lH;rk ds ckjs esa Lisaxyj us dgk fd ;g vius fodkl dh pje lhek ij igq¡p jgh gS]
vr%bldk fouk'k vo';EHkkoh gSA mUgksua s teZu laLÑfr ds ckjs esa Hkh ,sls gh fopkj çdV fd;s vkSj
dgk fd ;g Hkh viuh pje lhek ij igq¡p x;h gS vkSj vc bldk iru fudV gSA Lisx
a yj dh
Hkfo";ok.kh ml le; lgh çrhr gqbZ tc f}rh; fo'o ;q) ds le; teZuh dk iru gqvkA Lisx
a yj us
dgk fd ;q) ,oa 'kgjksa dk fuekZ.k lH;rk ds iru ds lwpd gSA muds vuqlkj if'peh lektksa dk
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vkt tks ncnck gS] og Hkfo"; esa lekIr gks tk;sxk vkSj mudh lH;rk ,oa 'kfDr u"V gks tk;sxhA
nwljh vksj ,f'k;k ds ns'k tks vc rd fiNM+s gq, detksj ,oa lqLr gS os viuh vkfFkZd ,oa lSU; 'kfDr
ds dkj.k çxfr ,oa fuekZ.k ds iFk ij c<+saxsa rFkk if'peh lektksa ds fy, ,d pqukSrh cu tk;sx
a sA
¼2½ VkW;uch dk fl)kUr %&
vaxzst bfrgkldkj vukZYM ts0 VkW;uch us fo'o dh 21 lH;rkvksa dk v/;;u fd;k rFkk viuh iqLrd
A Study of History esa lkekftd ifjorZu dk viuk fl)kUr çLrqr fd;kA VkW;cuh ds fl)kUr
dks pqukSrh ,oa çR;qÙkj dk fl)kUr Hkh dgrs gSA muds vuqlkj çR;sd lH;rk dks çkjEHk esa çÑfr ,oa
ekuo }kjk pqukSrh nh tkrh gSA bl pqukSrh dk lkeuk djus ds fy, O;fDr dks vuqd wyu dh
vko';drk gksrh gS bl pqukSrh ds çR;qÙkj esa O;fDr lH;rk o laLÑfr dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA tc
HkkSxksfyd pqukSfr;ksa ds LFkku ij lkekftd pqukSfr;k¡ nh tkrh gS rks ;s pqukSfr;k¡
lekt dh Hkhrjh leL;kvksa ds #i esa vFkok ckgjh lektksa }kjk nh tkrh gSA tks lekt bu pqukSfr;ksa
dk lkeuk lQyrkiwoZd dj ysrk gS] og thfor jgrk gS vkSj tks ,slk ugha dj ldrk] og u"V gks
tkrk gSA bl çdkj ,d lekt fuekZ.k ,oa fouk'k rFkk laxBu ,oa fo?kVu ds nkSj ls xqtjrk gSA
flU/k o uhy unh dh ?kkfV;ksa esa ,slk gh gqvkA çkÑfrd i;kZoj.k us ogk¡ yksxksa dks pqukSrh nh ftldk
çR;qÙkj mUgksua s fuekZ.k ds }kjk fn;k xaxk o oksYxk unh us Hkh ,slh pqukSrh nh fdUrq ogk¡ ds yksxksa us
çR;qÙkj ugha fn;k] vr% ogk¡ dh lH;rk,¡ ugha iuihA
isjsVks dk fl)kUr %&
fcyÝsMks isjsVks us lkekftd ifjorZu dk og pØ fl)kUr fn;k ftls vfHktkr oxZ ds ifjHkze.k dk
fl)kUr dgrs gSA mUgksua s bldk çfriknu viuh iqLrd „Mind and Society‟ esa fd;kA lkekftd
ifjorZu dks mUgksua s oxZ O;oLFkk esa gksus okys pØh; ifjorZuksa ds vk/kkj ij le>k;k gS çR;sd lekt
esa nks oxZ fn[kk;h nsrs gSa mPp ;k vfHktkr oxZ rFkk fuEu oxZA ;s nksuksa oxZ fLFkj ugha gS oju~ buesa
ifjorZu dk pØh; Øe ik;k tkrk gSA fuEu oxZ ds O;fDr vius xq.kksa ,oa dq'kyrk esa o`f) djds
vfHktkr oxZ esa lfEefyr gks tkrs gSA vfHktkr oxZ ds yksxksa dh dq'kyrk ,oa ;ksX;rk esa /khjs /khjs àkzl
gksus yxrk gS vkSj os vius xq.kksa dks [kks nsrs gS rFkk Hkz"V gks tkrs gSA bl çdkj os fuEu oxZ dh vksj
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c<+rs gSA mPp ;k vfHktkr oxZ esa fjDr LFkkuksa dks Hkjus ds fy, fuEu oxZ ds cqf)eku] pfj=oku]
dq'ky] ;ksX; ,oa lkglh O;fDr Åij dh vksj tkrs gSA bl çdkj mPp oxZ ls fuEu oxZ esa rFkk fuEu
oxZ ls mPp oxZ esa tkus dh çfØ;k pyrh jgrh gSA bl pØh; xfr ds dkj.k lkekftd lajpuk esa
Hkh ifjorZu vkrk gSA pw¡fd ;g ifjorZu pØh; xfr ls gksrk gS] blfy, bls lkekftd ifjorZu dk
pØh; fl)kUr vFkok vfHktkr ifjHkze.k dk fl)kUr dgrs gSA isjsVks us lkekftd ifjorZu ds pØh;
fl)kUr dk mYys[k jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd ,oa vkn'kkZRed rhuksa {ks=ksa esa fd;k gSA
4-8-2- lkekftd ifjorZu ds js[kh; fl)kUr
lkekftd ifjorZu ds js[kh; fl)kUrdkj mn~fodklokfn;ksa ls çHkkfor FksA os ;g ugha ekurs Fks fd
ifjorZu pØh; xfr esa gksrk gSA mlds vuqlkj ifjorZu lnSo ,d lh/kh js[kk esa uhps ls Åij dh
vksj fofHkUu pj.kksa esa gksrk gSA js[kh; fl)kUrdkjksa esa dkWEVs] Lisl
a j] gkWcgkml] ekDlZ rFkk oscfyu
vkfn çeq[k gSA dkWEVs lekt ds mn~fodklh; #i dks rhu Lrjksa ¼/kkfeZd ls oSKkfud rd½] lisUlj pkj
Lrjksa ¼f'kdkjh ls vkS|ksfxd rd]½ rFkk ekDlZ ik¡p Lrjksa ¼vkfne lkE;oknh ls vk/kqfud lkE;oknh rd½
ds #i esa ekurs gSA ekDlZ ,oa oscfyu nksuksa gh vkfFkZd ,oa çkS|ksfxd dkjdksa dks vf/kd egRo nsrs gS]
vr% buds fl)kUrksa dks fu/kkZj.koknh fl)kUr Hkh dgrs gSA
dkWEVs dk fl)kUr %&
dkWEVs us lkekftd ifjorZu dk lEcU/k ekuo ds ckSf)d fodkl ls tksM+k gSA mUgksua s ckSf)d fodkl
,oa lkekftd ifjorZu ds rhu Lrj ekus gS&
/kkfeZd Lrj (Theological State), rkfRod Lrj (Metaphysical Stage), oSKkfud Lrj
(Positive State)
LisUlj dk fl)kUr %&
LisUlj us lkekftd ifjorZu dks çkÑfrd çoj.k ds vk/kkj ij le>k;k gSA LisUlj MkfoZu ds
mn~fodkl ls çHkkfor FksA MkfoZu us thoksa ds mn~fodkl dk fl)kUr çfrikfnr fd;k ftls LisUlj us
lekt ij Hkh ykxw fd;kA MkfoZu ds vuqlkj thoksa esa vfLrRo ds fy, l?k’kZ (struggle for
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Existence) ik;k tkrk gSA bl l?k’kZ esa os gh çk.kh cps jgrs gSa tks “kfDr”kkyh gksrs gSa vkSj çÑfr
ls vuqdwy dj ysrs gSa] detksj bl l?k’kZ esa lekIr gks tkrs gSA pw¡fd çÑfr Hkh ,sls thoksa dk oj.k
djrh gS tks ;ksX; ,oa l{ke gksrs gSa vr% bl fl)kUr dks çÑfrd çoj.k dk dk fl)kUr dgrs gSaA
euq’; ,d lkekftd çk.kh gS] vr% mlds çoj.k vFkok tUe vkSj e`R;q&nj ij lkekftd dkjdksa tSls
çFkkvks]a ewY; ,oa vkn”kksZa dk Hkh çR;{k o vçR;{k çHkko iM+rk gSA bl çoj.k esa Js"B euq"; gh cps
jgrs gS tks lekt dk fuekZ.k djrs vkSj mlesa ifjorZu ykrs gSA Kku vkSj foKku ds {ks= esa gj u;h
ih<+h ls vf/kd mUur gksrh gS vkSj lekt dks vkxs dh vksj c<+krh gSA bl çdkj lekt Øe'k% vkxs
c<+rk vkSj ifjofrZr gksrk tkrk gSA bl çdkj LisUlj lkekftd ifjorZu ds fy, vçkÑfrd ,oa
lkekftd çoj.k dks vk/kkj ekurs gSA
LisUlj ds vfrfjDr tSfodh; dkjdksa dks lkekftd ifjorZu ds fy, mÙkjnk;h ekuus okyksa esa xksfcU;w
o ykikst vkfn çeq[k gSA bu fo}kuksa dh ekU;rk gS fd lekt dk fuekZ.k vkSj çxfr mu yksxksa
}kjk lEHko gS tks çtkrh; n`f"V ls Js"B gksrs gSA tc fdlh lekt esa çtkrh; n`f"V ls ghu O;fDr
gksrs gS rks og lekt iru dh vksj tkrk gS vkSj tc 'kkjhfjd o ekufld n`f"V ls Js"B O;fDr gksrs gSa
rks og lekt çxfr djrk gSA
LisUlj vkfn thookfn;ksa ds fl)kUrksa dh vusd fo}kuksa us ;g dgdj vkykspuk dh fd ekuo lekt
esa çkÑfrd çoj.k dks ykxw ugha fd;k tk ldrk rFkk bUgksua s ifjorZu ds vU; fl)kUrksa dh vogsyuk
dh gSA
dkyZ ekDlZ dk fl)kUr (Theory of Karl Marx) :- dkyZ ekDlZ us lkekftd ifjorZu dks
çkS|ksfxd ,oa vkfFkZd dkjdksa ls tfur ekuk gSA vr% muds fl)kUr dks vkfFkZd fu/kkZj.kokn vFkok
lkekftd ifjorZu dk çkS|ksfxd fl)kUr dk lfoLrkj mYys[k vkxs fn;k x;k gSA
FkkWlZVhu oscfyu dk fl)kUr %& oscfyu Hkh lkekftd ifjorZu ds fy, çkS|ksfxd n'kkvksa dks
mÙkjnk;h ekurs gSaA mudk er gS fd çkS|ksfxd n'kk,¡ çR;{k #i ls lkekftd ifjorZu ds fy,
mÙkjnk;h gSaA blfy, muds fl)kUr dks ^çkS|ksfxd fu.kZokn* dgk tkrk gSA oscfyu ds fl)kUr dk
lfoLrkj mYys[k vkxs fn;k x;k gSA
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vH;kl iz”u&
fjDr LFkku dh iwrhZ djsa &
iz”u&1& ekuo LoHkko ls gh ---------------------------------- izk.kh gSaA
iz”u&2& vaxzth bfrgkldkj vukZYM ts0 Vk;uch us fo”o dh 21 LkH;rkvksa dk v/;;u fd;k rFkk
viuh iqLrd -------------------------------------------esa lkekftd ifjorZu dk viuk fl)kUr izLrqr fd;kA
iz”u&3& izks|ksfxdh n”kkvksa dks mRrjnk;h ekurs gS-------------------------------------
iz”u&4& lkjksfdu us nks laLd`fr;ksa ------------------------------------------------------------dk mYys[k fd;k A
cgq fodYih; iz”u&
iz”u&1& lkekftd ifjorZu ds dkjd gSa&
v& 6 c& 7
Lk& 5 n& 4
iz”u& 2& dkYlZ ekDlZ us fof/k ifjorZu ds fy, egRoiw.kZ dkjd ekuk gS &
v& izkS|ksfxdh c& tukafddh;
Lk& vkfFkZd n& jktuSfrd
iz”u& 3& lkekftd ifjorZu dk pdzh; fl)kUr izLrqr fd;k gS&
v& dkYlZ ekDlZ c& vksLokYM Lisx
a yj
Lk& lkjksfdu n& fcyQzsMks isjVs ks
4-8-3 lkekftd ifjorZu dk dkyZ ekDlZ dk vkfFkZd fl)kUr
dkyZ ekDlZ us lkekftd ifjorZu dks vkfFkZd dkjdksa ls tfur ekuk gSA vr% muds fl)kUr dks
vkfFkZd fu/kkZj.kokn vFkok lkekftd ifjorZu dk vkfFkZd fl)kUr dgk tkrk gSA budk fl)kUr
orZeku le; esa lokZf/kd egRoiw.kZ ,oa ØkafUrdkjh fl)kUr ekuk tkrk gSA mUgksua s bfrgkl dh HkkSfrd
O;k[;k dh vkSj dgk fd ekuo bfrgkl esa vc rd tks ifjorZu gq, gS] os mRiknu ç.kkyh esa ifjorZu
ds dkj.k gh gq, gS] tula[;k] HkkSxksfyd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ,oa vU; dkjdksa dk ekuo ds thou ij çHkko
rks iM+rk gS] fdUrq os ifjorZu ds fu.kkZ;d dkjd ugha gSA fu.kkZ;d dkjd rks vkfFkZd dkjd vFkkZr~
mRiknu ç.kkyh gh gSA
euq"; dks thfor jgus ds fy, HkkSfrd ewY;ksa ¼tSls jksVh] diM+k vkSj fuokl vkfn½ dh vko';drk gksrh
gSA bu ewY;ksa ;k vko';drkvksa dks tqVkus ds fy, ekuo dks mRiknu djuk gksrk gSA mRiknu djus ds
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fy, mRiknu ds lk/kuksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSA ftu lk/kuksa ds }kjk o;fDr mRiknu djrk gS] mUgsa
çkS|ksfxdh dgrs gSaA bl NksVs NksVs vkStkj rFkk cM+h cM+h e'khusa lfEefyr gSA çkS|ksfxdh esa tc
ifjorZu vkrk gS rks mRiknu & ç.kkyh esa Hkh ifjorZu vkrk gSA ekuo viuh vko';drk dh iwfrZ ds
fy, fdlh u fdlh mRiknu ç.kkyh dks viukrk gSA mRiknu ç.kkyh nks i{kksa ls feydj cuh gksrh gS]
,d mRiknu ds midj.k ;k çkS|ksfxdh] Jfed] mRiknu dk vuqHko ,oa Je dkS'ky vkSj nwljk
mRiknu ds lEcU/k fdlh Hkh oLrq ds mRiknu ds fy, vkStkj] Je vuqHko ,oa dq'kyrk dh vko';drk
gksrh gSA tks yksx mRiknu ds dk;Z esa yxs gksrs gS] muds chp dqN vkfFkZd lEcU/k Hkh iSnk gks tkrs gS]
tSls fdlku Ñf"k {ks= esa mRiknu djus ds nkSjku etnwjks]a yqgkj ,oa mlds }kjk mRikfnr oLrq ds
[kjhnnkjksa ls lEcU/k cukrk gSA tc mRiknu ç.kkyh esa ifjorZu gksrk gS rks lekt esa Hkh ifjorZu
vkrk gSA mRiknu ç.kkyh fdlh Hkh voLFkk esa fLFkj ugha jgrh lnSo cnyrh jgrh gSA og lekt dj
ewy gS vkSj mlh ij lekt dh lkekftd lkaLÑfrd] /kkfeZd] jktuhfrd lajpuk,¡] fo'okl] dyk]
lkfgR;] çFkk,¡] foKku ,oa n'kZu fVds gq, gSaA ftl çdkj dh mRiknu ç.kkyh gksrh gS lekt dh
Åijh lajpuk vFkkZr~ /keZ] çFkk,¡] jktuhfr] lkfgR;] dyk foKku ,oa laLÑfr Hkh mlh çdkj dh cu
tkrh gSA tc gkFk pDdh ls mRiknu fd;k tkrk Fkk rks nwljs çdkj dk lekt Fkk vkSj vkt tc
fctyh dh pDdh gS rks nwljs çdkj dk lekt] laLÑfr] /keZ ,oa jktuhfr Fkh vkSj vkt tcfd Ñf"k esa
VSªDVj ,oa oSKkfud lk/kuksa dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gS rFkk cM+h cM+h e'khuksa ,oa dkj[kkuksa }kjk
vkS|ksfxd mRiknu gks jgk gS rks ,d fHkUu çdkj dk lekt ik;k tkrk gSA bu nksuksa voLFkkvksa dh
jktuhfr] /keZ] laLÑfr] dyk lkfgR;] n'kZu] çFkk] uSfrdrk ,oa yksdkpkjksa esa cgqr vUrj gSA mRiknu
ç.kkyh esa ifjorZu gksus ij mRiknu esa yxs yksxksa ds ikjLifjd lEcU/kksa esa Hkh ifjorZu vk tkrk gSA
vkt ds ;qx esa iw¡thifr o Jfedksa esa tks lEcU/k ik;s tkrs gS] os Ñf"k ;qx ds HkwLokfe;ksa ,oa etnwjksa ds
lEcU/kksa ls fHkUu gSA
mRiknu ds lEcU/kksa ds lEiw.kZ ;ksx ls gh lekt dh vkfFkZd lajpuk dk fu.kZ; gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k ds fy,] Ñf"k ;qx esa tehnkjks]a Ñ"kdksa ,oa Ñf"k Jfedksa ds chp ik;s tkus okys lEcU/kksa ls ,d
fo'ks"k çdkj dh vkfFkZd lajpuk dk fuekZ.k gqvk ftls Ñf"k vFkZO;oLFkk dgrs gSA orZeku le; esa
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iw¡thifr;ks]a dkj[kkuksa ds Lokfe;ksa ,oa Jfedksa ds lEcU/kksa ls feydj cuus okyh vkfFkZd lajpuk Ñf"k
;qx dh vkfFkZd lajpuk ls fHkUu gS] bls vkS|ksfxd vkfFkZd lajpuk ;k vkS|ksfxd vFkZO;oLFkk dgk
tkrk gSA la{ksi esa] mRiknu ç.kkyh esa ifjorZu gh lkekftd ifjorZu ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gSA tc
mRiknu ds midj.kksa ¼çkS|ksfxdh½] mRiknu ds dkS'ky] Kku mRiknu ds lEcU/k vkfn esa ifjorZu vkrk
gS rks lEiw.kZ lkekftd lkaLÑfrd vf/k lajpuk esa Hkh ifjorZu vkrk gS tks lkekftd ifjorZu dgykrk
gSA
ekDlZ ds vuqlkj bfrgkl ds çR;sd ;qx esa nks oxZ jgs gSA ekuo lekt dk bfrgkl bu nks oxksZ ds
la?k"kZ dk gh bfrgkl gSA mUgksua s lekt ds fodkl dks ik¡p ;qxksa esa ck¡Vk vkSj çR;sd ;qx esa ik;s tkus
okys nks oxksZ dk mYys[k fd;kA ,d og oxZ ftldk mRiknu ds lk/kuksa ij LokfeRo jgk gS vkSj nwljk
og tks Je ds }kjk thou;kiu djrk gSA bu nksuksa oxksZ esa vius vius fgrksa dks ysdj la?k"kZ gksrk jgk
gSA çR;sd oxZ la?k"kZ dk vUr u;s lekt ,oa u;s oxksZ ds mn; ds #i esa gqvk gSA orZeku esa Hkh
iw¡thifr vkSj Jfed nks oxZ gS tks vius vius fgrksa dks ysdj la?k"kZjr gSA oxksZ dh jpuk ,oa çÑfr gh
lkekftd O;oLFkk dk fu/kkZj.k djrh gSA ,d ;qx ds oxZ la?k"kZ ds ifj.kkeLo#i u;s oxksZ dk tUe
gksrk gS tks u;h lekt O;oLFkk dks tUe nsrk gSA bl çdkj oxZ la?k"kZ ,oa mlds ifj.kkeLo:i u;s
oxksZ ds tUe ds dkj.k gh lekt esa ifjorZu gksrs gSA bl rjg ekDlZ us lkekftd ifjorZu esa oxZ
la?k"kZ dh Hkwfedk dks egRoiw.kZ ekuk gSA
4-8-4- oscfyu dk lkekftd ifjorZu dk çkS|ksfxd fl)kUr
oscfyu lkekftd ifjorZu ds fy, çkS|ksfxd n'kkvksa dks mÙkjnk;h ekurs gSA çkS|ksfxd n'kk,¡ çR;{k
:i ls lkekftd ifjorZu ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gSA blfy, muds fl)kUr dks çkS|ksfxd fu.kZ;okn Hkh
dgk tkrk gSA oscfyu us ekuoh; fo'ks"krkvksa dks nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k gS&
fLFkj fo'ks"krk,¡ %& ftudk lEcU/k ekuo dh ewy ço`fÙk;ksa vkSj çsj.kkvksa ls gS ftuesa cgqr de ifjorZu
gksrk gSA
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ifjorZu'khy fo'ks"krk,¡ %& tSls vknrs]a fopkj ,oa eukso`fÙk;k¡ vkfnA lkekftd ifjorZu dk lEcU/k
ekuo dh bu nwljh fo'ks"krkvks]a fo'ks"k #i ls ekuo dh fopkj djus dh vknrksa ls gSA
oscj dk lkaLÑfrd fl)kUr %& oscj us lkekftd ifjorZu ds fy, lkaLÑfrd dkjd fo'ks"kr;k /keZ
dks mÙkjnk;h ekuk gSA fo'o ds çeq[k /keksZ dk fo'kn~ v/;;u djds oscj us ;g tkuus dk ç;Ru
fd;k fd /keZ o vkfFkZd lkekftd ?kVukvksa esa D;k lEcU/k gSA mUgksua s v/;;u ds vk/kkj ij ;g n'kkZus
dk ç;Ru fd;k fd vk/kqfud iw¡thokn dsoy if'peh ns'kksa esa lcls igys D;ksa vk;k] vU; ns'kksa esa D;ksa
ugha blds fy, vius fofHkUu /keksZ ea ik;s tkus okys /kkfeZd vk/kkjksa dk rqyukRed v/;;u fd;k vkSj
mudk vkfFkZd o lkekftd laxBuksa ls lEcU/kksa dk fo'ys"k.k fd;kA /keZ ,oa vkfFkZd thou ds lEcU/kksa
ds v/;;u dks vius ^nh çksVsLVs.M fLçV ,.M bfFkd fn vkWQ dSfiVfyTe* uked iqLrd esa çdkf'kr
fd;k gSA /keZ lEcU/kh vius vUos"k.k ds vk/kkj ij oscj us ;g cryk;k fd fdl çdkj dqN /kkfeZd
fl)kUrksa ds çHkko ls vkfFkZd thou dh rkfdZdrk c<+h vkSj dqN ds çHkko ls ?kVhA
oscj us /keZ dh lekt'kkL=h; foopuk esa fuEukafdr rhu çeq[k leL;vksa dks ysdj v/;;u vkjEHk
fd;kA
1 ,d vkSlr vuq;k;h dh /keZ fujis{k uhfr vkSj vkfFkZd O;ogkj ij çeq[k /kkfeZd fopkjksa dk çHkkoA
2 lewg dh jpuk ij /kkfeZd fopkjksa dk çHkkoA
3 fofHkUu lH;rkvksa esa /kkfeZd lH;rk ds dkj.kksa vkSj çHkko dh rqyuk ds ckn if'peh lH;rk ds rRoksa
dk fu.kZ; djukA
4-8-5- lksjksfdu dk lkaLÑfrd fl)kUr
viuh iqLrd „Social and cultural Dynamics‟ esa lksjksfdu us lkekftd ifjorZu o lkaLÑfrd
xfr'khyrk dk fl)kUr çLrqr fd;kA mUgksua s ekDlZ] isjsVks] ,oa oscfyu ds ifjorZu lEcU/kh fl)kUrksa
dh vkykspuk dhA mudk er gS fd lkekftd ifjorZu mrkj p<+ko ds :i esa ?kM+h ds is.Mqye dh
Hkk¡rh ,d fLFkfr ls nwljh fLFkfr ds chp gksrk jgrk gSA mUgksua s çeq[k :i ls nks laLÑfr;ksa HkkokRed
,oa psrukRed dk mYys[k fd;kA çR;sd lekt laLÑfr dh bu nks /kqfj;ksa vFkkZr~ psrukRed ls
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HkkokRed dh vksj rFkk HkkokRed ls psrukRed dh vksj vkrk tkrk jgrk gSA ,d fLFkfr ls nwljh
fLFkfr esa tkus ds nkSjku e/; esa ,d fLFkfr ,slh Hkh gksrh gS ftlesa psrukRed ,oa HkkokRed laLÑfr
dk feJ.k gksrk gSA bls lksjksfdu vkn'kkZRed laLÑfr dgrs gSA fofHkUu laLÑfr;ksa ds nkSj ls xqtjus
ij lekt esa Hkh ifjorZu vkrk gSA
4-9- lkjka”k%&
bl bZdkb ds v/;;u ds i”pkr gesa Kkr gksrk gS fd lkekftd ifjorZu fdlh ,d dkj.k ls Ukgha
gksrk gS ;g fofHkUu dkj.kksa ls gksrk jgrk gS ftlesa izkS|ksfxdh;]vkfFkZd]lkaLd`frd]dkuwuh]jktUkSfrd
dkjd eq[; :i ls gSaA tc fdlh lekt esa dksbZ ifjorZu gksrk gS mlds fy;s buesa ls dksbZ u dksbZ
ifjorZu gksrk gS mldas fy;s buesa ls dksbZ u dksbZ ,d dkjd ftEesnkj vo”; jgrk gS vkSj ftl
dkjd ds }kjk ;g ifjorZu mRiUu gksrk gS mlh dkjd ds vuq:i fof/k dk u;k Lk`tu gksrk gS ftls
ge fof/k ds :i esa lkekftd ifjorZu dgrsa gSA ;g ifjorZu ewyr% dkjdksa ls gh mRiUu gksrk gS
fdUrq ml ifjorZu ds fy;s u;s fu;eksa dh vko”;drk gksrh gS vFkkZr fof/k dh vko”;drk gksrh gS
ftlds dkj.k og fof/k ds }kjk ifjorZu ekuk tkrk gSA D;ksa fd lekt mlh ifjorZu dks Lohdkj
djrk gS ftlesa fof/k dk vko”;d :i ls iw.kZ gLr{ksi gks A lekt esa bl izdkj gksus okys ifjorZuksa
ds fy;s vusd
a ksa fo}kuksa }kjk i`Fkd&i`Fkd :i ls fl)kUr izfrikfnr fd;s x;s gSa ftlesa
Pkdzh;]js[kh;]lkaLd`frd ,oa vkfFkZd fl)kUr eq[; :i ls gSa A
pfdz; fl)kUr ds vuqlkj tgka ls ifjorZu izkjEHk gksrk gS ogha ij vkdj ifjorZu iqu% vkdj lekIr
gks tkrk gS vkSj iqu% lekIr gq;s LFkku ls ifjorZu izkjEHk tkrk gS ;g pdz dh rjg lekt esa fujUrj
pyrk jgrk gSA Bhd mlh izdkj ls js[kh; fl)kUr ifjorZu dks Åij fups ds dze esa gksuk n”kkZrk gSA
bl izdkj ls ge bl bdkbZ ls lekt ds ifjorZu ds fy;s ftEesnkj dkjdksa ,oa mRiUu fl)kUrksa ds
v/;;u dk lekos”k gSA
4-10 vH;kl iz”uksa ds mRrj &
fjDr LFkku
mRrj 1& xfr”khy] mRrj 2& A Study of History ] mRrj 3& oscfyu] mRrj4& HkkokRed ,oa
PksrukRedA
cgq fodYih; iz”u&
mRrj1& 6] mRrj 2&vkfFkZd] mRrj 3& isjsVks] mRrj 4& vksLokYM Lisx
a yjA
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4-11 lUnHkZ xzUFk lwph
1- izks0 th0ih0 =hikBh& Hkkjr dk oS/kkfud ,oa laoS/kkfud bfrgkl¼2007½& lsUVªy ykW
ifCyds”kuA
2- jkeUkkFk “kekZ@jktsUnz dqekj “kekZ & Hkkjr esa lkekftd ifjorZu ,oa lkekftd leL;k;as
¼2007½vaVyakfVd IkfCyds”klZA
3- izks0 th0ih0 =hikBh& Hkkjr dk oS/kkfud ,oa laoS/kkfud bfrgkl¼2007½& lsUVªy ykW
ifCyds”kuA
4- ds0,y0 “kekZ Hkkjrh; lkekftd lajpuk ,oa ifjorZu¼2006½&jkor ifCyds”kuA
5- rstLdj&vkstLdj ik.Ms;&lekt dk;Z n”kZu ¼2009½& Hkkjr cqd lsUVj
6- efyd vkSj jkoy&ykW ,.M lks”ky VªkUlQksjes”ku bu bf.M;k¼2009½&bykgckn ykW
,tsUlh
7- jke vkgqtk& lkekftd leL;k;sa ¼2008½& jkor ifCyds”ku fnYyh
8- jke vkgqtk&Hkkjrh; lekt ¼2007½& jkor ifCyds”ku fnYyh
9- Mk0x.ks”k ik.Ms&vijk/k “kkL= ¼2008½& jk/kk ifCyds”ku fnYyh
10- izks0bUnzthr flag&fof/k “kkL=¼2006½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”ku
11- Mk0 dSyk”k jk;& tufgr odkyr fof/kd lgk;rk ,oa le:ih fof/kd¼2009½& lsUVªy
ykW ifCyds”ku
12- Mk0vkj0ds0vxzoky&fgUnw fof/k¼2002½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”ku
13- Mk0 bdcky flag&eqfLye fof/k ¼2001½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”kuA
4-12-&lgk;d @mi;ksxh ikB~; lkexzh &
18- lh0ih0 vjksjk&fofo/k vijk/k vf/kfu;e ¼2010½& ;wuholZy ykW ifCyds¼2010½A
19- izks0 bUnzthr flag&Jfed fof/k;ka&¼2005½&lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”kuA
20- Mk0 ,l0ds0 diwj& ekuo vf/kdkj ,oa vUrjk’Vªh; fof/k¼2004½&lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”kuA
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4-13- fucU/kkRed iz”u%&
iz”u&1& lkekftd ifjorZu ds fy, ftEesnkj izks|kSfxdh dkjd ,oa dkuwuh dkjd dk laf{kIr o.kZu
dhft;s \
iz”u&2& dkYlZ ekDlZ ,oa lkjksfdu dk lkekftd ifjorZu ds fy, dkSu& dkSu ls dkjd crk;s x;s
gSa le>kb;s \
iz”u&3& isjksVks dk pdzh; fl)kUr D;k gS \
iz”u& 4& oscj us fdl izdkj ds fl)kUr dk lkekftd ifjorZu ds fy, izfriknu fd;k le>kb;s \
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,y,y0,e0 izFke o"kZ
Hkkjr esa fof/k ,oa lkekftd ifjorZu
[k.M&3-efgyk;s@
a ckyd ,oa fof/k
bdkbZ&1%efgykvksa ds fo#) fgalk ,oa vijk/k
bdkbZ lajpuk
1-0 izLrkouk
1-1 mn~n's ;
1-2 efgykvksa dk mRihM+u
1-2-1 efgykvksa ds fo#) fgalk dh çÑfr] foLrkj vkSj fo'ks"krk,a
1-2-2 efgyk ,oa f'k{kk
1-2-3 efgyk ,oa lkekftd] jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk
1-2-4 efgyk ,oa vkfFkZd vf/kdkj
1-2-5 efgyk ,oa fgalk
1-3 efgykvksa ds fo#) fgalk dh izd`fr] foLrkj rFkk fo'ks"krk;sa
1-3-1 ?kjsyw fgalk
1-3-2 lrh
1-3-3 cykRdkj
1-3-4 dU;k Hkzw.k gR;k
1-3-5 Hkxk ys tkuk vkSj vigj.k djuk
1-3-6 gR;k
1-3-7 ngst ds lkekftd vk;ke
1-3-8 iRuh dks ihVuk
1-4 fgalk ds f'kdkj
1-5 fgalk ds vijk/kdrkZ
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1-6 fgalk ds izdkj
1-7 fgalk ds dkj.k
1-7-1 ihfM+r }kjk HkM+dkuk
1-7-2 u'kk
1-7-3 efgykvksa ds izfr fo}s"k
1-7-4 ifjfLFkfro'k izsj.kk
1-7-5 O;fDrRo dh fo'ks"krk;sa
1-8 lkjka'k
1-9 lUnHkZ lwph
1-10 lgk;d @mi;ksxh ikB~; lkexzh
1-11 fucU/kkRed iz”u
1-0 izLrkouk (Introduction)
vktdy 'kk;n gh dksbZ fo"k; lkekftd foKkuksa esa 'kks/kdrkZvks]a dsUæh; vkSj jkT; ljdkjks]a ;kstuk
nyksa vkSj lq/kkjdksa dk /;ku bruk vkÑ"V djrk gks ftruk fd efgykvksa dh leL;k,¡A efgykvksa dh
leL;kvksa ds v/;;u ds mikxe T+kjk foKku (gerontology) ¼o`) gksus dh çfØ;kvksa dk v/;;u½
ds v/;;u ls ysdj euksjksx foKku vkSj vijk/k foKku rd gksrs gSaA ijUrq efgykvksa ls lacaf/kr ,d
egRoiw.kZ leL;k ftl ij /;ku ugha fn;k x;k gSa vkSj ftlls cpk x;k gS] og gS efgykvksa ds fo#)
fgalk dh leL;kA
buesa ls dqN O;ogkfjd fjokt vkt Hkh iui jgs gSaA Lok/khurk ds i'pkr~ gekjs lekt esa efgykvksa ds
leFkZu esa cuk;s x;s dkuwuks]a efgykvksa esa f'k{kk dk QSyko vkSj efgykvksa dks /khjs&/khjs c<+rh gqbZ
vkfFkZd LorU=rk ds ckotwn vla[; efgyk,¡ vc Hkh fgalk dh f'kdkj gSaA Hkkjr ds lafo/kku ds
vUrxZr efgykvksa ds 'kks"k.k] mRihM+u ,oa izrkj.k ds fo#) vusd lkafof/kd izkfo/kku gSaA ysfdu
efgykvksa dh fLFkfr esa mRlkgo/kZd izxfr ifjyf{kr ugha gqbZ gSA ;gk¡ rd fd lekt ds laHkzkUr ,oa
lqf'kf{kr oxZ dh efgykvksa dks Hkh 'kks"k.k rFkk mRihM+u dk f'kdkj gksuk iM+ jgk gSA ;|fi ySafxd
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lekurk] l'kDrhdj.k] ukjh mRFkku vkfn tSls yqHkkous ok;nksa dh ppkZ c<+ p<+ dj dh tkrh gS ysfdu
okLrfod fLFkfr blls fHkUu gSA laHkor% bldk eq[; dkj.k Hkjrh; lekt esa O;kIr iq#"k iz/kkurk ,oa
iq#"k bPNk 'kfDr es deh gSA
1-1 mís';
izLrqr [k.M&dh bdkbZ&1 dk mn~n's ; gS fd vki Hkkjrh; lekt esa O;kIr efgykvksa ds fo#) fgalk
,oa vijk/k ls ifjfpr gks ldsAa la{ksi esa izLrqr bdkbZ dk mn~n's ; gS fd vki fuEufyf[kr fcUnqvksa dks
le> ldsAa
efgykvksa dk mRihM+u
efgykvksa ds fo#) fgalk dh çÑfr] foLrkj vkSj fo'ks"krk,a (
fgalk ds izdkj rFkk dkj.k
fgalkiw.kZ O;ogkj dh lS)kfUrd O;k[;k
'kks"k.k jksdus ds ekuooknh mikxe
1-2efgykvksa dk mRihM+u (Women’s Harassment)
efgykvksa ds fo#) fgalk dh leL;k dksbZ ubZ ugha gSA Hkkjrh; lekt esa efgyk,¡ ,d yEcs dky ls
voekuuk (humiliation), ;kruk vkSj 'kks"k.k dk f'kdkj jgh gS] ftrus dky ds gekjs ikl lkekftd
laxBu vkSj ikfjokfjd thou ds fyf[kr çek.k miyC/k gSaA vkt 'kuS%'kuS% efgykvksa dks iq:"kksa ds
thou esa egRoiw.kZ] çHkko'kkyh vkSj vFkZiw.kZ lg;ksxh ekuk tkus yxk gS( ijUrq dqN n'kd igys rd
mudh fLFkfr n;uh; FkhA fopkj/kkjkvks]a laLFkkxr fjoktksa] vkSj lekt esa çpfyr çfrekuksa us muds
mRihM+u esa dkQh ;ksxnku fn;k gSA buesa ls dqN O;kogkfjd fjokt vkt Hkh iui jgsa gSaA Lok/khurk
ds i'pkr gekjs lekt esa efgykvksa ds leFkZu esa cuk;s x;s dkuwuks]a efgykvksa esa f'k{kk ds QSyko vkSj
efgykvksa dh /khjs /khjs c<+rh gqbZ vkfFkZd LorU=rk ds ckotwn vla[; efgyk,¡ vc Hkh fgalk dh f'kdkj
gSAa mudks ihVk tkrk gS] mudk vigj.k fd;k tkrk gS] muds lkFk cykRdkj fd;k tkrk gS] mudks
tyk fn;k tkrk gS ;k mudh gR;k dj nh tkrh gSA os dkSulh efgyk,¡ gS ftUgsa mRihfM+r fd;k tkrk
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gS \ mudks mRihfM+r djus okys vkSj fgalk ds vijk/kdrkZ dkSu yksx gSa \ efgykvksa ds fo#) fgalk ds
ewy dkj.k D;k gS \ dqN fo)kuksa us] ftUgksua s ik'pkR; lekt esa bu igyqvksa dk v/;;u fd;k gS] bl
leL;k dh O;k[;k ds fy, ^O;fDrRo* mikxe vkSj ^ifjfLFkr* mikxe dk mi;ksx fd;k gSA ijUrq bu
nksuksa mikxeksa ds dbZ fcUnqvksa dks ysdj mudh vkykspuk gqbZ gSA
1-2-1 efgykvksa ds fo#) fgalk dh çÑfr] foLrkj vkSj fo'ks"krk,a (Nature, Extent and
Characteristics of Violence against Women)
efgykvksa ds fo#) fgalk dj oxhZdj.k bl çdkj gks ldrk gS%
¼1½vijkf/kd fgalk tSls cykRdkj] vigj.k] gR;k &
¼2½?kjsyw fgalk tSls ngst laca/kh e`R;q] ifRu dks ihVuk] ySafxd nqO;Zogkj] fo/kokvksa vkSj@;k o`)
efgykvksa ds lkFk nqO;Zogkj&
¼3½lkekftd fgalk tSls ifRu@iq=o/kq dks eknk Hkzq.k (female feticide) dh gR;k ds fy, ck/; djuk]
efgykvksa ls NsM+ NkM+] lEifÙk esa efgykvksa dks fgLlk nsus ls badkj djuk] vYio;Ld fo/kok dks lrh
gksus ds fy, ck/; djuk] iq=&o/kq dks vkSj vf/kd ngst ykus ds fy, lrkukA
vaxzsth Hkk"kk esa rks fyax dks nksuksa izd`fr dks Li"V djus ds fy, nks 'kCn gSa] lsDl] tks fd izkd`frd gS
o tsUMj] tks fd lkekftd gSA fgUnh Hkk"kk esa nksuksa ds fy, ,d gh 'kCn] fyax gksus ds dkj.k bl 'kCn
dk cgqr nq#i;ksx fd;k x;k gS o lkekftd foHksn dks izkd`frd foHksn dg dj mls Lohdk;Zrk iznku
dh x;h gSA fdlh Hkh foHksnhdkjd O;ogkj dks ;g dg dj ekU;r fnykbZ xbZ fd ;g ySafxd foHksn
rks izd`fr us gh fd;k gSA vc le; vk x;k gS fd ge vko';drk ds vuq:i u;s 'kCn x<+sA tSlk fd
ukjh oknh lfØ; vkUnksyudrkZvksa esa vxz.kh lqJh deyk Hklhu us ekuk gS fd lsDl dks izkfyax
¼izkd`frd fyax½ o tsUMj dks lkfyax ¼lkekftd fyax½ dgk tk; rks vf/kd mfpr gksxkA lkekftd
:i ls ns[ksa rks efgykvksa dks lalkj ds yxHkx lHkh ns'kksa o tkfr;ksa esa nks;e ntkZ gh izkIr gSa dsoy
tutkfr;k¡ bldk viokn gSa tks fd izkd`frd thou ds fudV gksrh gSaA ;g Hkh ;gh fl) djrk gS fd
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iq#"k o efgyk ds lkekftd nkf;Ro o ljksdkj ,d gh gSa o dsoy lqfo/kk ds fy, muesa Je foHkktu
fd;k x;k gSA
;g rks loZfofnr gS fd vf/kdkj o nkf;Ro ,d lkFk pyrs gSaA ij foMEcuk gS fd ekuo lekt esa
buesa larqyu ugha jg x;k gSA efgykvksa dks nkf;Roksa ds cks> ls ykn fn;k x;k o iq#"kksa dks
fo'ks"kkf/kdkj izkIr oxZ dk LFkku iznku dj fn;k x;kA euq"; ,d euks'kkjhfjd izk.kh gS vkSj lkekftd
izf'k{k.k ls mls izd`fr ds foijhr Hkh izf'kf{kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA mnkgj.k ds :i esa] izkd`frd
vko';drkvksa dks ysa] rks ;g Li"V ifjyf{kr gksrk gS fd iq#"k o efgyk ds fy, fHkUu&fHkUu lhek;sa
fu/kkZfjr djds] lhekvksa dk vfrØe.k fd;k x;k gSA iq#"k ds i{k esa lhekvksa dks lhfer dj fn;k x;k
gS vkSj mldh vko';drkvksa dh iwfr ds fy, mldk v/khj o fgald gks mBuk mfpr ekuk x;k]
tcfd efgyk ds lUnHkZ esa bUgha lhekvksa dks c<+k fn;k x;k vkSj mlls vf/kd la;e o lgu'khyrk dh
vis{kk dh x;hA ;g izkd`frd :i ls vuqfpr gS D;ksfa d izd`fr esa viuh lhek;sa gSaA ,d lhek ls
vf/kd Å".krk izkIr gksus ij vfXu izTTofyr gks mBrh gS o vR;f/kd 'khr ls ty fge esa ifjofrZr gks
tkrk gSA
1-2-2 efgyk ,oa f'k{kk
Hkkjrh; lekt esa L=h ds lapyu ds lhfer voljksa us mls f'k{kk ds vf/kdkj ls Hkh oafpr dj fn;kA
efgyk dh f'k{kk dks mlds x`fgd dk;ks± ls tksM+ dj mlds vkSipkfjd f'k{kk ds vf/kdkj dks lhfer
dj fn;k x;kA vkt] vUrjkZ"Vªh; fof/k esa f'k{kk dks ekuokf/kdkjksa dh lwph esa lfEefyr fd;k tkuk]
;g bafxr djrk gS fd xq.koÙkk iw.kZ thou dh izFke vko';drk f'k{kk gh gSA blh ls dYiuk dh tk
ldrh gS fd f'k{kk ls oafpr djds efgykvksa ds lkFk gh ugha] lEiw.kZ ekuo tkfr ds lkFk vU;k;
fd;k x;k gS vkSj foMEcuk ;g gS fd mls vU;k; djus okys gh ugha le>rsA ekuo lekt dh xkM+h
ds nksuksa ifg;s iq#"k o L=h ;fn leku xfr ls ugha pysx
a s rks xkM+h larqfyr gksdj dSls py ldrh gS \
L=h dks f'k{kk ls oafpr dj ds mlds fodkl dks rks ckf/kr fd;k gh x;k] lekt Hkh mlls vizHkkfor
ugha jg ldkA efgyk o iq#"k ds chp laokn ghurk dh fLFkfr vkrh x;hA os nks oxks± esa foHkkftr gksrs
x;sA bldk ifj.kke ;g fudyk fd f'kf{kr efgyk;sa iq#"kksa dks 'k=q izrhr gksus yxha D;ksfa d mUgksua s bu
HksnHkko iw.kZ uhfr;ksa ds fojks/k esa Loj mBk;s D;ksfa d vf'kf{kr efgyk;sa rks iq#"kksa ij gh vkfJr FkhaA vr%
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muls rks iq#"kksa dks dksbZ pqukSrh ugha feyh FkhA blh dkj.k f'kf{kr o tkx:d ukfj;ksa }kjk vius
vf/kdkjksa dh ekax iq#"kksa dks viuk opZLo cuk;s j[kus esa ck/kk yxus yxh vkSj mUgsa viuh lÙkk fNuus
dk Hk; lrkus yxkA ml dkj.k os f'kf{kr efgykvksa dk pfj= guu djus yxs o vf'kf{kr efgykvksa
dh dwi eaMwdrk dk efgek eaMu djus yxs rFkk mudh 'kfDrghurk dks muds ukjhRo ds :i esa
ifjHkkf"kr djus yxsA mnkgj.kLo:i ck¡Xykns'k dh rLyhek uljhu dks ukjh vf/kdkjksa dh iSjoh ds
dkj.k fuokZflr thou O;rhr djuk iM+ jgk gSA
1-2-3 efgyk ,oa lkekftd] jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk
L=h dh lkekftd lgHkkfxrk ikfjokfjd mRloksa rd gh lhfer jgus yxh ftlls mlds lkekftd
fodkl ds volj Nhtrs pys x;sA blls lkekftd lgHkkfxrk esa mldh mifLFkfr foyqIr gksrh x;h
vkSj mlds jktuSfrd thou esa Hkh volj {kh.k gksrs x;sA jktuSfrd o ukxfjd thou esa voljksa dk
vHkko lh/ks&lh/ks fodkl ds lHkh voljksa dks lhfer djrk gS o ,slk efgyk ds lkFk gksus dk vFkZ gS
vius fodkl ds lHkh voljksa dks [kksuk o iq#"kksa ds v/khu gksrs tkukA lkekftd o ukxfjd vf/kdkjksa
dks [kksus dk vFkZ gS fd efgyk odhy] tt] f'k{kd] MkWDVj] lykgdkj] O;kikjh vkfn ugha gks ldrh
vkSj ,slk gksus ij ifj.kke gqvk fd ;g lkjs vf/kdkj iq#"kksa ds gkFkksa Lor% gh pys x;sA
Hkkjrh; lekt esa ikjEifjd :i ls L=h dks fdlh u fdlh ds laj{kdRo esa gh jguk vfuok;Z ekuk
x;k gS pkgs og firk gks] HkkbZ gks ;k ifr gksA tgk¡ iq#"k ls mldh igpku ds :i esa firk dk uke
iwNk tkrk gS ogha iRuh dks og viuk iRuhRo mn~?kksf"kr djus ij ck/; dj ldrk gSA tc fd iRuh
dks ifr dh lajf{kdk cuus dk vf/kdkj izkIr ugha gS pkgs og gj ekinaM esa ifr ls vf/kd l'kDr D;ksa
u gksA iRuh dh igpku rks ifr ls gksrh gS] ij ifr dh igpku Hkh iRuh ls gks ldrh gS] ;g lekt
dh dYiuk ds ijs gSA
efgyk dks lkekftd :i ls LorU= jgus dk vf/kdkj u gksus ds dkj.k vfookfgr ukjh dks ekrk firk
dh vuqifLFkfr esa HkkbZ vFkok mlds u gksus ij vU; ifjtuksa dk vkJ; ysuk iM+rk gS vU;Fkk mldh
lkekftd lqj{kk ij vkap vk ldrh gSA mls u pkgus ij Hkh fookfgr thou viukus ij foo'k gksuk
iM+rk gSA vius thou ds vU; mn~n's ; fu/kkZfjr djus dk vf/kdkj mls izkIr ugha gS ] blh ds lkFk og
,dy ekr`Ro Hkh xzg.k ugha dj ldrh D;ksfa d ;g lekt dks mlds pfj= guu dk vf/kdkj Lor% gh
ns nsrk gSA
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1-2-4 efgyk ,oa vkfFkZd vf/kdkj
efgyk ds x`fgd dk;ks± dks gs; n`f"V ls ns[kk tkrk gSA Hkkjr gh ugha fo'o ds lHkh ns'kksa o tkfr;ksa esa
gksrk gS fd vFkksZiktZu dks mPp Js.kh izkIr gS vkSj vFkksZiktZu djus okys dks ikyd dh laKk nh x;h
gSA ukjh }kjk fd;s x;s dk;Z tc ?kj dh pkjnhokjh ls fudy dj iq#"k }kjk ckgj fd;s tkus yxs rks
mUgha dk;ks± dk vkfFkZd ewY; vkadk tkus yxk o iq#"k nthZ] jlksb;s] LoPNdkj vFkok vkSj xfjekiw.kZ
dk;ks± tSls vkUrfjd lTtkdkj] oL= lTtkdkj] xk;d] urZd] dykdkj vkfn gksus yxsA fQj Hkh
efgyk }kjk fd;s tkus okys bUgha dk;ks± dk dksbZ vkfFkZd ewY;kadu u gksus ds dkj.k fo'o ds yxHkx
lHkh ns'kksa esa ;g lgt miyC/k ekus x;sA
ukjh dk vkfFkZd vf/kdkj u gksus ds dkj.k mls lEifÙk ds vf/kdkj ls gh oafpr gksuk iM+k] fQj
lEifÙk ds mÙkjkf/kdkj dk rks iz'u gh ugha mBrkA ;|fi Hkkjr esa fof/kd :i ls ;g vf/kdkj
efgykvksa dks izkIr gS] ijUrq budk lkekftd izpyu vHkh Hkh ugha ds cjkcj gSA
Hkkjrh; fof/kd O;oLFkk esa leku dk;Z ds fy, leku osru dk vf/kdkj lS)kfUrd :i ls rks ekU; gS
ij lkekftd izpyu esa vHkh rd ugha gSA dbZ ns'kksa esa rks ukfj;ksa dks vFkksZiktZu dk vf/kdkj gh ugha
gSA ftu ns'kksa esa vFkksZiktZu ukjh vf/kdkjksa esa vkrk Hkh gS ogka Hkh ukfj;ka de osrueku okys inksa ij gh
fu;qDr dh tkrh gSa o mPp osruØe okys inksa ij iq#"kksa dk v?kksf"kr vkj{k.k gSA
1-2-5 efgyk ,oa fgalk
Hkkjr esa efgykvksa ds izfr fgalk vke ckr jgh gSA Hkkjrh; lekt esa dbZ :iksa esa ;g lgt gh n`f"Vxr
gksrh gSA x`fgd fgalk dk lcls lgt o lkekU; mnkgj.k ikfjokfjd fgalk gS ftlesa ifRu;k¡ ifr;ksa
}kjk ihVh tkrh gSaA Hkkjr esa gh ugha vesfjdk o baXyS.M tSls lH; o fodflr dgs tkus okys if'peh
ns'kksa esa Hkh ifRu;k¡ x`fgd fgalk dk f'kdkj gksrh gSaA Hkkjr esa ngst gR;k dk dkj.k eq[;r% oSokfgd
?kjksa esa muds izfr gksus okyh fgalk gksrh gSA x`fgd dk;Z <ax ls u djus] le; ls u djus o ifRu;ksa
dh fu"Bk ij vdkj.k langs tSls fofHkUu dkj.k ifRu;ksa dks ihVus ds fy, i;kZIr gksrs gSaA
izrkM+uk 'kkjhfjd gks ;k ekufld dksbZ Hkh lekt] efgykvksa ds izfr fgalk dh ?kVukvksa ls vNwrk ugha
gSA cykRdkj gks] NsM+NkM+ gks ;k ;kSu 'kks"k.k efgyk gh bu lHkh vijk/kksa dh f'kdkj curh gSA Hkkjr esa
L=h ds izfr fgalk /kkfeZd o lkekftd jhfr&fjoktksa esa Hkh ns[kus dks feyrh gSA 'kjhj dk vax Hkax Hkh
'kkjhfjd fgalk esa vkrk gSA fo'o LokLF; laxBu ds vuqlkj 850 yk[k ls 1150 yk[k ckfydkvksa o
ukfj;ksa dh tula[;k ds ;kSukax] vax Hkax dk f'kdkj gSa ftlesa muesa xEHkhj LokLF; leL;k;sa tUe ys
jgh gSaA
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Hkkjr esa iq= ykHk dh dkeuk ls xHkZ /kkj.k fd;k tkrk gSA lHkh ifjokjksa esa iq= tUe dks ojh;rk nh
tkrh gSA bldk ifj.kke gksrk gS fd iqf=;ksa dks tUe ds i'pkr~ og LokLF; laca/kh ns[k&js[k ugha
feyrh tks iq=ksa dks feyrh gS] ftlds dkj.k ukjh f'k'kq jksxxzLr gks vdky e`R;q dks izkIr gksrh gSA
blds vfrfjDr xHkZty ijh{k.k }kjk fyax fu/kkZj.k dh tkudkjh feyus ls dU;k Hkwz.k dh gR;k ukjh ds
izfr fgalk dk ,d uohu Lo:i gSA
ckfydkvksa dk lEeku o/k Hkkjr esa lkekU; ckr gS] ftlesa ckfydkvksa dks ifjokj ds lEeku ds uke ij
ekj fn;k tkrk gSA bu ckfydkvksa dk vijk/k gksrk gS fd os ifjokj o lekt }kjk Lohd`r iq#"k dks u
viuk dj viuk pquko O;Dr dj nsrh gSa vFkok tkus vutkus iq#"k dh okluk dk f'kdkj gks
vfookfgr ekr`Ro <ksus yxrh gSaA bUgsa lEeku o/k lEHkor% blfy;s dgk tkrk gS fd gR;k ds i'pkr~
fdlh izdkj dk vijk/k cks/k u jgsA
efgyk dk ;kSu 'kks"k.k Hkh ukjh fgalk dk gh ,d izdkj gSA Hkkjr esa izpfyr nsonklh izFkk] eqrk fookg
;kSu 'kks"k.k ds fofHkUu :i gSaA gekjs ns'k esa ckfydkvksa ds csey
s o cykr~ fookg vkt Hkh izpfyr gSaA
;|fi fookg dh U;wure o; fof/kd :i ls fu/kkZfjr gS ijUrq fofHkUu o fo"ke lkekftd ifjfLFkfr;ksa
ds pyrs mudk lkekftd fØ;kUo;u cgqr lhfer gSA vf/kdrj /kkfeZd fof/k'kkL=ksa esa Hkh ukjh fgalk
dks ekU;rk iznku dh x;h gSA
1-3 Hkkjr esa efgykvkas ds fo#) fgalk dh izd`fr] foLrkj vkSj fo'ks"krk,a (Nature, Extent
and Characteristics of Violence against Women in India)
efgykvksa ds fo#) fgalk dk oxhZdj.k bl izdkj gks ldrk gS%
(i)vijkf/kd fgalk tSls cykRdkj] vigj.k] gR;k
(ii)?kjsyw fgalk tks vijkf/kd Hkh gS tSls ngst laca/kh e`R;q] iRuh dks ihVuk] ySafxd nqO;Zogkj vkfn
(iii)lkekftd fgalk tSls iRuh@iq=o/kw dks eknk Hkzw.k dh (female foeticide) dh gR;k ds fy;s
ck/; djuk] efgykvksa ls NsM+&NkM+] lEifÙk ds efgykvksa dks fgLlk nsus ls badkj djuk] vYio;Ld
fo/kok dks lrh gksus ds fy, ck/; djuk] iq=&o/kw dks vkSj vf/kd ngst ykus ds fy;s lrkuk vkfnA
efgykvkas ds fo#) vijk/k ,d fodjky leL;k gSA efgykvksa ds fo#) vijkf/kd fgalk ds ekeys x`g
ea=ky;] iqfyl vUos"k.k C;wjks vkSj lkekftd izfrj{kk dk jk"Vªh; laLFkku }kjk ladfyr vfHkys[kksa ls
izkIr fd;s tk ldrs gSaA Hkkjr ljdkj ds vkadM+ksa ds vuqlkj fiNys ik¡p o"kks± esa efgykvksa ds fo#)
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vijk/kksa esa 40% o`f) feyrh gSA lcls vf/kd vijk/k ;kruk ds vkSj mlds ckn NsM+NkM+] vigj.k]
cykRdkj] 'kjhj O;kikj] ngst e`R;q] ;kSu laca/kh mRihM+u] ngst dkuwu] yM+fd;ksa dk vk;kru] efgykvksa
dk v'yhy izn'kZu feyrs gSaA ngst ls lacaf/kr gR;kvksa esa fo'ks"kdj 50% dh o`f) feyrh gSA efgykvksa
ds fo#) vijk/kksa esa ls vk/ks ls vf/kd vijk/k dsoy ikap jkT;ksa esa] e/;izn's k] mÙkjizn's k] egkjk"Vª]
vkU/kzizns'k vkSj jktLFkku esa feyrs gSa rFkk 'ks"k vijk/k vU; jkT;ksa vkSj dsUnz'kkflr {ks=ksa esa feyrs gSaA
ijUrq ;g lqfoK gS fd lc ekeyksa dh fofHkUu dkj.kksa ls f'kdk;r ugha gksrh gS vkSj mUgsa ntZ ugha
fd;k tkrk gSA ?kjsyw fgalk ds ekeyks]a tSls iRuh dks ihVuk vkSj ifjokj dh fL=;ksa ds lkFk fd;k x;k
dkSVfq Ecd O;fHkpkj dh dHkh f'kdk;r ugha dh tkrhA efgykvksa ds fo#) fgalk ds fofHkUu dksfV;ksa dh
ppkZ fuEufyf[kr gSA
1-3-1 ?kjsyw fgalk (Domestic Violance)
Hkkjr esa ?kjsyw fgalk dh ?kVuk;sa vke gSaA ?kjsyw fgalk dk O;kid vFkZ gSaA blesa ?kj dh nhokjksa ds Hkhrj
dh tkus okys lHkh izdkj dh fgalk 'kkfey gSA izkphu fof/k esa euq rFkk ;kKoYD; vkfn us efgykvksa
dh j{kk dk Hkkj ?kj ds vU; lnL;ksa vFkkZr~ firk] ifr] iq= dks lkSaik FkkA ijUrq vkt ?kjsyw fgalk bruh
vf/kd c<+ xbZ gS fd fL=;ksa ds fy, ?kj lqjf{kr LFkku ugha jg x, gSaA ?kjsyw fgalk vf/kfu;e 2005
}kjk ?kjsyw fgalk dks flfoy vid`r ekuk x;k gSA bl vf/kfu;e ds }kjk efgyk dk vius fookg ds
?kj esa jguk lqfuf'pr fd;k x;k gS rFkk eftLVªVs efgyk ds laj{k.k ds fy, vkns'k ikfjr dj ldrk
gSA ?kjsyw fgalk iq#"k dh n;uh;] vlgu'khy ekufldrk dh ifjpk;d gSA
1-3-2 lrh
eqxydky esa fgUnw lekt dh mPp oxZ dh L=h;ksa esa lrh çFkk dk çpyu cgqrk;kr ls çpfyr Fkk
bl çFkk dk fo'ks"k #i ls çpyu jktLFkku esa Fkk bCucrwrk us vius fooj.k esa lfr çFkk dk foLr`r
mYys[k fd;k gS ,slk blfy, gksrk Fkk D;ksfa d lekt esa fo/kokvksa dh fLFkfr n;uh; FkhA
Msyk osy ds vuqlkj fo/kok,sa iqu% fookg ugha dj ldrh Fkh mUgsa vius ds'kksa dks dkVuk iM+rk Fkk vkSj
viuk leLr thou nkl dh Hkkarh O;rhr djuk FkkA bl ukjdh; fLFkfr dks fcrkus ls og lrh gks
tkuk vf/kd ilUn djrh FkhA vdcj us lcls igys lfr çFkk dks jksdus ds Hkjld ç;kl fd;s fdUrq
og lQy ugha gqvkA
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blds i'pkr lfr çFkk dks jksdus ds fy, ckj&ckj vkUnksyu ç;kl gksrs x;s fdUrq lfr çFkk ds vUr
ij iw.kZ fojke ugha yx ik;k cnyrs dky [k.M ds chp jktk jke eksgu jk; us L=h;ksa dh n'kk
lq/kkjus dh vksj /;ku fn;k vkSj mudk vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgkA lfr çFkk vR;Ur gh Hk;kog
,oa vekuqf"kd lkekftd çFkk Fkh mUgksusa lfr çFkk ds fo:) vkUnksyu pyk;k ftlds ifj.kke Lo#i
1829 bZ0 esa ykMZ fofy;e cSafVd }kjk yk;s x;s dkuwu ls lkekftd cqjkbZ dk vUr gks x;k ftlls
fof/kd vk/kkj ij lekt esa ,d u;k ifjorZu mRiUu gqvkA
1-3-3 dU;k Hkzw.k gR;k (Female Foeticide)
Hkkjrh; lekt esa dU;k Hkzw.k gR;k ds ihNs iq=okn] ySafxd vlekurk] ngst izFkk vkfn dkj.k fufgr
gSaA dU;kvksa ij ikfjokfjd lEeku dh Hkh Hkkjh ftEesnkjh gksrh gSA tc os bldk ogu ikfjokfjd
vis{kkvksa ds vuqlkj ugha dj ikrha rks ifj.kke] lEeku o/k ds :i esa ns[kus dks feyrk gSA bu lc
leL;kvksa ls futkr ikus dk mik; cgqrk;r esa dU;k Hkzw.k gR;k ds :i esa lkeus vk;k gSA Hkzw.k dk
fyax ijh{k.k djkus ds mijkUr xHkZikr }kjk dU;k Hkzw.k ls NqVdkjk ik;k tkrk gSA Hkzw.k dk fyax
ijh{k.k Hkkjr esa ,d vijk/k ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k gSA jkT; ,oa fof/k bl izdkj dh fgalk ij yxke
yxkus esa iw.kZr;k vlQy jgs gSaA
1-3-4 c+ykRdkj
;|fi cykRdkj dh leL;k lHkh ns'kksa esa xaHkhj ekuh tkrh gS fQj Hkh lkaf[;dh #i esa Hkkjr esa ;g
ik'pkR; lekt dh rqyuk esa bruh xaHkhj ugha gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ] vesfjdk esa cykRdkj ds vijk/kksa dh
çfr yk[k çfro"kZ nj yxHkx 26 gS] dukMk esa ;g yxHkx 8 gS vkSj baxyS.M esa ;g çfr ,d yk[k
tula[;k ij yxHkx 5-5 gSA bldh rqyuk esa Hkkjr esa budh nj 0-5 çfr ,d yk[k tula[;k gSA
gekjs ns'k esa 1996 vkSj 1998 ds chp gq, cykRdkj ds ekeyksa dh la[;k dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, ;g
dgk tk ldrk gS fd çR;sd pkj ?kaVksa esa lkr cykRdkj gksrs gSa( ;k çfro"kZ 15]000 ekeys gksrs gS
¼Økbe bu bafM;k] 1998%156½A dsUæh; ljdkj }kjk Þefgykvksa ds fo#) vijk/kß ij çLrqr dh x;h
fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj Hkkjr esa çR;sd 40 feuV esa ,d efgyk dk cykRdkj gksrk gSA bldk vFkZ gqvk fd
,d eghus esa 1]275 rFkk ,d o"kZ esa 15]300 cykRdkj gksrs gSA
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vk;q ds fglkc ls cykRdkj ds f'kdkj dh çfr'krrk 16 ls 30 o"kZ ds vk;q lewg esa lokZf/kd gS
(56.0%)] tcfd 10 o"kZ ls de vk;q ds f'kdkj yxHkx 4.2% gS] 10 vkSj 16 o"kZ ds chp vk;q ds
f'kdkj yxHkx 22.8% gS] rhl o"kZ ls Åij ds f'kdkj 17.0% gS ¼Økbe bu bafM;k] 1998%159½A
xjhc yM+fd;ka gh vdsyh cykRdkj dk f'kdkj ugha gksrh] vfirq e/;e oxZ dh deZpkfj;ksa ds lkFk Hkh
ekfydksa }kjk ySafxd vieku fd;k tkrk gSA tsy esa dSn efgykvksa ds lkFk v/kh{kdksa }kjk cykRdkj
fd;k tkrk gS] vijk/k lafnX/k efgykvksa ds lkFk iqfyl vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk] efgyk ejhtksa ds lkFk
vLirky ds deZpkfj;ksa }kjk] vkSj jkstkuk osruHkksxh efgykvksa ds lkFk Bsdsnkjksa vkSj fcpkSfy;ksa }kjkA
;gka rd fd cgjh vkSj xwx
a h] ikxy vkSj va/kh vkSj fHk[kkfjuksa dks Hkh ugha NksM+k tkrkA ;fn oks fojks/k
djrh gSa rks mUgsa lkekftd dyad vkSj vieku dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS blds vfrfjDr mUgsa iki
dh ihM+k vkSj O;fDrRo ds jksx Hk;adj :i ls lrkrs gSaA
cykRdkj dh f”kdkj 42 efgykvksa ds esjs vkuqHkfod v/;;u us efgykvksa ds fo#) fd;s x;s vijk/kksa
dh fuEukafdr egRoiw.kZ fo”ks’krkvksa dks mn~?kkfVr fd;k gS% ¼1½ cykRdkj lnSo iw.kZr;k vifjfpr O;fDr
esa ugha gksrs( ¼2½ çR;sd nl esa ls ukS cykRdkj ifjfLFkfr ls lEcfU/kr gksrs gSa( ¼3½ yxHkx rhu&iape
cykRdkj (58.0%) ,dy cykRdkj gksrs gSa ¼ftUesa ,d gh vijk/kh gksrk gS½] ,d&iape (21.0%) };
cykRdkj gksrs gSa ¼efgyk ds lkFk nks vkneh cykRdkj djrs gSa½] vkSj ,d&iape (21.0%) lkewfgd
cykRdkj gksrs gSa( ¼4½ çR;sd 10 cykRdkjksa esa ls ukS esa fdlj çdkj dh “kkjhfjd fgalk ;k Øwjrk ugha
gksrh] ;kuh vusd ekeyksa esa efgyk dks o”k esa djus ds fy, çyksHku ,oa@;k ekSf[kd ncko dke esa
fy;s tkrs gSa( ¼5½ rhu&pkSFkkbZ ls dqN de cykRdkj (70-0%) mRihfM+rksa ;k mRihfM+r djus okyksa ds
?kjksa esa gksrs gSa vkSj yxHkx ,d&pkSFkkbZ(25-0%)xSj&fjgkb”kh Hkouksa esa gksrs gS( ¼6½ mRihfM+rksa dh lcls
Åaph nj 15&20 o’kksaZ ds vk;q&lewg esa gksrh gS] tcfd vf/kdka”kr;k vijk/kh 23&30 ds vk;q lewg ds
gksrs gSa ¼1987%191&92(1998%54½A bl çdkj f”kdkj pquus esa ;qokoLFkk dks fo”ks’k egRo fn;k tkrk gSA
1-3-5 Hkxk ys tkuk vkSj vigj.k djuk (Kidnapping and Abduction)
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,d ukckfyx ¼18 o"kZ ls de yM+dh vkSj 16 o"kZ ds de vk;q dk yM+dk½ dks mlds dkuwuh vfHkHkkod
dh lgefr ds fcuk ys tkus ;k Qqlykus dks ^vigj.k* dgrs gSaA ^Hkxk ys tkus* dk vFkZ gS ,d efgyk
dks bl mÌs'; ls tcjnLrh] diViwoZd ;k /kks[ksckth ls ys tkuk fd mls cgdk dj mlds lkFk voS/k
eSFkqu fd;k tk;s ;k mldh bPNk ds fo#) mls fdlh O;fDr ds lkFk fookg djus dks ck/; fd;k
tk;sA vigj.k esa mRihM+d dh lgefr egRoghu gksrh gS] ijUrq Hkxk ys tkus esa mRihM+d dh LoSfPNd
lgefr vijk/k dks ekQ djok nsrh gSA
1-3-6 gR;k
ekuo gR;k fo'ks"k :i ls uj&vijk/k gSA ;|fi fyax ds vk/kj ij gR;kvksa vkSj muds f'kdkjks@
a ihfM+rksa
ls lacaf/kr vf[ky Hkkjrh; vkadM+s miyC/k ugha gSa] fQj Hkh ;g loZfofnr gS fd ekuo gR;k ds eknk
f'kdkj uj f'kdkjksa dh rqyuk esa de gSaA
vf/kdka'k izdj.kksa esa gR;kjs vkSj muds f'kdkj ,d gh ifjokj ds gksrs gSaA yxHkx pkj&iape izdj.kksa esa
gR;kjs 25&40 o"kks± ds vk;q lewg ds gksrs gSaA yxHkx vk/kh f'kdkj vkSjrsa ,slh gksrh gSa ftuds iq#"k
gR;kjs ls iqjkus laca/k gksrs gSaA gR;kjs vf/kdka'kr;k fuEu izfLFkfr O;olk; vkSj fuEu vk; lewgksa ls
gksrs gSaA vf/kdrj gR;k;sa vfu;ksftr gksrh gSa vkSj Øks/k ;k mÙksftr Hkkokos'k esa gksrh gSaA fu;ksftr
gR;kvksa esa Hkh izk;% lgkijk/kh ifjokj ds lnL; gksrs gSa( vkSj efgykvkas dh gR;kvksa esa Hkh izk;%
lgkijk/kh ifjokj ds lnL; gksrs gSaA efgykvksa dh gR;k ds izeq[k dkj.k ?kjsyw >xM+s] voS/k laca/k vkfn
gksrs gSaA
1-3-7 ngst ds lkekftd vk;ke
vaxzth f'k{kk vkSj lQsniks'k ukSdfj;ksa }kjk ngst dh leL;k c<+h gSA vPNh f'k{kk vkSj jkstxkj çkIr
yM+dk ,d yM+dh ds fy, vR;f/kd mi;qDr lkFkh ekuk tkrk gSA Hkkjr esa o`gn lkekftd vkSj
vkfFkZd ifjorZuksa ds lkFk ;fn fdlh pht us leku o`f) dh gS rks og gS udn jkf'k vkSj HkkSfrd
oLrqvksa ds #i esa ngst dh ek=k dh o`f)A LdqVj] dkj] jsfM;ks] VsifjdkMZj] Vsyhfotu ¼vktdy jaxhu
Vsyhfotu½] jsfÝtjsVj] ?kjsyw leku] fctyh ds ;U=] oL=] vkHkw"k.k vkSj QuhZpj vkfn tks Hkh ubZ
oLrq,¡ cktkj esa çpfyr gqbZ] os ngst dk vax cu xbZ D;ksfa d lk/kkj.k vkfFkZd fLFkfr ds ekrk firk
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ngst dh ek¡xksa dks iwjk ugha dj ldrs] blfy, mudh yM+dh vfookfgr jgrh gSA ;fn os fdlh rjg
ngst dk çcU/k djrs gSa] rks Hkkjh dtZ ysuk iM+rk gSA yM+ds vkSj yM+dh ds ifjokjksa esa fookg ds
i'pkr~ vf/kd ngst ds fy, ek¡xs j[kus ds dkj.k >xM+k Hkh gksrk gSA tc ek¡xs iwjh ugha gksrh gSa] rc
nqYguksa dks rax fd;k tkrk gS] ;kruk¡, nh tkrh gS] mUgsa tyk;k tkrk gS ;k fQj os vkRegR;k dj
ysrh gSA
1-3-8 iRuh dks ihVuk
efgykvksa ds fo#) fgalk fookg ds lanHkZ esa vf/kd egRoiw.kZ gks tkrh gS tcfd ifr] ftlds fy, ;g
le>k tkrk gS fd og viuh iRuh ls çse djsxk vkSj mls lqj{kk çnku djsxk] mls ihVrk gSA ,d L=h
ds fy, ml vkneh }kjk ihVk tkuk ftl ij og lokZf/kd fo'okl djrh Fkh] ,d fNUu&fHkUu djus
okyk vuqHko gksrk gSA fgalk pkaVs vkSj ykr ekjus ls ysdj gÏh rksM+uk] ;kruk nsuk] ekj Mkyus dh
dksf'kf'k vkSj gR;k rd gks ldrh gSA fgalk dHkh dHkh u'ks ds dkj.k Hkh gks ldrh gS ijUrq ges'kk
ughaA Hkkjrh; laLÑfr esa ge fcjys gh iRuh }kjk iqfyl ls ihVus ds ekeys dh 'khdk;r djus dh ckr
lqurs gSaA og ekSu jgdj vieku lgrh gS vkSj mls viuk HkkX; ekurh gSA ;fn og fojks/k djuk Hkh
pkgrh gS rks ugha dj ldrh D;ksfa d mls Mj gksrk gS fd mlds vius ekrk firk Hkh fookg ds ckn mls
vius ?kj esa LFkkbZ #i ls j[kus dks euk dj nsx
a sA
1-4fgalk ds f'kdkj
;fn ge efgykvksa ds fo#) fgalk ds lHkh çdj.kksa dks ,d lkFk ysa rks ge ik;sx
a s fd fgalk ds
lk/kkj.kr;k f'kdkj os efgyk,¡ gksrh gSA
¼1½tks vlgk; vkSj volknxzLr (depressed) gksrh gS] ftudh vkReNfo [kjkc gksrh gS] tks
vkRekoewY;u ls xzflr gksrha gS ;k os tks vijk/kdrkZvksa }kjk dh xbZ fgalk ds QyLo#i HkkokRed #i
ls lekIr gks pqdh gS] ;k os tks ijkFkZoknh foo'krk (altruistic powerlessness) ls xzLr gS(
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¼2½tks nckoiw.kZ ikfjokfjd fLFkfr;ksa esa jgrh gS ;k ,sls ifjokjksa esa jgrh gS ftUgsa lekt'kkL=h;
'kCnkoyh esa ^lkekU;* ifjokj ugha dgk tk ldrkA lkekU; ifjokj os gSa tks lajpukRed #i ls iw.kZ
gksrs gSa ¼nksuksa ekrk firk thfor gSa vkSj lkFk lkFk jg jgs gSa½] vkfFkZd #i ls fuf'pUr gSa ¼lnL;ksa dh
ewy vkSj iwjd vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ djrs gSa½] çdk;kZRed #i ls mi;qDr (adequate) gSa ¼os fcjys
gh yM+rs gS½ vkSj uSfrd #i ls uS"Bd (conformist) gS]
¼3½ftuesa lkekftd ifjDdork dh ;k lkekftd vUrj oS;fDrd çoh.krkvksa dh deh gS ftlds dkj.k
mUgsa O;ogkj laca/kh leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS(
¼4½ftuds ifr@llqjky okyksa dk foÑr (pathological) O;fDrRo gS]
¼5½ftuds ifr cgq/kk efnjkiku djrs gSA
1-5fgalk ds vijk/kdrkZ
efgykvksa ds fuEu lkr izdkj ds mRihM+u gks ldrs gSa%
tks volknxzLr (depreses d) gksrs gSa] ftuesa ghu&Hkkouk gksrh gS vkSj vkRelEeku de
gksrk gS(
ftUgsa O;fDrRo ds nks"k gksrs gSa vkSj tks euksjksxh (Psychopaths) gksrs gSa(
ftuds ikl lalk/kuks]a izoh.krkvksa (skills) vkSj izfrHkkvksa (talents) dk vHkko gksrk gS
vkSj ftudk O;fDrRo lekt oSKkfud :i ls fod`r (sociopathic) gksrk gS(
ftudh izd`fr esa ekfydkukiu (poses sive), 'kDdhiu] vkSj izcyrk (dominance) gS(
tks ikfjokfjd thou esa rukoiw.kZ fLFkfr;ksa dk lkeuk djrs gSa(
tks cpiu esa fgalk ds f'kdkj gq, Fks( vkSj
tks cgq/kk efnjkiku djrs gSaA
1-6 fgalk ds izdkj
;fn ge efgykvksa ds fo#) fgalk dh tM+ esa tk;sa rks fuEufyf[kr izdkj ifjyf{kr gksrs gSa%&
fgalk tks /ku&vfHkeq[k gksrh gS%
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fgalk tks detksj ij lÙkk izkIr djuk pkgrh gS(
fgalk ftldk mís'; Hkksx&foykl gS(
fgalk tks vijk/kdrkZ dh fod`fr ds dkj.k gksrh gS(
fgalk tks rukoiw.kZ ikfjokfjd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds dkj.k gksrh gS( vkSj
fgalk tks ihfM+r izsfjr (victim-precipitated) gksrh gSA
1-7fgalk ds dkj.k
efgykvksa ds fo#) fgalk ds pkj dkj.k igpkus tk ldrs gSa( ihfM+r }kjk HkM+dkuk] u'kk] efgykvksa ds
izfr 'k=qrk dh Hkkouk] ifjfLFkfr o'k izsj.kk ,oa fgald O;fDrRoA
1-7-1 ihfM+r }kjk HkM+dkuk
dHkh&dHkh fgalk dh f'kdkj efgyk vius O;ogkj ls] tks dbZ ckj vutkus esa gksrk gS] vius Lo;a ds
mRihM+u dh fLFkfr mRiUu dj nsrh gSA ihfM+r efgyk vijk/kh ds fgalkiw.kZ O;ogkj dks mRiUu djrh gS
;k izsfjr djrh gSA ml ¼efgyk½ ds dk;Z f'kdkjh dks geykoj@vkØked esa ifjofrZr dj nsrs gSa vkSj
og vius vijkf/kd bjknksa dk mldks y{; cukus ds fy;s ck/; gks tkrk gSA v/;;uksa esa ik;k x;k fd
geykokj 'keZ ;k fpUrk dh Hkkoukvksa ls xzflr fn[kkbZ nsrs FksA vf/kdka'k esa fdlh izdkj dh HkkokRed
?kcjkgV ugha Fkh vkSj u gh og Hkkouk Fkh ftls euksoSKkfud ^v'kkUr iq#"kRo* (troubled
macs ulinity)dh leL;k dgrs gSaA blds ctk; iRuh dks ihVus ds izdj.k es geykojksa us viuh
ifRu;ksa ij ;g dg dj nks"kkjksi.k fd;k fd os ihNs ls cqjkbZ djrh gSa] mu O;fDr;ksa ls ckr djrh gSa
ftUgsa os ilUn ugha djrsA mudh cguksa ;k ekrk&firk ;k HkkbZ;ksa ds lkFk nqO;Zogkj djrh gSa] ?kj dh
vksj /;ku ugha nsrh gSaA lacaf/k;ksa ls vHknz rjhds ls cksyrh gS a] fdlh O;fDr ds lkFk voS/k laca/k j[krh
gSaA vius lkl&llqj dk dguk ugha ekurh gSaA mUgsa vius >xM+kywiu ;k nks"kkjksi.k ls xqLlk fnykrh
gSa ;k muds ekeyksa esa vR;f/kd gLr{ksi djrh gSaA blh izdkj cykRdkj ds izdj.kksa esa ,sls geykoj Fks]
ftUgksua s ihfM+r ds O;ogkj dks ySafxd laca/kksa ds fy;s [kqyk fuea=.k cryk;k FkkA ,slk ladsr cryk;k
fd ;fn og ¼O;fDr½ vkxzg djrk jgsxk rks og ¼efgyk½ izkI; gks tk;sxhA ;g ekywe djuk egRoiw.kZ
gS fd ihfM+r dk vfHkizk; okLro esa bl izdkj ds O;ogkj dks vkefU=r djuk Fkk ;k ugha ;k ;g
dsoy mRihfM+r djus okys dk viuk gh vFkZ@vuqHkwfr Fkh] ftlds dkj.k mlus mldk ¼L=h dk½ 'kks"k.k
fd;kA bldks ;fn ^vkpj.k dk dk;Z* (act of commisis on) ugha dgk tk;s rks ^vukpj.k dk dk;Z*
(act of omisis on) rks dgk gh tk ldrk gS ¼D;ksfa d ihfM+r us rhoz izfØ;k ugha fn[kkbZ½A
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bl izdkj ^fuf"Ø;* ihfM+r efgyk mlh lhek rd fgalkiw.kZ dk;Z ds gksus esa ;ksxnku nsrh gS ftruh fd
^lfØ; ihfM+r efgykA gR;k ds izdj.kksa esa ,sls dqN izdj.k lkeus vk;s tgka geykojksa ds vuqlkj
gR;k dh fLFkfr ml le; mRiUu gqbZ tc cgl vkSj dgk&lquh esa ihfM+rksa us ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ka mRiu
dj nha ftUgksua s mUgsa mu ij vkØe.k djus ds fy;s izsfjr fd;kA vigj.k esa Hkh dqN Hkxk ys tkus
okyksa us crk;k fd muds ^ihfM+rks*a us muds lkFk Hkkx tkus vkSj fookg djus dh bPNkiwoZd lgefr nh
FkhA ijUrq tc ekrk&firk dh f'kdk;r ij os fxj¶rkj dj fy;s x;s rks ^ihfM+r* efgyk us vius
ekrk&firk }kjk ck/; fd;s tkus ij mu ij Hkxk ys tkus dk vkjksi yxk fn;kA
bl fo'ys"k.k ls ge ihfM+rksa dk ^lfØ;] ^fuf"Ø;* vkSj ^vkdfLed* ds vk/kkj ij oxhZdj.k dj ldrs
gSaA de ls de nks izdkj ds ihfM+r ,slh ifjfLFkfr mRiUu dj nsrs gSa tgka vijk/kh fLFkfr ,oa@;k
foo'krk dk ^ihfM+r* cu tkrk gS vkSj ^ihfM+r* ¼L=h½ ds lkFk bl izdkj ls O;ogkj djrk gS fd og
^geykokj* vFkok ^ihM+k nsus okyk* dgyk;k tkus yxsA
1-7-2 u'kk (Intoxication)
fgalk ds dqN izdj.k ml le; gksrs gSa tc vkØked u'ks esa vkSj vR;qÙkstd (wildly excited) ,oa
yM+kbZ djus dh euksn'kk esa gksrs gSa vkSj mudks ;g le> esa ugha vkrk fd muds dk;ks± ds D;k ifj.kke
gksx
a sA mnkgj.k ds fy;s] dqN cykRdkj ds izdj.kksa esa vijkf/k;ksa us ihfM+rksa ds lkFk cykRdkj ml le;
fd;k tc mUgksua s bruh 'kjkc ih yh Fkh fd os u'ks vkSj HkkokRed mÙkstuk dh gkyr esa FksA os viuk
vkRela;e [kks pqds Fks vkSj muds vkØked LoIufp= dkeokluk ls izxk<+:i ls vkil esa fey x;s Fks
ftUgksua s ckn esa vuqÙkjoknh dk;ks± dk :i /kkj.k fd;kA efnjk ls lacaf/kr ;kSu vijk/k le;] LFkku vkSj
ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh vfoosfpr mis{kk dk mnkgj.k nsrs gSaA
iRuh dks ihVus vkSj gR;k ds dqN izdj.kksa esa 'kjkchiu vkSj fgalk esa ,slk gh laca/k iznf'kZr gqvkA
lekt'kkL=h; v/;;u esa ik;k x;k fd dsoy 31.7% izdj.kksa esa iRuh dk ihVuk vkSj efnjkiku
lkFk&lkFk pyrs gSaA fgYojesu vkSj eulu us bls 93.0% izdj.kksa esa ik;k] oqYQxSax us 65.0% izdj.kksa
esa] vkSj fgfudycxZ us 71.0% izdj.kksa esaA
gesa ;g Lohdkj djuk pkfg;s fd tc ge fgalk vkSj 'kjkchiu esa ijLij laca/k crkrs gSa rks ge jDr esa
'kjkc ds Lrjksa ds eki ds LFkku ij dsoy 'kjkc ds mi;ksx dh lwpuk ij gh fuHkZj jgrs gSaA okLro esa
jDr vkSj 'kjkc dk xk<+kiu (Blood Alcohol Concentration or BAC) ihVus dks 'kjkc ds
izHkko ls lEc) djus dk vk/kkj gksuk pkfg;sA ;fn ch-,-lh- vf/kd gksxk rks O;fDr dh nwljksa dks
'kkjhfjd pksV igqapkus dh {kerk de gks tk;sxhA fQj Hkh ge ekurs gSa fd ch-,-lh- dk Lrj bruk
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gksuk pkfg;s fd vijk/kh bl lhek rd gh vius ij fu;U=.k [kks;s fd og vius dk;ks± ds ifj.kkeksa ds
ckjs esa u lksp ik;sA og dsoy blh euksn'kk esa fgalkRed gksrk gSA
1-7-3 efgykvksa ds izfr fo}s"k
efgykvksa ds fo#) fgalk ds izfrosfnr (reported) ekeyksa esa dqN ,sls gSa ftuesa vkØe.kdkjh fdlh
Hkh rdZ ls izHkkfor ugha gksrs vkSj os muds fo#) cM+h Øwjrk ls fo}s"kiw.kZ dk;Z djus ds vykok vkSj
dqN ugha djrsA muesa ls dqN esa efgykvksa ds izfr ?k`.kk vkSj }s"k dh Hkkouk,a bruh xgjkbZ ls xM+h gqbZ
Fkha fd muds fgalkiw.kZ dk;Z dk ewy mís'; ihfM+r efgyk dks viekfur djus ds vfrfjDr dqN vkSj
ugha dgk tk ldrkA ;fn ifjfLFkfr gh dsoy izsj.kk dk dkjd gksrh rks ;g le>uk dfBu gks tkrk
fd tc vf/kdka'k ^vijk/kh* ^lkekU;* O;fDr le>s tkrs gSa rks os fgald dk;Z djus dks D;ksa ck/; gks
tkrs gSa\ dnkfpr ,sls izdj.kksa esa ihfM+r dks viekfur djus ls tks [kq'kh dh vuqHkwfr gksrh gS mls izkIr
djus dh bPNk muesa vf/kd izcy FkhA
1-7-4 ifjfLFkfr&o'k izsj.kk (Situational Urge)
bl Js.kh esa mu izdj.kksa dks lfEefyr fd;k tk ldrk gS tgka vijk/k u rks ihfM+r ds O;ogkj ds
dkj.k fd;k tkrk gS vkSj u gh vijk/kh ds euksjksxkRed O;fDrRo ds dkj.k] vfirq vkdfLed dkjdksa
ds dkj.k] tks ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ka mRiUu dj nsrs gSa ftuds ifj.kkeLo:i fgalk gksrh gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ]
,d iRuh ds ihVus ds izdj.k esa gks ldrk gS fd iSls ds ekeyksa esa >xM+k ;k ifr ds ekrk&firk ds
lkFk nqO;Zogkj ds dkj.k >xM+k ifr dks iRuh ij vkØe.k djus ds fy, HkM+dk nsA ;k cykRdkj ds
izdj.k esa ,d vkneh vdLekr mlds iM+kSl ds xkao dh ,d ifjfpr L=h ls [ksr esa feyrk gS vkSj
ckrphr vkjEHk dj nsrk gS vkSj vUrr% mls viuh ckr euokuk pkgrk gSA ;k ,d iq#"k ekfyd ,d
L=h deZpkjh dks vius n¶rj@dkj[kkus esa 'kke <ys vdsyk ikdj mldk Qk;nk mBkrk gSA ;k ,d
;qok yM+dh vius firk ds ?kj ls Hkkx tkrh gS vkSj ,d Vªd esa p<+ tkuk Lohdkj dj ysrh gS vkSj
Vªd dk Mªkboj fLFkfr dk Qk;nk mBkdj mlds lkFk cykRdkj dj ysr k gSA bu lc izdj.kksa esa
vijkf/k;ksa us fgalkiw.kZ dk;ks± dh ;kstuk ugha cukbZ Fkh ijUrq tc mUgsa ifjfLFkfr lgk;d ;k mdlkus
okyh yxh rks mUgksua s fgalk dk iz;ksx fd;kA bu fgalkRed dk;ks± ds vfrfjDr ;s vijk/kh fopfyr
O;ogkj dk thou O;rhr ugha dj jgs FksA
1-7-5 O;fDrRo dh fo'ks"krk,a (Personality Traits)
fgalk&izo`Ùk O;fDrRo dh igpku djus okyh fo'ks"krk,¡ ;s gSa% vR;f/kd 'kDdh] okluke;] izHkkoh]
foosdghu] O;fHkpkjh] vklkuh ls HkkokRed :i ls v'kkar] bZ";kZyq] LoRokRed (poses sive) vkSj csbalkQA
tks fo'ks"krk,a izkjafHkd thou esa fodflr gks tkrh gSa] os o;Ldrk esa ,d O;fDr ds vkØe.k'khy
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O;ogkj dks izHkkfor djrh gSaA vkØked dk cPps ds :i esa nqO;Zogkj vkSj@;k cpiu esa fgalk ds
izHkko esa vkus dks mlds fgalkRed O;ogkj dk v/;;u djrs le; ijh{k.k vo'; djuk pkfg;sA
mnkgj.kkFkZ] dqN iRuh dks ihVus okyksa ds izdj.k esa muds cpiu] fd'kksjkoLFkk vkSj o;Ldrk ds
izkjafHkd o"kks± ds vuqHko ;g crykrs gSa fd mUgksua s lHkh HkkokRed :i ls nq[kn ladsrksa ds tokc jks"kiw.kZ
,oa fgalkRed O;ogkj ls nsuk lh[kkA nq[kh ifjokfjd thou] ftlesa 'kkjhfjd funZ;rk ;k Hk;adj
HkkokRed frjLdkj (rejection) jgk gks] vf/kdka'k vkØedksa ds izdj.k esa ;g fu;e cu tkrk gSA
dqN o;Ld vkØkedksa us vius cpiu@fd'kksjkoLFkk esa vius ifjokj esa ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk lkeuk
fd;k gksrk gS] ftuesa mUgksua s lnSo ekrk&firk dks ,d nwljs ij fpYykrs gq;s lquk vkSj NksVs ls NksVs
cgkus ij muds firk }kjk mudh ¼cPpksa dh½ fiVkbZ gqbZA vDlj muds firk 'kjkc ds u'ks esa /kqr ?kj
ykSVrs vkSj lkjs ?kj esa fpYykrs gq, vkSj phtksa dks rksM+rs gq;s ?kwers jgrsA ,d fgalkiw.kZ ?kj esa iyus ds
ifj.kkeLo:i O;fDr;ksa dk vfuok;Z:i ls O;ogkj fgalkiw.kZ gks tkrk gS vkSj ;s O;fDr o;Ld thou esa
vkØked gks tkrs gSaA ,yQsjks ikSV~l] gtZcxZj vkSj gkySUM vkSj Qsx a u] LVqoVZ vksj gsUlu us Hkh
fgalkRed iq#"kksa vkSj muds cPpksa ij fd;s vius vkuqHkfod v/;;uksa esa Hkh bl izdkj dk ikjLifjd
laca/k cryk;k gSA bl izdkj ge dg ldrs gSa fd vkØkedksa dh cM+h la[;k cky nqO;Zgkj vkSj
ikfjokfjd fgalk dh f'kdkj gksrh gS vkSj cPps ds :i esa ;fn dksbZ fgalk ls izHkkfor gksrk gS rks
lk/kkj.kr;k mudh o;LdkoLFkk esa fgalkRed gks tkus dh laHkkouk c<+ tkrh gSA
1-8 lkjka'k
mijksDr [k.M&III dh bdkbZ&1 ds v/;;u ds mijkUr vkius mu mn~ns';ksa dks izkIr dj fy;k gksxk
ftudk lanHkZ iwoZ esa fn;k tk pqdk gSA vc rd geus ftl fo"k;oLrq dh ppkZ dh gS] vkb, mldk
iqu% Lej.k djsAa
Hkkjrh; lekt esa efgyk;sa nh?kZ dky ls voekuuk] ;kruk ,oa 'kks"k.k dk f'kdkj jgh gSaA
fopk/kkjkvks]a laLFkkxr izFkkvksa ,oa izpfyr izfrekuksa us muds mRihM+u esa dkQh ;ksx fn;k
gSA Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr esa lq/kkj ds fy, vusdkusd izkfo/kku fd,
x, gSa ijUrq izxfr mRlkgo/kZd ugha gSA efgykvksa dh 'kkspuh; n'kk ds ifjpk;d muds
lapyu ij lhek;s]a f'k{kk dk fuEu Lrj] mudh lkekftd ,oa jktuhfrd vYi
lgHkkfxrk] vYi vkfFkZd vf/kdkj ,oa muds izfr O;kid fgalk gSA
efgykvksa ds fo#) eq[;r;k vijkf/kd] ?kjsyw vkSj lkekftd fgalk dk izlkj gSA ?kjsyw
ekj ihV] lrh] dU;k Hkzw.k gR;k] cykRdkj] O;igj.k] vigj.k] rFkk ngst gR;k vkfn #iksa
esa fgalk n`f"Vxr gksrh gSA bl izdkj dh fgalk dk f'kdkj vf/kdrj os efgyk;sa gksrh gSa
tks vlgk; vkSj volknxzLr] nckoiw.kZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa jgus okyh] lkekftd #i ls
vifjiDo gksrh gSaA muds mRihM+d Hkh volknxzLr] euksjksxh] 'kDdh] ncax] fgalk ds
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HkqDrHkksxh] u'ks ds vknh vkfn gksrs gSaA fgalk ds dkj.kksa esa ihfM+r }kjk HkM+dkuk] u'kk]
efgykvksa ds izfr fo}s"k] ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls izsj.kk] fgalk izo`Ùk O;fDrRo vkfn gksrs gSaA
1-9 lUnHkZ lwph
izks0 th0ih0 =hikBh& Hkkjr dk oS/kkfud ,oa laoS/kkfud bfrgkl¼2007½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”kuA
14- rstLdj&vkstLdj ik.Ms;&lekt dk;Z n”kZu ¼2009½& Hkkjr cqd lsUVj
15- efyd vkSj jkoy&ykW ,.M lks”ky VªkUlQksjes”ku bu bf.M;k¼2009½&bykgckn ykW
,tsUlh
16- jke vkgqtk& lkekftd leL;k; ¼2008½& jkor ifCyds”ku fnYyh
17- jke vkgqtk&Hkkjrh; lekt ¼2007½& jkor ifCyds”ku fnYyh
18- Mk0 vorkj flag&Hkkjrh; Lkk{; vf/kfu;e 1872¼2006½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”ku
19- Mk0x.ks”k ik.Ms&vijk/k “kkL= ¼2008½& jk/kk ifCyds”ku fnYyh
20- izks0bUnzthr flag&fof/k “kkL=¼2006½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”ku
21- Mk0 dSyk”k jk;& tufgr odkyr fof/kd lgk;rk ,oa le:ih fof/kd¼2009½& lsUVªy
ykW ifCyds”ku
22- Mk0vHk; flag&lwpuk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e2005] ¼2009½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”ku
23- Mk0vkj0ds0vxzoky&fgUnw fof/k¼2002½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”ku
24- Mk0 bdcky flag&eqfLye fof/k ¼2001½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”kuA
1-10&lgk;d @mi;ksxh ikB~; lkexzh &
21- lh0ih0 vjksjk&fofo/k vijk/k vf/kfu;e ¼2010½& ;wuholZy ykW ifCyds¼2010½A
22- Mk0 Vh0ih0 =hikBh&flfoy izfdz;k lafgrk¼2006½& bykgckn ykW ,tsUlhA
23- izks0 bUnzthr flag&Jfed fof/k;ka&¼2005½&lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”kuA
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24- Mk0 ,l0ds0 diwj& ekuo vf/kdkj ,oa vUrjk’Vªh; fof/k¼2004½&lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”kuA
1-11 fucU/kkRed iz”u
¼1½ Hkkjrh; lekt esa efgykvksa dh 'kkspuh; n'kk ij izdk'k Mkfy,A
¼2½ efgykvksa ds fo#) dh tkus okyh fgalk dh foospuk dhft,A
¼3½ fgalk ds f'kdkj ,oa vijk/kdrkZ dh fo'ks"krkvksa dh x.kuk dhft,A
¼4½ efgykvksa ds izfr fgalk ds D;k dkj.k gSa\
¼5½ fgalk dh lS)kfUrd O;k[;k dhft, rFkk mRihM+u jksdus ds mik;ksa dh ppkZ
dhft,A
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,y,y0,e0 izFke o"kZ
Hkkjr esa fof/k ,oa lkekftd ifjorZu
[k.M&3- efgyk;sa@ckyd ,oa fof/k
bdkbZ&2&fo/kk;u }kjk lkekftd ifjorZu
bdkbZ lajpuk
2-0 izLrkouk
2-1 mn~n's ;
2-2 efgyk l'kDrhdj.k ds mik;
2-2-1 fo'ks"k fookg vf/kfu;e] 1954
2-2-2 fons'kh fookg vf/kfu;e] 1989
2-2-3 fookg fof/k ¼la'kks/ku½ vf/kfu;e] 1976
2-2-4 ngst izfr"ks/k vf/kfu;e] 1961
2-2-5 izlwfr izlqfo/kk vf/kfu;e] 1961
2-2-6 efgykvksa dk vf'k"V :i.k ¼fu"ks/k½ vf/kfu;e] 1986
2-2-7 lrh ¼fuokj.k½ vf/kfu;e] 1987
2-2-8 ?kjsyw fgalk vf/kfu;e] 2005
2-3 jk"Vªh; efgyk vk;ksx vf/kfu;e] 1990
2-4 ckydksa ds l'kDrhdj.k ds mik;
2-4-1 cky fookg vojks/k vf/kfu;e] 1929
2-4-2 xHkkZorh iwoZ vkSj izlo iwoZ funku rduhd ¼fyax p;u jksdFkke½
vf/kfu;e] 2002
2-4-3 ckyd Je ¼izfr"ks/k ,oa fofu;eu½ vf/kfu;e] 1986
2-4-4 fd'kksj U;k; ¼ckydksa dh ns[kjs[k vkSj laj{k.k½ vf/kfu;e] 2000
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2-5 lkjka'k
2-7 lUnHkZ lwph
2-7-1 lgk;d LkUnHkZ lwph
2-8 fucU/kkRed iz”u
2-0 izLrkouk
;g loZfofnr gS fd lkekU;r;k 'kks"k.k ds f'kdkj pkgs os efgyk;sa gksa ;k ckyd] viuh lkekftd]
ekufld] 'kkjhfjd] HkkSfrd&vkfFkZd v{kerk ds dkj.k gh 'kks"k.k dk fojks/k djus esa vleFkZ gksrs gSaA
muesa viuh j{kk djus dh ;ksX;rk dk vHkko gksrk gSA ;g ,d ,slh leL;k gS ftldk mÙkj
'kfDriznÙkhdj.k gks ldrk gSA rkRi;Z gS fd ;fn 'kksf"kr efgykvksa vkSj cPpksa dks 'kfDr vkSj ;ksX;rk
miyC/k djk nh tk, rks mudh lkekftd n'kk esa lq/kkj rFkk ifjorZu dh laHkkO;rk c<+ tk,xhA bl
mís'; ls vizR;{kr% ekuokf/kdkjks]a vkfFkZd lqj{kk] {kerk o`f) vkSj ;ksX;rk l`tu dh fLFkfr;ksa ds
fuekZ.k }kjk l'kDrhdj.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA izR;{kr% blds fy, ,slh uhfr;ksa rFkk fof/k;ksa ds fuekZ.k
,oa izorZu dh vko';drk gS tks efgykvksa ,oa cPpksa dh 'kfDr esa o`f) dj ldsAa
mPpre U;k;ky; us Hkh Li"V fd;k gS fd Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vUrxZr ;|fi ewy Lora=kvksa dks
lqfuf'pr fd;k x;k gS fQj Hkh jkT; dh ;g Hkwfedk gS fd og lqfuf'pr djs fd ,d oxZ nwljs ds
ewY; ij u c<+s vkSj dksbZ O;fDr lkekftd detksfj;ksa ds dkj.k ihNs u jg tk,A rkRi;Z gS fd
lkekftd n`f"Vdks.k ls izR;sd oxZ] fyax] tkfr] vk;q ds O;fDr dk lekt esa leku LFkku gks vkSj og
oafpr rFkk ihfM+r u jgsA Hkkjrh; lekt esa efgykvksa rFkk ckydksa dh fLFkfr 'kksf"kr dh gh gS] vr,o
mijksDr l'kDrhdj.k n`f"Vdks.k viukrs gq,] efgykvksa ,oa ckydksa dh fLFkfr dks lq/kkjus ds fy, cgqr
ls vf/kfu;e ikfjr fd, x, gSa ftuesa ls dqN egRoiw.kZ vf/kfu;eksa dh ppkZ ifjp;kZ] izLrqr bdkbZ esa
dh tk jgh gSA
2-1 mn~ns';
izLrqr [k.M&III dh bdkbZ&4 dk mn~n's ; gS fd vki efgykvksa rFkk ckydksa ds l'kDrhdj.k ds fy,
tks oS/kkfud mik; fd, x, gSa] mUgsa tku ldsAa la{ksi esa izLrqr bdkbZ dk mn~n's ; gS fd vi
fuEufyf[kr fo/kk;uksa dks le> ldsAa
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foog laca/kh fo/kk;u
efgykvksa dks izkIr fofHkUu lqfo/kkvksa lca/kh fo/kk;u
efgykvksa ds izfr fgalk izfrf"k) djus okys fo/kk;u
jk"Vªh; efgyk vk;ksx
cky dY;k.k ,oa fd'kksj U;k; laca/kh fo/kk;uA
2-2 efgyk l'kDrhdj.k ds mik;
2-2-1 fo'ks"k fookg vf/kfu;e 1954 (The Special Marriage Act, 1954)
fo'ks"k fookg vf/kfu;e] 1954 fcuk fdlh /kkfeZd egRo ds fookg ds laca/k esa micU/k djrk gSA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 4 ds vuqlkj fdlh Hkh /keZ ds nks o;Ld O;fDr fookg dj ldrs gSa c'krsZ fd
i{kdkj izfrf"k) ukrsnkjh dh fMfxz;ksa ds Hkhrj ugha gS ;k fdlh nwljs /kkfeZd laLdkjksa ds Hkhrj fdlh
vU; O;fDr ds lkFk mudk fookg u gqvk gks ;k thfor ifr@iRuh fookg ds le; u gksA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 5 ds vuqlkj i{kdkjksa dks fookg djus ds fy, ml ftys ds fookg vf/kdkjh
(Marriage Officer) dks fyf[kr :i ls lwpuk nsuh gksxh ftlesa de ls de ,d i{kdkj 30 fnu
vFkok vf/kd vof/k ls jg jgk gksA mDr uksfVl fookg iathdj.k dk;kZy; (Marriage Registry
Office) esa izeq[k LFkku ij pLik dj nh tkrh gSA pLik djus dh frfFk ds ckn 30 fnu ls igys
fookg rFkk mldk iathdj.k ugha gksxk ijUrq 3 ekg ds vUnj gks tkuk pkfg,A
fookg vf/kdkjh }kjk fookg dk iathdj.k 3 ¼rhu½ xokgksa dh mifLFkfr esa fd;k tkrk gS rFkk fookg
izek.k i= lacaf/kr ifr&iRuh dks fuxZr dj fn;k tkrk gSA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 7 ds vuqlkj lwpuk ds 30 fnol ds nkSjku dksbZ O;fDr fookg gksus ds laca/k esa
vkifÙk dj ldrk gS ;fn vf/kfu;e esa mfYyf[kr vk/kkjksa ij fookg voS/k gksA ,slh vkifÙk ds lR;
ik;s tkus ij fookg vf/kdkjh fookg lEiknu ds fy, bUdkj dj ldrk gSA
2-2-2 fons'kh fookg vf/kfu;e] 1969 (Foreign Marriage Act, 1969)
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vf/kfu;e dh mísf'kdk ls Kkr gksrk gS fd Hkkjrh; ukxfjdksa ds Hkkjr ds ckgj gksus okys fookgksa ds
laca/k esa ;g vf/kfu;e micU/k djrk gSA bl vf/kfu;e ds iz[;kiu (Promulgation) ds iwoZ ,sls
fookg fo'ks"k fookg vf/kfu;e 1954 (Special Marriage Act, 1954) ds micU/kksa ds v/khu gksrs
FksA ml le; Hkh ,sls fookg ds lHkh igyqvksa ds laca/k esa vf/kfu;e esa izko/kku ugha Fkk vr% ml le;
Hkh dqN vfuf'prrk;sa FkhaA vfuf'prrkvksa dks nwj djus ds fy, ,d O;kid dkuwu dh vko';drk Fkh]
vr% vf/kfu;e ikfjr fd;k x;kA ;g vf/kfu;e Hkkjr ls ckgj gksus okys ,sls fookg ftuesa nksuksa
i{kdkj Hkkjrh; gksa ;k de ls de ,d i{kdkj Hkkjrh; gks] ls lacaf/kr fof/k dks vf/kØkUr u djds
cfYd vuqiwfrZ (Supplement) djrk gSA
2-2-3 fookg fof/k ¼la'kks/ku½ vf/kfu;e 1976 (The Marriage Laws (Amendment) Act,
1976)
;g la'kks/ku vf/kfu;e fgUnw fookg vf/kfu;e 1955 rFkk fo'ks"k fookg vf/kfu;e 1954 ds micU/kksa esa
vkSj vf/kd lq/kkj ykus ds vk'k; ls ikfjr fd;k x;k FkkA
fgUnw fookg vf/kfu;e 1955 ds cgqr ls micU/k iwjh rjg ls la'kksf/kr dj fn;s x;s gSa ftlls fd
fgUnqvksa ds fookg ,oa fookg foPNsn laca/kh leL;kvksa ds fujkdj.k esa lqfo/kk feysxhA la'kks/ku gks tkus
ls fookg foPNsn laca/kh dk;Zokgh esa de le; yxrk gSA fuEufyf[kr la'kks/ku fL=;ksa ds l'kDrhdj.k
dks dsUnz esa j[kdj fd, x, gSaA
¼1½ U;kf;d i`FkDdj.k ds fy, miyC/k lHkh vk/kkj vc fookg foPNsn ds fy, Hkh miyC/k gSaA
vc ,d fgUnw vfHkR;tu ;k Øwjrk ds vk/kkj ij fookg foPNsn dh fMØh ds fy, nkok
dj ldrk gSA /kkjk 13¼1½VII
¼2½ ifr ;k iRuh esa ls fdlh us Hkh ;fn fdlh vU; O;fDr ¼L=h ;k iq#"k½ ds lkFk dsoy ,d
ckj Hkh LosPN;k eSFkqu fd;k gS rks ;g fookg foPNsn dk vk/kkj gksxkA [/kkjk 13(1)(i)]
¼3½ vc og iRuh ftldks fd fdlh vU; fof/k ds vUrxZr Hkj.k&iks"k.k izkIr djus dk vkns'k
izkIr gks x;k gS] Hkh fookg&foPNsn dh fMØh izkIr dj ldrh gSA [/kkjk 13(2)(A)]
¼4½ ikjLifjd lgefr ds vk/kkj ij fookg foPNsn dk micU/k fd;k x;k gS] bl vk/kkj ij
fookg foPNsn dh fMØh izkIr djus ds fy, i{kdkjksa dks ;kfpdk nk;j djus ds mijkUr
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dsoy N% ekg izrh{kk djuh gSA ;|fi 18 ekg O;rhr gksus ds igys fookg foPNsn dh
fMØh izkIr gks tkuh pkfg;sA
¼5½ rkfRod rF;ksa (Material Facts) ds ckjs esa fdlh izdkj dk nqO;Zins'ku
(Misrepresentation) fgUnw fookg dks 'kwU; ?kksf"kr djkus ds fy, ,d vU; vk/kkj gSA
¼/kkjk 12(1)(c)½
¼6½ ,d vo;Ld yM+dh viuk fookg 15 o"kZ dh vk;q izkIr djus ds mijkUr ysfdu 18 o"kZ
dh vk;q izkIr djus ls igys fujkd`r (Repudiate) dj ldrh gS [/kkjk 13(2)(IV)]A
¼7½ ;fn nwljk i{kdkj ;k rks Hkkjr ds ckgj jgrk gS ;k lkr o"kZ ;k mlls vf/kd le; rd
mlds ckjs esa irk ugha pyrk gS rks ,sls ekeyksa esa vf/kfu;e ds vUrxZr ;kfpdk ml {ks=
esa U;k;ky; esa nkf[ky dh tk ldrh gS tgk¡ ij ;kph fuokl djrk gSA [/kkjk
(19)(IV)]
¼8½ fookg laca/kh ;kfpdk ds 'kh?kz fuLrkj.k gsrq micU/k fd;k x;k gS fd N% ekg dh vof/k ds
vUnj fuLrkj.k gks tkuk pkfg, rFkk vihy dk fuLrkj.k mlds ckn 3 ekg ds vUnj gks
tkuk pkfg,A [/kkjk 21(B)(2) ,oa (3)]
¼9½ vc fookg foPNsn ds ckn ifr ;k iRuh rqjUr iqufoZokg dj ldrs gSaA ¼/kkjk 15½
¼10½ U;kf;d i`FkDdj.k ds mijkUr fookg foPNsn gsrq ;kfpdk nk;j djus ds fy, nks o"kZ ls
de djds ,d o"kZ dh vof/k dj nh xbZ gSA [/kkjk 13(iA)]
¼11½ ifr ;k iRuh vius fookg ls ,d o"kZ ckn gh fookg foPNsn gsrq ;kfpdk nk;j dj ldrs
gSaA [/kkjk 14]
¼12½ izR;sd fookg laca/kh ekeyksa dh lquokbZ cUn dejs esa gksxhA [/kkjk 22]
2-2-4 ngst izfr"ks/k vf/kfu;e] 1961 (The Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961)
bl vf/kfu;e ds vUrxZr ngst ysuk vkSj nsuk nksuksa gh izfr"ksf/kr gSA vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 2 ds vuqlkj
^ngst* dk vfHkizk; fookg ds ,d i{k }kjk nwljs i{k ds fy, ;k fookg ds fdlh i{k ds ekrk&firk
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;k vU; O;fDr }kjk fookg ds nwljs i{k ;k fdlh vU; O;fDr ds fy, fookg djus ds laca/k esa nh
tkus okyh fdlh lEifÙk ;k ewY;oku izfrHkwfr ls gSA pkgs ;g lEifÙk ;k ewY;oku iz frHkwfr fookg ds
le; ;k mlds iwoZ ;k i'pkr~ fdlh Hkh le; nh xbZ gks] ijUrq ngst dh ifjf/k esa vku ds fy,
vko';d gS fd ;g fookg ds laca/k esa nh xbZ gksA blesa rhljk volj ^fookg ds ckn fdlh le;*
dHkh u lekIr gksus okyh vof/k izrhr gksrh gS ijUrq ;gk¡ ij 'kCn ^dfFkr i{kksa ds fookg ds laca/k esa*
fu.kkZ;d gSaA vr% ikjEifjd Hkqxrku tSls cPps ds tUe ;k nwljs lekjksgksa esa tks fd fofHkUu lektksa esa
fn;s tkrs gSa] ^ngst* dh ifjf/k esa ugha vkrsA
2-2-5 izlwfr izlqfo/kk vf/kfu;e] 1961 (The Maternity Benefits Act, 1961)
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku }kjk efgykvksa ds fy, u dsoy yksd fu;kstu ds fo"k; esa leku volj] leku dk;Z
ds fy;s leku osru vkfn dk micU/k fd;k x;k gS] cfYd muds fgr esa fo'ks"k micU/k Hkh fd;s tk
ldrs gSaA
izlwfr izlqfo/kk vf/kfu;e] 1961 dh /kkjk 5¼2½ ds vuqlkj dksbZ Hkh L=h izlwfr izlqfo/kk dh rc rd
gdnkj u gksxh] tc rd mlus vius izR;kf'kr izlo dh rjh[k ds iwoZorhZ ckjg eklksa esa de ls de
vLlh fnol rd fdlh LFkkiu (Organization) esa dk;Z u fd;k gksA
E;qfufliy dkiksZjs'ku vkWQ MsYgh cuke Qhesy odZlZ ¼eLVj jksy½] ¼2000½ ds okn esa ekuuh; mPpre
U;k;ky; us vfHkfu/kkZfjr fd;k fd uxj ikfydk ,oa uxj fudk;ksa ds nSfud osruHkksxh efgyk ¼eLVj
jksy½ deZpkjh Hkh izlwfr izlqfo/kk vf/kfu;e ds vUrxZr ykHk izkIr djus dh gdnkj gS rFkk vf/kfu;e
ds micU/kksa ds vuqlkj izlwfr vodk'k (Maternity Leave) dsoy fu;fer :i ls dk;Zjr efgyk
deZpkjh gh ysus dh gdnkj ugha gS cfYd vkdfLed (Casual) vk/kkj ij ;k eLVj jksy ij nSfud
osru Hkksxh efgyk deZpkjh Hkh izlwfr vodk'k dh gdnkj gSA vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 6 ds vuqlkj izlo
(Devlivery) ds le; og N% lIrkg dk osru lfgr vodk'k ikus dh gdnkj gSA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 4¼1½ ds vuqlkj dksbZ Hkh fu;kstd fdlh L=h dks mlds izlo ;k xHkZikr ;k xHkZ ds
fpfdRlh; lekiu ds fnu ds Bhd i'pkr~ (Immediately following) Ng lIrkg ds nkSjku fdlh
LFkkiu (Establishment) esa tkurs gq, fu;ksftr ugha djsxkA
/kkjk 4¼2½ ds vuqlkj dksbZ Hkh L=h vius izlo ;k xHkZikr ;k xHkZ ds fpfdRlh; lekiu ds fnu ds
Bhd i'pkr~ (Immediately following) Ng lIrkg ds nkSjku fdlh LFkkiu (Establishment)
esa dke ugha djsxhA
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/kkjk 4¼3½ ds vuqlkj /kkjk 6 ds micU/kksa ij izfrdwy izHkko Mkys fcuk fdlh Hkh xHkZorh L=h ls mlds
}kjk izkFkZuk fd;s tkus ij] mi/kkjk ¼4½ esa mfYyf[kr dkykof/k ds nkSjku mlds fu;kstd }kjk dksbZ
,slk dke djus dh vis{kk ugha dh tk;sxh tks dfBu izd`fr dk gks ;k ftlesa yEcs le; rd [kM+k
jguk iM+s ;k ftlls mlds xHkZokfrRo (Pregnancy) ;k Hkzw.k (foetus) ds izlkekU; fodkl
(Normal development) esa fdlh Hkh izdkj fo?u dh lEHkkouk gks ;k ftlls mldk xHkZikr gksus
;k mlds LokLF; ij izfrdwy izHkko iM+us dh lEHkkouk gksA
izlwfr izlqfo/kk vf/kfu;e] 1961 dh /kkjk 5¼1½ ds vuqlkj] bl vf/kfu;e ds micU/kksa ds v/;/khu jgrs
gq,] gj L=h okLrfod vuqifLFkfr dh dkykof/k ds fy, vkSlr nSfud etnwjh (Average
dailywage) dh nj ls izlwfr izlqfo/kk dh gdnkj gksxh rFkk fu;kstd blds fy, mÙkjnk;h gksxkA
;kfu fd gj L=h vius izlo ds fnu ds Bhd iwoZ dh dkykof/k] izlo ds okLrfod fnu rFkk izlo ds
fnu ds Bhd okn dh fdlh dkykof/k ds fy, izlwfr izlqfo/kk dh gdnkj gksxh rFkk fu;kstd blds
fy, mÙkjnk;h gksxkA
/kkjk 5¼3½ ds vuqlkj dksbZ L=h vf/kdre ckjg lIrkg dh dkykof/k ds fy, izlwfr ykHk dh gdnkj
gksxh ftlesa ls] mldh visf{kr izlo (expected delivery) dh frfFk ds iwoZ dh vf/kdre dkykof/k
Ng lIrkg gksxhA ysfdu ;fn dksbZ L=h bl dkykof/k ds nkSjku ej tk;s] ogk¡ izlwfr izlqfo/kk mldh
e`R;q ds fnu rd ds fy, gh] ¼ftlds vUrxZr e`R;q dk fnu Hkh lfEefyr gksxk½ lan;
s (Payable)
gksxhA
/kkjk 11 ds vuqlkj gj izlwrk L=h dks tks izlo ds i'pkr~ dke ij okil vkrh gS ml foJkekFkZ
vUrjky (Interval for rest) ds vfrfjDr tks mls vuqKkr (Allow) gS] vius nSfud dke dh p;kZ
esa (in the course of her daily work) fofgr dkykof/k (Prescribed duration) ds nks fojke
(Breaks) f'k'kq ds iks"k.k (Nursing) ds fy, rc rd vuqKkr gksx
a s] tc rd og f'k'kq iUnzg ekl
dh vk;q iwjh u dj ysaA
2-2-6 efgykvksa dk vf'k"V :i.k ¼fu"ks/k½ vf/kfu;e] 1986 (The Indecent Reprsentation of
Women (Prohibition) Act, 1986)
efgykvksa dk :i.k nks izdkj ls iznf'kZr fd;k tkrk gSA ,d rjQ mls lPpfj=] ljy ,oa vkKkdkjh
efgyk ds :i esa fn[kk;k tkrk gS rFkk nwljh vksj vf'k"V ,oa lsDl ls lacaf/kr :i.k fd;k tkrk gS
mls vkt O;kolkf;d izpkj&izlkj dk ek/;e cuk fn;k x;k gSA ekWMfyax ds uke ij vax izn'kZu ,d
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lkekU; ckr gks xbZ gSA lkSUn;Z izfr;ksfxrkvksa esa ukfj;ksa dks v)ZuXu voLFkk esa izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA
blds fuokj.k gsrq laln }kjk o"kZ 1986 esa efgykvksa dk vf'k"V :i.k ¼fu"ks/k½ vf/kfu;e ikfjr fd;k
x;k gSA
bl vf/kfu;e ds vUrxZr efgykvksa dk fdlh Hkh izdkj ls vf'k"V :i.k fu"ks/k fd;k x;k gSA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 2¼x½ ds vuqlkj efgykvksa dk vf'k"V :i.k (Indecent representation of
women) dk vFkZ gS] L=h dh vkd`fr] mlds :i ;k 'kjhj vFkok mlds fdlh Hkkx dk ,slh jhfr ls
o.kZu tks mlds f'k"V gksus ;k vYihd`r djus ij ;k efgykvksa ds pfj= dks dyafdr djus ds izHkko
ds :i esa gks ;k ftlls nqjkpkj] Hkz"Vkpkj ;k yksd nw"k.k] vFkok uSfrdrk dks gkfu igq¡pus dh]
lEHkkouk gksA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 4 esa fn[kkbZ nsus okys lHkh izdkj ds vf'k"V :i.k dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA
tSls ys[ku] iqLrd] isij] LykbZM] fQYe vkfnA ijUrq ,slk :i.k tks /kkfeZd egRo dk gks ;k dyk
vFkok foKku ds mís'; ls gks ^vf'k"V :i.k* esa lfEefyr ugha fd;k x;k gSA ,slk :i.k tks tu
dY;k.k ds fy, gks ;k f'k{kk ds fy, gks ;k 'kkjhfjd fpfdRlk ds fy, gks] ^vf'k"V :i.k* dh Js.kh esa
ugha j[kk x;k gSA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 6 ds vuqlkj] /kkjk 3 ;k 4 dk izHke ckj mYya?ku djus ij nks o"kZ rd ds
dkjkokl rFkk nks gtkj #i;s rd ds tqekZus ls nf.Mr fd;k tk ldrk gSA /kkjk 3 ;k 4 dk iqu%
mYya?ku djus ij de ls de N% ekl rFkk vf/kdre ik¡p o"kZ rd ds dkjkokl ls de ls de nl
gtkj #i;s o vf/kdre ,d yk[k #i;s rd ds tqekZus ls nf.Mr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 5 ds vuqlkj dksbZ izkf/kd`r jktif=r vf/kdkjh mfpr le; esa ,sls LFkku dh
ryk'kh ys ldrk gS tgk¡ ij efgykvksa ds vf'k"V :i.k ls lacaf/kr inkFkZ ekStwn gSA ysfdu og fcuk
okj.V ds fdlh O;fDrxr fuokl x`g esa izos'k ugha dj ldrkA ;fn ik;k x;k ,slk dksbZ fjdkMZ]
jftLVj] nLrkost ;k vU; dksbZ ekSfyd inkFkZ lk{; gks ldrk gS rks og mls vfHkx`ghr dj ldrk gS
vkSj j[k ldrk gS tc rd fd bl laca/k esa eftLVªVs ls vU;Fkk vkns'k izkIr u gks tk;sA
bl izdkj dh lkexzh ds mRiknu] iz;ksx ;k izlkj esa layXu dksbZ O;fDr ;k dEiuh vfHk;kstu gsrq
mÙkjnk;h gSA vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 8 ds vuqlkj bl izdkj ds vijk/k laKs; rFkk tekurh; gksx
a sA
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pUnz jktdqekjh cuke dfe'uj vkWQ iqfyl] gSnjkckn] ¼1998½ dk okn efgykvksa dh lkSan;Z izfr;ksfxrk
ls lacaf/kr gSA bl okn esa L=h ds mPp ,oa vkn'kZ pfj= dk fp=.k fd;k x;k gSA vkU/kz izn's k mPp
U;k;ky; }kjk dgk x;k fd ^^ukjh ek= ,d O;fDr ugha gS vfirq ,d 'kfDr Hkh gSA mldk ukjhRo ek¡
dh eerk ds :i esa Nydrk gSA ,slh ukjh dk lEeku rFkk xkSjo lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 21 ds v/khu
lajf{kr gSA**
2-2-7lrh ¼fuokj.k½ vf/kfu;e] 1987 (The Commission of Sati (
Prevention) Act, 1987)
:idq¡oj] dslfj;k rFkk dqV~Vw lrh ds ToyUr mnkgj.k gSaA lrh fojks/kh vf/kfu;e dks mu reke
dkuwuksa ds LFkku ij tks ns'k ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa izpfyr Fks] dsUnzh; dkuwu ds :i esa j[kk x;k gSA ;g
vf/kfu;e lrh gsrq u dsoy fu"ks/k vkSj n.M dh O;oLFkk djrk gS cfYd lrh dh iz'kalk djus dks Hkh
vijk/k dh Js.kh esa ykrk gSA
foÙkh; ;k jktuhfrd mís';ksa ds fy, bl izdkj ds vkijkf/kd 'kks"k.k ds fo#) dk;Zokgh djus gsrq
vf/kfu;e esa micU/k fd;s x;s gSaA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 4¼1½ ds vuqlkj ;fn dksbZ L=h lrh gksrh gS] rc tks dksbZ ,sls lrh gksus dk
izR;{kr% ;k vizR;{k :i ls nq"izsj.k (Abetment) djrk gS] og e`R;qn.M ls ;k vkthou dkjkokl ls
nf.Mr fd;k tk;sxk rFkk tqekZus ls Hkh n.Muh; gksxkA
/kkjk 4¼2½ ds vuqlkj ;fn dksbZ L=h lrh gksus dk iz;kl djrh gS rc tks dksbZ izR;{k ;k vizR;{k :i
ls ,sls iz;kl dk nq"iszj.k djsxk] og vkthou dkjkokl ls nf.Mr fd;k tk;sxk rFkk tqekZus ls Hkh
n.Muh; gksxkA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 2¼1½¼l½ ds vuqlkj ^^lrh** dk vFkZ&
(i) fo/kok dks mlds e`r ifr ds 'ko ;k fdlh fj'rsnkj ds 'ko ;k fdlh oLrq] inkFkZ ;k
lkexzh] tks mlds ifr ;k fj'rsnkj ls lacaf/kr gks] ds lkFk thfor tykuk] ;k xkM+uk gS]
;k
(ii) bl rF; dks fcuk fopkj fd;s fd] ,slk xkM+uk ;k tykuk] ml fo/kok ;k L=h }kjk
mldh vksj ls LoSfPNd gS ;k vU;Fkk gS] fdlh L=h dks mlds fdlh laca/kh ds 'ko ds
lkFk xkM+uk ;k tykuk gSA
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/kkjk 2¼1½¼c½ ds vuqlkj ^^xkSjokfUor djuk** ¼xkSjo c<+kuk½ dk rkRi;Z&
(i) lrh ds laca/k esa dksbZ tqywl fudkyuk ;k mRlo eukuk] ;k
(ii) lrh izFkk dks U;k;ksfpr Bgjkuk] leFkZu djuk ;k izpkj djuk] ;k
(iii) ftlus lrh dh gks] ml O;fDr dh Lrqfr djus gsrq fdlh dk;ZØe dk vk;kstu djuk] ;k
(iv) ftlus lrh fd;k gks] mldh Le`fr lqjf{kr j[kus ;k mlds lEeku dks LFkk;h cukus ds
fy, fdlh U;kl dk fuekZ.k djuk ;k jkf'k ,df=r djuk] ;k fdlh efUnj dk fuekZ.k
djuk gSA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 7 ds vuqlkj ,sls lHkh efUnj gVk;s tkus gSaA /kkjk 5 ds vuqlkj tks dksbZ lrh dk
xkSjo c<+kus gsrq dksbZ dk;Z djsxk] og ,d o"kZ ls lkr o"kZ rd ds dkjkokl vkSj 5]000 ls 30]000
#i;s rd ds tqekZus ls n.Muh; gksxkA lrh ds uke ij ,d= dh xbZ lHkh lEifÙk tCr dj yh
tk;sxhA
2-2-8 ?kjsyw fgalk vf/kfu;e] 2005
efgykvksa ds izfr muds dqVEq c ds Hkhrj gh gksus okyh fgalk ls laj{k.k ds fy, ?kjsyw fgalk ls efgykvksa
dk laj{k.k vf/kfu;e] 2005 dks ikfjr fd;k x;k gSA vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 2 ds vUrxZr ihfM+r O;fDr
ls rkRi;Z fdlh ,slh efgyk ls gS tks izR;qÙkjnkrk dh ?kjsyw fj'rs esa gS ;k jgh gS vkSj ftldk
vfHkdFku gS fd og izR;qÙkjnkrk }kjk fdlh ?kjsyw fgalk ds v/khu jgh gSA vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 3 ds
vuqlkj izR;qÙkjnkrk dk dksbZ dk;Z ;k yksi ?kjsyw fgalk xfBr djsxk ;fn og&
¼d½ ihfM+r O;fDr ds LokLF;] lqj{kk thou vax dh ;k pkgs mldh ekufld ;k 'kkjhfjd
HkykbZ dh {kfr djrk gS] ;k mls dksbZ gkfu ig¡qpkrk gS ;k mls ladV;qDr djrk gS ;k
mldh ,slk djus dh izo`fÙk gS vkSj ftlds vUrxZr 'kkjhfjd nq#i;ksx] ySafxd nq#i;ksx]
ekSf[kd vkSj HkkoukRed nq#i;ksx vkSj vkfFkZd nq#i;ksx dkfjr djuk Hkh 'kkfey gSA
¼[k½ fdlh ngst ;k vU; laifÙk ;k ewY;oku izfrHkwfr ds fy, fdlh fof/k fo#) ekax dh iwfrZ
ds fy, mls ;k mlls lacaf/kr fdlh vU; O;fDr dks izihfMr djus dh n`f"V ls ihfM+r
O;fDr dk mRihM+u djrk gS ;k mldh vigkfu djrk gS ;k mls {kfr ig¡qpkrk gS ;k ladV
esa Mky nsrk gSA
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;fn dksbZ efgyk ?kjsyw fgalk dh f'kdkj gS rks mlds fuEu vf/kdkj gksx
a s&
¼1½ /kkjk 5 ds vUrxZr mu vf/kdkjksa rFkk mu vuqrks"kksa ds fo"k; esa tkudkjh ds ckjs esa
laj{k.kdrkZ ,oa lsok iznkrk dh lgk;rk fd;k tkuk ftls vki dj ldrh gSaA
¼2½ lja{k.k vf/kdkjh dh lgk;rk vkSj lsok iznkrk ;k fudVre iqfyl Fkkus ds Hkkjlk/kd
vf/kdkjh dh f'kdk;r ntZ djus lgk;rk vkSj /kkjk 9 vkSj 10 ds vuqrks'k gsrq vkosnuA
¼3½ /kkjk 18 ds vUrxZr ?kjsyw fgalk ds dk;ks± ls Lo;a ;k Lo;a ds cPpksa ds fy;s lja{k.k izkIr
djukA
¼4½ mu [krjksa vkSj vlqj{kkvksa ls ftlls vki dk cPpk lkeuk dj jgk gS lja{k.k] mik; vkSj
vkns'k ikus dk vf/kdkjA
¼5½ /kkjk 10 ds vUrxZr ml ?kj esa jgus okyh ?kjsyw fgalk dk f'kdkj gqbZ vkSj mDr vkokl esa
jgus okys O;fDr;ksa ds gLr{ksi esa ck/kk mRiUu djus rFkk ?kj rFkk mlesa fufgr lqfo/kkvksa
o 'kkafriw.kZ miHkksx ,oa cPpksa ds vf/kdkj ds fo"k; esAa
¼6½ /kkjk 18 ds v/khu vkids L=h/ku] vkHkw"k.k diM+ksa vkSj nSfud mi;ksx dh oLrqvksa vkSj vU;
?kjsyw phtksa dks okil dCts esa ysukA
¼7½ /kkjk 6] 7 /kkjk 9 vkSj /kkjk 14 ds vUrxZr fpfdRlh; lgk;rk] vkJ; ijke'kZ vkSj fof/kd
lgk;rk ysukA
¼8½ /kkjk 18 ds vUrxZr ?kjsyw fgalk drkZ dks vki ls lEidZ vkSj i=kpkj jksdus gsrqA
¼9½ /kkjk 22 ds v/khu ?kjsyw fgalk ds dkj.k 'kkjhfjd ihM+k ;k ekufld {kfr ;k fdlh /ku
laca/kh {kfr gsrq {kfriwfrZA
¼10½ vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 12] /kkjk 18] vkSj 19] /kkjk 20] /kkjk 21] /kkjk 22 vkSj /kkjk 23 ds
v/khu f'kdk;r djus ;k vuqrks"k izkIr djus gsrq fdlh U;k;ky; ds lEeq[k dk;ZokghA
¼11½ dh xbZ f'kdk;rks]a vkosnuksa fdlh fpfdRlh; fjiksVZ ;k vU; fjiksVZ dks tks vki ds }kjk
ntZ djk;h tkrh gS ;k vkids cPps }kjk mldh izfr;k¡ izkIr djukA
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LAW AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA LL.M. 1001
¼12½ ?kjsyw fgalk ds fo"k; esa fdlh izkf/kdkjh ds }kjk vfHkfyf[kr fdlh dFku dh izfr;k¡ izkIr
djukA
¼13½ fdlh [krjs ls cpko gsrq iqfyl ;k laj{k.k vf/kdkj ls lgk;rk izkIr djukA
2-3-jk"Vªh; efgyk vk;ksx] vf/kfu;e] 1990 (National Commission for Women Act,
1990)
o"kZ 1990 esa] jk"Vªh; efgyk vk;ksx vf/kfu;e ikfjr gqvkA jk"Vªh; efgyk vk;ksx efgykvksa ds
l'kDrhdj.k dk ,d vU; egRoiw.kZ midj.k gSA vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 3¼1½ ds vuqlkj dsUnzh; ljdkj
jk"Vªh; efgyk vk;ksx dk xBu djsxh tks vf/kfu;e ds vUrxZr fn;s x;s dk;ks± dk lEiknu djsxkA
vk;ksx vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 10 ds vUrxZr mfYyf[kr dk;ks± dk lEiknu djsxkA ftuesa ls eq[; dk;Z
fuEufyf[kr gSa&
(i) efgykvksa ds fy, lafo/kku vkSj vU; fof/k;ksa ds v/khu micfU/kr j{kksik;ksa (Safeguards)
ls lacaf/kr lHkh fo"k;ksa dk vUos"k.k (Investigation) vkSj ijh{kk (Examine) djuk
(ii) lafo/kku vkSj vU; fof/k;ksa ds efgykvksa dks izHkkfor djus okys fo|eku (Existing)
micU/kksa dk le;≤ ij iqufoZyksdu (Review) djuk vkSj muds ;Fkksfpr la'kks/kuksa
dh flQkfj'k djuk(
(iii) lafo/kku vkSj vU; fof/k;ksa ds efgykvksa ls lacaf/kr micU/kksa ds mYya?ku ds ekeyksa dks
leqfpr izkf/kdkfj;ksa ds le{k mBkuk(
(iv) fuEufyf[kr ls lacaf/kr fo"k;ksa ij f'kdk;rksa (Complaints) dh tk¡p djuk vkSj Loizsj.kk
(Suo Motu) ls /;ku nsukA
¼d½ efgykvksa ds vf/kdkjksa ds mYya?ku ls lacaf/kr ekeys(
¼[k½ efgykvksa dks laj{k.k iznku djus okyh vf/kfu;fer (Enacted) fof/k;ksa ds
vfØ;kUo;u (Non-implementation) ls lacaf/kr ekeys
¼x½ la?k vkSj fdlh jkT; ds v/khu efgykvksa ds fodkl dh izxfr dk ewY;kadu
(Evaluation) djuk] vkfnA
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LAW AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA LL.M. 1001
ijUrq vk;ksx dkuwu dk mYya?ku djus okyksa ds fo#) dk;Zokgh djus ds fy, v{ke gSA blds }kjk
dh xbZ flQkfj'kksa ij leqfpr /;ku ugha fn;k tkrk gSA blds }kjk tkjh fd;s x;s lEeu dks xEHkhjrk
ls ugha fy;k tkrkA efgyk vk;ksx vius lEeu vflLVsaV dfe'uj vkWQ iqfyl ds dk;kZy; ds ek/;e
ls Hkst ldrk gS] lekpkj i=ksa esa izdkf'kr djok ldrk gS ;k iksLVj ds :i esa fpidok ldrk gSA
ijUrq efgyk vk;ksx 'kk;n gh dHkh ,slk djrk gSA tc dHkh Hkh dk;Z djus ds LFkku ij efgykvksa ds
;kSu 'kks"k.k ds ekeys lkeus vk;s gSa rks vk;ksx us dsoy 'kq: esa 'kksj gh epk;k gS vkSj T;knk dqN ugha
fd;k gSA vk;ksx fcuk iks'kkd ds iqfyl ugha gSA blds ikl eftLVªVs dh fof/kd 'kfDr;k¡ Hkh ugha gSaA
blds lnL; Lo;a Lohdkj djrs gSa fd blus vis{kkvksa dh iwfrZ ugha dh gSA mudk dguk gS fd D;ksfa d
os ljdkj ij fuHkZj gSa vr% mudh cgqr de 'kfDr;k¡ gSaA dksbZ Hkh laLFkk nwljs ij fuHkZj gksrs gq,
'kfDr'kkyh ugha gks ldrhA
2-4 ckydksa ds l'kDrhdj.k ds mik;
2-4-1 cky fookg vojks/k vf/kfu;e] 1929 (Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929)
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 3 ds vuqlkj ;fn dksbZ iq#"k ftldh vk;q 18 o"kZ ls vf/kd vkSj 21 o"kZ ls de
gks] 15 o"kZ ls de vk;q dh yM+dh ls fookg djrk gS] rks mldks fgUnw fookg vf/kfu;e] 1955 esa fn;s
x;s lk/kkj.k dkjkokl ,oa vFkZn.M (Fine) ls nf.Mr fd;k tk;sxkA ;kfu fd mls fgUnw fookg
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 18 ds vUrxZr 15 fnu rd ds lk/kkj.k dkjkokl ;k #0 1000@& rd ds
vFkZn.M ;k nksuksa ls nf.Mr fd;k tk;sxkA
;fn dksbZ iq#"k ftldh vk;q 21 o"kZ ls vf/kd gks] 15 o"kZ ls de vk;q dh yM+dh ls fookg djrk gS
rks mls 3 o"kZ rd ds lk/kkj.k dkjkokl ,oa vFkZn.M ls nf.Mr fd;k tk;sxkA
/kkjk 5 ds vuqlkj tks cky fookg jpk;sxk ¼Perform djsxk½ mls Hkh leku n.M ls nf.Mr fd;k
tk;sxk tc rd fd og ;g u fl) dj ns fd mls ;g fo'okl Fkk fd fookg cky fookg ugha FkkA
/kkjk 6 ds vuqlkj ;fn dksbZ vo;Ld cky fookg djrk gS] rks ftlds fu;U=.k esa jgrs gq, og
vo;Ld fookg djrk gS mls 3 ekg rd ds lk/kkj.k dkjkokl rFkk vFkZn.M ls nf.Mr fd;k tk;sxkA
ysfdu L=h dks nf.Mr ugha fd;k tk;sxkA tc rd fd vU;Fkk fl) u gks tk;s] ;gh ekuk tk;sxk fd
ml O;fDr us cky fookg jksdus esa vlko/kkuh cjrh gS ftlds fu;U=.k esa jgrs gq, vo;Ld us cky
fookg fd;k gSA
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/kkjk 9 ds vuqlkj ;fn cky fookg gq, 1 o"kZ ls vf/kd le; O;rhr gks pqdk gS rks ,sls ekeyksa ij
dksbZ dk;Zokgh ugha gksxhA
cky fookg jksdus gsrq izkfo/kku gksrs gq, Hkh Hkkjr ds vusd jkT;ks]a e/; izn's k] jktLFkku rFkk fcgkj
vkfn esa cky fookg dk izpyu gSA
2-4-2 xHkkZ/kku iwoZ vkSj izlo iwoZ funku rduhd ¼fyax p;u jksdFkke½ vf/kfu;e] 1994 The Pre-
conception and Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex
Selection) Act, 1994)
ns'k esa L=h Hkzw.k gR;k (Female foeticide) pje lhek ij gSA xHkkZ/kku iwoZ vkSj izlo iwoZ funku
rduhd ¼fyax&p;u jksdFkke½ vf/kfu;e] 1994 vf/kfu;fer gks tkus ds ckotwn jkT; ljdkjksa }kjk
vHkh Hkh dkuwu dh xEHkhjrk dks le>uk ckdh gSA bl ij leqfpr /;ku fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
mPpre U;k;ky; us Hkh L=h Hkzw.k gR;k jksdus gsrq jkT; ljdkjksa }kjk leqfpr dne u mBkus ds dkj.k
dkQh QVdkj yxkbZ gS ;gk¡ rd fd jkT; esa vYVªklkm.M e'khuksa ds iathdj.k tSls lk/kkj.k ls dk;Z
dks Hkh iw.kZ:i ls dk;kZfUor ugha fd;k x;k gSA ,d jkT; ds laca/k esa ekuuh; mPpre U;k;ky; us
;gk¡ rd dgk fd bl dk;Z esa vlQy vf/kdkfj;ks@
a deZpkfj;ksa dks dk;kZy; ls gVk nsuk pkfg,A
vf/kfu;e ds vuqlkj jkT; ljdkjksa }kjk lHkh vYVªklkm.M e'khuksa dk iathdj.k] vf/kfu;e ds
fØ;kUo;u dk vuqJo.k (Monitoring) djus gsrq ftyk ,oa miftyk Lrj ij leqfpr izkf/kdkfj;ksa
dh fu;qfDr vkSj fo'ks"kKksa dk lykgdkj cksMZ LFkkfir djuk pkfg,A mBk;s x;s dneksa ds laca/k esa
jkT; ljdkjksa }kjk =Sekfld fjiksVZ dsUnz ljdkj dks izHkkoh vuqJo.k djus gsrq izLrqr djuh pkfg,A
ebZ] 2001 esa funsZ'k fn;s tkus ds ckotwn mPpre U;k;ky; us ik;k fd vf/kdrj jkT; ljdkjsa bl
laca/k esa vko';d dk;Zokgh djus esa ihNs gSaA vf/kfu;e ds dk;kZUo;u esa iz'kklu }kjk iwjh rjg ls
f<ykbZ gSA mPpre U;k;ky; us dgk fd jkT; ljdkjsa vf/kfu;e dks dk;kZfUor djsa rFkk voS/kkfud
:i ls Hkzw.k dh ;kSu igpku (Identification of Sex) djus esa lgk;rk rFkk nq"izsj.k djus okyh
Dyhfud dsUnz rFkk iz;ksx'kkykvksa ds fo#) vfHk;kstu dh dk;Zokgh djsAa vf/kfu;e fdlh Hkh :i esa
tUe ls iwoZ ;kSu igpku rFkk ;kSu igpku gsrq vYVªklksuksxzkQh (Ultrasonography) ds iz;ksx dk
izfr"ks/k (Prohibition) djrk gSA ;g Hkzw.k ds ;kSu igpku ls lacaf/kr foKkiu dk Hkh izfr"ks/k djrk
gSA vf/kfu;e ds izkfo/kkuksa dk mYya?ku djus okyk O;fDr vf/kfu;e ds vUrxZr fu/kkZfjr ltk rFkk
tqekZus ls n.Muh; gSA
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iwoZ vf/kfu;e izloiwoZ funku rduhd ¼fofu;eu ,oa nq#i;ksx fuokj.k½ vf/kfu;e 1994 [Pre-natal
Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation and Prevention of Misuse) Act, 1994] ,d
tuojh] 1996 ls vfLrRo esa vk;k tks fd vusd dfe;ksa ds dkj.k o"kZ 2002 esa la'kksf/kr gks x;k gS
rFkk bldk u;k uke xHkkZ/kku iwoZ vkSj izloiwoZ funku rduhd ¼fyax p;u jksdFkke½ vf/kfu;e [Pre-
Conception and Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection)
Act] gks x;kA ;g la'kksf/kr vf/kfu;e 14&2&2004 ls izHkko gks x;k gSA voS/kkfud :i ls Hkzw.k dh
;kSu igpku ds fy, vYVªklkm.M e'khuksa dk nq#i;ksx djus esa la'kksf/kr vf/kfu;e ds }kjk l[rh
cjrh tk;sxhA ,d uohure okn esa vfHkfu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k fd L=h Hkzw.k gR;k gsrq ;kSu igpku djus
ds dk;Z esa yxs gksus ds laca/k esa ;fn izFke n`"V~;k lk{; miyC/k gksa rks ,sls dk;Z djus okys
Mk;xuksfLVd lsUVj dh vuqKfIr (Licence) fuyfEcr dh tk ldrh gSA iwoZ vf/kfu;e ckfydkvksa ds
fo#) HksnHkko djus okys u;s rjhdksa ls fuiVus ds v{ke FkkA vc u;s la'kksf/kr vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk
23¼3½ ds vUrxZr tqekZus dh /kujkf'k ,d yk[k #i;s gS rFkk vf/kfu;e dk mYya?ku djus okyksa dk
iathdj.k fuyfEcr djus dk micU/k Hkh la'kksf/kr vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 23¼2½ esa gSA
la'kksf/kr vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 4¼3½ ds ijUrqd ds vuqlkj vYVªklkm.M e'khuksa ds fy, dslokj fjdkMZ
dk j[kj[kko fd;k tk;sxkA /kkjk 3 ch ds vuqlkj vYVªklkm.M e'khuksa dk foØ; Hkh fu;fer
(Regulate) fd;k tk;sxkA la'kks/ku vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 16 ds vUrxZr dsUnzh; ifjoh{kk cksMZ
(Central Supervisory Board) dks ;kSu igpku dh rduhdksa rFkk muds nq#i;ksx ls lacaf/kr
uhfr ij lykg nsus gsrq vkSj vf/kd 'kfDr;k¡ nh xbZ gSaA ;g la'kksf/kr vf/kfu;e] vf/kfu;e ds
dk;kZUo;u ds vuqJo.k vkSj ;kSu igpku dh izFkk ds fo#) turk dks tkudkjh nsus gsrq cksMZ dks
'kfDr;k¡ iznku djrk gSA
vf/kfu;e dk eq[; mís'; fyax p;u dh rduhd vkSj fyax ds vk/kkj ij gksus okys xHkZikr ij rFkk
,slh xfrfof/k;ksa ij jksd yxkuk gSA
2-4-3 ckyd Je ¼izfr"ks/k ,oa fofu;eu½ vf/kfu;e] 1986 (Child Labour (Prohibition and
Regulation) Act, 1986)
cky Je ¼izfr"ks/k ,oa fofu;eu½ vf/kfu;e] 1986 dh /kkjk 22¼1½ ds }kjk ckyd fu;kstu
vf/kfu;e] 1938 (Employment of Children Act, 1938) dk fujlu (Repeal) dj fn;k x;k
gSA vf/kfu;e dk eq[; mís'; de vk;q ds cPpksa dks vlqjf{kr ,oa gkfudkjd m|ksxksa esa fu;ks ftr
djus ls jksduk rFkk muds dk;Z dh n'kkvksa dks fofu;fer djuk gSA
UTTRAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY 176
LAW AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA LL.M. 1001
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 2 ds vuqlkj ckyd mls ekuk x;k gS ftlus viuh vk;q ds 14 o"kZ iwjs ugha fd;s
gksAa bl vf/kfu;e ds mís'; ds fy, ^LFkkiu* (Establishment) 'kCn esa nqdku (Shop), okf.kfT;d
LFkkiu (Commercial establishment), deZ'kkyk (Workshop), QkeZ (Farm), vkoklh;
gksVy] jsLVksjVsa ] Hkkstuky; (Eating house), ukV~;x`g (Theater) ;k turk ds vkeksn
(Amusement) ;k euksjatu (Entertainment) ds fy, nwljs LFkku lfEefyr gSA ^deZ'kkyk*
(Workshop) 'kCn ls rkRi;Z ,sls fdlh ifjlj (Premisces) ls gS ftlesa dksbZ vkS|ksfxd izfØ;k
(Industrial Process) py jgh gks ysfdu blesa dksbZ ifjlj ftl ij dkj[kkuk vf/kfu;e
(Factories Act) dh /kkjk 67 ds micU/k ykxw gksrs gks]a lfEefyr ugha gSA bl vf/kfu;e ds micU/kksa
dks 1938 ds fujflr vf/kfu;e dk la'kks/ku le>k tk ldrk gSA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 3 ds }kjk vuqlwph (Schedule) ds Hkkx , esa mfYyf[kr fdlh mithfodk
(Occupation) esa dk;Z djus ds fy, ckydksa dk fu;kstu izfr"ks/k fd;k x;k gSA fdlh deZ'kkyk esa
ftlesa vuqlwph ds Hkkx ch esa mfYyf[kr dksbZ izfØ;k py jgh gks] ckydksa ds fu;kstu ij /kkjk 3 ds
vUrxZr izfr"ks/k gSA ysfdu ,slh deZ'kkykvksa esa] tgk¡ ,slh izfØ;k vf/kHkksxh (Occupier) }kjk vius
ifjokj dh lgk;rk ls py jgh gks ;k ljdkj }kjk LFkkfir ;k ljdkj }kjk ekU;rk ;k lgk;rk iz kIr
fdlh Ldwy esa ckydksa dks fu;ksftr fd;k tk ldrk gSA vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 4 ds vUrxZr dsUnz
ljdkj dks vuqlwph (Schedule) la'kksf/kr djus gsrq 'kfDr iznku dh xbZ gSA
vuqlwph , esa eq[; :i ls fuEufyf[kr mithfodk;sa gSa ftuesa ckydksa ds fu;kstu ij izfr"ks/k gS%
¼1½ jsy ;k=k] lkeku ,oa Mkd dk ifjogu(
¼2½ jk[k mBkuk] jk[k ds x<~<s lkQ djuk ;k jsyos ifjlj esa fuekZ.k dk;Z djuk(
¼3½ jsyos LVs'ku ij Hkkstuky;ksa esa dke djuk rFkk ckj&ckj Vªsu esa mrjrs&p<+us okyk dk;Z
djuk(
¼4½ jsyos LVs'ku] jsy dh iVfj;ksa rFkk muds fudV dksbZ fuekZ.k dk;Z djuk(
¼5½ cUnjxkg ij dk;Z djuk(
¼6½ iVk[kks]a vkfr'kckth vkfn ds mRiknu] foØ; vkfn dk dk;Z djuk vkfnA
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vuqlwph dk Hkkx ch mu izfØ;kvksa dk mYys[k djrk gS tgk¡ ckydksa ds fu;kstu ij izfr"ks/k gSA ftuesa
;s izfØ;k;sa eq[; gSa&
¼1½ chM+h cukuk(
¼2½ dkyhu cukuk(
¼3½ lhesUV fuekZ.k(
¼4½ diM+ksa dh jaxkbZ] lq[kkbZ] cqukbZ vkfn(
¼5½ ekfpl] foLQksVd rFkk iVk[kksa dk fuekZ.k(
¼6½ lkcqu fuekZ.k(
¼7½ Åu dh lQkbZ(
¼8½ Hkou ,oa fuekZ.k m|ksx(
¼9½ LysV&isafly fuekZ.k(
¼10½ fo"kSys /kkrq ls lacaf/kr fuekZ.k izfØ;k] vkfn
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 7 ds vuqlkj lk;a 7-00 cts ls lqcg 8-00 cts rd rFkk dk;Z ds fu/kkZfjr le; ds
vfrfjDr ckyd dks dk;Z djus dh u rks vuqefr nh tk;sxh vkSj u vis{kk dh tk;sxhA mlds dk;Z
djus dk le; yxkrkj rhu ?k.Vs ls vf/kd ugha gksxk mlds ckn de ls de ,d ?k.Vs dk foJke
djus dk le; gksuk pkfg,A mlds dk;Z djus dk dqy le;] fojke vUrjky (Rest interval) rFkk
dk;Z dh izrh{kk esa yxs gq, le; dks lfEefyr djrs gq, N% ?k.Vs izfrfnu ls vf/kd ugha gksuk pkfg,A
mls fdlh Hkh fnu nks LFkkiuksa (Establishments) esa u rks dk;Z djus dh vuqefr nh tk;sxh vkSj u
gh vis{kk dh tk;sxhA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 8 ds vuqlkj izR;sd cky Jfed dks lIrkg esa iwjs ,d fnu dk vodk'k feysxk tks
fd vf/kHkksxh (Occupier) }kjk fu/kkZfjr fd;k tk;sxk rFkk blesa rhu ekl esa ,d ckj ls vf/kd
ifjorZu ugha fd;k tk;sxkA /kkjk 11 ds vuqlkj cky Jfed dk iw.kZ fooj.k j[kus gsrq ,d jftLVj
j[kk tk;sxk ftlesa cky Jfed dk uke] tUe frfFk] dk;Z ds ?kaVs] dk;Z dh izd`fr] ;k vU; fu/kkZfjr
UTTRAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY 178
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fooj.k vafdr fd;k tk;sxkA fujh{k.k ds fy, mDr jftLVj fujh{kd dks miyC/k djk;k tk;sxkA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 13 ds vuqlkj leqfpr ljdkj dks ckydksa ds LokLF; ,oa lqj{kk ds fy, bl
vf/kfu;e ds v/khu fu;e cukus dh 'kfDr izkIr gSA fu;eksa esa dkj[kkuk vf/kfu;e ds leku lQkbZ]
dwM+k dpjk vkfn dks u"V djus] ok;q rFkk rki ;k vU; ekeyksa ds laca/k esa O;oLFkk gks ldrh gSA /kkjk
5 ds vuqlkj vuqlwph esa vU; ekeyksa ds laca/k esa O;oLFkk gks ldrh gSA /kkjk 5 ds vuqlkj vuqlwph esa
vU; mithfodk;sa (Occupations) rFkk izfØ;k;sa (Processes) tksM+us ds mís'; ls dsUnz ljdkj
dks lykg nsus gsrq dsUnz ljdkj ckyJe rduhdh lykgdkj lfefr (Child Labour Technical
Advisory Committee) dk xBu djus ds fy, izkf/kd`r gSA /kkjk 9 ds vuqlkj ;fn fu;kstd
fdlh ckyd dks fu;ksftr djrk gS rks fu;kstu dh frfFk ls rhl fnu ds vUnj fujh{k.k dks lwfpr
djus ds fy, ck/; gSA
/kkjk 14 esa vijk/k ,oa n.M ls lacaf/kr micU/k gSaA ;fn vf/kfu;e ds micU/kksa ds mYya?ku esa ckydksa
dks fu;ksftr fd;k tkrk gS rks rhu ekg ls ,d lky rd dh ltk nh tk ldrh gS ;k 10]000 #i;s
ls 20]000 #i;s rd dk tqekZuk fd;k tk ldrk gS ;k fQj nksuksa ls nf.Mr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;fn
,slk vijk/k iqu% fd;k tkrk gS rks fu;kstd dks N% ekg ls nks o"kZ rd dh ltk nh tk ldrh gSA
/kkjk 9 ds vUrxZr visf{kr lwpuk nsus esa vlQy jgus ij ;k jftLVj dk j[kj[kko djus es a vlQy
jgus ij ;k vf/kfu;e vFkok mlds vUrxZr cuk;s x;s fu;eksa ds fdUgha vkSj izkfo/kkuksa ds vuqikyu esa
vlQy jgus ij ;k mudk mYya?ku djus ij fu;kstd dks ,d ekg rd lk/kkj.k dkjkokl ;k 10]000
#i;s rd ds tqekZus vFkok nksuksa ls nf.Mr fd;k tk;sxkA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 16¼1½ ds vuqlkj dksbZ O;fDr] iqfyl vf/kdkjh ;k fujh{kd dksbZ vijk/k ?kfVr gksus
dh fLFkfr esa l{ke {ks=kf/kdkjh ds U;k;ky; esa ifjokn (Complaint) nkf[ky dj ldrk gSA
ckyd Je ¼izfr"ks/k ,oa fofu;eu½ vf/kfu;e] 1986 iwjh rjg ls ckyd deZdkjksa ds fy, gh cuk;k
x;k gSA dY;k.kdkjh gksrs gq, Hkh blesa cgqr lh dfe;k¡ gSaA ;g cky Je dks lekIr djus ds ctk;
dsoy mlds izfr"ks/k rFkk fofu;eu dk micU/k djrk gSA vf/kfu;e ds mís'; ,oa dkj.kksa esa vkfFkZd
vko';drk ds vk/kkj ij cky Je dks U;k;ksfpr Bgjk;k x;k gSA vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 13 esa leqfpr
ljdkj dks fu;ksftr ckydksa ds LokLF; ,oa lqj{kk ds fy, fu;e cukus dh 'kfDr iznku dh xbZ gSA
ijUrq ;g fu;e fdrus le; ds vUnj cuk;s tk;sx
a s] bl laca/k esa vf/kfu;e esa dksbZ micU/k ugha gSA
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2-4-4 fd'kksj U;k; ¼ckydksa dh ns[kjs[k vkSj laj{k.k½ vf/kfu;e] 2000 (The Juvenile Justice
(Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000)
fd'kksj U;k; ¼ckydksa dh ns[kjs[k vkSj laj{k.k½ vf/kfu;e] 2000 dh /kkjk 69 ds }kjk fd'kksj U;k;
vf/kfu;e] 1986 dks fujflr dj fn;k x;k gSA u;s vf/kfu;e ds izkjEHk esa gh dgk x;k gS fd ;g
vf/kfu;e la?k"kZjr fd'kksjksa ,oa ckydks]a ftudh ns[kjs[k ,oa laj{k.k vko';d gS ls lacaf/kr fof/k dks]
muds fodkl dh vko';drkvksa dk mÙkjnkf;Ro xzg.k djds leqfpr ns[kjs[k] laj{k.k vkSj mipkj dk
izko/kku djds cPpksa ds loksZÙke fgr esa ekeyksa ds U;k; fu.kZ;u vkSj fuLrkj.k esa fe=rk dk n`f"Vdks.k
viuk dj vkSj bl vf/kfu;e ds v/khu LFkkfir fofHkUu laLFkkvksa ds ek/;e ls muds iquokZl ds fy,]
lesfdr (Consolidate) vkSj la'kksf/kr djus ds fy, gSA ;g vf/kfu;e la;qDr jk"Vª ckyd vf/kdkj
vfHkle;] 1989 rFkk Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds izko/kkuksa dks n`f"V esa j[krs gq, vf/kfu;fer fd;k x;k gSA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 70 ds vuqlkj ;fn bl vf/kfu;e ds micU/kksa dks izHkkoh djus esa dksbZ dfBukbZ
mRiUu gksrh gS rks dsUnzh; ljdkj vkns'k }kjk] tks bl vf/kfu;e ds micU/kksa ls vlaxr u gks]
dfBukbZ dks nwj dj ldsxh ijUrq ,slk dksbZ vkns'k bl vf/kfu;e ds izHkkoh gksus ds nks o"kZ dh vof/k
dh lekfIr ds i'pkr~ ugha fd;k tk;sxkA bl /kkjk ds v/khu ikfjr fd;k x;k vkns'k laln ds izR;sd
lnu ds le{k ;Fkk'kh?kz j[kk tk;sxkA vf/kfu;e esa 5 v/;k; gSa ftuesa dqy 70 /kkjk;sa gSaA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 2¼V½ ^^fd'kksj** ;k ^^ckyd** 'kCn dks ifjHkkf"kr djrh gSA ^^fd'kksj (Juvenile)**
;k ^^ckyd (Child)** ls ,slk vfHkizsr gS ftlus vêkjg o"kZ dh vk;q iwjh ugha dh gSA
/kkjk 2¼B½ ds vuqlkj ^^fd'kksj tks fof/k ds fojks/k esa gS** "(Juvenile in conflict with law)" ls
og fd'kksj vfHkizsr gS] ftlds ckjs esa ;g dgk tkrk gS fd mlus dksbZ vijk/k dkfjr fd;k gSA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 3 ds vuqlkj tgk¡ fdlh fof/k fookfnr fd'kksj ;k ns[k&js[k vkSj laj{kdrk ds
vko';drk okys ckyd ds fo#) tk¡p vkjEHk dj nh x;h gS vkSj ml tk¡p ds nkSjku og fd'kksj ;k
ckyd ,slk ugha jg tkrk gS] ogk¡ bl vf/kfu;e esa ;k rRle; izo`Ùk fdlh vU; fof/k esa fdlh ckr ds
gksrs gq, Hkh] ml O;fDr ds ckjs esa tk¡p ,sls pkyw j[kh tk ldsxh vkSj vkns'k ,sls fd;s tk ldsx
a s
ekuksa og O;fDr fd'kksj ;k ckyd cuk jgk gSA vf/kfu;e dk v/;k; nks fof/k fookfnr fd'kksj ls
lacaf/kr micU/kksa dk mYys[k djrk gSA vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 4¼1½ ds vuqlkj n.M izfØ;k lafgrk 1973
esa fdlh ckr ds gksrs gq, Hkh jkT; ljdkj] jkti= esa vf/klwpuk }kjk ml vf/klwpuk esa fofufnZ"V
fdlh ftls ;k ftys ds lewgksa ds fy,] ,d ;k vf/kd fd'kksj dY;k.k cksMZ fof/k fookfnr fd'kksjksa ds
laca/k esa bl vf/kfu;e ds v/khu ,sls cksMZ dks nh x;h 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx vkSj drZO;ksa dk fuoZgu djus
ds fy, xfBr dj ldsxhA
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/kkjk 4¼2½ ds vuqlkj ,sls cksMZ esa ,d esVªksikWfyVu eftLVªVs vFkok izFke Js.kh dk dksbZ U;kf;d
eftLVªVs tSlh Hkh fLFkfr gks] vkSj nks lkekftd dk;ZdrkZ lfEefyr gksx
a s] ftlesa de ls de ,d dksbZ
L=h gksxh vkSj bu lcds }kjk ,d ihB dk fuekZ.k gksxkA ,slh izR;sd ihB dks n.M izfØ;k lafgrk]
1973 ¼1974 dk 2½ }kjk fdlh egkuxjh; eftLVªVs dks vFkok] tSlh Hkh fLFkfr gks] fdlh izFke oxZ ds
eftLVªVs dks iznÙk 'kfDr;k¡ gksx
a h vkSj cksMZ dk eftLVªVs iz/kku eftLVªVs ds :i esa in ukfer gksxkA
fdlh Hkh eftLVªVs dks cksMZ ds lnL; ds :i esa rc rd fu;qDr ugha fd;k tk;sxk tc rd fd
mldks cky euksfoKku ;k cky dY;k.k dk fo'ks"k Kku ;k izf'k{k.k u izkIr gks vkSj fdlh lkekftd
dk;ZdrkZ dks rc rd cksMZ ds lnL; ds :i esa fu;qDr ugha fd;k tk;sxk tc rd fd og lfØ; :i
ls de ls de lkr o"kZ ls ckydksa ls lacaf/kr LokLF;] f'k{kk vFkok dY;k.kdkjh dk;ks± esa u yxk jgk
gksA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 6¼1½ ds vUrxZr tgk¡ fdlh ftys vFkok ftyksa esa fdlh lewg ds fy, fdlh cksMZ
dk xBu fd;k x;k gS] ogk¡ rRle; izo`Ùk fdlh vU; fof/k esa fdlh ckr ds gksrs gq, Hkh] ijUrq bl
vf/kfu;e esa vU;Fkk micU/k dks NksM+dj ,sls cksMZ dks fof/k fookfnr fd'kksj ds laca/k esa bl vf/kfu;e
ds v/khu leLr dk;Zokfg;ksa ls laO;ogkj djus dh vuU;re 'kfDr gksxhA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 6 dh mi/kkjk ¼2½ ds vuqlkj bl vf/kfu;e }kjk ;k blds v/khu cksMZ dks iznku
dh x;h 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx mPp U;k;ky; vkSj ls'ku U;k;ky; }kjk Hkh fd;k tk ldsxk tc vihy]
iqujh{k.k vFkok vU; :i esa dk;Zokfg;k¡ muds le{k vk;sAa
laizs{k.k x`g (Observation Homes)—vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 8¼1½ ds vuqlkj dksbZ jkT; ljdkj
fdlh fof/k fookfnr fd'kksjksa ds ckjs esa bl vf/kfu;e ds v/khu tk¡p yfEcr jgus ds nkSjku mUgsa
vLFkk;h rkSj ij j[kus ds fy, ;k rks Lo;a vFkok Lo;a lsoh laxBuksa ls fdlh djkj ds v/khu izR;sd
ftys vFkok ftyksa ds fdlh lewg esa tSlk fd visf{kr gks] laizs{k.k x`g LFkkfir dj ldsxh vkSj cuk;s
j[k ldsxhA
fo'ks"k x`g (Special Homes): vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 9¼1½ ds vuqlkj dksbZ jkT; ljdkj ;k rks Lo;a
vFkok Lo;a lsoh laxBuksa ls fd;s x;s fdlh djkj ds v/khu izR;sd ftys ;k ftyksa ds fdlh lewg esa]
tSlk visf{kr gks] bl vf/kfu;e ds v/khu fof/k fookfnr fd'kksj ds izos'k vkSj iquokZl ds fy, fo'ks"k
x`gksa dks LFkkfir vkSj vuqjf{kr dj ldsxhA
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cky dY;k.k lfefr (Child Welfare Commitee): vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 29¼1½ ds vuqlkj jkT;
ljdkj] ljdkjh jkti= esa vf/klwpuk }kjk izR;sd ftys vFkok ftyksa ds lewg ds fy,] tSlk fd
vf/klwpuk esa fofufnZ"V gks] bl vf/kfu;e ds v/khu ns[kjs[k vkSj laj{k.k dh vko';drk okys ckyd ds
laca/k esa ,slh lfefr dks iznÙk 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx vkSj drZO;ksa dk fuoZgu djus ds fy, ,d ;k vf/kd
ckyd dY;k.k lfefr;ksa dk xBu dj ldsxhA
/kkjk 296 dh mi/kkjk ¼5½ ds vuqlkj lfefr eftLVªVs ksa dh ,d ihB ds :i esa dk;Z djsxh vkSj mldks
ogh 'kfDr;k¡ gksx
a h] tks fd n.M izfØ;k lafgrk 1973 }kjk fdlh egkuxjh; eftLVªVs ;k] tSlh Hkh
fLFkfr gks] izFke Js.kh ds fdlh U;kf;d eftLVªVs dks iznÙk dh xbZ gSaA
vkJ; x`g (Shelter Homes): vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 37¼1½ ds vuqlkj jkT; ljdkj izfrf"Br vkSj
l{ke Lo;alsoh laxBuksa dks ekU;rk ns ldsxh vkSj mUgsa fd'ksjksa vkSj ckydksa ds fy,] tSlk visf{kr gks]
ftrus gks ldsa vkJ; x`gksa dks LFkkfir vkSj iz'kkflr djus dh lgk;rk dk micU/k dj ldsxhA
/kkjk 37 dh mi/kkjk ¼2½ ds vuqlkj mi/kkjk ¼1½ esa fufnZ"V vkJ; x`g ,sls ckydksa ds fy, O;Dr dsUnz
ds :i esa dk;Z djsxk ftUgsa rRdky lgkjs dh t:jr gSA
2-5 lkjka'k
;g loZfofnr gS fd efgyk;s]a ckyd rFkk ckfydk;sa viuh fofHkUu izdkj dh v{kerkvksa ds dkj.k
'kksf"kr gksrs gSa rFkk 'kks"k.k dk fojks/k djus esa vleFkZ gksrs gSaA ;fn mudks 'kfDr ,oa {kerk laiUu dj
fn;k tk, rks mudh n'kk esa lq/kkj ,oa ifjorZu dh laHkkouk c<+ tkrh gSA izR;{k :i ls l'kDrhdj.k
}kjk lkekftd ifjorZu ds vUrxZr fofHkUu fof/k;ksa ds fuekZ.k ,oa muds izHkkoh izorZu dh vko';drk
gSA
efgykvksa dh fLFkfr fookg laca/kh ekeyksa esa dkQh detksj gksrh gS vr,o] fo'ks"k fookg vf/kfu;e]
fons'kh fookg vf/kfu;e rFkk oSokfgd fof/k;ksa esa U;k;iw.kZ la'kks/ku dj ds] mUgsa l'kDr cukus dk iz;kl
fd;k x;k gSA efgykvksa ds izfr fgald izFkkvksa dks lekIr djus ,oa muds izfr fgalk dks jksdus ds Hkh
oS/kkfud mik; ngst] lrh] ?kjsyw fgalk vkfn ij vf/kfu;e cukdj fd, x, gSaA izlwfr ds le; fo'ks"k
lqfo/kk;sa iznku dh xbZ gSa rFkk muds vfFk"V :i.k dk Hkh fof/kd fu"ks/k fd;k x;k gSA
oS/kkfud vf/kdkjksa ds izorZu ,oa fgrksa ds laj{k.k ds fy;s jk"Vªh; efgyk vk;ksx dk Hkh xBu fd;k
x;k gSA vk;ksx dk eq[; dk;Z efgyk j{kksik;ksa dk vUos"k.k] fo|eku micU/kksa ds fØ;kUo;u dk
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voyksdu] vf/kdkjksa ds mYya?ku dh f'kdk;rksa dh tk¡p] vf/kfu;fer fof/k ds vfØ;kUo;u dh iM+rky
,oa efgykvksa ds fodkl dh izxfr dk ewY;kadu djuk vkfn gSA
2-7 lUnHkZ lwph
¼1½fo'ks"k fookg vf/kfu;e] 1954
¼2½fons'kh fookg vf/kfu;e] 1989
¼3½ngst izfr"ks/k vf/kfu;e] 1961
¼4½izlwfr izlqfo/kk vf/kfu;e] 1961
¼5½?kjsyw fgalk vf/kfu;e] 2005
¼6½jk"Vªh; efgyk vk;ksx vf/kfu;e] 1990
¼7½xHkkZ/kku iwoZ vkSj izlo iwoZ funku rduhd ¼fyax p;u jksdFkke½ vf/kfu;e] 2002
¼8½ckyd Je ¼izfr"ks/k ,oa fofu;eu vf/kfu;e] 1986½
¼9½fd'kksj U;k; ¼ckydksa dh ns[kjs[k ,oa laj{k.k vf/kfu;e] 2000
10-izks0 th0ih0 =hikBh& Hkkjr dk oS/kkfud ,oa laoS/kkfud bfrgkl¼2007½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”kuA
11-rstLdj&vkstLdj ik.Ms;&lekt dk;Z n”kZu ¼2009½& Hkkjr cqd lsUVj
12-efyd vkSj jkoy&ykW ,.M lks”ky VªkUlQksjes”ku bu bf.M;k¼2009½&bykgckn ykW ,tsUlh
13-jke vkgqtk& lkekftd leL;k; ¼2008½& jkor ifCyds”ku fnYyh
14-jke vkgqtk&Hkkjrh; lekt ¼2007½& jkor ifCyds”ku fnYyh
15-Mk0 vorkj flag&Hkkjrh; Lkk{; vf/kfu;e 1872¼2006½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”ku
16-Mk0x.ks”k ik.Ms&vijk/k “kkL= ¼2008½& jk/kk ifCyds”ku fnYyh
17-izks0bUnzthr flag&fof/k “kkL=¼2006½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”ku
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17- fof/k dk lkekftd ifjorZu ¼LVsMh eVsfj;y Hkkst eqDr fo”ofo|ky;]Hkksiky½&Mk0 “kSQkyh
;kno
18- Mk0 dSyk”k jk;& tufgr odkyr fof/kd lgk;rk ,oa le:ih fof/kd¼2009½& lsUVªy ykW
ifCyds”ku
19- Mk0vHk; flag&lwpuk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e2005] ¼2009½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”ku
20- Mk0vkj0ds0vxzoky&fgUnw fof/k¼2002½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”ku
21- Mk0 bdcky flag&eqfLye fof/k ¼2001½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”kuA
2-8&lgk;d @mi;ksxh ikB~; lkexzh
22- lh0ih0 vjksjk&fofo/k vijk/k vf/kfu;e ¼2010½& ;wuholZy ykW ifCyds¼2010½A
23- Mk0 Vh0ih0 =hikBh&flfoy izfdz;k lafgrk¼2006½& bykgckn ykW ,tsUlhA
24- izks0 bUnzthr flag&Jfed fof/k;ka&¼2005½&lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”kuA
2-9 fucU/kkRed iz”u
¼1½efgykvksa ,oa ckydksa dh lkekftd n'kk esa ifjorZu D;k oS/kkfud mik;ksa }kjk laHko gS\
¼2½efgyk l'kDrhdj.k ds fy, viuk, x, oS/kkfud mik;ksa dh ppkZ dhft,A
¼3½ckydksa ds l'kDrhdj.k laca/kh vf/kfu;eksa dh foospuk dhft,A
¼4½jk"Vªh; efgyk vk;ksx ds xBu ,oa dk;ks± dh O;k[;k dhft,A
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,y&,y-,e- izFke o’kZ
Hkkjr esa fof/k ,oa lkekftd ifjorZu
[kz.M&3- efgyk;sa@ckyd ,oa fof/k
bdkbZ&3 “kS{kf.kd vf/kdkj@vYila[;drk ,oa fof/k
bdkbZ dh lajpuk
3-1 izLrkouk
3-2 mn~n's ;
3-3 ^vYila[;d^ & vfHkO;fDr dk vFkZ
3-4 lafo/kku }kjk vYila[;dksa dks iznRr vf/kdkj
3-4-1 mikluk dh LorU=rk
3-4-2 Hkk"kk;h ,oa lkaLd`frd vf/kdkj
3-4-3 ekr`Hkk"kk esa f'k{kk dh lqfo/kk,a
3-4-4 Hkk"kk;h vYila[;dksa gsrq fo'ks"k vf/kdkjh dh fu;qfDr
3-4-5 jkT; }kjk iksf"kr 'kSf{kd laLFkkvksa esa izos'k dk vf/kdkj
3-4-6 vYila[;dksa dks viuh :fp dh f'k{kk laLFkk,a LFkkfir djus
dk vf/kdkj
3-4-7 jkT; }kjk lgk;rk esa foHksn ugha
3-5 f'k{kk laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk ,oa iz'kklu djus dk vYila[;d oxksZa dk
vf/kdkj
3-5-1 vuqPNsn 29¼1½ ,oa 30¼1½
3-5-2 lEcU/ku ,oa ekU;rk dk vf/kdkj
3-6 jkT; }kjk vYila[;d f'k{kk laLFkkvksa dk fofu;eu
3-7 vyhx<+ eqfLye fo'ofo|ky; dk ekeyk
3-8 iaFk fujis{krk ,oa /kkfeZd dV~Vjrk
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3-8-1 iaFk fujis{krk
3-8-2 /kkfeZd dV~Vjrk
3-9 lkjka'k
3-10 egRoiw.kZ 'kCnkoyh
3-11 vH;kl iz'uksa ds mRrj
3-12 lanHkZ xzUFk
3-13 lgk;d@mi;ksxh lkexzh
3-14 fucU/kkRed iz'u
3-1izLrkouk
Hkkjr ,d iaFkfujis{k jk"Vª gSA ;gk¡ lHkh ukxfjdksa dks vUr%dj.k vkSj /keZ lEcU/kh LorU=rk izkIr gSA
Hkkjr fofo/krkvksa ls Hkjk ns'k gSA ;gk¡ fofHkUu lkaLd`frd ,oa /kkfeZd leqnk; fuokl djrs gSa ftudh
viuh Hkk"kk] fyfi ,oa laLd`fr gS] ftUgsa lqjf{kr cuk;s j[kuk mudk vf/kdkj gS tks lafo/kku }kjk
lajf{kr gSA Hkk"kk;h] lkaLd`frd vkSj /kkfeZd vYila[;d viuh laLd`fr ,oa /keZ dks cuk;s j[kus ,oa
mlls lEcfU?kr f'k{kk laLFkkuksa dh LFkkiuk ,oa mlds iz'kklu gsrq fu;e cukus ds fy, LorU= gSa ,oa
;g LorU=rk mUgsa lafo/kku ds vUrxZr ewy vf/kdkjksa }kjk iznku dh x;h gSaA lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 29
,oa 30 Hkkjr ds leLr ukxfjdksa dks laLd`fr vkSj f'k{kk lEcfU/kr vf/kdkj iznku djrs gSaA vuqPNsn 30
ds rgr izkIr vf/kdkj vkR;kfUrd ugha gSA os vuqPNsn 29 ds izko/kkuksa ds v/khu gSA vuqPNsn 30 }kjk
izkIr vf/kdkj tgk¡ ukxfjdksa ,oa xSj ukxfjdksa nksuksa dks izkIr gS ogha vuqPNsn 29 ds }kjk iznku fd;s
x;s vf/kdkj dsoy ukxfjdksa dks gh izkIr gSA
3-2mn~ns';
izLrqr bdkbZ dks i<+us ds i'pkr vki le> ldsx
a s&
laLd`fr vkSj f'k{kk lEcU/kh vf/kdkj
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f'k{kk&laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk rFkk iz'kklu dk vYila[;dksa dk vf/kdkj
jkT; }kjk vYila[;d f'k{kk&laLFkkvksa ij fu;U=.k
iaFk fujis{krk ,oa /kkfeZd dV~Vjrk
3-3 ^vYila[;d^ & vfHkO;fDr dk vFkZ
vYila[;dksa ds vf/kdkjksa dks le>us ls igys lafo/kku esa iz;qDr 'kCnkoyh ^vYila[;d
¼minorities½ dk vFkZ le>uk vko';d gSA Hkkjr esa Hkk"kk;h] /kkfeZd ,oa lkaLd`frd vYila[;d gS&
os tks Hkk"kk ds vk/kkj ij la[;k esa de gS] os tks /keZ ds vk/kkj ij la[;k esa de gS ,oa os tks viuh
fof'k"V laLd`fr ds vk/kkj ij la[;k esa de gSa] bl Js.kh esa ge vkfnoklh ,oa dchyksa dks j[k ldrs
gSaA ftudh eq[; Hkwfe ¼jk"Vª½ ls vyx laLd`fr gS] ftls os gtkjksa o"kksZa ls latks;s gq, gSaA eq[; :i ls
^vYila[;d^ vfHkO;fDr dks Hkk"kk ,oa /keZ ij vk/kkfjr Hkkoksa ds fy, iz;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA
Vh0,e0,0 QkmUMs'ku cuke LVsV vkWQ dukZVd1 ds ekeys esa mPpre U;k;ky; dh 11 U;k;k/kh'kksa dh
lafo/kku ihB us bl iz'u ij viuk fu.kZ; nsrs gq, dgk fd pwfa d jkT;ksa dk iquxZBu Hkk"kk ds vk/kkj
ij fd;k x;kA vr% iaFk vkSj Hkk"kk ds vk/kkj ij dkSu vYila[;d gSa bldk fu/kkZj.k vyx&vyx
jkT;ksa esa mudh la[;k ds vk/kkj ij fd;k tk,xkA blfy, vYila[;d oxksZa dks jkT; ds vuqlkj
fopkj.k esa fy;k tkuk pkfg,A os /kkfeZd ;k Hkk"kk;h oxZ ;k lewg ftudh la[;k jkT; dh dqy
tula[;k ds vk/ks ls de gS os ml jkT; esa vYila[;d dk ntkZ izkIr djus ds vf/kdkjh gksx
a sA bl
fu.kZ; ds QyLo:i d'ehj esa fgUnw vYila[;d ekus tk,sx
a sA
3-4 lafo/kku }kjk vYila[;dksa dks iznÙk vf/kdkj
3-4-1mikluk dh LorU=rk
Hkkjr esa izR;sd ukxfjd dks vius vUr%dj.k ls /keZ dks ekuus Lora=rk gSA ,d iaFkfujis{k jkT; gksus
ds dkj.k jkT; dk dksbZ /keZ ugha gSA
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3-4-2 Hkk"kk;h ,oa lkaLd`frd vf/kdkj
izR;sd ukxfjd dks viuh fo'ks"k Hkk"kk] fyfi ;k laLd`fr dks cuk;s j[kus dk vf/kdkj izkIr gS 2 jkT;
}kjk cgqla[;dksa ;k fdlh LFkku dh vU; laLd`fr dks lkaLd`frd vYila[;dksa ij ugha Fkksik tk,xkA
;gh izkfo/kku Hkk"kk;h vYila[;dksa ij Hkh ykxw gksrs gSaA
3-4-3ekr`Hkk"kk esa f'k{kk dh lqfo/kk,a
lafo/kku }kjk jk"Vªifr dks ;g 'kfDr iznku dh x;h gS fd og jkT; dks ;g funsZ'k ns fd og Hkk"kkbZ
vYila[;d oxksZa ds cPpksa dks izkFkfed Lrj ij f'k{kk ekr`Hkk"kk esa nsus gsrq O;oLFkk djsA
3-4-4Hkk"kk;h vYila[;dksa gsrq fo'ks"k vf/kdkjh dh fu;qfDr
lafo/kku }kjk ;g micaf/kr fd;k x;k gS fd jk"Vªifr Hkk"kk;h vYila[;d oxksZa ds fy, fo'ks"k vf/kdkjh
dh fu;qfDr djsxk] tks lafo/kku esa micfU/kr Hkk"kk;h vYila[;dksa ls lEcfU/kr j{kk ds mik;ksa dk
fo'ys"k.k dj jk"Vªifr dks izfrosnu lkSaisxk3A vYila[;dksa ds fgrksa dh j{kk ds fy;s jk"Vªh; vYila[;d
vk;ksx vf/kfu;e] 1992 vf/kfu;fer fd;k x;k gSA
3-4-5jkT; }kjk iksf"kr 'kSf{kd laLFkkvksa esa izos'k dk vf/kdkj
vuqPNsn 29¼2½ ;g micaf/kr djrk gS fd jkT; }kjk iksf"kr ;k lgk;rk izkIr fdlh f'k{kk laLFkk esa
izos'k ls fdlh ukxfjd dks dsoy /keZ] ewyoa'k] tkfr] Hkk"kk ;k buesa ls fdlh ds vk/kkj ij oafpr
ugha fd;k tk,xkA
eqEcbZ cuke ckEcs ,twds'ku lkslkbVh4 ds okn esa mPpre U;k;ky; us fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd jkT; }kjk
lgk;rk izkIr fo|ky; }kjk ,d fo|kFkhZ dks bl vk/kkj ij izos'k ls oafpr djuk fd ml fo|kFkhZ dh
ekr`Hkk"kk vaxzst+h ugha gSA vuqPNsn 29¼2½ ds rgr izkIr vf/kdkj ls oafpr djuk gSA
3-4-6vYila[;dksa dks viuh :fp dh f'k{kk laLFkk,a LFkkfir djus dk vf/kdkj
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vuqPNsn 29¼1½ ds v/khu vYila[;dksa dks viuh Hkk"kk] fyfi ,oa laLd`fr cuk, j[kus dk vf/kdkj
iznku fd;k x;k gS ijUrq ;g vf/kdkj rc rd iw.kZrk izkIr ugha dj ldrk tc rd blls
lacaf/kr f'k{kk laLFkk,a [kksyus dk vf/kdkj izkIr u gksA vuqPNsn 30¼1½ vYila[;dksa dks viuh :fp
dh f'k{kk laLFkk, [kksyus dk vf/kdkj iznku djrk gSA rkfd os vkus okyh ih<+h dks viuh Hkk"kk ,oa
laLd`fr ls voxr djk ldsA
3-4-7jkT; }kjk lgk;rk esa foHksn ugha
Hkkjr ,d iaFkfujis{k jkT; gS] vr% jkT; f'k{kk laLFkkvksa dks lgk;rk nsus esa bl vk/kkj ij foHksn ugha
dj ldrk fd og /keZ ;k Hkk"kk ij vk/kkfjr fdlh vYila[;d oxZ ds izcU/k esa gSA 5
3-5 f'k{kk laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk vkSj iz'kklu djus dk vYila[;d oxksZa dk vf/kdkj
¼vuqPNsn 30½
vuqPNsn 30 ds vuqlkj]
¼1½/keZ ;k Hkk"kk ij vk/kkfjr lHkh vYila[;d oxksZa dks viuh :fp dh f'k{kk laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk vkSj
iz'kklu dk vf/kdkj gksxk]
¼1d½ [kaM ¼1½ esa fufnZ"V fdlh vYila[;d&oxZ }kjk LFkkfir vkSj iz'kkflr f'k{kk laLFkk dh lEifRr
dk vfuok;Z vtZu ds fy, mica/k djus okyh fof/k cukrs le;] jkT; ;g lqfuf'pr djsxk fd ,slh
lEifRr ds vtZu ds fy, ,slh fof/k }kjk fu;r ;k mlds v/khu vo/kkfjr jde bruh gks fd ml
[kaM ds v/khu izR;kHkwr vf/kdkj fucZfa /kr ;k fujkd`r u gks tk,A
¼2½f'k{kk laLFkkvksa dks lgk;rk nsus esa jkT; fdlh f'k{kk laLFkk ds fo:) bl vk/kkj ij foHksn ugha
djsxk fd og /keZ ;k Hkk"kk ij vk/kkfjr fdlh vYila[;d&oxZ ds izca/k esa gSA
3-5-1vuqPNsn 29¼1½ vkSj 30¼1½
vuqPNsn 29 ,oa 30 nksuksa f'k{kk laLd`fr laca/kh vf/kdkj iznku djrs gSaA nksuksa ds e/; fuEu laca/k O;kIr
gSa&
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1-vuqPNsn 30¼1½ }kjk iznÙk vf/kdkj dsoy /keZ ;k Hkk"kk ij vk/kkfjr vYila[;d oxksZa dks izkIr gS
ysfdu vuqPNsn 29¼1½ mu lHkh ukxfjdksa dks ftudh dksbZ fo'ks"k fyfi] Hkk"kk] ;k laLd`fr gS pkgs os
vYila[;d gksa ;k cgqla[;d] mls cuk, j[kus dk vf/kdkj iznku djrk gSA
2-vuqPNsn 30¼1½ }kjk iznku vf/kdkj dsoy Hkk"kk;h ;k /kkfeZd vYila[;dksa dks izkIr gS ogha vuqPNsn
29¼1½ rhu fo"k;ks]a fyfi] Hkk"kk ;k laLd`fr ls lacaf/kr vf/kdkj iznku djrk gSA
3-vuqPNsn 30¼1½ /keZ ;k Hkk"kk ij vk/kkfjr vYila[;d oxZ dks viuh :fp dh f'k{kk laLFkk dh
LFkkiuk ,oa mlds iz'kklu dk vf/kdkj iznku djrk gS] ysfdu ;fn dksbZ ,slh laLFkk jkT; }kjk iksf"kr
;k jkT;&fuf/k ls lgk;rk izkIr djrh gS rks og /keZ ;k Hkk"kk vkfn ds vk/kkj ij Nk=ksa dks izos'k nsus
esa foHksn ugha dj ldrh gSA6
3-5-2lEcU/ku ,oa ekU;rk dk vf/kdkj
lSUV tsfo;j dkyst7 ds ekeys esa mPpre U;k;ky; us ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd fdlh Hkh vYila[;d
laLFkk dks lEcU/ku ¼affiliation½ dk vf/kdkj ewy vf/kdkj ugha gSA tc dksbZ f'k{kk&laLFkk lEcU/ku
;k ekU;rk ds fy, vkosnu djrh gS rks ;g foof{kr jgrk gS fd og f'k{kk laLFkk ,sls fofu;eksa dk
ikyu djsxh tks lEcU/ku ;k ekU;rk nsus okys izkf/kdkjh }kjk cuk, tkrs gSa] fdUrq ekU;rk ;k lEcU/ku
dh ,slh 'krksZa dks fofgr djuk ftlds ifj.kke Lo:i vYila[;d oxZ dh viuh :fp dh f'k{kk
laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk vkSj iz'kklu dk vf/kdkj U;wu gksrk gSA vuqPNsn 30 dk mYya?ku gksxkA
eSusftax cksMZ vkQ feyh rkyheh fe'ku cuke fcgkj jkT;8 ds okn esa ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k fd
fdlh vYila[;d f'k{k.k laLFkk dks fo'ofo|ky; }kjk lEcU/ku vkSj ekU;rk nsus ls euekus vkSj
v;qfDr;qDr :i ls bUdkj djuk vuqPNsn 30 vkSj 14 dk mYya?ku gSA gkykafd lEcU/ku dk vf/kdkj
,d ewy vf/kdkj ugha gS fdUrq fcuk mfpr vkSj i;kZIr vk/kkj ds lEcU/ku ;k ekU;rk nsus ls bUdkj
djuk vuqPNsn 30 dk vfrØe.k gSA
,0ih0 fØf'p;u esfMdy dkyst ,twds'ku lkslkbVh cuke vkU/kz izn's k jkT; 9 ds okn esa lkslkbVh us
vYila[;d laLFkk ds :i esa esfMdy dkyst dh LFkkiuk dh ijUrq laLFkk ds laxe Kkiu esa ,slh dksbZ
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ckr ugha Fkh ftlls ;g izdV gksrk gks fd mDr laLFkk vYila[;d gSA laLFkk us vlR; dFku djds
fd mls ljdkj ls vuqeksnu fey pqdk gS] dkyst esa Nk=ksa dks izos'k ns fn;k ijUrq fo'ofo|ky; }kjk
ijh{kk ysus ls bUdkj dj fn;k x;kA U;k;ky; }kjk ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k fd mDr laLFkk dh
LFkkiuk dk mn~ns'; O;olk; Fkk vr% mls vuqPNsn 30¼1½ dk laj{k.k iznku ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
3-6jkT; }kjk vYila[;d f'k{kk laLFkkvksa dk fofu;eu
vuqPNsn 30 ds rgr vYila[;d oxksaZ dks iznku fd;s x;s vf/kdkj cgqla[;d oxZ ls dsoy lekurk
lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, gSaA jk"Vªfgr] jk"Vªh; lqj{kk] lkekftd dY;k.k] yksd O;oLFkk] uSfrdrk]
LokLF;] LoPNrk] djk/kku] vkfn ls lacaf/kr ns'k dh lk/kkj.k fof/k;k¡ vYila[;d laLFkkvksa dks Hkh
leku :i ls ykxw gksx
a hA f'k{kk laLFkkvksa dks LFkkfir djus vkSj iz'kklu djus dk vf/kdkj vkR;kfUrd
ugha gS] u gh blesa dqiz'kklu lfEefyr gksrk gSA 'kSf{kr Lo:i vkSj ekudksa dks lqfuf'pr djus vkSj
'kSf{kd mRd"kZ cuk, j[kus ds fy, fu;U=.k ds mik; fd, tk ldrs gSaA bl dksfV esa lk/kkj.kr;k
fo/kkfFkZ;ksa vkSj v/;kidksa ls lEcfU/kr fofu;e] deZpkfj;ksa ¼v/;kiu ,oa v/;kiusRrj½ dh fu;qfDr ds
fy, ik=rk ds ekunaM vkSj vgrkZ,a rFkk lsok dh 'krsZ vf/kdfFkr djus ds fy, fofu;e vksj
ikB~;fooj.k rFkk v/;;u ikB~;Øe fofgr djus ds fy, fofu;e vkrs gSaA ,sls fofu;e fdlh Hkh izdkj
ls vuqPNsn 30¼1½ ds v/khu vf/kdkj esa gLr{ksi ugha djrsA10
ih0,0 bukenkj cuke egkjk"Vª jkT;11 esa U;k;ky; }kjk ;g vfHkfu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k fd fdlh laLFkk
dks viuk vYila[;d :i cuk, j[kus ds fy, nks mn~n's ;ksa dh iwfrZ esa yxk jguk vko';d gS] igyk
vius /keZ vkSj Hkk"kk dks lajf{kr djus ;ksX; cukuk] vkSj nwljk lacaf/kr cPpksa dks Hkyh&Hkkafr vPNh
f'k{kk nsukA
vuqPNsn 30 ;qfDr;qDr fofu;e cukus ls jkT; dks ugha jksdrk gS ysfdu fofu;e vYila[;d
f'k{kk&laLFkk ds fgr esa cuk;s tkus pkfg,A
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fl)jkt HkkbZ cuke xqtjkr jkT;12 ds okn esa U;k;ky; us fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd ,sls fofu;e tks vuqnku
izkIr djus ;k ekU;rk dh 'krksZa ds :i esa fof/kiwoZd yxk, tk ldrs gSa mUgsa fuEu nks dlkSfV;ksa ij
[kjk mrjuk pkfg,&
¼1½ mUgsa ;qfDr;qDr gksuk pkfg, ,oa
¼2½ laLFkk ds 'kSf{kd Lo:i dks fofu;fer djus okyk gksuk pkfg, tks vYila[;d&leqnk; vFkok mu
O;fDr;ksa ds fy,] tks bldk vkJ; ysrs gSa] laLFkk dks f'k{kk dk ,d egRoiw.kZ ek/;e cukus esa lgk;d
gSA
vYila[;d f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa dks Js"Brk ds ml Lrj ls uhps ugha fxjus fn;k tk ldrk tks ,slh
laLFkkvksa ds fy, visf{kr gSA fofu;e ;g Hkh micU/k dj ldrs gSa fd laLFkk dh fuf/k dk f'k{kk ds
iz;kstu vFkok laLFkk dh HkykbZ ds fy, gh mi;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg, u fd fdlh vU; ckgjh
iz;kstu gsrqA bu jh dsjy ,twds'ku fcy13 ds okn esa jkT; ljdkj }kjk fo/ks;d ds ek/;e ls
vYila[;d oxksZa dh f'k{k.k&laLFkkvksa dks lgk;rk izkIr djus ds fy, dqN 'krksZa dk fu/kkZj.k fd;k x;k
Fkk rFkk v/;kidksa dh fu;qfDr] inP;qfr rFkk osru ds ckjs esa Hkh fu;e fofgr fd, FksA vYila[;d
oxksaZ }kjk bu fu;eksa dks muds iz'kklu esa gLr{ksi crk;k x;kA ijUrq U;k;ky; us fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd
vuqPNsn 30 jkT; dks vYila[;d f'k{kk&laLFkkvksa dh Js"Brk cuk, j[kus ls ugha jksdrk gS] vr%
lgk;rk ;k ekU;rk iznku djus ds fy, jkT; ;qfDr;qDr 'krsZ fofgr dj ldrk gSA QSzad ,UFkksuh
ifCyd Ldwy bEiykbZt ,lksfl,'ku cuke Hkkjr la?k ds ekeys esa Ldwy ds deZpkfj;ka us nsgyh Ldwy
,tqds'ku ,DV dh /kkjk 12 dks bl vk/kkj ij pqukSrh nh fd og vuqPNsn 14 dk mYya?ku djrh gS]
fnYyh ,twds'ku ,DV dh /kkjk,a 8&12 ekU;rk izkIr vkSj xSj lgk;rk izkIr izkbosV Ldwyksa ds
deZpkfj;ksa dh lsok 'krsZa dks fofu;fer djrh gSaA fdUrq /kkjk 12 ds vuqlkj ^mDr izko/kku xSj lgk;rk
izkIr vYila[;d laLFkkvksa ij ykxw ugha gksx
a sA^ mPpre U;k;ky; us vfHkfu/kkZfjr fd;k fd xSj
lgk;rk izkIr laLFkk,a tks fnYyh iz'kklu ls ekU;rk izkIr gS] mUgsa vius f'k{kdksa vkSj deZ pkfj;ksa dks
ogh osru HkRrs vkSj vU; ykHk iznku djus pkfg, tks ljdkjh Ldwyksa ds f'k{kdksa vkSj deZpkfj;ksa dks
feyrk gSA U;k;ky; us dgk fd vuqPNsn 30¼1½ ds vf/kdkjksa dh vkM+ esa ,slh laLFkkvksa dks f'k{kdksa vkSj
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deZpkfj;ksa dk 'kks"k.k djus dh vuqefr ugha nh tk ldrh gSA fØf'p;u esfMdy dkyst gkfLiVy
,Eiykbt ;wfu;u cuke fØf'p;u esfMdy dkyst] osywj ,lksfl,'ku14 ds ekeys esa U;k;ky; us ;g
fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd vkS|ksfxd fookn vf/kfu;e] 1947 dh /kkjk,a 9-A, 11-A, 12 vkSj 33 vYila[;d
oxksaZ dh f'k{kk laLFkkvksa ij Hkh leku :i ls ykxw gksrh gSa D;ksfa d ;s fofu;kRed izd`fr dh gS vkSj
buls vuq0 30¼1½ esa iznRr vf/kdkjksa ij dksbZ vk?kkr ugha iM+rk gSA lkekftd dY;k.k fof/k;k¡ rFkk
,sls vU; fofu;kRed mik; vuqPNsn 30¼1½ ij gkykafd dqN gn rd rks izHkko Mkyrs gSa fdUrq os mls
de ugha djrsA U;k;ky; }kjk vuqPNsn 30¼1½ ds vf/kdkj dh lqj{kk rFkk muesa dk;Zjr deZpkfj;ksa dh
lqj{kk dk lkekftd mRrjnkf;Ro] nksuksa esa lkeatL; LFkkfir djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA vf/kfu;e
ds v/khu Jfed U;k;ky;ksa dh 'kfDr;k¡ lhfer ,oa fu;f=r ugha gSaA muds fu.kZ; ds fo:) mPp ,oa
mPpre U;k;ky; esa vihy dh tk ldrh gSA lsVa LVhQu dkyst15 ds ckn esa mPpre U;k;ky; us
fu.kZ; fn;k Fkk fd vYila[;d laLFkkvksa esa 50 izfr'kr vU; leqnk; ds Nk=ksa dks izos'k nsuk gksxkA
Vh0,e0,0 QkmUMs'ku cuke LVsV vkWQ dukZVd16 ds egRoiw.kZ okn esa eq[; fopkj.kh; iz'u ;g Fkk fd
vYila;dksa dks lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 30 esa tks f'k{kk laLFkkvksa ds pykus dk vf/kdkj fn;k x;k gS
mldh lhek,a D;k gSaA f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk ,oa lapkyu ds vf/kdkj fo"k; ij U;k;ky; us
fu.kZ; fn;k fd vuqPNsn 19 ¼1½¼g½ vkSj 26 ds vUrxZr lHkh ukxfjdksa ,oa vuqPNsn 30 ds vUrxZr
vYila[;dksa dks f'k{kk laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk ,oa iz'kklu dk vf/kdkj gS ysfdu ;g vuqPNsn 19¼6½ ds
vUrxZr fucZU/ku ds v/khu gSA ljdkjh lgk;rk izkIr f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa ds ckjs esa U;k;ky; us Li"V
fd;k fd ,sls laLFkku dks lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 30¼1½ ds vUrxZr vYila[;d oxZ ds Nk=ksa dks izos'k
nsus dk vf/kdkj vuqPNsn 29¼2½ dh Hkkoukvksa ds vuqlkj gksxk vFkkZr mUgsa xSj vYila[;d leqnk; ds
dqN Nk=ksa dks Hkh izos'k nsuk gksxk ,oa ,slh O;olkf;d ,oa mPp f'k{kk laLFkkvksa esa izos'k ds fy;s
;ksX;rk ds ekudksa esa deh ugha dh tk ldsxhA ,sls O;olfk;d laLFkkuksa esa Nk=ksa dk izos'k jkT; }kjk
vk;ksftr izos'k ijh{kk ds vk/kkj ij fd;k tk;sxkA ,d vU; iz'u ds mRrj esa U;k;ky; us Li"V fd;k
fd vYila[;d laLFkk dh viuh izos'k izfØ;k gks ldrh gS fdUrq og izfØ;k mfpr ,oa ikjn'khZ gksuh
pkfg, ,oa O;olkf;d vkSj mPprj f”k{kk ds dkystksa esa Nk=ksa dk izos'k ;ksX;rk ds vk/kkj ij gh gksuk
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pkfg,A xSj ljdkjh lgk;rk izkIr vYila[;d laLFkkuksa dks Hkh Nk=ksa dks izos'k nsrs le; ;ksX;rk dh
mis{kk ugha djuh pkfg, vU;Fkk laLFkk mPp Lrj izkIr djus esa foQy gks tk,xhA bLykfed ,dsMeh
vkWQ ,twds'ku cuke dukZVd jkT; ds okn esa U;k;ky; ds 5 U;k;k/kh'kksa dh ihB us Vh0,e0ikbZ ds
fu.kZ; ds dqN fcUnqvksa dks ;kfpdkdrkZvksa dh ekax ij iqu% Li"V fd;k ,oa dqN vius fopkj O;Dr
fd,A ftudks U;k;ky; esa pqukSrh nh x;h] mPpre U;k;ky; us izLrqr ekeys esa Li"V fd;k&
1-mPpre U;k;ky; us futh O;olkf;d f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa esa vkj{k.k ds fo"k; ij Li"V fd;k fd
bLykfed ,dsMeh ds ekeys esa jkT; }kjk ,slh laLFkkvksa esa LFkkuh; vko';drk ds vuqlkj lhVksa esa
la[;k fu/kkZfjr djus dk fu.kZ; Vh0,e0ikbZ0 ds ekeys esa fn, x;s fu.kZ; ds foijhr gS vr% mls voS/k
?kksf"kr dj fn;kA
2-izos'k izfØ;k ds ekeys esa nks dsUnzh;d`r lfefr;ksa ds fu.kZ; dks Bhd crk;kA ;s lfefr;k¡ rc rd
dk;Z djsx
a s tc rd blds fy, fo/kku e.My leqfpr fof/k ugha cuk nsrkA mPpre U;k;ky; ds
vuqlkj blls ;ksX;re Nk=ksa dks izos'k fn;k tk ldsxkA
3-'kqYd <k¡ps ds ekeys esa U;k;ky; us fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd vYila[;d laLFkk,a viuk 'kqYd fu;r dj
ldrh gSa] ysfdu bldk fofu;eu fd;k tk ldrk gS rkfd laLFkk,a ykHk dekus dk dk;Z u djsa vkSj
dSihVs'ku 'kqYd u ys ldsaA
rkRi;Z ;g gS fd vuqPNsn 30 ds mica/k /kkfeZd ,oa Hkk"kk;h vYila[;dksa dks vfrfjDr laj{k.k iznku
djrs gSa fdUrq os vkR;kfUrd vf/kdkj ugha gSA dqizcU/k ,oa f'k{kk dk Lrj cuk, j[kus vkfn gsrq os
fofu;eu ds v/khu gSaA
3-7vyhx<+ eqfLye fo'ofo|ky; dk ekeyk
vyhx<+ eqfLye fo'ofo|ky; dh LFkkiuk] vyhx<+ fo'ofo|ky; vf/kfu;e] 1920 }kjk dh x;h FkhA
lu~ 1981 esa la'kks/ku }kjk vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk ¼2L½ ls ^LFkkfir^ 'kCn fudky fn;kA bl la'kks/ku dk
mn~n's ; fo'ofo|ky; dks vYila[;d laLFkk dk :i iznku djuk FkkA ,d fu;e ds tfj;s
fo'ofo|ky; us LukrdksRrj ikB~;Øe esa 50% lhVksa dks eqfLye Nk=ksa ds fy, vkjf{kr dj fn;kA
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bykgkckn mPp U;k;ky; us vtht oklk cuke Hkkjr la?k okn dk vuqlj.k djrs gq, mDr la'kks/ku
dks voS/k ?kksf"kr dj fn;k] pwfa d vyhx<+ fo'ofo|ky; dh LFkkiu dsUnzh; vf/kfu;e }kjk dh x;h Fkh
fdlh laLFkk }kjk ughaA vr% vyhx<+ eqfLye fo'ofo|ky; dks vYila[;d laLFkk ugha ekuk tk
ldrkA U;k;ky; us eqfLye Nk=ksa ds izos'k dks Hkh voS/k ?kksf"kr dj fn;kA17
3-8iaFk fujis{krk ,oa /kkfeZd dV~Vjrk
3-8-1iaFk fujis{krk ¼Secularism½
Hkkjr ds lafo/kku esa fdlh Hkh er dks jktdh; /keZ ekuus dk mica/k ugha gSA mn~nfs 'kdk esa fo'okl]
/keZ vkSj mikluk dh LorU=rk dk opu fn;k x;k gSA vuqPNsn 25 ls 28 /keZ LokrU=; dk vf/kdkj
lqfuf'pr djrs gSaA mn~nfs 'kdk esa lafo/kku ¼42ok¡ la'kks/ku½ vf/kfu;e] 1976 }kjk ^^iaFk fujis{k^^ 'kCn
vUr%LFkkfir fd;k x;kA cksEebZ cuke Hkkjr la?k18 ds okn esa U;k;ky; us dgk fd iaFk fujis{krk
lafo/kku ds vk/kkjHkwr y{k.kksa esa ls ,d gSaA U;k;ewfrZ jkekLokeh us dgk fd iaFkfujis{krk bZ'oj fojks/kh
ugha gSA Hkkjrh; ifjiz{;
s esa bldk ldkjkRed :i gSA jkT; u rks fdlh /keZ dk i{k ysrk gS vkSj u
gh fdlh /keZ dk fojks/k djrk gS] og /keZ ds ekeys esa lHkh /keksZ ds lkFk leku O;ogkj dgrk gSA
jkT; /keZ ds ekeys esa fujis{k O;ogkj djrk gSA larks"k dqekj cuke lfpo] ekuo lalk/ku fodkl
ea=ky;19 ds okn esa mPpre U;k;ky; us fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd 'kSf{kd ikB~;Øe esa laLd`r dks p;ukRed
fo"k; ds :i esa vf/keku nsus vkSj vjch] Qkjlh vkfn dks og LFkku u nsus ls iaFkfujis{krk ds
fl)kUrksa dks vk?kkr ugha igq¡prk gSA laLd`r lHkh vk;Z Hkk"kkvksa dh tuuh gSA laLd`r ds fcuk Hkkjrh;
n'kZu dh] ftlesa lkjh laLd`fr vkSj fojklr fNih gS] igpku laHko ugha gSA U;k;ky; us dgk]
iaFkfujis{krk /keZijk;.krk ds fojks/k esa ugha gSA iaFkfujis{krk u rks bZ'oj fojks/kh gS vkSj u gh bZ'oj
leFkZdA lafo/kku esa /keZfujis{krk ¼iaFkfujis{krk½ ds Lo:i dks Li"V fd;k x;k gSA if'peh ns'kksa esa
/keZfujis{krk ds y{k.kksa esa vk/kqfudrk] Kku&foKku ,oa lkekftd ØkfUrdkfjrk vfuok;Z gS] tcfd
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Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa /keZfujis{krk /kkfeZd HksnHkko o /kkfeZd lkEiznkf;d Vdjko ds fu"ks/k rd lhfer gSA
lafo/kku ds vuqlkj gkykafd Hkkjr dks dksbZ jk"Vª/keZ ugha gksxk ysfdu og vius ukxfjdksa dks ;g
egRoiw.kZ vf/kdkj o LorU=rk iznku djrk gS fd os fdlh Hkh /keZ esa vkLFkk j[k ldrs gSa] vius
/kkfeZd jhfr fjoktksa ds vuqlkj iwtk&ikB dj ldrs gSa rFkk vius /keZ dk izpkj&izlkj dj ldrs gSa]
vr% i{kikr jfgr /kkfeZd lEeku dk O;ogkj gh Hkkjr ds lanHkZ esa fujis{krk vFkkZr iaFkfujis{krk dk
okLrfod pfj= gSA
Hkkjr dk lafo/kku /kkfeZd vkLFkk j[kus dh LorU=rk nsrk gS u fd ck/;rk dhA vr% lafo/kku Hkkjrh;
ukxfjd dks ukfLrd gksus dh LorU=rk dk vf/kdkj nsrk gSA ysfdu bldk vFkZ ;g ugha gS fd
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku /keZ dh fuank dk Hkh vf/kdkj iznku djrk gSA lafo/kku us /keZfujis {krk ds ldkjkRed
:i dks viuk;k gSA udkjkRed :i dks ughaA bl izdkj Hkkjrh; iaFkfujis{krk vius laoS/kkfud :i esa
ldkjkRed :i esa loZ/keZ lEkHkko dk gh nwljk uke gSA og lfg".kqrk] 'kkafr] vfgalk] lkeatL;]
leUo;] fujUrjrk ,oa fodkl dk lfEefyr :i gSA
3-8-2 /kkfeZd dV~Vjokn
/kkfeZd dV~Vjrk ,d xaHkhj leL;k gS ftlls vkt iwjh nqfu;k fpafrr gSA ;gh og leL;k gS ftlus
ikfdLrku dks tUe fn;kA bls /kkfeZd vfrokn Hkh dgk tkrk gSA blls lEcfU/kr yksx vka[k can djds
;g fo'okl djrs gSa fd iwjk lp dsoy muds Lo;a ds /keZ'kkL=ksa eas fn;k x;k gSA os vU; /keZ
erkoyfEc;ksa ,oa /keZ 'kkL=ksa dks uQjr dh utj ls ns[krs gSaA mudk ,d ek= y{; gksrk gS iwjs fo'o
esa vius /keZ dk izlkj djuk ,oa blh va/ks /kkfeZd mRlkg dks /keZ;q) ;k ifo= ;q) ;k ftgkn dk uke
nsdj ekuork ls lkFk Øwjrk ij mrj vkrs gSaA
/kkfeZd mUekn ds dkj.k gh ckaXykns'kh ysf[kdk rlyhek uljhu dks viuk ns'k NksM+us ij etcwj gksuk
iM+kA Hkkjr esa Hkh /keZfujis{krk ij /kkfeZd dV~Vjrk le;≤ ij gkoh gksrh utj vkrh gS] tc
ysf[kdk rLyhek uljhu dks viuk nwljk ?kj dydRrk ¼Hkkjr½ NksM+dj fdlh vkSj ns'k esa 'kj.k ysuh
iM+rh gSA blh /kkfeZd dV~VjiafFk;ksa ds gkoh gksus ds dkj.k e'kgwj ys[kd lyeku j'nh dks t;iqj esa
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,d dk;ZØe esa Hkkx ugha ysus fn;k x;k D;ksfa d oks viuh fookfnr iqLrd lsusfVd olsZt ds dkj.k
fo'ks"k /keZ ds erkoyfEc;ksa }kjk Qros ds f'kdkj gq, FksA 'kkgckuksa okn 20 esa Hkkjr tSls /keZfujis{k jk"Vª
dh ljdkj ,d fo'ks"k /keZ ds yksxksa ds vkxs >qd x;h ,oa mlus mPpre U;k;ky; ds fu.kZ; dks
cnyus ds fy;s eqfLye L=h ¼fookg foPNsn ij vf/kdkj laj{k.k½ vf/kfu;e] 1986 ikfjr fd;k ,oa
eqfLye fL=;ksa dks muds lkekU; vf/kdkj ls oafpr dj fn;kA vk/kqfud lH; ns'k ds fy, ;g
vf/kfu;e yTtktud gSA bl vf/kfu;e ls lafo/kku dh mn~nfs 'kdk esa izdfYir jk"Vª dh ,drk dks
vk?kkr igq¡prk gSA blds ifj.kkeLo:i izxfr'khy eqfLye jk"Vªksa dh n`f"V esa Hkh Hkkjr ,d fiNM+k vkSj
nfj;kduwlh jk"Vª gks x;kA21 mDr okn esa ,d rykd'kqnk eqfLye L=h us naM izfØ;k lafgrk dh /kkjk
125 ds v/khu Hkj.k&iks"k.k dk vkosnu fd;k tks Lohdkj djds U;k;ky; us fMØh dj nhA ifr us
mPpre U;k;ky; esa bl vk/kkj ij vihy dh fd /kkjk 125 eqlyekuksa ij ykxw ugha gksrh gS D;ksfa d
;g eqfLye oS;fDrd fof/k ds fo:) gSA mPpre U;k;ky; us bl fuoZpu dks Lohdkj ugha fd;kA
U;k;ky; us dgk fd ;g lHkh ^^O;fDr;ks^a ^ ij ykxw gksrk gS] pkgs os fdlh Hkh /keZ ds vuq;k;h gks]a
vihy [kkfjt dj nh x;hA fu.kZ; esa mPpre U;k;ky; us dgk fd lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 44 esa jkT;
dks Li"V funsZ'k fn;k x;k gS fd og leku flfoy lafgrk cuk, pkgs blesa eqlyeku igy djsa ;k
ugha fdarq bl fn'kk esa ljdkj }kjk dne ugha mBk, x;sA eqacbZ fo'ofo|ky; ds ,d fo}ku vkpk;Z
fln~nhdh us dgk fd ;fn jkT; igy djsxk rks varrksxRok eqfLye lekt mls Lohdkj dj ysxk
D;ksfa d ;g vk/kqfud lH; lekt ds vkn'kksZa ds vuq:i gSaA
mPpre U;k;ky; ds Li"V funsZ'kksa dh vogsyuk djds vkSj eqfLye lekt ds ,d cgqr cM+s vuqHkkx
dh] ftlesa fo}ku yksx Hkh Fks] mis{kk djds rRdkyhu ljdkj us eqfLye L=h ¼fookg foPNsn ij
vf/kdkj laj{k.k½ vf/kfu;e] 1986 vf/kfu;fer djds ;g mica/k fd;k fd bl vf/kfu;e ds mica/k
fookg fofNUu eqfLye L=h ds Hkj.
iks"k.k ds vf/kdkj dks ykxw gksx
a s] ;fn ,slh L=h vkSj mldk iwoZ ifr ;g pkgrs gSa fd naM izfØ;k
lafgrk dh /kkjk 125 ykxw gks rHkh og /kkjk ykxw gksxhA
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bl rjg /keZfujis{k jk"Vª esa /kkfeZd dV~Vjrk thr x;hA /kkfeZd dV~Vjrk us viuh gh vk/kh vkcknh
¼eqfLye efgykvks½a ds lkFk /keZ ds uke ij vU;k; fd;k ,oa muds gdksa dks NhukA
,d gh ns'k esa /keZ ds uke ij yksxksa ij vyx&vyx fof/k;ksa dks ykxw djuk lH; vkSj izxfr'khy
lekt ds fy;s dyad ds leku gS] pwfa d eqfLye ykW esa ,d ls vf/kd fookg oS/k gS vr% vxj fdlh
fgUnw ifr dks nwljk fookg djuk gksrk gS rks og bLyke /keZ viuk dj ,slk vklkuh ls dj ysrk gSA
,sls dbZ ekeys lkeus vkus ij mPpre U;k;ky; us vius QSlys esa22 iz/kkuea=h dks funsZ'k fn;k fd os
lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 44 ij vey dj lHkh ukxfjdksa ds fy, ,d ^leku flfoy lafgrk^ cuk,A
U;k;ky; us dgk fd ,slk djuk ihfM+r O;fDr dh j{kk rFkk jk"Vªh; ,drk o v[k.Mrk dh vfHko`f)
nksuksa gh n`f"V ls vko';d gSA
U;k;ky; us dgk fd lH; lekt esa ^/keZ vksj oS;fDrd fof/k^ esa dksbZ laca/k ugha gks rk gSA vr% leku
flfoy lafgrk cukus ls fdlh leqnk; ds lnL;ksa ds vuqPNsn 25] 26 rFkk 27 ds v/khu ewy vf/kdkjksa
ij dksbZ foijhr izHkko ugha iM+x
s kA fookg] mRrjkf/kdkj vkSj bl izdkj dh lkekftd izd`fr dh ckrsa
/kkfeZd LorU=rk ls ckgj gSa vkSj mUgsa fof/k cukdj fofu;fer fd;k tk ldrk gSA fgUnqvksa us ns'k dh
,drk o v[k.Mrk ds fy, /kkfeZd Hkkoukvksa dk R;kx fd;k vkSj mudk lafgrkdj.k ¼fgUnw fookg
vf/kfu;e] 1955½ fd;kA cgqr ls fgUnw mDr vf/kfu;e ds micU/kksa ftlesa ifr&iRuh ds thfor jgrs
nwljk fookg oftZr gS] ls cpus ds fy, bLyke /keZ Lohdkj dj ysrs gSa vkSj nwljk fookg dj ysrs gSaA
ysfdu dksbZ /keZ tkucw>dj fod`fr dh vuqefr ugha nsrk gSA vusd bLykfed ns'kksa esa Hkh oS;fDrd
fof/k dk lafgrkdj.k fd;k tk pqdk gSA ,d leku flfoy lafgrk fopkjksa ds vk/kkj ij er fHkUurk
,oa dV~Vjrk dks lekIr dj jk"Vªh; ,drk dks l'kDr djus esa lgk;d gksxh blls Hkkjr dh
iaFkfujis{krk vkSj Hkh lqn`<+ gksxhA
funsZ”k
1-,0vkbZ0vkj0 2003 ,l0lh0 355]
2- vuqPNsn 29¼1½
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3- vuqPNsn 350¼[k½
4- ¼1955½ 1 ,l0lh0vkj0 568
5- vuqPNsn 30¼2½
6- vuqPNsn 29¼2½
7- vgenkckn lsUV tsfo;j dkyst cuke xqtjkr jkT;] ,0vkbZ0vkj0
1974 ,l0lh0 1389
8- ¼1984½4 ,l0lh0 500
9- ¼1986½ 2 ,l0lh0lh0
10- nqxkZ nkl clq] Hkkjr dk lafo/kku ,d ifjp;] i`"B 125
11- ,0vkbZ0vkj 2005 ,l0lh0 3226
12- ,0vkbZ0vkj0 1963 ,l0lh0 540
13- ,0vkbZ0vkj0 1958 ,l0lh0 956
14- ,0vkbZ0vkj0 1988 ,l0lh0 37( ¼1988½ 3 me0fu0i0 46
15- ,0vkbZ0vkj0 1992 ,l0lh0 1630
16- ,0vkbZ0vkj0 2003 ,l0lh0 355
17- Mk0 ujs'k vxjoky cuke Hkkjr
18- 1994 ,l0lh0 1918
19- ¼1994½ 4 me0fu0i0 239
20- vgen cuke 'kkgckuks] ,0vkbZ0vkj0 1985 ,l0lh0 945
21- nqxkZizlkn olq] Hkkjr dk lafo/kku&,d ifjp;] i`"B 429
22- ljyk eqnxy cuke Hkkjr la?k ¼1995½ 3 ,l0lh0lh0 635
vH;kl iz'u%&
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1-Hkkjr dk lafo/kku f'k{kk ,oa laLd`fr lEcU/kh vf/kdkj iznku djrk gS]
d- vuqPNsn 29 ds rgr
[k- vuqPNsn 30 ds rgr
x- vuqPNsn 29 ,oa 30 ds rgr
?k- mijksDr esa ls dksbZ ughaA
2- leku flfoy lafgrk dk mica/k fd;k x;k gS]
d-vuqPNsn 41 ds v/khu
[k-vuqPNsn 42 ds v/khu
x-vuqPNsn 43 ds v/khu
?k-vuqPNsn 44 ds v/khu
3-lafo/kku ds vuqlkj Hkkjr esa vYila[;d gSa]
d-Hkk"kk;h vYila[;d
[k-lkaLd`frd vYila[;d
x-/kkfeZd vYila[;d
?k-mijksDr lHkh
4-Hkkjr ds lafo/kku }kjk vYila[;dksa dks viuh :fp dh f'k{k.k&laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk ,oa iz'kklu dk
vf/kdkj fn;k x;k gS]
d-vuqPNsn 25 ds v/khu
[k-vuqPNsn 27 ds v/khu
x-vuqPNsn 28 ds v/khu
?k-vuqPNsn 30 ds v/khu
lR;@vlR; dFku%&
5-jkT; dks vYila[;d f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa ds fofu;eu dk dksbZ vf/kdkj izkIr ugha gSA lR;@vlR;
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6- vYila[;dksa }kjk LFkkfir f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa esa nwljs oxZ ;k lewg ds Nk= izos'k ugha ys ldrsA
lR;@vlR;
7-fdlh vYila[;d f'k{k.k laLFkk dks lEcU/ku ,oa ekU;rk dk Hkh ewy vf/kdkj izkIr gSA lR;@vlR;
8-vyhx<+ eqfLye fo'ofo|ky; vYila[;d laLFkku ugha gSA lR;@vlR;
9-vuqPNsn 30 cgqla[;d oxksZa dks Hkh viuh :fp dh f'k{k.k laLFkk,a LFkkfir ,oa iz'kkflr djus dk
vf/kdkj iznku djrk gSA lR;@vlR;
10-jkT; }kjk iksf"kr vYila[;d f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa esa lHkh oxksaZ ds Nk= izos'k ys ldrs gSaA lR;@vlR;
3-9lkjka'k
Hkkjr ,d iaFkfujis{k jk"Vª gSA ;gk¡ lHkh ukxfjdksa dks vUr%dj.k vkSj /keZ lEcU/kh LorU=rk izkIr gSA
Hkk"kk;h] lkaLd`frd vkSj /kkfeZd vYila[;d viuh laLd`fr ,oa /keZ dks cuk;s j[kus ,oa mlls lEcfU?kr
f'k{kk laLFkkuksa dh LFkkiuk ,oa mlds iz'kklu gsrq fu;e cukus ds fy, LorU= gSa ,oa ;g LorU=rk
mUgsa lafo/kku ds vUrxZr ewy vf/kdkjksa }kjk iznku dh x;h gSaA eq[; :i ls ^vYila[;d^ vfHkO;fDr
dks Hkk"kk ,oa /keZ ij vk/kkfjr Hkkoksa ds fy, iz;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA Vh0,e0,0 QkmUMs'ku cuke LVsV
vkWQ dukZVd ds ekeys esa mPpre U;k;ky; dh 11 U;k;k/kh'kksa dh lafo/kku ihB us vYila[;dksa ds
fu/kkZj.k ds iz'u ij viuk fu.kZ; nsrs gq, dgk fd pwfa d jkT;ksa dk iquxZBu Hkk"kk ds vk/kkj ij fd;k
x;kA vr% iaFk vkSj Hkk"kk ds vk/kkj ij dkSu vYila[;d gSa bldk fu/kkZj.k vyx&vyx jkT;ksa esa
mudh la[;k ds vk/kkj ij fd;k tk,xkA lafo/kku }kjk vYila[;dksa dks vusd vf/kdkj izn ku fd,
x, gSa] ;Fkk& mikluk dh LorU=rk] Hkk"kk;h ,oa lkaLd`frd vf/kdkj] ekr`Hkk"kk esa f'k{kk dh lqfo/kk,a]
Hkk"kk;h vYila[;dksa gsrq fo'ks"k vf/kdkjh dh fu;qfDr] jkT; }kjk iksf"kr 'kSf{kd laLFkkvksa esa izos'k dk
vf/kdkj] vYila[;dksa dks viuh :fp dh f'k{kk laLFkk,a LFkkfir djus dk vf/kdkj vkfnA vuqPNsn 29
,oa 30 nksuksa f'k{kk ,oa laLd`fr laca/kh vf/kdkj iznku djrs gSaA
tc dksbZ f'k{kk&laLFkk lEcU/ku ;k ekU;rk ds fy, vkosnu djrh gS rks ;g foof{kr jgrk gS fd og
f'k{kk laLFkk ,sls fofu;eksa dk ikyu djsxh tks lEcU/ku ;k ekU;rk nsus okys izkf/kdkjh }kjk cuk, tkrs
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gSa] fdUrq ekU;rk ;k lEcU/ku dh ,slh 'krksaZ dks fofgr djuk ftlds ifj.kke Lo:i vYila[;d oxZ
dh viuh :fp dh f'k{kk laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk vkSj iz'kklu dk vf/kdkj U;wu gksrk gSA vuqPNsn 30 dk
mYya?ku gksxkA eSusftax cksMZ vkQ feyh rkyheh fe'ku cuke fcgkj jkT; ds okn esa ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k
x;k fd gkykafd lEcU/ku dk vf/kdkj ,d ewy vf/kdkj ugha gS fdUrq fcuk mfpr vkSj i;kZIr vk/kkj
ds lEcU/ku ;k ekU;rk nsus ls bUdkj djuk vuqPNsn 30 dk vfrØe.k gSA
vuqPNsn 30 ds rgr vYila[;d oxksaZ dks iznku fd;s x;s vf/kdkj cgqla[;d oxZ ls dsoy lekurk
lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, gSaA jk"Vªfgr] jk"Vªh; lqj{kk] lkekftd dY;k.k] yksd O;oLFkk] uSfrdrk]
LokLF;] LoPNrk] djk/kku] vkfn ls lacaf/kr ns'k dh lk/kkj.k fof/k;k¡ vYila[;d laLFkkvksa dks Hkh
leku :i ls ykxw gksx
a hA f'k{kk laLFkkvksa dks LFkkfir djus vkSj iz'kklu djus dk vf/kdkj vkR;kfUrd
ugha gS] u gh blesa dqiz'kklu lfEefyr gksrk gSA 'kSf{kr Lo:i vkSj ekudksa dks lqfuf'pr djus vkSj
'kSf{kd mRd"kZ cuk, j[kus ds fy, fu;U=.k ds mik; fd, tk ldrs gSaA bl dksfV esa lk/kkj.kr;k
fo/kkfFkZ;ksa vkSj v/;kidksa ls lEcfU/kr fofu;e] deZpkfj;ksa ¼v/;kiu ,oa v/;kiusRrj½ dh fu;qfDr ds
fy, ik=rk ds ekunaM vkSj vgrkZ,a rFkk lsok dh 'krsZ vf/kdfFkr djus ds fy, fofu;e vksj
ikB~;fooj.k rFkk v/;;u ikB~;Øe fofgr djus ds fy, fofu;e vkrs gSaA ,sls fofu;e fdlh Hkh izdkj
ls vuqPNsn 30¼1½ ds v/khu vf/kdkj esa gLr{ksi ugha djrsA vuqPNsn 30 ;qfDr;qDr fofu;e cukus ls
jkT; dks ugha jksdrk gS ysfdu fofu;e vYila[;d f'k{kk&laLFkk ds fgr esa cuk;s tkus pkfg,A
fØf'p;u esfMdy dkyst gkfLiVy ,Eiykbt ;wfu;u cuke fØf'p;u esfMdy dkyst] osywj
,lksfl,'ku ds ekeys esa U;k;ky; us ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd vkS|ksfxd fookn vf/kfu;e] 1947 dh
/kkjk,a 9-A, 11-A, 12 vkSj 33 vYila[;d oxksZa dh f'k{kk laLFkkvksa ij Hkh leku :i ls ykxw gksrh gSa
D;ksfa d ;s fofu;kRed izd`fr dh gS vkSj buls vuq0 30¼1½ esa iznRr vf/kdkjksa ij dksbZ vk?kkr ugha
iM+rk gSA Vh0,e0,0 QkmUMs'ku cuke LVsV vkWQ dukZVd ds egRoiw.kZ okn esa U;k;ky; us ljdkjh
lgk;rk izkIr f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa ds ckjs esa Li"V fd;k fd ,sls laLFkku dks lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 30¼1½ ds
vUrxZr vYila[;d oxZ ds Nk=ksa dks izos'k nsus dk vf/kdkj vuqPNsn 29¼2½ dh Hkkoukvksa ds vuqlkj
gksxk vFkkZr mUgsa xSj vYila[;d leqnk; ds dqN Nk=ksa dks Hkh izos'k nsuk gksxk ,oa ,slh O;olkf;d
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,oa mPp f'k{kk laLFkkvksa esa izos'k ds fy;s ;ksX;rk ds ekudksa esa deh ugha dh tk ldsxhA ,sls
O;olfk;d laLFkkuksa esa Nk=ksa dk izos'k jkT; }kjk vk;ksftr izos'k ijh{kk ds vk/kkj ij fd;k tk;sxkA
U;k;ky; us Li"V fd;k fd vYila[;d laLFkk dh viuh izos'k izfØ;k gks ldrh gS fdUrq og izfØ;k
mfpr ,oa ikjn'khZ gksuh pkfg, ,oa O;olkf;d vkSj mPprj f”k{kk ds dkystksa esa Nk=ksa dk izos'k
;ksX;rk ds vk/kkj ij gh gksuk pkfg,A xSj ljdkjh lgk;rk izkIr vYila[;d laLFkkuksa dks Hkh Nk=ksa
dks izos'k nsrs le; ;ksX;rk dh mis{kk ugha djuh pkfg, vU;Fkk laLFkk mPp Lrj izkIr djus esa foQy
gks tk,xhA vuqPNsn 30 ds mica/k /kkfeZd ,oa Hkk"kk;h vYila[;dksa dks vfrfjDr laj{k.k iznku djrs gSa
fdUrq os vkR;kfUrd vf/kdkj ugha gSA dqizcU/k ,oa f'k{kk dk Lrj cuk, j[kus vkfn gsrq os fofu;eu ds
v/khu gSaA Hkkjr ds lafo/kku esa fdlh Hkh er dks jktdh; /keZ ekuus dk mica/k ugha gSA mn~nsf'kdk esa
fo'okl] /keZ vkSj mikluk dh LorU=rk dk opu fn;k x;k gSA vuqPNsn 25 ls 28 /keZ LokrU=; dk
vf/kdkj lqfuf'pr djrs gSaA mn~nfs 'kdk esa lafo/kku ¼42ok¡ la'kks/ku½ vf/kfu;e] 1976 }kjk ^^iaFk fujis{k^^
'kCn vUr%LFkkfir fd;k x;kA cksEebZ cuke Hkkjr la?k ds okn esa U;k;ky; us dgk fd iaFk fujis{krk
lafo/kku ds vk/kkjHkwr y{k.kksa esa ls ,d gSaA U;k;ewfrZ jkekLokeh us dgk fd iaFkfujis{krk bZ'oj fojks/kh
ugha gSA Hkkjrh; ifjiz{;
s esa bldk ldkjkRed :i gSA jkT; u rks fdlh /keZ dk i{k ysrk gS vkSj u
gh fdlh /keZ dk fojks/k djrk gS] og /keZ ds ekeys esa lHkh /keksZ ds lkFk leku O;ogkj dgrk gSA
jkT; /keZ ds ekeys esa fujis{k O;ogkj djrk gSA lafo/kku esa /keZfujis{krk ¼iaFkfujis{krk½ ds Lo:i dks
Li"V fd;k x;k gSA if'peh ns'kksa esa /keZfujis{krk ds y{k.kksa esa vk/kqfudrk] Kku&foKku ,oa lkekftd
ØkfUrdkfjrk vfuok;Z gS] tcfd Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa /keZfujis{krk /kkfeZd HksnHkko o /kkfeZd lkEiznkf;d
Vdjko ds fu"ks/k rd lhfer gSA Hkkjr dk lafo/kku /kkfeZd vkLFkk j[kus dh LorU=rk nsrk gS u fd
ck/;rk dhA vr% lafo/kku Hkkjrh; ukxfjd dks ukfLrd gksus dh LorU=rk dk vf/kdkj nsrk gSA ysfdu
bldk vFkZ ;g ugha gS fd Hkkjrh; lafo/kku /keZ dh fuank dk Hkh vf/kdkj iznku djrk gSA lafo/kku us
/keZfujis{krk ds ldkjkRed :i dks viuk;k gSA udkjkRed :i dks ughaA bl izdkj Hkkjrh;
iaFkfujis{krk vius laoS/kkfud :i esa ldkjkRed :i esa loZ/keZ lEkHkko dk gh nwljk uke gSA og
lfg".kqrk] 'kkafr] vfgalk] lkeatL;] leUo;] fujUrjrk ,oa fodkl dk lfEefyr :i gSA /kkfeZd
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dV~Vjrk ,d xaHkhj leL;k gS ftlls vkt iwjh nqfu;k fpafrr gSA ;gh og leL;k gS ftlus
ikfdLrku dks tUe fn;kA bls /kkfeZd vfrokn Hkh dgk tkrk gSA blls lEcfU/kr yksx vka[k can djds
;g fo'okl djrs gSa fd iwjk lp dsoy muds Lo;a ds /keZ'kkL=ksa eas fn;k x;k gSA os vU; /keZ
erkoyfEc;ksa ,oa /keZ 'kkL=ksa dks uQjr dh utj ls ns[krs gSaA mudk ,d ek= y{; gksrk gS iwjs fo'o
esa vius /keZ dk izlkj djuk ,oa blh va/ks /kkfeZd mRlkg dks /keZ;q) ;k ifo= ;q) ;k ftgkn dk uke
nsdj ekuork ls lkFk Øwjrk ij mrj vkrs gSaA
Hkkjr esa Hkh /keZfujis{krk ij /kkfeZd dV~Vjrk le;≤ ij gkoh gksrh utj vkrh gSA 'kkgckuksa okn
esa Hkkjr tSls /keZfujis{k jk"Vª dh ljdkj ,d fo'ks"k /keZ ds yksxksa ds vkxs >qd x;h ,oa mlus mPpre
U;k;ky; ds fu.kZ; dks cnyus ds fy;s eqfLye L=h ¼fookg foPNsn ij vf/kdkj laj{k.k½ vf/kfu;e]
1986 ikfjr fd;k ,oa eqfLye fL=;ksa dks muds lkekU; vf/kdkj ls oafpr dj fn;kA vk/kqfud lH;
ns'k ds fy, ;g vf/kfu;e yTtktud gSA bl vf/kfu;e ls lafo/kku dh mn~nfs 'kdk esa izdfYir jk"Vª
dh ,drk dks vk?kkr igq¡prk gSA blds ifj.kkeLo:i izxfr'khy eqfLye jk"Vª ksa dh n`f"V esa Hkh Hkkjr
,d fiNM+k vkSj nfj;kduwlh jk"Vª gks x;kA
,d gh ns'k esa /keZ ds uke ij yksxksa ij vyx&vyx fof/k;ksa dks ykxw djuk lH; vkSj izxfr'khy
lekt ds fy;s dyad ds leku gSA dksbZ /keZ tkucw>dj fod`fr dh vuqefr ugha nsrk gSA vusd
bLykfed ns'kksa esa Hkh oS;fDrd fof/k dk lafgrkdj.k fd;k tk pqdk gSA ,d leku flfoy lafgrk
fopkjksa ds vk/kkj ij er fHkUurk ,oa dV~Vjrk dks lekIr dj jk"Vªh; ,drk dks l'kDr djus esa
lgk;d gksxh blls Hkkjr dh iaFkfujis{krk vkSj Hkh lqn`<+ gksxhA
3-10 egRoiw.kZ 'kCnkoyh
vYila[;d%& ,d {ks= esa fuokl djus okys yksxksa dk lewg tks mlh {ks= esa fuokl djus okys
vU; vU; oxZ ds yksxksa ds lewg] ftldh Hkk"kk] /keZ ;k laLd`fr i`Fkd gS] ls la[;k esa de gksA
iksf"kr%&lgk;rk izkIrA
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leku flfoy lafgrk%& fdlh jkT; esa fuokl djus okys lHkh] oxksa]Z /keksZa ds yksxksa ftudh fHkUu
laLd`fr;ka ,oa mnxe gks]a ds fy;s leku ukxfjd fof/k tks mu ij fcuk fdlh foHksn ds ykxw gks]a
3-11vH;kl iz'uksa ds mÙkj
1- ¼x½ 2- ¼?k½ 3- ¼?k½ 4- ¼?k½ 5- vlR; 6- vlR;
7- vlR; 8- lR; 9- vlR; 10 lR;
3-12lanHkZ xzUFk
1.hi.wikipedia.org/wiki//keZfujis{krk
2-ik.Ms] Mk0 t; ujk;.k] Hkkjr dk lafo/kku] 44okW laLdj.k] lsUVªy yk ,tsUlh
3-Hkkjr dk lafo/kku] f}Hkk’kh laLdj.k] dkuwu izdk”ku] laLdj.k 2008
4-olq vkpk;Z Mk- nqxkZ nkl] Hkkjr dk lafo/kku & ,d ifjp;] ukSok laLdj.k iqueqZn.k 2009] yfDll
usfDll cVjoFkZ ok/kok ekxiqjA
3-13lgk;d@mi;ksxh lkexzh
1-Mk0 ts0ts0 vkj mik/;k;] Hkkjr dk lafo/kku
2-nqxkZ nkl olq] “kkVZj dULVh;w”ku vkWQ bafM;kA
3-14fucU/kkRed iz'u
1-Hkkjr ds lafo/kku }kjk vYila[;dksa dks dkSu ls vf/kdkj iznku fd;s x;s gSa\
2-vYila[;d oxksZa }kjk LFkkfir f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa dks jkT; fdl gn rd fofu;fer dj ldrk gS \
3-D;k Hkkjr lgh ek;uksa esa iaFk fujis{k gS\ D;k /kkfeZd dV~Vjrk jk"Vª dh ,drk vkSj v[k.Mrk ds
fy;s [krjk gS\ vius fopkj Li"V dhft,A
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,y,y0,e0 izFke o"kZ
Hkkjr esa fof/k ,oa lkekftd ifjorZu
[k.M&3-efgyk;sa@ckyd ,oa fof/k
bdkbZ&4-cky&nqO;Zogkj vkSj cky&Je
bdkbZ lajpuk
4-0 izLrkouk
4-1 mn~n's ;
4-2 cky nqO;Zogkj dh vo/kkj.kk vkSj izdkj
4-2-1 cky nqO;Zogkj dk izHkko {ks=
4-3 cky nqO;Zogkj dh lS)kfUrd O;[;k;sa
4-3-1 euksfod`fr laca/k O;k[;k
4-3-2 lkekftd lkaLd`frd O;k[;k
4-3-3 lalk/ku O;k[;k
4-3-4 lkekftd ikjEifjd fØ;k O;k[;k
4-4 nqO;Zogkj ds f'kdkj
4-5 cky nqO;Zogkj ds dkj.k
4-6 cky nqO;Zogkj ds dkj.kksa dk lkekdfyr ekWMy
4-7 cky Je dh leL;k
4-7-1 cky dk;Z dh izd`fr
4-7-2 cky Je ds dkj.k
4-7-3 cky Jfedksa dh dke dus dh fLFkfr;k¡
4-7-4 ljdkjh mik;] fof/k rFkk lq/kkj dh jk"Vªh; uhfr
4-8 lkjka'k
4-9 lUnHkZ lwph
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4-9-1lgk;d lUnHkZ lwph
4-10 fucU/kkRed iz”u
4-0 izLrkouk (Introduction)
fiNys N% n'kdksa ds fujUrj ;kstuk] dY;k.kdkjh dk;ZØeks]a fof/k&fuekZ.k vkSj iz'kklfud dk;Z ds
mijkUr Hkh Hkkjr esa vf/kdka'k cPps 'kks"k.k] neu ,oa vR;kpkj ds f'kdkj gks jgs gSaA vf/kdka'k ifjokjksa
esa ekrk&firk mudh mis{kk djrs gSa] ns[kHkky djus okys mUgsa ekjrs ihVrs gSa] vkSj ekfyd muds lkFk
ySafxd nqO;Zogkj djrs gSaA vusd vkS|ksfxd izfr"Bkuksa esa vf/kdka'kr% cky Jfedksa ls dke fy;k tkrk
gSA rfeyukMq esa fn;klykbZ ds dkj[kkuksa esa] tEew d'ehj ,oa mÙkj izn's k esa dkyhu m|ksx esa rFkk
e/; izn's k o NRrhlx<+ esa chM+h fuekZ.k dkj[kkuksa esa cPpksa ls dke fy;k tkrk gSA e/; izns'k esa LysV
iRFkj dh [knkuksa esa] xqtjkr esa ghjs dh lQkbZ rFkk if'pe caxky esa pk; ds ckxkuksa esa vla[; cky
Jfed dk;Z djrs gSaA ckfydkvksa dk ySafxd okluk gsrq nq#i;ksx] cPpksa ls csxkj djokuk ;k Hkh[k
ek¡xus esa mudk mi;ksx] ,sls n`"d`R; gSa tks lH; lekt ij ,d dyad gSaA tsyksa o lq/kkjky;ksa esa Hkh
cky vijkf/k;ksa dh fLFkfr n;uh; gSA mYys[kuh; gS fd cky dY;k.k dh fn'kk esa jkT; ,oa fof/k }kjk
okafNr izxfr ugha gks ldh gSA
4-1 mís';
izLrqr [k.M&III dh bdkbZ&2 dk mn~n's ; vkidks Hkkjr esa O;kIr cky nqO;Zogkj ,oa ckyJe dh
leL;k ls ifjfpr djkuk gSA la{si esa izLrqr bdkbZ dk mn~ns'; gS fd vki fuEufyf[kr fcUnqvksa dks
vkRelkr dj ldsAa
cky nqO;Zogkj dh vo/kkj.kk] izdkj ,oa fl)kUrA
cky nqO;Zogkj ds f'kdkj ,oa dkj.kA
cky Je dh izd`fr ,o afoLrkj
cky Je dh leL;k ,oa dkj.k
cky Jfedksa dh 'kkspuh; n'kk
ljdkjh mik;] fof/k rFkk lq/kkj dh jk"Vªh; uhfr
4-2 cky nqO;Zogkj dh vo/kkj.kk vkSj izdkj (Concept and Types of Child Abuse)
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dqN v/;;uksa us ^cky nqO;Zogkj* dks ;g dg dj fd ^^os cPps ftUgsa xaHkhj 'kkjhfjd pksV nq?kZVuk ds
dkj.k u yxdj tkucw> dj yxkbZ xbZ gS** ¼xkMZu vkSj xsz½ lhfer dj fn;k gSA lkekftd oSKkfudksa
us bl ifjHkk"kk dks Lohdkj ugha fd;k gSA D;ksfa d ^xEHkhj* 'kCn esa vLi"Vrk,a gSa vkSj 'kkjhfjd pksV esa
foof/krk;sa gSaA dSEi vkSj mlds lg;ksfx;ksa us cky nqO;Zogkj dh ifjHkk"kk bl izdkj dh gS% ^;g fLFkfr
muls lacaf/kr gS ftUgsa tkucw>dj 'kkjhfjd vkØe.k ds }kjk t+[eh fd;k x;k gS*A bl ifjHkk"kk dk
{ks= lhfer gS D;ksfa d ;g nqO;Zogkj dks dsoy mu 'kkjhfjd fgalk ds dk;ks± rd lhfer djrh gS ftlls
uSnkfud (diagnostic) pksV yxrh gSA bl izdkj cPpksa dh mis{kk vkSj nqO;Zogkj ds dk;Z tks pksV
ugha igq¡pkrs] ijUrq blds cjkcj gh gkfudj gksrs gSa bl ifjHkk"kk esa lfEefyr ugha fd;s tk ldrsA
cky nqO;Zogkj dh fdlh ifjHkk"kk dks ekU; ugha le>k tk ldrk tc rd fd mlesa cPps dh ekufld
pksV] mis{kk vkSj mlds lkFk fd;k x;k nqO;Zogkj lfEefyr ugha gksA cxZl us cky nqO;Zogkj dh vkSj
vf/kd O;kid ifjHkk"kk nh gSA mlds vuqlkj cky nqO;Zogkj ,sls fdlh Hkh cPps dh vksj ladsr djrk gS
^^ftls ekrk&firk] vfHkHkkodksa vkSj ekfydksa ds dk;ks± vkSj vukpj.k dh =qfV;ksa ds dkj.k cxSj nq?kZVuk
ds 'kkjhfjd vkSj euksoSKkfud pksV yxrh gS**A ekSf[kd nqO;Zogkj] 'kkjhfjd fgalk dh /kfed;k¡ vkSj
vR;f/kd 'kkjhfjd n.M] ftUgsa MkDVjh mipkj dh vko';drk ugha gksrh] dks Hkh cky nqO;Zogkj dh bl
ifjHkk"kk esa lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA
cky nqO;Zogkj dks lkekU;r;k rhu izeq[k Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gS% 'kkjhfjd] ySafxd vkSj
HkkokRedA izR;sd esa vfHkKs; (recognizable) fo'ks"krk,¡ gSaA bjfoax Lyksu }kjk cryk;s x;s Ldwy
tkus okys vk;q ds cPps esa 'kkjhfjd nqO;Zogkj ds lwpd (indicators) gS% pksV]sa tyk;s tkus ds dkj.k
Nkys] gM~Mh dk VwV tkuk] t[e vkSj [kjksp
a ] mnj ¼isV½ dh pksV] vkSj vkneh ds dkVs ds fu'kkuA
'kkjhfjd nqO;Zogkj ds O;ogkjoknh lwpd gSa% nqO;Zogkj ls xzflr cPpk izkS<+ksa ds lEidZ ls pkSdl jgrk
gS] og tc nwljs cPps jksrs gSa vk'kafdr gks tkrk gSA og O;ogkj esa vkØkedrk fn[kkrk gSA og
ekrk&firk@ns[kHkky djus okyksa ls Hk;Hkhr yxrk gS] vkSj og ?kj tkus ls Mjrk gS ;k ?kj tkus ds
le; ij jksrk gSaA
cky ySafxd (sexual) nqO;Zogkj dh ifjHkk"kk bl izdkj dh xbZ gS% ^^;g vkfJr vkSj vifjiDo cPpksa
dk mu ;kSu lEca/kh xfrfof/k;ksa esa fyIr gksuk gS ftUgsa os iwjh rjg ugha le>rs vkSj ftlds fy;s os
tkudkj lgefr ugha ns ldrs** ¼gsujh dsEi½A twfoukby tfLVl ,DV] 1986 cky ySafxd nqO;Zogkj dks
fuEu izdkj ls ifjHkkf"kr djrk gSA ^^;g ,d ckyd ¼yM+fd;ksa ds fy;s 18 o"kZ ls de vkSj yM+dksa ds
fy;s 16 o"kZ ls de½ vkSj ,d izkS<+ ¼tks fd mlds f'kdkj (victim) ls vk;q esa dkQh cM+k gS vkSj
ckyd ij 'kfDr tekus vkSj ml ij dkcw ikus dh fLFkfr esa gS] ;k og ,d tkudkj ;k vutku
O;fDr Hkh gks ldrk gS½ ds chp ikjLifjd fØ;k gS ftlesa ckyd dk bLrseky vijk/kdrkZ ;k vU;
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O;fDr ds ySafxd mÙkstu ds fy;s fd;k tk jgk gS*A ySafxd nqO;Zogkj vDlj 'kkjhfjd lwpdksa ls gh
igpkuk ugha tkrkA izk;% ckyd fdlh fo'oluh; O;fDr ¼ek¡] fe=] iM+kSlh] laca/kh ;k cfgu½ dks
crykrk gS fd og ;kSu&vkØe.k dk f'kdkj gqvk gSA fQj Hkh ySafxd nqO;Zogkj ds dqN 'kkjhfjd fpUg
gSa ¼Lyksu bjfoax½ pyus ;k cSBus esa dfBukbZ] QVs gq,] nkx yxs gq, ;k jDrjaftr vUnj ds diM+]s nnZ
;k [kqtyh dh f'kdk;rsa] pksVsa ;k jDrL=klo] vkSj xHkZ ¼fd'kksjkoLFkk esa½A ySafxd nqO;Zogkj ds dqN
O;ogkfjd lwpd Hkh gksrs gSaA ySafxd nqO;Zogkj ls ihfM+r cPpk xS+j feyulkj ;k eUn cqf) okyk fn[kkbZ
ns ldrk gS] mlds vius led{k cPpksa ds lkFk de laca/k gks ldrs gSa] og xfrfof/k;ksa esa Hkkx ysus ds
fy;s vfuPNqd gks ldrk gS] mldk vijk/kh O;ogkj gks ldrk gS] og ?kj ls Hkkx ldrk gS ;k og
;kSu laca/kh csrqdk ;k vlk/kkj.k Kku iznf'kZr dj ldrk gSA
HkkokRed nqO;Zogkj ls rkRi;Z cPps dh mis{kk vkSj mlds lkFk cqjk lywd gSA ^mis{kk* dh lgh ifjHkk"kk
djuk dfBu gS D;ksfa d mlesa cPpksa dh 'kkjhfjd] HkkokRed] uSfrd vkSj lkekftd vko';drkvksa dh
vogsyuk gks ldrh gSA 'kkjhfjd mis{kk ls rkRi;Z gS] ^^lkekU; thou dh ijeko';d oLrqvks]a tSls]
[kkuk] diM+k] edku] /;ku vkSj ns[kjs[k dks eqgS;k djkus esa vkSj vkØe.k ls cpko djus esa
vlQyrk**A HkkokRed mis{kk esa isze vkSj vuqjkx dh vfHkO;fDr dk vHkko vkSj tkucw> dj lEidZ
vkSj iz'kalk ugha djuk nksuksa vkrs gSaA uSfrd mis{kk esa ,slh fLFkfr;ksa esa tksf[ke esa Mkyuk (exposure)
gS ¼e|O;lu] v'yhyrk] voS/k ;kSu lacU/k½] tks uSfrd vkpj.k dk ,slk la#i izLrqr djrh gSa tks
lekt ds izfrekuksa ls fHkUu gSaA lkekftd mis{kk esa cPps dks izf'kf{kr vkSj vuq'kkflr ugha djuk
lfEefyr gSA blh izdkj HkkokRed mis{kk ;k nqO;Zogkj dk o.kZu ,sls fd;k tk ldrk gS fd ^^;g ,sls
cPps] ftldh vk;q ,d lekt fo'ks"k }kjk cPpksa dh fu/kkZfjr vk;q ls de gS ¼Hkkjr esa yM+fd;ksa ds
fy;s 18 vkSj yM+dksa ds fy;s 16½] ds lkFk ml O;fDr }kjk misf{kr O;ogkj djuk gS tks ,slh
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ml cPps ds ykyu&ikyu] ns[kjs[k vkSj dY;k.k ds fy;s mÙkjnk;h gS ftlesa cPps ds
LokLF; vkSj dY;k.k dks gkfu igq¡p ldrh gS ;k mUgsa [krjk gks ldrk gS**A ;g ifjHkk"kk ^vdkj.k dh
pwd* (omission) dks nqO;Zogkj ekurh gS] u fd ^dk;Z dh pwd* (commission) dksA cPps dh
HkkokRed cnlywdh esa nks"kjksi.k djuk vuknj djuk] vLohdkj djuk] lgksnj HkkbZ;ksa vkSj cguksa ds
lkFk fujUrj vlekurk dk O;ogkj djuk vkSj cPps ds dY;k.k esa ekrk&firk@vfHkHkkod dks
fnypLih dk fujUrj vHkko lfEefyr gSA HkkokRed cnlywdh fcjys gh 'kkjhfjd fpUgksa ls izdV gksrh
gSA HkkokRed cnlywdh ds dqN 'kkjhfjd lwpd gSa% cksyh (speech) esa fod`fr 'kkjhfjd fodkl esa
fiNM+kiu] vkSj mUufr djus esa vlQyrk dk lay{k.k ¼bjfoax Lyksu½ HkkokRed cnlywdh dh O;ogkj
lacU/kh fo'ks"krk;sa ;s gSa ¼eSDlfoYM Msuoj½ vknrksa esa fodkj ¼dkV [kkuk] vaxwBk pwluk½] vkpj.k esa
fodkj ¼/okalkRed izd`fr] funZ;rk] pksjh djuk½] ukM+h lEcU/kh y{k.k (neurotic traits) ¼uhan ds
fodkj] [ksyus ds izfr vUrckZ/kk½] euks&ukM+h lacaf/kr (psycho-neurotic) izfrfØ;k ¼fgLVhfj;k] Hk;]
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euksxzfLr (obsession), O;ogkj esa mxzrk] ¼vR;f/kd f'kdk;r djus okyk] vR;f/kd lgu'khy ;k
vkØked] cgqr vis{kk j[kus okyk] vFkok fcYdqy gh vis{kk ugha j[kusokyk½] HkkokRed vkSj ckSf)d
fodkl esa fiNM+kiu] vkSj vkRenkg dk iz;klA
4-2-1 cky nqO;Zogkj dk izHkko {ks= (Incidence of Child Abuse)
turk vkSj ljdkj dh cky nqO;Zogkj dh leL;k esa fnypLih de gksus ds dkj.k] nqO;Zogkj ds izHkko
dks crykus ds fy;s dksbZ fo'oluh; vk¡dM+s ,df=r ugha fd;s x;s gSaA vejhdk esa fxy us vuqeku
yxk;k gS fd izfro"kZ 25 vkSj 41 yk[k ds chp cky nqO;Zogkj dh ?kVuk,¡ gksrh gSaA LdkV us ;g
izfrosnu izLrqr fd;k fd izfr 1000 cPpsa esa ls ,d vkSj 12 ds chp cPps vius ekrk&firk vFkok
vfHkHkkodksa ds nqO;Zogkj ds f'kdkj gksrs gSaA Hkkjr esa fu/kZjrk] fuj{kjrk vkSj ifjokjksa ds cM+s vkdkj dks
ns[krs gq, ;g dgk tk ldrk gS izfr 1000 cPpksa esa ls 5 vkSj 15 ds chp cPpksa ds lkFk gekjs ns'k esa
ekrk&firk vkSj efydksa (employers) ds }kjk nqO;Zogkj fd;k tkrk gSA
4-3 cky&nqO;Zogkj dh lS)kfUrd O;k[;k,¡ (Theoretical Explanations of Child Abuse)
fo}kuksa us cky&nqO;Zogkj ds mRizsjd dkjdksa dks le>kus ds fy;s dbZ O;k[;k,¡ izLrqr dh gSaA
buesa ls egRoiw.kZ gSa% (i) euksfod`fr&lEcU/kh O;k[;k( (ii) lkekftd&lkaLd`frd O;k[;k ftlesa
lfEefyr gS( (a) lkekftd&ifjfLFkfr O;k[;k] (b) lkekftd fuoklLFkkfud O;k[;k vkSj (c)
lkekftd fu;U=.k O;k[;k( (iii) lalk/ku O;k[;k( (iv) lkekftd&ikjLifjd izHkko O;k[;k( vkSj (v)
lkekftd Kku O;k[;kA
4-3-1 euksfod`fr&laca/kh (Psychiatric) O;k[;k
dsEi ¼1972½ LVhy vkSj iksyks ¼1968½] xsYl ¼1973½ vkSj ikdZ vkSj dksYej ¼1975½ tSls fo}kuksa us izLrqr
dh gSA ;g cky&nqO;Zogkj dks ekufld jksx vkSj O;fDrRo ds nks"kksa ;k vUr% O;fDr vlekU;rkvksa
(intra-individual abnormalities) ls tksM+rh gSA ;g xkyh&xykSt djus okys firkvksa ds lkFk
vius cpiu esa gq, vuqHkoksa dks O;fDr;ksa ds det+ksj O;fDrRo fodkl vkSj de vkRela;e ls Hkh tksM+rh
gS ¼oqYQ½A bl /kkj.kk dks fd O;fDrRo ds fodkj (personality disorder) cky nqO;Zogkj ds fy;s
mÙkjnk;h gSa] ,sls fooj.kksa ls vkSj leFkZu feyk gS fd nqO;Zogkj djus okyksa esa vDlj vkosxh ,oa@;k
vlkekftd dk;ks± ds djus dh izo`fÙk gksrh gS tks fd jksdFkke dh Hkwfedk ls Hkh vkxs c<+ tkrs gSaA bl
O;k[;k ds vuqlkj ,d firk ;k ekrk vius cPps ds lkFk nqO;Zogkj djrk gS D;ksfa d mldh HkkokRed
vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ ugha gqbZ gS ¼tks fd vlarks"k] jks"k ;k >qa>ykgV ls iznf'kZr gksrh gS½A os cPps dh
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vko';drkvksa vkSj {kerkvksa dks Lo;a ¼ekrk@firk dh½ dh vkdka{kkvksa ls larqfyr djus esa vleFkZ gksrs
gSa ;k muds xkyh&xykSt (abusive) dh ;k oafpr ikfjokfjd i`"BHkwfe dk mudh vius cPpksa dh
ns[k&js[k djus dh {kerk ij nq"izHkko iM+rk gSA ¼cqYd] 1987½A
izkjEHk esa bl O;k[;k dks dbZ {ks=ksa esa leFkZu izkIr gqvk ftuesa fo/kk;d vkSj tufgr lewg lfEefyr
Fks] D;ksfa d blesa nqO;Zogkj dk iwjk nkf;Ro lEc) O;fDr ds lj e<+ fn;k Fkk vkSj lekt dks f'k{kk]
i;kZIr vkokl] ifjokj lgk;rk dk;ZØeks]a jkst+xkj ds voljksa vkfn ds vHkko ¼tks cky nqO;Zogkj ds
[krjs esa ;ksxnku nsrs gSa½] ds fy;s lekt dks viuh ftEesnkjh ls nks"keqDr dj fn;k FkkA rFkkfi gky esa
gq, vuqlU/kkuksa us cky nqO;Zogkj esa euksjksx foKku dh Hkwfedk ds gksus dk [k.Mu fd;k gSA
4-3-2 lkekftd&lkaLd`frd O;k[;k
;g lÙkj ds n'kd esa nh xbZ Fkh ftlus n`<+rkiwoZd dgk gS fd cky nqO;Zogkj ckgjh 'kfDr;ksa ;k
lkekftd&tulkaf[;dh; pjksa (variables) ds dkj.k gksrk gSA bl O;k[;k esa rhu mi&O;k[;k,¡
lfEefyr gSa% lkekftd&ifjfLFkfrd] lkekftd fuoklLFkkfud (habitability) vkSj lkekftd
fu;U=.kA
¼v½lkekftd&ifjfLFkfrd O;k[;k (Social Situational Explanation):
ds vuqlkj nqO;ZogkjvkSj fgalk nks dkj.kksa ls tUe ysrh gS% lajpukRed ruko vkSj lkaLd`frd izfrekuA
tSls&tSls lkekftd ljapuk ftlesa ekrk&firk jgrs gSa vf/kd rukoiw.kZ gksrh tkrh gS ¼;k vf/kd
rukoiw.kZ izrhr gksrh gS½ mruh gh bldh laHkkouk vf/kd gksrh tkrh gS fd mÙksftr djus okyh vkSj
rukoiw.kZ ?kVukvksa ij fu;U=.k ikus ds fy;s ikfjokfjd fgalk mHkjsxhA ;fn >xM+s dks fucVkus ds fy;s
fgalk dks mi;qDr rduhd ekuus dks lkaLd`frd leFkZu izkIr gks tkrk gS rks cPps ds ikyus esa
'kkjhfjd naM ds mi;ksx dks vk/kkj fey tkrk gSA ;fn firk@ekrk dks cpiu esa dBksj 'kkjhfjd naM
fn;k tkrk jgk gS rks mlesa ,sls O;ogkj dks lkekU; ekuus dh vf/kd izo`fÙk gksxh vkSj 'kkjhfjd cy ds
fo#) fujks/k esa deh vk tk;sxh ¼ckanqjk] 1973½A LVhu esV~t vkSj LVªk sl ¼1974½ us dgk gS fd de
vk;] csjkst+xkjh] ,dkdhiu] vupkgk xHkZ vkSj ifr@iRuh@lkl] llqj ls >xM+s ,sls lajpukRed ruko
mRiUu djrs gSa] tks >xM+s ds fucVkus ds fy;s fgalk dks lakLd`frd leFkZu feyus ds lkFk tqM+dj] ?kj
ij cPpksa dk iz;ksx vkSj fgalk djus dk dkj.k curs gSaA ,sls lkekftd dkjd tks lkekftd ruko
mRiUu djrs gSa fd ckr djrs gq;s fxy us lkekftd oxZ vkSj ifjokj ds vkdkj dk mYys[k fd;k gSA
ykbV us csjkst+xkjh vkSj xsjcsfjuks us lkekftd vyxko dk mYys[k fd;k gSA
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QhYMesu ¼1982½ ds vuqlkj bl O;k[;k esa izeq[k leL;k ;g gS fd ;g bl tkap&ifj.kke
dk Li"Vhdj.k ugha nsrh fd ,d ls gh oapu vkSj izfrdwy ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa dbZ ekrk&firk
vius cPpksa ds lkFk nqO;Zogkj djrs gSa vkSj vU; ugha djrsA
¼c½lkekftd fuokl LFkkfud O;oLFkk (Social habitability explanation):
tsEl xsjfouks us ;g O;k[;k 1977 esa izLrqr dhA buds vuqlkj cPps ds lkFk nqO;Zogkj dk Lo:i ml
i;kZoj.k] ftlesa O;fDr vkSj ifjokj jgrk gS] dh fo'ks"krk ij fuHkZj gksrk gS ;k i;kZoj.k esa ifjokj dh
lgk;rk ds Lrj ij gksrk gSA ikfjokfjd lgk;rk ftruh de gksxh] mruk gh cPpksa ds nqO;Zogkj dk
[krjk vf/kd gksxkA
¼l½ lkekftd fu;U=.k O;k[;k (Social control explanation):
xsYl }kjk 1973 esa izLrqr dh xbZA blds vuqlkj ekrk&firk vius cPpksa ij fgalk dk iz;ksx blfy;s
djrs gSa D;ksfa d mUgsa vius Åij izgkj dk dksbZ Mj ugha gksrk] u gh fxj¶rkj gksus dk ¼tc rd fd
dksbZ iM+kSlh bldh iqfyl esa f'kdk;r u dj ns½A bl izdkj fgalk dk iz;ksx ml le; fd;k tkrk gS
tc (i) fgalkRed gksus dh dher izfrQy (reward) ls de gksrh gS] (ii) ikfjokfjd laca/kksa ij
izHkkoh lkekftd fu;U=.k ds vHkko esa dher de gks tkrh gS ¼,d lnL; ds nwljs ds izfr fgald gksus
dh½] vkSj (iii) ifjokj ds <kaps ikfjokfjd laca/kksa ij lkekftd fu;U=.k dks de dj nsrs gSa vkSj
blfy;s fgald gksus dh dher de gks tkrh gS vkSj izfrQy c<+ tkrs gSa ¼xsYl vkSj dksjusy½A yslysV
us Hkh dgk gS fd ¼v½ ?kj esa vlekurk lkekftd fu;a=.k vkSj fgald gksus dh dherksa dks de dj
nsrh gSa] vkSj ¼c½ ifjokj esa xksiuh;rk ikfjokfjd laca/kksa ij fu"ikfnr fd;k tkus okys lkekftd
fu;U=.k dh ek=k dks de dj nsrh gSA
xsYl us dgk fd dqN izdkj ds cPpks&tSls viax] cnlwjr] vf/kd vis{kk j[kus okys] vlkef;d O;Ld
dks vius ekrk&firk }kjk cnlywdh dk vf/kd [krjk gksrk gSA ;g blfy;s gksrk gS fd ;g rks os
vius ekrk&firk ls vf/kd vis{kk,a ¼vkfFkZd] lkekftd ;k euksoSKkfud :i ls½ j[krs gSa ;k ekrk&firk
dks ,slk eglwl gksrk gS fd muds le; vkSj 'kfDr dh ykxr ds cnys os i;kZIr rqf"V (sufficient
gratification) iznku ugha dj jgs gSaA bl izdkj tc firk dks ;g yxrk gS fd fir`Ro dh dher
izfrQy ls vf/kd gS] rks og vius cPpksa ds izfr fgalk dk iz;ksx djrk gSA bou ukbZ us Hkh blds
igys xsYl dh Hkkafr ihVj CykÅ ds fl)kUr dks cky nqO;Zogkj dks le>kus ds fy;s eku fy;k FkkA
mlus dgk gS fd cPpksa dks ihVuk ,sls ifjokjksa esa de lkekU; gS ftuds laca/kh vkSj@;k fe= ikl esa
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jgrs gSaA ukbZ ds izLrko dks u;k :i nsrs gq;s xsYl vkSj dkusZy us ;g dgk gS fd cPpksa dks ihVuk
ml fLFkfr esa vf/kd lkekU; gS] tgka laca/kh] fe= vkSj iM+kSlh ¼;kfu fd tks ifjokj ds lnL; ugha gS½
izfrfnu dh ikfjokfjd vkilh ckrphr dh izFkk ds vax cuus ds fy;s ;k rks miyC/k ugha gSa ;k
vleFkZ gSa ;k vfuPNqd gSa vkSj bl izdkj os lkekftd fu;U=.k ds vkSipkfjd vFkok vukSipkfjd
vfHkdrkZ ds :i esa dk;Z dj ugha dj ikrsA xsYl dh ;g Hkh ekU;rk gS fd ikfjokfjd laca/kksa esa ¼;kfu
fd ekrk&firk ds :i esa dk;Z djrs gq,½ ftruh ykxr muds vuqlkj yxrh gS vkSj ml ykxr ij
muds vuqlkj ftruk ykHk feyrk gS] bu nksuksa esa ftruk vUrj gksxk] mruh gh ;g laHkkouk vf/kd
gksxh fd ogka fgalk gksxhA ;g bl ckr dks Hkh Li"V djrk gS fd ikap ls lkr o"kZ dh vk;q ds cPps]
14 ls 16 o"kZ dh vk;q ds cPpksa dh rqyuk esa D;ksa vf/kd f'kdkj gks ldrs gSaA NksVs cPpksa ds
ekrk&firk dks cM+s cPpksa ds ekrk&firk dh vis{kk ;g vf/kd eglwl gksrk gS fd os vius cPpksa ij
vf/kd O;; dj jgs gSa vkSj mlds vuqikr esa mUgsa lgh vFkZ esa de ¼izfrQy½ izkIr gks jgk gSA
bl O;k[;k dh fuEu dkj.kksa ls vkykspuk dh xbZ fd% ¼1½ ;g ekuuk vlaxr gS fd ekrk&firk ds
cPpksa ls laca/k ysunsu ij vk/kkfjr gS vkSj cPpksa ls ekrk&firk dk O;ogkj ykHk vkSj ykxr ds
vkadyu ls fu/kkZfjr gksrk gSA ¼2½ ;fn ,slk eku Hkh fy;k tk;s rks ;g D;ksa gksrk gS fd lHkh
ekrk&firk rks ,slk vkadyu ugha djrs] dsoy dqN gh djrs gks vkSj lHkh ekrk&firk rks vius cPpksa
dks ugha ihVrs] dqN gh ,slk djrs gSaA D;k ;g O;k[;k fgalk ds iz;ksx esa O;fDrRo ds dkjd dks
vuns[kk ugha dj nsrh\ tks cPps dke djrs gSa mUgsa ¼dke ugha djus okys cPpksa dh rjg½ muds
ekrk&firk }kjk D;ksa ihVk tkrk gS] tcfd ogka ij rks ekrk&firk ds :i esa dk;Z djus dh ,ot esa
mUgsa dqN izfrQy dh izkfIr gksrh gS\
4-3-3 lalk/ku O;k[;k (Resource explanation):
fofy;e xqMs (William Goode) us 1971 esa nhA blds vuqlkj ,d O;fDr dk cy&iz;ksx bl ij
vk/kkfjr gS fd og lalk/kuks&
a lkekftd] O;fDrxr vkSj vkfFkZd&ij fdruk fu;U=.k ;k vf/kdkj j[krk
gSA ftrus vf/kd lalk/ku ,d O;fDr ds ikl gksx
a s] mruk gh de cy iz;ksx dks og [kqys :i ls
djsxkA bl izdkj ;fn ,d firk vius ifjokj esa izHkqRo'kkyh O;fDr cuuk pkgrk gS ijUrq og vf/kd
f'kf{kr ugha gS] NksVh ukSdjh djrk gS] mldh vk; de gS vkSj mlesa oS;fDrd fuiq.krkvksa dk vHkko gS]
rks og viuh izHkqRo'kkyh fLFkfr dks cuk;s j[kus ds fy;s vius cPpksa ds lkFk fgalk dk iz;ksx dj
ldrk gSA
4-3-4 lkekftd ikjLifjd fØ;k O;k[;k (Social interactional explanation)
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cxZl (Burgess) us 1979 esa izfrikfnr dhA ;g cky&nqO;Zogkj ds dkj.kksa dk v/;;u HkwriwoZ
?kVukvksa ¼mnkgj.kr;k] cpiu esa nqO;Zgkj dh vofLFkfr½ vkSj orZeku dh ?kVukvksa ¼mnkgj.kr;k cgqr
vis{kk j[kus okyk cPpk½ nksuksa esa O;fDr ds ifjokj vkSj lkekftd dkjdksa ds ikjLifjd izHkko dh
Hkwfedk ls djrh gSA ekrk&firk dh f'k{kk izkfIr dk bfrgkl] vyxⓈfDrd vuqHko vkSj vUrHkwZr
{kerkvksa dks igys ls gh izo`Ùk (pre-disposing) fo'ks"krk,a ekuk tkrk gS tks fd viekutud la:i
esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku nsrs gSaA bl O;k[;k esa nqO;Zogkj ds gksus esa cPps dh vUrfuZfgr Hkwfedk dks Hkh
Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gSA ftu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa cPps dk ikyu iks"k.k gksrk gS vkSj ftu rjhdksa dk
ekrk&firk }kjk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] fo'ks"kdj muds naM nsus ds rjhdksa dk] ;g crykus esa lgk;d
gks ldrs gSa fd dqN fo'ks"k fu/kkZfjr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa dqN izkS<+ O;fDr viekutud O;ogkj djus ds
fy;s igys ls gh D;ksa izo`Ùk gksrs gSaA
;|fi ;g O;k[;k ifjokj ;k lekt ds lanHkZ esa nqO;Zogkj djus okys firk ds orZeku ds O;ogkj ls
fo'ks"kdj ls lacaf/kr gS] fQj Hkh euksoSKkfud izfØ;k,a (mechanisms) tSls ?kVukvksa dk cks/k vkSj
O;k[;k;sa (perceptions and interpretations of events) Hkh firk&cPps dh ikjLifjd fØ;kvksa
dks izHkkfor djus esa egRoiw.kZ dkjd ekus tkrs gSa ¼oqYQ½A ikjLifjd fØ;kvksa okyh O;k[;k bl izdkj
vko';drk:i ls dsoy n`f"Vxkspj O;ogkj (observalbe behaviour) rd gh lhfer ugha gS ¼tSls
ekrk&firk dh vkykspuk,a ;k xqLls ds izn'kZu½ ijUrq blesa laKkukRed (cognitive) ,oa izHkko'kkyh
izfØ;k,a ¼tSls cqf)] eukso`fÙk;ka½ Hkh lfEefyr gSa] tks fd O;ogkj esa ifjorZuksa ds fy;s ek/;e ds :i esa
dk;Z (mediate) dj ldrh gSaA
4-3-5 lkekftd Kku O;k[;k (Social learning explanation)
;g fl)kUr ekrk&firk ds :i esa dk;Z djus ds ikf.MR; Lo:i (learned nature of parenting)
ij vkSj bl rF; ij fd dbZ firkvksa esa cPps ds ikyu ds vR;f/kd tfVy dk;Z dks djus ds fy;s
leqfpr Kku vkSj izoh.krk dk vHkko gksrk gS] cy nsrk gSA muesa ¼cPpksa ds ikyu ds fy;s½ ewyHkwr
izoh.krkvksa dk gh dsoy vHkko ugha gksrk vfirq ruko ls fuiVus ds fy;s vko';d j.kuhfr;ksa dk Hkh
vHkko gks ldrk gS ftlds dkj.k ruko mÙkjksÙkj c<+rk pyk tkrk gS vkSj mldk lkeuk djus dh
{kerk ugha gksrh gSA
4-4 nqO;Zogkj ds f'kdkj (The Victims of Abuse)
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jktLFkku esa 1990 esa th-,l- dsoyjekuh }kjk cky nqO;Zogkj ij nqO;Zogkj ds Lo:i] foLrkj] la:iksa
vkSj dkj.kksa dk fu/kkZj.k djus] nqO;Zogkj djus okyksa vkSj muds f'kdkjksa dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk fp=.k djus
vkSj cPps dh Hkwfedk ikyu vkSj fodkl ij nqO;Zogkj ds izHkko dk fo'ys"k.k djus ds fy;s ,d
vkuqHkkfod v/;;u fd;k x;kA v/;;u 10&16 vk;q lewg ds 167 cPpksa ij dsfUnzr FkkA 167 ekeyksa
ls ls ftudk v/;;u fd;k x;k 125 'kkjhfjd nqO;Zogkj ds ekeys Fks] 23 ySafxd nqO;Zogkj ds] vkSj
103 HkkokRed nqO;Zogkj ds FksA blds vfrfjDr dqy ekeys ftudk v/;;u fd;k x;k] muesa 61.7%
yM+ds vkSj 38.3% yM+fd;ka FkhaA yM+dksa esa ls 42.7% dk;Zjr Fks vkSj 57.3% dk;Zjr ugha Fks(
yM+fd;ksa esa 46.9% dk;Zjr Fkha vkSj 53.1% dk;Zjr ugha FkhaA lk{kkRdkj fd;s x;s cPpksa ds vk;q
lewg Fks% 10&11 o"kks± okys 20.4%, 12-13 o"kks± okys 25.7%, 14-15 o"kks± okys 24.6%, vkSj 16
o"kZ okys 29.3%A
rhu izdkj ds cky&nqO;Zogkj ¼vFkkZr~ 'kkjhfjd] ySafxd vkSj HkkokRed½ ij fd;s x;s mijksDr ,oa vU;
v/;;uksa ds vk/kkj ij fuEufyf[kr fu"d"kZ fudyrs gSaA
¼v½ 'kkjhfjd nqO;Zogkj (Physical Abuse): yM+fd;ksa dh vis{kk yM+dksa dh vf/kd fiVkbZ gksrh gSA
Ldwy tkus okys cPpksa dks Ldwy ugha tkus okyksa dh vis{kk 'kkjhfjd nqO;Zogkj dk vf/kd [krjk gksrk
gSA vf/kd vk;q ¼14&16 o"kZ½ ds cPpksa ds lkFk de vk;q ds cPpksa dh vis{kkd`r vf/kd 'kkjhfjd
nqO;Zogkj gksrk gSA cPps tks dk;Zjr ugha gSa mUgsa dk;Zjr cPpksa dh rqyuk esa vf/kd ihVk tkrk gSA
vf/kdka'k nqO;Zogkj ds f'kdkj cPps fu/kZu ifjokjksa ds gksrs gSaA dsoy NksVh lh la[;k ¼yxHkx 2.0%½
laiUu ifjokjksa dh gksrh gSA ;g bl ckr dks n'kkZrh gS fd fu/kZurk vkSj 'kkjhfjd nqO;Zogkj dk
egRoiw.kZ laca/k gSA cM+h la[;k esa bu ekeyksa esa 'kkjhfjd nqO;Zogkj djus okys ifjokj ds lnL; ¼firk]
ekrk] lgksnj HkkbZ vkSj cgu½ gksrs gSaA ySafxd nqO;Zogkj djus okys nwljs fyax ds cPpksa dh vis{kk vius
gh fyax ds cPpksa ds lkFk vf/kd la[;k esa nqO;Zogkj djrs gSaA firkvksa dh vis{kk ekrk,a cPpksa ls vf/kd
nqO;Zogkj djrh gSaA fQj Hkh iq#"kksa dk cPpksa ds lkFk nqO;Zogkj efgykvksa dh rqyuk esa vf/kd dBksj
gksrk gSA cPpksa ds ihVus ds izeq[k rjhds gksrs gSa] FkIiM+ vkSj ?kwl
a s ekjuk, fHkUu&fHkUu phtksa ls ekjuk,
ykr ekjuk, xyk nckuk vkSj@;k ?kkSaVuk, jLlh ls cka/kuk, vkSj cky ukspukA vf/kdka'k ekeyksa esa ihVus
ls cPps ds pksV ugha yxrhA cPps ds lkFk 'kkjhfjd fgalk fofHkUu fdLeksa dh gksrh gSA jkst+kuk
(routine) ihVuk vkSj xSj&jkst+kuk (non-routine) ihVus ls fHkUu gksrk gSA igys esa rks ekrk&firk
;g lksprs gSa fd cPpk blh ds ^yk;d* (deserve) gS vkSj cPps Hkh lksprs gSa fd mUgksua s gh ^^fueU=.k
fn;k Fkk**A xSj jkst+kuk ihVuk og gksrk gS tks cPps ds }kjk HkM+dk;k tkrk gSA }Srh;d (secondary)
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fgalk og gS ftls ekrk vkSj firk esa ls ,d U;k;iw.kZ vkSj oS/k le>krk gS ijUrq nwl jk vU;k;iw.kZ
ekurk gS ¼dsoyjekuh] 1992½A
xSj&jkst+kuk fgalk dk bl izdkj mioxhZdj.k fd;k x;k gS% Tokykeq[kh (volcanic) fgalk] efnjk ls
lacaf/kr fgalk] fyax ls lacaf/kr ;k bZ";kZ&vfHkeq[k (jealousy oriented) fgalk] vfHkO;atd
(expressive) fgalk] lÙkk&vfHkeq[k ;k lk/kd (instrumenta) fgalk] vkSj ihfM+r O;fä }kjk
HkM+dkbZ (victim oriented) fgalkA Tokykeq[kh&fgalk og gS ftldk iz;ksx u rks okafNr mís'; dh
izkfIr ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gS vkSj u dk;Z dks oS/k djus ds fy;sA ;g ml le; gksrh gS tc nf.Mr
djus okyk ¼firk] ekfyd½ ckgjh dkj.ko'k mRiUu ruko] tSls ukSdjh NwVuk] ;k fdlh ds }kjk
viekfur gksuk ;k uqdlku gks tkuk] ds dkj.k /kS;Z [kks cSBrk gSA efnjk ls lacaf/kr fgalk og gS tgk¡
fgalk efnjkiku ds dkj.k gksrh gSA efnjk vkØkedrk (aggression) dks HkM+dkrh gS] O;fDr dks
foosdghu (irrational) cukrh gS vkSj varckZ/kk dks lkekIr djus dh vfHkdÙkkZ (disinhibitory
agent) cu tkrh gS tks fd fgalk ds euksosxksa dks mHkkjrh gSA bl izdkj dh fgalk dsoy iq#"k&fgalk
gksrh gSA bZ";kZ&vfHkeq[k ;k fyax laca/kh fgalk og gS tgk¡ ,d fyax dk@dh firk@ekrk nwljs fyax ds
cPps dks bZ";kZ ls izfs jr gksdj ekjrk@ekjrh gSA lkSrsys cki dk viuh yM+dh dks ekjuk] ;k lkSry
s h ek¡
dk vius yM+ds dks ekjuk bl izdkj dh fgalk ds mnkgj.k gSaA
vfHkO;atd (expressive) fgalk og gS ftlesa 'kkjhfjd cy dk iz;ksx gh vius vki esa mís'; gSA
lk/kd (instrumental) ;k lÙkk&vfHkeq[k (power-oriented) fgalk og gS ftldk mís'; cPps dks
vius O;ogkj esa ifjorZu ykus ds fy;s gh izsfjr djuk rFkk mu ij lÙkk tekuk Hkh gSA ihfM+r ckyd
}kjk HkM+dkbZ fgalk og gS ftlesa fgalk dk f'kdkj vius mRihM+u ds fy;s Lo;a ;ksxnku nsrk gS ;k rks
vius dk;ks± ls tks fd vkØked firk }kjk fopfyr (deviant) le>s tkrs gSa ;k mudk ¼ekrk&firk½
fojks/k HkM+dk djA
¼c½ ySafxd nqO;Zogkj (Sexual Abuse): yM+fd;k¡ yM+dksa dh vis{kk ySafxd nqO;Zogkj dh vf/kd
f'kdkj gksrh gSaA cM+s vuqikr esa ySafxd nqO;Zogkj ds f'kdkj ml le; gksrs gSa tc os 14 ;k 14 o"kZ ls
vf/kd vk;q ds gksrs gSaA pkSng o"kZ ls de vk;q ds f'kdkj vkSj 14 o"kZ ls vf/kd vk;q ds f'kdkj dk
vuqikr yxHkx 1%5 gSA fyax vkSj nqO;Zogkj djus okyksa (abusers) dh la[;k dk ?kfu"V laca/k gSA
yM+dksa ds lkFk ySafxd nqO;Zogkj izk;% ,d O;fDr }kjk fd;k tkrk gS] tc fd lk/kkj.kr; yM+fd;ksa ds
lkFk nqO;Zogkj ,d O;fDr ls vf/kd }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA cy iz;ksx vFkok 'kkjhfjd {kfr fcjys gh
gksrh gSA ihfM+rksa (victims) dks nqO;Zogkj djus okys euksoSKkfud <ax ls vius izfr oQknkjh ;k izse
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mRiUu djds ;k vius Åij fuHkZjrk trk dj Qqlyk ysrs gSaA ySafxd nqO;Zogkj ds ihfM+r (sexually
abused) lk/kkj.kr;k fuEu lkekftd&vkfFkZd ifjokjksa ds gksrs gSaA cPpksa ds lkFk ySafxd nqO;Zogkj dk
/keZ ;k tkfr dh lnL;rk ls dksbZ laca/k ugha gksrk gSA blds dqN izek.k gSa fd fuEu tkfr dh fL=;k¡
mPp tkfr dh fL=;ksa dh vis{kk ySafxd vkØe.k dh vf/kd f'kdkj gksrh gSa] ijUrq ;g cpiu ds
ySafxd nqO;Zogkj dh vis{kk cykRdkj ls vf/kd lacaf/kr gSaA tgk¡ ihfM+rksa ds vk;q forj.k esa vf/kd
,d#irk (homogeneity) gS] vkØe.kdkfj;ksa ds vk;q forj.k esa vf/kd fo"kerk (heterogeneity)
gS] tSls] cgqr de vk;q dk] ;qok] izkjfEHkd e/;o; nh?kZ e/;o;A yxHkx nks&frgkbZ ekeyksa esa
nqO;Zogkj djus okyksa ds ihfM+rksa ls }Soh;d laca/k gksrs gSa ¼ekfyd] lkFk dke djus okys] v/;kid]
fdjk;snkj vkSj ifjfpr O;fDr½A jDr&laca/kh nqO;Zogkj djus okyksa dh ,d NksVh Js.kh gksrh gSA nwljs
'kCnksa esa vf/kdrj cPps ds lkFk ySafxd nqO;Zogkj ifjokj ds ckgj gksrk gSA yM+ds lk/kkj.kr;k ^jkst+xkj
lacaf/kr nqO;Zogkj* ds ihfM+r gksrs gSa tcfd yM+fd;k¡ lk/kkj.kr;k ^ifjp; lacaf/kr nqO;Zogkj* dh ihfM+r
gksrh gSA
¼l½ HkkokRed nqO;Zogkj (Emotional Abuse): yM+fd;ksa dh vis{kk yM+dksa ds lkFk vf/kd
HkkokRed nqO;Zogkj gksrk gSA dk;Zjr cPpksa dks mruh gh mis{kk gksrh gS ftruh fd tks dk;Zjr ugha gSA
Ldwy tkus okys cPpksa ds lkFk Ldwy ugha tkus okys cPpksa dh rqyuk esa vf/kd nqO;Zogkj gksrk gSA
HkkokRed nqO;Zogkj ds fofHkUu <axksa esa ls ns[k&js[k dk fujUrj vHkko] vuknj fd;k tkuk] >aBw k
nks"kkjksi.k] v/;;u vkSj dY;k.k dh fpUrk dk vHkko] cfg"dj.k] vkSj lgksnj HkkbZ&cfguksa esa vleku
O;ogkj ik;k tkrk gSA bu ekeyksa esa cM+h la[;k esa tks ekrk&firk cPps dh mis{kk djrs gSa] os yksx
gksrs gSa ftudh vk; de gksrh gS vkSj nkf;Ro dbZ gksrs gS( tks v/ksM+ voLFkk ds] fuj{kj ;k de f'kf{kr
gksrs gSa( vkSj tks de izfr"Bk ds jkstxkj djrs gSaA ekrk&firk dh cM+h la[;k tks vius cPpksa ls
nqO;Zogkj djrs gSa( mu yksxksa dh gksrh gS ftuds O;ogkj dh fo'ks"krk,¡ vkØked] fpM+fpM+s vkSj
rkuk'kkgh gksus dh gksrh gS( vkSj ftuesa fuEu&lEeku vkSj fojlrk (alienation) dh Hkkouk,¡ gksrh gSa
vkSj lkekftd fo'ks"krkvksa ls lekuqHkwfr (empathy) djus dh {kerk dk vHkko gksrk gSA
4-5 cky nqO;Zogkj ds dkj.k (Causes of Child Abuse)
cky nqO;Zogkj dk izeq[k dkj.k vf/kdka'kr;k izkS<+ nqO;Zogkj djus okyksa ¼ekrk&firk] ekfyd½ dh vius
okrkoj.k ¼nksuksa ifjokj o dk;Z LFky½ esa vuqdwyu esa vlQyrk ;k vlek;kstu gS] ijUrq dqN lhek
rd blds fy;s os izkS<+ Hkh gksrs gSa tks ikfjokfjd lkekthdj.k ds fy;s mÙkjnk;h gSa ¼dsoyjekuh]
1992½A bl fo"k; ij ppkZ ls igys cky&nqO;Zogkj dh rhu fofHkUu Jsf.k;ksa ds dkj.kksa fo'ys"k.k
fuEufyf[kr gS%&
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v½ 'kkjhfjd nqO;Zogkj ds dkj.k (Causes of physical Abuse): fHkUu fHkUu fo}kuksa us 'kkjhfjd
nqO;Zogkj ds fHkUu fHkUu dkj.k cryk;s gSaA dqN fo}ku O;fäxr vijk/kdrkZvksa ds euksjksx&foKku
(psycho-pathology) dks eq[; dkjd ekurs gSa] nwljs ifjokfjd vUrfØ;k ds euks&lkekftd
jksx&foKku dks izeq[k dkj.k le>rs gSa vkSj dqN vkSj nwljs ?kksj ruko dh fLFkfr;ksa ij fo'ks"k cy nsrs
gSaA rFkkfi] dsoyjekuh }kjk jktLFkku esa fd;k x;k vkuqHkkfod v/;;u ;g Li"V djrk gS fd
^ifjokfjd ruko lEcU/kh dkjd* cky&nqO;Zogkj dh ;Fks"V dkj.k&O;k[;k (causal explanation)
djrs gSaA ifjfLFkfr ds rukoksa us cPps ds 'kkjhfjd nqO;Zogkj ds izeq[k dkj.kksa ds pkj #i bafxr fd;s
gSa% ¼v½ ifr iRuh dh chp laca/k] ¼c½ ekrk&firk vkSj cPpksa ds chp laca/k] ¼l½ lajpukRed ruko] vkSj
¼n½ cPps }kjk mRiUu fd;k x;k rukoA
cPpksa dks ihVus ds tks dkj.k ik;s x;s os gSa% cPpksa dk fujUrj ekrk&firk dh vkKk ugha ekuuk,
ekrk&firk ds chp >xM+s vkSj cPps dks cfy dk cdjk cuk dj ihVuk, cPps dk v/;;u esa #fp ugha
ysuk, cPps dk vf/kd le; ?kj ls ckgj fcrkuk, cPps dks jksth&jksVh dekus ls euk djuk, cPps dk
izk;% vius HkkbZZ cguksa ls yM+uk, cPps dk izk;% Ldwy ls vuqifLFkr jguk, cPps dk vius ekrk&firk@
vfHkHkkodksa dks viuh laiw.kZ dekbZ dks nsus ls badkj djuk, ckgj ds O;fDr;ksa ls nqO;Zogkj dh f'kdk;rsa
lquuk, vkSj cPps dk fopfyr (deviant) O;ogkj viukuk tSls pksjh djuk] flxjsV vkfn ihukA ;s
lc dkjd ¼ekrk&firk dh voKk djuk] ekrk&firk ds chp >xM+s] ?kj ls ckgj vf/kdka'k le;
fcrkuk] cPps dk v/;;u dk dk;Z esa #fp ugha ysuk½ vijk/kdrkZvksa (perpetrators) ds O;fDrxr
O;fDrRo ds nks"kksa dks bruk ugha crykrs ftruk fd mu izeq[k dkjdksa dks crykrs gSa ftuds
ifj.kkeLo#i cky nqO;Zogkj gksrk gSA blfy;s ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd vijk/kdrkZvksa ds O;fDrRo
dh fo'ks"krkvksa dks ;|fi udkjk ugha tk ldrk gS] fQj Hkh ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k vkSj rukoxzLr ifjokj
dh fLFkfr;k¡ cPps dks ihVus esa vf/kd fu.kkZ;d dkjd gksrs gSaA
¼c½ ySafxd nqO;Zogkj ds dkj.k (Causes of Sexual Abuse): ySafxd nqO;Zogkj ds dkj.k tks
vf/kdka'kr;k fn;s tkrs gSa os gSa% vijk/kdrkZvksa dh lek;kstu (adjustment) dh leL;k] ifjokj dk
fo?kVu] ihfM+r ds fo'ks"k xq.k] vkSj nqO;Zogkj djus okyksa dh euksoSKkfud fod`fr;k¡A rFkkfi] cky
nqO;Zogkj ij dsoyjekuh }kjk fd;k x;k v/;;u ySafxd nqO;Zogkj dh leL;k dks ,d ^iz.kkyh ekWMy*
(System Model) ds }kjk le>kuk pkgrk gS vkSj bldks ,slk O;ogkj ekurk gS tks fofHkUu Lrjksa
ij dbZ dkjdksa ls izHkkfor gksrk gS] ;kuh ;g ,slk O;ogkj gS tks fd dkjdksa ds ,d iaqt ds lafpr
(cumulative) izHkko dk ifj.kke gSA okLro esa bl v/;;u us iz.kkyh mikxe dk mi;ksx u dsoy
ySafxd nqO;Zogkj ds vfirq 'kkjhfjd vkSj HkkokRed nqO;Zogkj ds v/;;u ds fy;s Hkh fd;kA ySafxd
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nqO;Zogkj ls lacaf/kr pkj pj (variables) Fks% ikfjokfjd i;kZoj.k] ikfjokfjd lajpuk] O;fDrxr
izo`fÙk;k¡] vkSj fLFkfr;ksa ls lacaf/kr dkjdA
ikfjokfjd i;kZoj.k ds fo'ys"k.k us n'kkZ;k fd ifjokj esa HkhM+&HkkM+ ySafxd nqO;Zogkj ls lacaf/kr ugha gS]
ijUrq ekrk&firk ds >xM+s vkSj vUrckZ/kkvksa (inhibitions) dh detksjh ftlls cPpksa dh mis{kk gksrh
gS] ifjokj esa ekrk&firk vkSj cPps esa Lusgiw.kZ laca/kksa dk vHkko ftlls cPps dks cy vkSj laaj{k.k izkIr
ugha gksrk] thfodk mikftZr djus okys iq#"k lnL; dk e|iku] mlesa mÙkjnkf;Rork dk vHkko] cPpksa
ij i;kZIr fu;U=.k dk vHkko] ek¡ ds fdlh vkneh ds lkFk voS/k laca/k] lkSrsys firk dk vkf/kiR;] vkSj
ifjokj dk lkekftd vyxko ¼;kuh ifjokj dk lkekftd rU=ksa ;k lekt dh xfrfof/k;ksa esa Hkkx ugha
ysuk½ os dkjd Fks] tks ySafxd nqO;Zogkj esa vf/kd egRoiw.kZ FksA
dk;Z&LFky dk okrkoj.k Hkh ySafxd mRihM+u esa ;ksx nsrk gSA dsoyjekuh ds v/;;u esa ,sls dbZ ekeys
lkeus vk;s tc NksVh vk;q ds ihfM+rksa ij ekfydksa us vkØe.k fd;k vkSj lkFk dke djus okyksa us
mudksa mRihfM+r fd;k tc os ?kj@dk;Z&LFky@Ldwy esa fcYdqy vdsys FksA de vk;q okyh yM+fd;ksa
dk vdsyk gksuk vijk/kdrkZvksa dks vijk/k djus ds fy;s mdlkrk gSA
¼l½ HkkokRed nqO;Zogkj ds dkj.k (Causes of Emotional Abuse): HkkokRed nqO;Zogkj ds pkj
egRoiw.kZ dkj.kksa dh igpku dh tk ldrh gS% fu/kZurk] ekrk&firk dk viw.kZ fu;U=.k] vkSj ifjokj esa
Lusgiw.kZ laca/kksa dk vHkko] ekrk&firk }kjk vius cpiu esa nqO;Zogkj dk lkeuk djuk ;k
cky&nqO;Zogkj dk vUrj&ih<+h gLrkUrj.k vkSj ekrk&firk dk e|ikuA dsoyjekuh us Hkh HkkokRed
nqO;Zogkj esa bu dkjdksa dks egRoiw.kZ ik;kA nqO;Zogkj djus okys ekrk&firk esa vk/ks ls vf/kd dh vk;
de Fkh ¼1000 #i;s izfr ekg ls de½ vkSj mUgsa 5&12 ifjokj ds lnL;ksa dk Hkj.k&iks"k.k djuk iM+ rk
FkkA LVªkSl ¼1979½ vkSj fM'uj ¼1984½ us Hkh cky&nqO;Zogkj esa fu/kZurk dks egRoiw.kZ cryk;k gSA fQj
Hkh vc yksx ;g fo'okl djus yxs gSa fd cky&nqO;Zogkj dsoy ,d fuEu ,l0bZ0,l0
¼lkekftd&vkfFkZd fLFkfr½ ifjfLFkfr ugha gS ;|fi og lokZf/kd fuEu ,l0bZ0,l0 leL;k gSA
4-6 cky nqO;Zogkj ds dkj.kksa dk lekdfyr ekWMy (Integrated Model of Causes of Child
Abuse)
bl ekWMy dk izeq[k vk/kkj okD; (premise) firk] cPps vkSj fLFkfr esa ikjLifjd fuHkZjrk gSA ;g
ekWMy cky nqO;Zogkj esa pkj dkj.kksa ij vf/kd cy nsrk gS% (i) ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k] (ii) lajpukRed
ruko] (iii) ekrk&firk ds O;fDrxr fo'ks"k xq.k] vkSj (iv) mi&lkaLd`frd lh[kA ekWMy esa ik¡p
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fofHkUu {ks=ksa dh tkudkjh gksuh pkfg;s% (i) cky fodkl] (ii) lkekthdj.k dh izfØ;k,¡] (iii) ifjokj
esa vUrfØZ;k] (iv) lh[kus ds fl)kUr] vkSj (v) jks"k] vkØe.k] ?k`.kk vkfn ds L=ksrA
;s {ks= crykrs gSa fd%
¼v½cky nqO;Zogkj dks blls le>k tk ldrk gS fd ekrk&firk fdl lhek rd vius cPpksa ds lkFk
udkjkRed vFkok vuqi;qDr fu;U=.k dh j.kuhfr;k¡ viukrs gSaA lkekU; rjhdksa dk mi;ks x ¼cPps dh
lc vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ½ i;kZIr fu;U=.k] fuf'pr #i ls vuq'kkflr djuk] vkSj lqLi"V laokn
(communication) cPps ds ¼lkekftd] HkkokRed vkSj ckSf)d½ fodkl esa lgk;d gksrs gSa tcfd
^vlkekU;* rjhdksa ¼cPps dh vko'drkvksa dh mis{kk djuk] vi;kZIr fu;a=.k] udkjkRed #i ls
vuq'kkflr djuk] vLi"V laokn vkSj cy iz;ksx ij vR;f/kd fo'okl½ ls cPps dk ykyu&ikyu djus
ls cPps ds fodkl esa vUrckZ/kk (inhibition) mRiUu gksrh gS vkSj ;g cky nqO;Zogkj dk dkj.k curk
gSA vkf/kdkfjd fir`Ro (authoritative parenting) ¼vkns'k nsus okys ekrk&firk½] lÙkkoknh fir`Ro
¼tks fd viuh lÙkk dk iw.kZ vkKkikyu pkgrs gSa½] d`ikyq fir`Ro ¼lHkh bPNkvks@
a #fp;ksa dks rq"Vhdj.k½
vkSj ykijokgh dh fir`Ro ¼mnklhu vkSj vuqÙkjnk;h gksuk vkSj mfpr /;ku ugha nsuk½ cPps ds y{k.kksa
vkSj O;ogkj dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA lÙkkoknh fir`Ro dk #i vR;f/kd gkfudkjd gksrk gS vkSj cky
nqO;Zogkj ds fy;s iszjd gksrk gSA
¼c½ruko vlek;kstuiw.kZ izfrfØ;kvksa dks Hkh tUe nsrs gSa D;ksfa d nqO;Zogkj djus okys ekrk&firk Li"V
#i ls lHkh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa fgalkRed ugha gksrsA csjkst+xkjh vkSj ukSdjh ls vlUrks"k tSls dkjd Hkh ,d
O;fDr ds O;ogkj dks izHkkfor djrs gSa vkSj ;g cky nqO;Zogkj dk dkj.k curk gSA
¼l½ekrk&firk ds oS;fDrd y{k.k tSls vUrfuZ"B fo'ks"krk,¡ ¼fpM+fpM+k LoHkko] vkRedsfUnzr gksuk]
dBksjrk½] cPps dks ikyus dh izoh.krk dk vHkko] vkSj lalk/kuksa dk vHkko ¼de izfr"Bk] de f'k{kk vkSj
de vk;½ Hkh cky nqO;Zogkj ds dkj.k gksrs gSaA
¼n½mi&lkaLd`frd lh[k] ;kuh fgald ?kj esa lkekthdj.k] ;k cpiu esa fgalk dks >syuk Hkh cky
nqO;Zogkj dk ,d vkSj dkj.k gSA;s lc dkj.k vkil esa feydj bldh O;k[;k djrs gSa fd fdl izdkj
os vijk/kdÙkkZvksa ds O;ogkj dks izHkkfor djrs gSa tks fd vUrr% cky&nqO;Zogkj dk dkj.k curk gSA
4-7 cky&Je dh leL;k (The Problem of Child Labour)
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cky Jfedksa dk 'kks"k.k gksrk gS] os jkst+xkj dh [krjukd ifjfLFkfr;ks a ds tksf[ke mBkrs gSa] vkSj dbZ
?kaVs dke djus ds cnys mUgsa vYi osru fn;k tkrk gSA f'k{kk dks NksM+us ds fy;s ck/; gksdj] viuh
vk;q ls dgha vf/kd nkf;Roksa dk fuokZg djrs gSa] ml vk;q esa nqfu;knkj cudj tc fd mudh vk;q ds
vU; ckydksa dks vHkh vius ekrk&firk dh lqj{kk ds dop dks NksM+uk ckdh gSA ;s cPps dHkh ugha
tku ikrs fd cpiu D;k gksrk gSA Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa ;g izfr"Bkfir gS fd%
pkSng o"kZ ds de vk;q ds fdlh ckyd dks fdlh QSDVªh esa dke djus ds fy;s ;k fdlh
tksf[ke okys jkst+xkj esa fu;qDr ugha fd;k tk;sxk ¼vuq0 24½A
ckY;koLFkk vkSj fd'kksjkoLFkk dk 'kks"k.k vkSj uSfrd ,oa HkkSfrd ifjR;Drk ls cpk;k
tk;sxk ¼vuq0 39 ¼,d½½A
4-7-1 cky&dk;Z dh izd`fr (Nature of Child Work)
vf/kdka'k dk;Zjr cPps xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa dsfUnzr gSaA muesa ls yxHkx 60.0% nl o"kZ dh vk;q ls de
gSaA O;kikj ,oa O;olk; esa 23% lek tkrs gSa] tcfd 30% ?kjsyw dk;ks± esaA 'kgjh {ks=ksa esa mu cPpksa
dh la[;k tks dSUVhu vkSj jsLrjka esa dke djrs gSa ;k tks fpFkM+s mBkus vkSj eky dh Qsjh yxkus esa
yxs gq, gSa fo'kky gS] ijUrq vufHkfyf[kr (unrecorded) gSaA vf/kd cnfdLerksa esa os gSa tks fd
tksf[ke okys m|eksa esa dk;Zjr gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy;s] rfeyukMq esa jkeukFkiqje ftys ds f'kodk'kh esa
iVk[kksa vkSj ekfpl dh bdkbZ;ksa esa 45]000 cPps dk;Zjr gSaA mÙkj izns'k esa fQ+jkst+kckn ds fxykl ds
dkj[kkuksa esa 56]000 cPps vkSj x+yhps ds dkj[kkuksa esa ,d yk[k cPps dke djrs gSaA cPpksa dh ,d cM+h
la[;k t;iqj esa cgqewY; iRFkjksa dh f?klkbZ dh bdkbZ;ksa esa] eqjknkckn ds ihry ds cjruksa ds m|e esa]
vyhx<+ esa rkys cukus dh bdkbZ;ksa esa] edkZiqjk ¼vkU/kzizns'k½ vkSj eanlksj ¼e/;izn's k½ esa LysV ds m|e
esa] vkSj tEew vkSj d'ehj] jktLFkku vkSj dbZ vU; izkUrksa esa xyhps cukus ds dkj[kkuksa esa dk;Zjr gSaA
¼Hkkjr esa gj o"kZ yxHkx ,d gt+kj djksM+ #i;ksa ds x+yhps fu;kZr gksrs gSa½A mÙkj izn's k esa fet+kZiq j
ftys esa xyhps ds m|ksx esa dke djus okys ,d yk[k cPpksa ds ;wuhlsQ (UNICEF) }kjk fd;s x;s
,d v/;;u esa ik;k x;k fd 71% cPps Hkkxus dh dksf'k'k esa ihVs tkrs gSa ;k muds lkFk nqO;Zogkj
fd;k tkrk gSA buesa ls vf/kdka'k 5&12 vk;q&lewg ds cPps gSaA v/;;u esa gt+kjksa cPps ,sls ik;s x;s
ftUgsa rhu&rhu o"kks± rd osru ugha fn;k x;k FkkA ftUgsa osru fn;k Hkh tkrk gS mUgsa 15 ?kaVksa ds dke
ds fy, ¼vFkok 3000 ls 6000 xkaBsa cka/kus ds fy;s½ rhu #i;s ls ikap #i;s rd fn;s tkrs gSaA dkQh
cPps Vh0ch0] [kwu dh deh vkSj vka[kksa dh chekjh ls ihfM+r Hkh ik;s x;sA
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fet+ksje esa iRFkj dh [kkuksa esa dke djus okys 7]000 cPps ik;s tkrs gSaA 1991 ds vkadM+ksa ds vuqlkj
budh la[;k dsoy 3]000 Fkh tks 2001 esa 7]000 gks x;hA iRFkjksa dh /kwy ls buesa ?kkrd chekfj;ka
iSnk gksrh gSaA if'peh mÙkj izns'k esa xzkeh.k efgykvksa ij fodkl ds izHkko ds v/;;u esa ik;k fd 245
yM+fd;ksa esa ls 83 yM+fd;ka 6&11 vk;q&lewg dh ¼yxHkx 33.5%½ fdlh vkfFkZd xfrfof/k esa yxh
gqbZ FkhaA 11&18 vk;q&lewg dh 52-0 izfr'kr ls vf/kd yM+fd;ka blh izdkj dke dj jgha FkhaA ;g
vuqeku yxk;k x;k fd mÙkj izn's k esa HknksbZ ds vklikl njh cquus okys 50]000 Jfedksa esa ls 25%
cPps Fks] tcfd fetkZiqj esa 20]000 Jfedksa esa 8]000 cPps FksA d'ehj esa xyhps cquus okyk m|e dej
rksM+us okys dke esa NksVh yM+fd;ksa dks fu;qfDr nsrk gSA bl {ks= dh mUufr djrh gqbZ dkjhxjh
¼mRd`"V gkFk dh d'khnkdkjh½ esa cPpksa dks dbZ ?kaVksa rd ,d gh eqnzk esa jguk iM+rk gS vkSj isphns
uewuksa ij vka[k xM+k;s j[kuk iM+rk gSA blds ifj.kkeLo:i izk;% 'kkjhfjd fod`fr;ka ,oa vka[ksa {kfrxzLr
gks tkrh gSaA lwjr ¼xqtjkr½ esa vkSj vklikl dbZ cPps tks fd'kksj&voLFkk esa gSa] cM+h la[;k esa ghjs
dkVus ds dke esa yxs gq, gSaA ftudk vka[kksa ij cgqr gkfudkj.k izHkko iM+ ldrk gSA
egkuxjksa ds losZ{k.k lnek igq¡pkus okys jgL;ksn?kkVu djrs gSaA eqEcbZ esa lokZf/kd cky Jfed gSaA
lgkjuiqj esa gtkjksa cky Jfed ydM+h dh uDdk'kh ds m|e esa yxsa gq, gSa vkSj mUgsa 14 ?k.Vs izfr
fnu dke djus ds mijkUr dsoy ,d #i;k izfrfnu feyrk gSA okjk.klh esa gtkjks]a cPps js'ke cquus
ds m|e esa dk;Zjr gSaA nsgyh esa Hkh gtkjksa cPps nks ;k rhu #i;s dh izfrfnu dh etnwjh ij <kcks]a
pk; ds LVkyksa vkSj jsLVsjk¡ esa dke djrs gSaA [kkuksa ds {ks= esa Jfedksa esa 56% 15 o"kZ ls de vk;q ds
cPps gSaA vf/kdka'kr;k cPpksa dks vf/kd ilUn fd;k tkrk gS D;ksfa d os vkKkijk;.k gksrs gSa vkSj
blfy;s mudk 'kks"k.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA
cky&Je fodV #i ls ca/kqvk Je ls tqM+k gqvk gSA vkU/kz izn's k esa 21% ca/kqvk etnwjksa esa 16 o"kZ ls
de vk;q ds cPps gSaA dukZVd esa 10.3% vkSj rfeyukMq esa 8.7% bl vk;q lewg ds gSaA ,d
v/;;u us fn[kyk;k gS fd ca/kqvk curs le; dbZ etnwj dsoy ik¡p o"kZ ds gksrs gSaA mM+h lk esa _.k
pqdkus dk ,d vke rjhdk vkB ls nl o"kZ dh iqf=;ksa dks _.knkrkvksa dks ukSdjkuh ds #i esa cspuk
gSA ns'k ds dbZ Hkkxksa esa ca/kqvk firk tks 40 o"kZ ls vf/kd vk;q ds gSa] vius iq=ksa dks ca/kqvk cuk dj
Lo;a dks eqDr djrs gSaA
vle ds pk; ds ckxkuksa esa tgk¡ 12 o"kZ ls de cPpksa dh fu;qfDr ij izfrcU/k gSa] yM+fd;ksa dks tks
viuh dk;Zjr ek¡ ds fy;s [kkuk ykrha gSa izksRlkfgr fd;k tkrk gS fd os #d tk;sa vkSj dke esa
lgk;rk djsAa [kkuksa ds dk;ks± esa cPps] vf/kdka'kr;k yM+ds] egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA vkneh [kkuksa esa
[kqnkbZ djrs gSa vkSj cPps dks;ys dks tehu dh Åijh lrg rd igq¡pkrs gSaA ckjg o"kZ ls de dh vk;q
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ds cPps T;knk ilUn fd;s tkrs gSa D;ksfa d muds dn ds dkj.k os lqjx
a ksa esa fcuk >qds py ldrs gSaA
vlaxfBr {ks=ksa esa cky Jfedksa dks vf/kd ilUn fd;k tkuk T;knk vke gS D;ksfa d budks ukSdj j[kus
ls rqyukRed #i ls dkuwuksa ds diV ls cpuk vf/kd ljy gksrk gSA dkj[kkuksa ds fujh{kdksa }kjk
fujh{k.k fd;s tkus ds nkSjku cPpksa dks Nqik fn;k tkrk gS] mudh vk;q mUgsa ukSdjh ds ik= djus ds
fy;s euekus <ax ls c<+k nh tkrh gS] ;k mu O;fDr;ksa dh] tks ckfyx O;fDr dh etnwjh ds ik= gSa]
ekfyd dk;ks± esa pkykdh ls de mez fn[kyk nsrs gSa vkSj bl izdkj mUgsa vius oS/k fgLls ¼et+njw h½ ls
oafpr dj nsrs gSaA
4-7-2 cky Je ds dkj.k (Causes of Child Labour):
Hkkjr tSls ns'k esa tgk¡ tula[;k ds 40% ls vf/kd O;fDr ?kksj nfjnzrk dh fLFkfr;ksa esa jg jgs gSa]
ogk¡ cky Je ,d cgqr gh isphnk fo"k; gSA cPps nfjnzrk ds dkj.k ukSdjh djrs gSa vkSj mudh dekbZ
ds fcuk ¼pkgs og fdruh gh de gks½ muds ifjokjksa dk thou&Lrj vkSj Hkh fxj ldrk gSA muesa ls
dbZ;ksa ds rks ifjokj gh ugha gksrs ;k lgkjs ds fy;s muls vk'kk ugha dj ldrsA ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa
dke dk fodYi csjkst+xkjh] xjhch ;k blls Hkh vf/kd [kjkc fodYi vijk/k gSA
ekfyd vius nks"k dh Hkkoukvksa dks nckus ds fy;s cPpksa dks ukSdj j[kus dks cM+h fnypLi lQkbZ;k¡
is'k djrs gSaA os dgrs gSa fd ukSdjh mUgsa Hkw[kk ejus ls jksdrh gsA ;g mUgsa vijk/k djus ls jksdrh gS
tks fd ukSdjh ugha gksus dh n'kk esa os djrsA vf/kdkjhx.kksa dk ;g dguk gS fd cky Je dk laiw.kZ
mUewyu nq"dj gS D;ksa fd ljdkj mUgsa i;kZIr oSdfYid ukSdfj;k¡ miyC/k ugha djk ldrhA lkekftd
oSKkfud ;g dgrs gSa fd cky cky Je dk izeq[k dkj.k fu/kZurk gSA cPps ;k rks vius ekrk&firk dh
vk; dks c<+krs gSa ;k ifjokj esa os vdsys gh osruHkksxh gksrs gSaA nwljk dkj.k ;g gS fd cky Je lLrs
et+njw ikus ds fy;s fufgr LokFkks± }kjk tkucw> dj mRiUu fd;k tkrk gSA cky Je ds gksus ds fy;s
rhljk dkj.k ;g fn;k tkrk gS fd blls m|eksa dks ykHk gksrk gSA
4-7-3 cky Jfedksa dh dke djus dh fLFkfr;k¡ (Working Conditions of Child
Labourers)
cPps gkfudj iznfw "kr dkj[kkuksa esa dke djrs gSa ftudh bZV dh nhokjksa ij dkfy[k teh jgrh gS vkSj
ftudh gok esa fo"kkntud cw gksrh gSA os ,slh Hkfê;ksa ds ikl dke djrs gSa tks 1400 0 lsfYl;l ds
rkieku ij tyrh gSaA os vklZfud vkSj iksVkf'k;e tSls [krjukd jlk;uksa dks dke esa ysrs gSaA os
dk¡p&/keu (glass blowing) dh bdkbZ;ksa esa dk;Z djrs gSa tgk¡ bl dke ls muds QsQ
a M+ksa ij tksj
iM+rk gS ftlls risfnd tSlh chekfj;k¡ gksrh gSaA
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dk;Zjr cPpksa esa dbZ vius ifjokj esa izeq[k vFkok iz/kku osruHkksxh gksrs gSa tks vius vkfJrksa ds Hkj.k
iks"k.k ds fy;s lnSo fpfUrr jgrs gSaA izoklh cky Jfed ftuds ekrk&firk nwj fdlh 'kgj vFkok xk¡o
esa jgrs gSa] lk/kkj.kr;k fujk'k jgrs gSaA tc dkj[kkus iwjh rjg pkyw jgrs gSa rks mUgsa 500 #i;s
izfrekg rd fey tkrs gSa vkSj dekbZ gqbZ lEiw.kZ jkf'k os vius vfHkHkkodksa dks ns nsrs gSa vkSj os
vfHkHkkod mUgsa jkr dh ikjh ds fy;s ,d #i;k Hkh pk; ds fy;s ugha nsrAs ,slk Hkh dbZ ckj gksrk gS
fd tc muds cnu esa nnZ gksrk gS] fnekx ijs'kku gksrk gS] muds fny jksrs gSa vkSj vkRek nq[kh gksrh
gS] ml le; Hkh ekfydksa ds vkns'kksa ij mUgsa 15 ?k.Vs yxkrkj dke djuk iM+rk gSaA
nsgyh] rfeyukMw] vkU/kizns'k vkSj egkj"Vª ds dkj[kkuksa esa tkus ls ;g irk yxrk gS fd cM+h la[;k esa
cky Jfedksa dh Nkfr;k¡ cSBh gqbZ gSa vkSj gfM~M;ksa ds tky irys gSa ftl dkj.k os nqcZy fn[kkbZ iM+rs
gSaA os fpFkM+ksa dh xqfM+;k dh Hkk¡fr yxrs gSa tks fcuk ugk;s vkSj nqcZy gSaA os eksVs vkSj [kjkc flys gq,
diM+s igurs gSaA muesa ls dbZ ds gkFkks]a ckgksa vkSj Vk¡xksa ij [kkt gksrh gSA dqN ds flj eqM+s gksrs gSa
D;ksfa d dnkfpr mudh flj dh Ropk ij dksbZ cM+h Nwr dh chekjh gks xbZ gSA
cky Jfedksa dh ,d cM+h la[;k NksVs dejksa esa vekuqf"kr fLFkfr;ksa vkSj vLokLF;dj okrkoj.k esa jgrh
gSaA buesa ls vf/kdka'k cPps cgqr gh fu/kZu ifjokjksa ds gksrs gSaA ;k rks os Ldwy NksM+s gq, gksrs gSa ;k dHkh
Hkh Ldwy x;s gq, ugha gksrsA mUgsa cgqr de etnwjh feyrh gS vkSj os vR;Ur [krjukd fLFkfr;ksa esa
dke djrs gSaA tksf[ke Hkjh fLFkfr;k¡ mUgsa uqdlku igq¡pkrh gSaA cPpksa dks QsQ
a Mksa dh chekfj;k¡] risfnd]
vk¡[k dh chekfj;k¡] vLFkek] czkSUdkbfVl] vkSj dej ds nnZ gksrs gSaA dqN vkx dh nq?kZVukvksa esa t[eh
gks tkrs gSaA dbZ chl o"kZ dh vk;q esa gh ukSdjh djus ;ksX; ugha jgrsA ;fn os m[eh vFkok viax gks
tkrs gSa rks mUgsa ekfydksa }kjk funZ;rkiwoZd fudky fn;k tkrk gSA
1-7-4ljdkjh mik;] fof/k rFkk lq/kkj dh jk"Vªh; uhfr (Government
Measures, National Policy of Law and Amelioration)
Hkkjr esa cky et+njw h rFkk cPpksa ds 'kks"k.k ij vusd dkuwuh izfrca/k yxs gq, gSaA lafo/kku ds vuqlkj
14 o"kZ ls dke vk;q okys cPps dks fdlh Hkh dkj[kkus esa ugha j[kk tk ldrkA dkj[kkuk vf/kfu;e
1948] cky vf/kfu;e 1960 ¼la'kksf/kr 1978½] cky Jfed vf/kfu;e 1986 rFkk vU; vusd dkuwuksa esa
Hkh cPpksa dks vLokLF;dj ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Je ij yxkus ij izfrca/k gSA ijUrq O;ogkj esa bu dkuwuksa ls
cpus ds fy, vusd lk/ku <w<+ fy, tkrs gSaA
ljdkj dk ekuuk gS fd cky Je dks fcYdqy lekIr djuk ljy ugha gSA blfy;s mlus mudh dke
djus dh fLFkfr;ksa dks lq/kkjus dk iz;kl fd;k gS vFkkZr~ dke ds ?k.Vksa dks de djuk] U;wure etnwjh
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vkSj LokLF; ,oa f'k{kk dks lqfuf'pr djukA ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd jk"Vªh; uhfr ds rhu izeq[k
miknku gSa] ;Fkk dkuwuh dk;Zokgh tks lkoZtfud dY;k.k ij dsfUnzr gS] cky Jfedksa vkSj muds
ifjokjksa ds fy;s fodkl dk;ZØe] vkSj ifj;kstuk ij vk/kkfjr ,d dk;Z ;kstukA izkjEHk esa nl
ifj;kstuk,¡ izLrkfor Fkha tks fd mu {ks=ksa esa ykxw gksuh Fkha tgk¡ cky Je O;kid gSA muesa lwjr]
t;iqj] fQjkst+kckn ds dkj[kkus vkSj eqjknkckn dk ihry ds cjru cukus dk m|e lfEefyr FksA bl
uhfr esa ;g Hkh lkspk x;k Fkk fd cky Jfedksa vkSj muds ifjokjksa ds fy;s tkjh ;kstukvksa esa mudh
f'k{kk] LokLF;] ukSdjh dh laHkkoukvksa dk irk yxkus dk Hkh izko/kku gS vkSj lkekftd&vkfFkZd
fLFkfr;ksa dk tks bu cPpksa dks bruh de vk;q esa dke djus ds fy;s ck/; djrha gSa dk v/;;u Hkh
fd;k tk;sA vlaxfBr {ks=ksa esa cPpksa ds laj{k.k dk vHkko gS vkSj vlaxfBr {ks= esa gh ¼tSls ?kjsyw
ukSdj] Qsjh yxkus okys] fpFkM+s mBkus okys] dkxt cspus okys] d`f"k Jfed vkSj rkys cukus okys m|ksx
tSls vkS|ksfxd dkjksckj Hkh½ cPpksa dk vf/kd 'kks"k.k gksrk gSA
cky Je ¼fu"ks?k vkSj fu;eu½ dkuwu] ds cuus ls ;g vk'kk tkxzr gqbZ Fkh fd cky Jfedksa ds HkkX;
lq/kjsaxs ijUrq blus jkT; ljdkjksa ;k dsUnz dks lhfer #i ls Hkh fdlh izdkj dk mís';ksUeq[kh dk;Z
djus ds fy;s iszfjr ugha fd;kA bl mnklhurk dks Je ea=ky; }kjk vxLr] 1987 esa ?kksf"kr dk;Z
;kstuk dk nqHkkZX;iw.kZ ifj.kke fl) djrk gSA tcfd bl dk;Z ;kstuk dks Je ea=ky; us cky Je dh
jk"Vªh; uhfr dk ,d vR;ko'd vax ekuk FkkA bl dkuwu dks ykxw djus ds fy;s cukbZ xbZ ;kstuk ds
vUrxZr nl ifj;kstuk,¡ cukbZ xbZ Fkh ftuesa fQjkst+kckn dk dk¡p m|e] fet+kZiqj esa xyhps cquus dk
m|e] lwjr esa ghjksa dh ikWfy'k djus dk m|e vkSj f'kokdk'kh esa ekfpl cukus dk m|e tSls
vfrlaosnu'khy {ks=ksa esa dY;k.k ds fuos'kksa dks miyC/k djkuk FkkA muesa ls dssoy ,d dk izk;ksfxd
vk/kkj ij vkjEHk fd;k x;k gSA ;g ekurs gq, fd ekfpl m|ksx esa gh ;g vdsyh ifj;kstuk tkjh gS
ftls dk;Z ;kstuk ls tksM+ fn;k x;k gS] ;g dguk mi;qDr gksxk fd bl uhfr dh ?kks"k.kk us jkT;ksa
vkSj dsUnz ds mÙkjnkf;Ro dks izLrqr djus ls vf/kd dksbZ miyfC/k izkIr ugha dh gSA ;fn bl ik;yV
ifj;kstuk] tks yxHkx ikSus nks djksM+ ds cky Je ds dsoy 30]000 dks ykHkkfUor djus ds fy;s cukbZ
xbZ Fkh] dk ;g HkkX; gS rks bl dkuwu ds vUrxZr 'ks"k vkus okyksa dk HkkX; vlaxfBr {ks= esa vYiosru
ij ifjJe dj jgs la[;k esa buls dgha vf/kd Jfedksa ds HkkX; ls dksbZ vf/kd vPNk ugha gksxkA
Åijh rkSj ls dk;Z ;kstuk ds cukus ds ihNs ;g fopkj Fkk fd ,sls {ks=ksa esa tgk¡ cky Je izpkfyr gS]
u;s dkuwu vkSj nwljs dkuwuksa ds lEcaf/kr izko/kkuksa dks tks cPpksa dks izHkkfor djrs gSa dk;kZfUor djds
,d 'kq#vkr dh tk;sA vc bu ifj;kstukvksa dh vlQyrk ls ,slk yxrk gS fd fu/kZurk&fojks/kh
dk;ZØeksa dks lekt ds mu [k.Mksa rd ys tkuk tgk¡ ls vf/kdka'k cky Jfed vkrs gSa dh ;kstuk Hkh
lQy ugha gks ik;sxhA
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bl lhek rd dkuwu dk cuuk vizHkkoh fl) gks ldrk gS fd og mu cPpksa dks lqj{kk iznku ugha dj
ik;k tks c<+rh gqbZ xzkeh.k nfjnzrk vkSj 'kgjh {ks=ksa esa thou la?k"kZ ds dkj.k dekbZ djus ds fy;s ck/;
gksrs gSaA dkuwu dks bl ;qfDr;qDr vk/kkj okD; ij cuk;k x;k Fkk fd D;ksfa d fu/kZurk ds ewy dkj.k
dks jkrksja kr feVk;k ugha tk ldrk rks mldk O;kogkfjd mikxe ;g gS fd cky Je ds O;olk; dks
fu;af=r dj fn;k tk;sA blds vuqlkj 12 o"kZ ls de vk;q ds cPpksa dks laxfBr [k.M ds pqfuUnk
{ks=
s ksa esa ukSdj j[kus dh vuqefr iznku dj nh xbZ vkSj mlds lkFk&lkFk lqj{kk mik; Hkh j[ks x;s]
ftlls mudk 'kks"k.k ugha gks lds vkSj blds lkFk&lkFk mudh f'k{kk ,oa euksjatu dh lqfo/kkvksa dk
Hkh izko/kku fd;k x;kA ijUrq bl dkuwu esa ,d cM+h deh izorZu e'khujh ls lacaf/kr Fkh ftldh
f<ykbZ ds dkj.k ekfydksa us dkuwu ds izko/kkuksa dh fuMj gksdj vogsyuk dhA ;|fi u;s dkuwu ds
mYya?ku ds fy;s ltk dks vkSj vf/kd l[r dj fn;k x;k gS] fQj Hkh cPpksa }kjk eqgS;k djk;k x;k
lLrk] ueu'khy ,oa vifjoknh (non-complaining) Jfed oxZ bl izFkk dks tkjh j[kus esa fufgr
LokFkZ dks mRiUu djrk gSA tc rd ,d dk;Zdq'ky vkSj l[r fujh{k.k e'khujh ugha gksxh] rc rd
ekfydksa dks dkuwuh izko/kkuksa dk mYya?ku djus ls dksbZ ugha jksd ldsxk D;ksfa d mUgsa bldh iwjh
tkudkjh gS fd cky Jfed Lo;a mldks fNikus esa lg"kZ lgkijk/kh (accomplices) cu tk;sx
a sA
dkuwu esa nwljh deh ;g gS fd mlus bldh ifjHkk"kk ugha dh gS fd dSlh ukSdfj;ksa dks tksf[keHkjh
(hazardous) ukSdfj;k¡ dgk tk ldrk gS vkSj ftl lfefr dks vuqKs; (permissible) ukSdfj;ksa
dh igpku ds fy;s xfBr fd;k x;k gS us vf/kd izxfr ugha dh gSA
dkuwu dh vuqikyuk compliance) lqfuf'pr djus dk ,d gh rjhdk gS fd blds mYya?ku dh
ltk dks vkSj vf/kd dBksj cuk;k tk;s] blesa vkdfLed ijh{k.k dk izko/kku lfEefyr fd;k tk;s
vkSj ,d vyx ls fuxjkuh izdks"V dk xBu fd;k tk;sA etnwjksa ds fgrksa ds laca/k esa lHkh ekfydksa ds
fy;s ;g vf/kns'kkRed (mandatory) dj fn;k tk;s fd os ,d cky Jfed] pkgs og dkj[kkus esa
dke djrk gks ;k ?kjsyw ukSdj gks ;k nqdku ij dke djrk gks] ds ckSf)d] O;kolkf;d vkSj 'kSf{kd
dY;k.k ds fy;s dne mBk;sx
a sA
bl lanHkZ esa mu uhfr;ksa dk] tks Hkys gh fo'ks"k #i ls cPpksa ds fy;s ugha gksa ijUrq tks fu/kZurk vkSj
vlekurk dk mi'keu (alleviate) djrha gSa] vkSj fu.kkZ;d izHkko iM+ ldrk gSA bu uhfr;ksa esa d`f"k
laca/kh lq/kkj] jkst+xkj mRiUu djus okyh ifj;kstuk,¡] fu/kZuksa esa mUur izkS|ksfxdh dk izlkj]
vukSipkfjd {ks= dk mUu;u (promotion), lgdkjh lfefr;ksa dk xBu vkSj lkekftd lqj{kk ds
dk;ZØe lfEefyr gks ldrs gSaA dkuwu vkSj fu;eksa dh vuqikyuk esa izHkkoh izorZu (enforcement)
e'khujh dks lgk;rk djuh pkfg;sA blds fy;s vko';d gS fd Je&fujh{k.k vkSj blls lacaf/kr
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lsokvksa dks lqn`<+ cuk;k tk;sA vk;q lR;kiu (verification) dks lqfo/kktud cukus ds fy;s jktdh;
vf/kdkjh oxZ dks tUe iathdj.k dh ,d izHkkoh iz.kkyh dks tkjh djuk pkfg;sA lc ekfydksa ds fy;s
;g vf/kns'kkRed dj nsuk pkfg;s fd os ,sls jftLVj vkSj dkxtkr rS;kj djsa] ftuesa lHkh ukSdj cPpksa
ds uke vkSj vk;q gksA
cPpksa dks etnwjh djuh iM+s ;g nq[k dh ckr gS] ijUrq ;g iw.kZr;k vLohdk;Z gS fd mUgsa ,slh
fLFkfr;ksa esa dke djuk iM+s tks muds LokLF; vkSj lqj{kk ds fy;s [krjukd gSaA cky Je dh leL;k
ds lek/kku dks rc rd ds fy;s Hkh ugha Vkyk tk ldrk fd tc rd vkfFkZd fLFkfr;ksa vkSj lkekftd
lajpukvksa esa ewyHkwr lq/kkj gks tk;sA
4-8 lkjka'k
cxZl us cky nqO;Zogkj dh Lohdk;Z ,oa O;kid ifjHkk"kk nh gSA buds vuqlkj cky nqO;Zogkj ,sls fdlh
Hkh cPps dh vksj ladsr djrk gS ftls ekrk firk] vfHkHkkodksa vkSj ekfydksa ds dk;ks± vkSj vukpj.k dh
=qfV;ksa ds dkj.k cxSj nq?kZVuk ds 'kkjhfjd vkSj euksoSKkfud pksV yxrh gSA ekSf[kd nqO;Zogkj]
'kkjhfjd fgalk dh /kefd;k¡ vkSj vR;f/kd 'kkjhfjd n.M] ftUgsa MkDVjh mipj dh vko';drk ugha
gksrh dks Hkh cky nqO;Zogkj dh bl ifjHkk"kk esa lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA cky nqO;Zogkj lekU;r;k
'kkjhfjd] ySafxd ,oa HkkokRed gksrk gSA cky nqO;Zogkj ds mRizsjd dkjdksa dks le>kus ds fy, dbZ
lS)kfUrd O;k[;k;sa izLrqr dh xbZ gSaA buesa egRoiw.kZ gSa euksfod`fr] lkekftd lkaLd`frd] lalk/ku]
lkekftd ikjLifjd izHkko ,oa lkekftd Kku O;k[;k;sAa lkekftd lkaLd`frd fl)kUr ds vUrxZr gh
lkekftd ifjfLFkfr] lkekftd fuoklLFkkfud rFkk lkekftd fu;a=.k O;k[;k 'kkfey gSA
'kkjhfjd nqO;Zogkj dh dqN fo'ks"krk;sa gSa fd yM+fd;ksa dh vis{kk yM+dksa ij bldk vH;kl vf/kd gSA
Ldwy tkus okys vkSj tks dk;Zjr ugha gS] mu cPpksa ds izfr ,slk nqO ;Zogkj vke gSA fu/kZurk ,oa
'kkjhfjd nqO;Zogkj esa laca/k gSA ySafxd nqO;Zogkj dh f'kdkj yM+fd;k¡ gksrh gSaA blds ihfM+r eq[;r%
ekufld :i ls Qqlyk, tkrs gSa tks vf/kdka'kr% fuEu lekftd vkfFkZd fLFkfr okys ifjokjksa ls gksrs
gSaA ,slk nqO;Zogkj jkstxkj ds LFkku ij ;k ?kj esa ;k ckgj ifjfprksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA HkkokRed
nqO;Zogkj yM+fd;ksa dh vis{kk yM+dksa ds lkFk vf/kd gksrk gSA bu ekeyksa esa vf/kdrj ekrk firk nks"kh
gksrs gSAa fo'ks"kr% os ftudh vk; de] ftEesnkjh vf/kd gSA cky nqO;Zogkj ds dkj.kksa esa eq[; gSa
ifjokfjd okrkoj.k] lajpukRed ruko] ekrk firk ds O;fDrxr xq.k rFkk milkaLd`frd lh[kA
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4-9 lUnHkZ lwph
1-izks0 th0ih0 =hikBh& Hkkjr dk oS/kkfud ,oa laoS/kkfud bfrgkl¼2007½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”kuA
2- rstLdj&vkstLdj ik.Ms;&lekt dk;Z n”kZu ¼2009½& Hkkjr cqd lsUVj
3-efyd vkSj jkoy&ykW ,.M lks”ky VªkUlQksjes”ku bu bf.M;k¼2009½&bykgckn ykW ,tsUlh
4-jke vkgqtk& lkekftd leL;k; ¼2008½& jkor ifCyds”ku fnYyh
5-jke vkgqtk&Hkkjrh; lekt ¼2007½& jkor ifCyds”ku fnYyh
6-Mk0 vorkj flag&Hkkjrh; Lkk{; vf/kfu;e 1872¼2006½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”ku
7-Mk0x.ks”k ik.Ms&vijk/k “kkL= ¼2008½& jk/kk ifCyds”ku fnYyh
8-izks0bUnzthr flag&fof/k “kkL=¼2006½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”ku
9-fof/k dk lkekftd ifjorZu ¼LVsMh eVsfj;y Hkkst eqDr fo”ofo|ky;]Hkksiky½&Mk0 “kSQkyh ;kno
10-Mk0 dSyk”k jk;& tufgr odkyr fof/kd lgk;rk ,oa le:ih fof/kd¼2009½& lsUVªy ykW
ifCyds”ku
11-Mk0vHk; flag&lwpuk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e2005] ¼2009½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”ku
12-Mk0vkj0ds0vxzoky&fgUnw fof/k¼2002½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”ku
13-Mk0 bdcky flag&eqfLye fof/k ¼2001½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”kuA
4-9-1&lgk;d @mi;ksxh ikB~; lkexzh
1-lh0ih0 vjksjk&fofo/k vijk/k vf/kfu;e ¼2010½& ;wuholZy ykW ifCyds¼2010½A
2-Mk0 Vh0ih0 =hikBh&flfoy izfdz;k lafgrk¼2006½& bykgckn ykW ,tsUlhA
3-izks0 bUnzthr flag&Jfed fof/k;ka&¼2005½&lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”kuA
4-Mk0 ,l0ds0 diwj& ekuo vf/kdkj ,oa vUrjk’Vªh; fof/k¼2004½&lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”kuA
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4-10 fucU/kkRed iz”u
¼1½ cky nqO;Zogkj dh Lohd`r ifjHkk"kk nhft, rFkk blds izdkjksa dh ppkZ dhft,A
¼2½ cky nqO;Zogkj dh lS)kfUrd O;k[;k dhft,A
¼3½ cky nqO;Zogkj ds D;k dkj.k gSa\ la{ksi esa foospuk dhft,A
¼4½ cky Je dh leL;k dh fodjkyrk ij izdk'k Mkfy,A
¼5½ Hkkjr esa cky Jfedksa dh D;k fLFkfr gS\ viuk, x, ljdkjh mik;ksa ,oa uhfr;ksa dk o.kZu
dhft,
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,y,y0,e0 izFke o"kZ
Hkkjr esa fof/k ,oa lkekftd ifjorZu
[k.M&3- efgyk;sa@ckyd ,oa fof/k
bdkbZ&5& fof/k ds ifjorZu esa U;kf;d lfØ;rk ,oa U;kf;d vojks/k
bdkbZ lajpuk
5-1 izLrkouk
5-2 mn~n's ;
5-3 U;kf;d lfØ;rk dh vo/kkj.kk
5-4 U;kf;d lfØ;rk & 'kCn dh mÙifRr ,oa ifjHkk"kk
5-5 U;kf;d lfØ;rk ds fl)kUr
5-5-1 'kwU; iwfrZ dk fl)kUr
5-5-2 lkekftd vko';drk dk fl)kUr
5-6 Hkkjr esa U;kf;d lfØ;rk dk ewy ,oa fodkl
5-7 U;kf;d lfØ;rk& ldkjkRed ,oa udkjkRed igyw
5-8 U;kf;d vojks/k
5-9 U;kf;d vfrlw{eokn
5-10 lkjka'k
5-11 vH;kl iz'uksa ds mRrj
5-12 egRowi.kZ 'kCnkoyh
5-13 lanHkZ xzUFk
5-14 lgk;d@mi;ksxh iqLrdsa
5-15 fucU/kkRed iz'u
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5-1 izLrkouk &
U;k;ky; dks lafo/kku ds laj{kd dh laKk iznku dh xbZ gSA lafo/kku dk vuqPNsn 13 U;k;ky;ksa dks
U;kf;d iqufoZyksdu dh 'kfDr iznku djrk gSA ftl 'kfDr ds ek/;e ls mPpre U;k;ky; ¼vuqPNsn
32½ ,oa mPp U;k;ky; ¼vuqPNsn 226½ fo/kku e.Myksa }kjk ikfjr fdlh fof/k dh lafo/kku dh n`f"V ls
leh{kk djds mls vlaoS/kkfud Hkh ?kksf"kr dj ldrs gSaA
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku }kjk ,d yksd dY;k.kdkdjh jkT; dh LFkiuk dh x;h gS ftlds vUrxZr izR;sd
ukxfjd dks ewyHkwr lqfo/kk,a miyC/k djokuk ljdkj dk izFke drZO; gSA ijUrq fo/kkf;d vkSj
dk;Zikfydk }kjk viuk ;g drZO; Bhd ls u fuHkk ikus ds dkj.k U;k;ky; tufgr ds vusd ekeyksa
esa ljdkj vkSj izkf/kdkfj;ksa dks lafo/kku vkSj vU; fof/k;ksa ds vUrxZr muds drZO;ksa dk ikyu djus
ds fy;s foo'k dj jgk gSA mPpre U;k;ky; dh ;gh dk;Zokgh ^U;kf;d lfØ;rk^ dks tUe ns jgh gSA
ftlds ckjs esa ge izLrqr bZdkbZ esa v/;;u djsx
a sA
5-2 mn~ns';
izLrqr bdkbZ dks i<+us ds i'pkr vki le> ldsx
a sA
U;kf;d lfØ;rk dh vo/kkj.kk
U;kf;d lfØ;rk dh mRifRr ds dkj.kA
U;kf;d lfØ;rk ds ldkjkRed ,oa udkjkRed igyw
U;kf;d vojks/k
U;kf;d vfrlw{eokn
5-3 U;kf;d lfØ;rk dh vo/kkj.kk
fdlh Hkh yksdrU= esa rhu ize[q k LrEHk gksrs gSa& U;k;ikfydk] fo/kkf;dk ,oa dk;Zikfydk] ftudk ,d
nwljs esa gLr{ksi ugha gksuk pkfg,A vBkjgoha lnh esa Qzkalhlh n'kZfud ekaVsLD;w }kjk izfrikfnr 'kkfDr
i`FkDdj.k ds fl)kUr ds vuqlkj ljdkj dh rhuksa 'kfDr;ksa ¼U;k;ikfydk] dk;Zikfydk ,oa fo/kkf;dk½
dks ,d esa fufgr u gksdj vyx&vyx gksuk pkfg,A fdlh ,d ds gkFk esa lHkh 'kfDr;ka dsfUnzr gksus
ls fujadq'krk mRiUu gksus dk [krjk jgrk gS vkSj rkuk'kkgh dh izo`fRr iuius yxrh gSA vesfjdk dk
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lafo/kku blh fl)kUr ij dk;Z djrk gSA ogkW dk;Zikfydk 'kfDr jk"Vªifr ds gkFkksa esa] fo/kk;h 'kfDr
dkaxzsl esa ,oa U;k;ikfydk 'kfDr mPpre U;k;ky; esa fufgr gSA
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa gkykafd 'kfDr;ksa dk i`FkDdj.k rks fd;k x;k gS ijUrq bl fu;e dk dBksjrk ls
ikyu ugha fd;k x;k gSA Hkkjr esa dk;Zikfydk 'kfDr eaf=eaMy esa fufgr gksrh gS ftldk lnL; gksus
ds fy;s fo/kkue.My dk lnL; gksuk vko';d gS] jk"Vªifr dks U;kf;d d`R; ds vUrxZr vuqPNsn 72
ds v/khu {keknku dh 'kfDr gS ogha vuqPNsn 123 ds vUrxZr v/;kns'k tkjh djus dh fo/kk;h 'kfDr Hkh
izkIr gSA lalnh; iz.kkyh esa dk;Zikfydk vkSj fo/kkf;dk dk iw.kZr% vyx gksuk lEHko ugha gS blfy;s
lafo/kku esa bldk /;ku j[kk x;k gS fd ljdkj dk dksbZ vax fujadq'k u gks tk;s vr% dk;Zikfydk dks
yksdlHkk ds izfr mRrjnk;h cuk;k x;k gS vkSj U;k;ikfydk dks ;g 'kfDr nh x;h gS fd dk;Zikfydk
;k fo/kkf;dk ds cay
as xke gksus ij muds lkafo/kkfud fl)kUrksa ds fo:) fØ;kdykiksa dks vfof/kekU;
?kksf"kr djds mUgsa muds nkf;Roksa dk vglkl djkds lhek ds vUnj dk;Z djus dks ck/; dj ldsA
vuqPNsn 105 ,oa 194 tgk¡ laln vkSj fo/kkue.My ds lnL;ksa ds Hkk"k.k ,oa er nsus dh LorU=rk ds
lanHkZ esa U;k;ky; }kjk gLr{ksi ij jksd yxkrk gS] ogha vuqPNsn 13] 32 ,oa 226 U;k;ikfydk dks
fo/kkf;dk }kjk vfrØe.k dh fLFkfr esa U;kf;d iqufoZyksdu dh 'kfDr iznku djrk gSA bl izdkj
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa ljdkj ds fofHkUu vaxksa ds e/; 'kfDr larqyu dk iwjk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA
vkt gekjh fo/kkf;dk vkSj dk;Zikfydk fofHkUu dkj.kksa ls vius nkf;Roksa dk fuokZg djus esa v{ke
lkfcr gks jgh gSa] vk;s fnu ml ij Hkz"Vkpkj ds vusdksa vkjksi yxrs gSa] lafo/kku esa of.kZr yks d
dY;k.kdkjh jkT; dh Hkkouk] Hkz"Vkpkj ,oa LokFkZ ds pyrs frjksfgr gksrh tk jgh gSaA fo/kku e.My
}kjk lafo/kku ds ckjEckj la'kks/kuksa }kjk tc lafo/kku ds vk/kkfjd y{k.kksa1 ij pksV dh tkus yxh rks
U;k;ky; dks lafo/kku dk laj{kd gksus ds ukrs gLr{ksi djuk gh iM+kA bUgha lc dkj.kksa ls U;kf;d
lfØ;rk dh vo/kkj.kk us tUe fy;kA
5-4U;kf;d lfØ;rk
'kCn dh mRifRr ,oa ifjHkk"kk
loZizFke vkFkZj ,e- 'ksysflaxj ¼Arthus Meier Schelsinger, Jr.½ us ^Qkjpwu esxthu^ esa ^The
Suprem Court^ uke ds vkfVZfdy esa U;kf;d lfØ;rk 'kCnkoyh dk mi;ksx fd;kA gkykafd mUgsa
ml le; ¼1947½ bl 'kCnkoyh dks ysdj dkQh vkykspukvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+k FkkA
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Black's Law Dictionary ds vuqlkj tc U;k;k/kh'k vius fu.kZ; dks nsrs le; nwljs fo"k;ksa ds
lkFk&lkFk yksd uhfr ij vius futh fopkj Hkh O;Dr djus yxrs gSa] rc mls U;kf;d lfdz;rk dk
uke fn;k tkrk gSA yksd iz'kklu ds izksQslu cszMyh dsuu ¼Bradley Canon½ us os N% vk;ke crk;s gSa
ftuds vUrxZr U;k;ky; dks lfØ;rkoknh ekuk tk ldrk gSA os N% vk;ke gSa%&
1-cgqerokn ¼Majoritarianism½
2-O;k[;kRed fLFkjrk ¼Interpretive Stability½
3-O;k[;kRed lPpkbZ ¼Interpretive Fidelity½
4-rkfRod/yksdrkfU=d izfØ;k
5-uhfr dh fof'kf"Vrk
6-oSdfYid uhfr fuekZrk dh miyC/krk ¼vailability of an alternative Policymaker½
tktZ cq'k ds lksfyflVj tujy jgs fFk;ksMksj vkylu us vius ,d lk{kkRdkj esa dgk fd cgqr ls
yksx U;kf;d lfØ;rk 'kCn dk mi;ksx mu fu.kZ;ksa ds ifjiz{s ; esa djrs gSa ftUgsa os ilan ugha djrsA
vesfjdh lqizhe dksVZ ds tt ,UFkksuh U;kf;d lfØ;rk dks lgh ugha ekurs muds vuqlkj ;g
O;fDrijd fu.kZ;ksa ij vkfJr gksrk gSA
5-5U;kf;d lfØ;rk ds fl)kUr
U;kf;d lfØ;rk dh vo/kkj.kk ls lEcfU/kr nks fl)kUr izfrikfnr fd;s x;s gSa%&
1-5-1'kwU; iwfrZ dk fl)kUr ¼The Theory of Vacuum filling½
bl fl)kUr ds vuqlkj tc ljdkj ds fdlh vax dh vØe.;rk ,oa vkyl ds dkj.k O;oLFkk esa 'kwU;
dh fLFkfr mRiUu gks tkrh gS] rks ;g ns'k ds fy;s vfgrdkjh gksrh gS vkSj ;g yksdrU= ds vU;
LrEHkksa dks Hkh uqdlku igq¡pk ldrh gSA ;g 'kwU;rk mRiUu gksus ds dbZ dkj.k gS] mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij
vdeZBrk] fof/k dk lEeku u djuk] vuns[kh] Hkz"Vkpkj] vuq'kklughurk dh izo`fRr] pkfjf=d guu
vkfnA tc ;s lc chekfj;k¡ ljdkj ds nks vaxksa fo/kkf;dk vkSj dk;Zikfydk esa iSj ilkjus yxrh gSa rks
rhljs vax U;k;ikfydk ds ikl vkSj dksbZ fodYi ugha 'ks"k jgrk flok; blds fd og vius vk;keksa esa
foLrkj yk;s vkSj ckdh nksuksa vaxksa esa foLrkfjr 'kwU; dh Hkjus dk iz;kl djsA
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vr% bl fl)kUr ds vuqlkj U;kf;d vfrlfØ;rkokn blh 'kwU; dks Hkjus dh dksf'k'k esa tUe ysrk gS]
vFkkZr dk;Zikfydk ,oa fo/kkf;dk dh fuf"Ø;rk dh ifj.khfr U;kf;d lfØ;rk ds :i esa lkeus vkrh
gSA
1-5-2-lkekftd vko';drk dk fl)kUr ¼Theory of Social want½
bl fl)kUr ds vuqlkj U;kf;d lfØ;rk dh fLFkfr rc mRiUu gksrh gS tc orZeku fo/kf;dk ns'k
dh ekStwnk leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djus esa vlQy lkfcr gksrh gSA ,sls esa U;k;ikfydk dk drZO; gksrk
gS fd og Lo;a lkeus vk;s vkSj leL;kvksa dks gy djus dk jkLrk ryk'k djsA bls izkIr djus esa
ekStwnk fof/k dh vikjEifjd O;k[;k dh tkrh gSA bl rjg U;kf;d lfØ;rk iuirh gSA bl fl)kUr
ds leFkZdksa ds vuqlkj lkekftd cnyko esa U;kf;d lfØ;rk dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh gSA
U;k;ikfydk gh e`rik; fof/k esa u;s izk.k Qw¡drh gSA bl rjg U;kf;d lfØ;rk ds ek/;e ls
U;k;ikfydks ifjorZu esa mRizsjd dk dke djrh gSA
5-6Hkkjr esa U;kf;d lfØ;rk dk ewy ,oa fodkl
vxj Hkkjr esa U;kf;d lfØ;rk dk bfrgkl ns[ksa rks 1883 dk okd;k feyrk gS] tc U;k;ewfrZ egewn
us bykgkckn mPp U;k;ky; esa fopkjk/khu ,d ekeys esa folEEr fu.kZ; fn;k FkkA ml fopkjk/khu
ekeys esa izkFkhZ odhy dk [kpkZ ugha mBk ldrk FkkA rc iz'u ;g Fkk fd D;k flQZ okn ds rF;ksa dks
dkxtksa ij i<+dj gh fu.kZ; ns fn;k tk;s] rc U;k;ewfrZ egewn us lacaf/kr fof/k dh O;kid laHko
O;k[;k nh Fkh ,oa i<+us dk fojks/k fd;k Fkk fd fdlh Hkh okn esa igyh 'krZ ;g gS fd ekeys dks
lqudj gh fuiVkjk fd;k tk;sA rc mUgksua s U;kf;d lfØ;rk ds cht cks;s FksA Hkkjr esa U;kf;d
lfØ;rk ds lanHkZ esa ge lkekftd vko';drk ds fl)kUr dks ykxw dj ldrs gSaA vk/kqfud :i esa
Hkkjr esa U;kf;d lfØ;rk dk tUe cgqr ckn esa rc gqvk tc dk;Zikfydk dh T;knfr;ksa vkSj vf/kdkj
guu ds ekeyksa esa U;k;ikfydk dks gLr{ksi djuk iM+kA ukSdj'kkgh dh izo`fRr turk ds fy;s dke
djus dh u gksdj vius fy;s dke djus dh gks x;hA jktuhfrd iz.kkyh esa Hkz"Vkpkj ,oa 'kks "k.k
lfUufgr gks x;kA /ku cy ,oa ckgqoy ls iztk dk 'kks"k.k viuh lhek,a ikj djus yxk] ,sls esa dqN
bl izdkj dh ifjfLFkfr;ka cudj mHkjh ftlesa U;k;ikfydk dk ;g drZO; gks x;k fd og vke turk
dks dqN jkgr igq¡pk;sAa lquhy c=k cuke fnYyh iz'kklu2 okn esa U;k;ewfrZ oh0vkj0 d`".kk us
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ifjfLFkfr dks fuEu 'kCnksa esa O;kf[;r fd;k] ^^gkykafd dkuwu lcls vPNk lek/kku Fkk ijUrq tc fof/k
fuekZrk cgqr oDr ysus yxs vkSj lkekftd /kS;Z ihfM+r gksus yxs rks U;k;ky;ksa dks nwj laxejej dh
izrh{kk fd;s fcuk ydM+h ij oØ ,oa iRFkj ij [kksndj gh O;k[;k fy[kuh iM+x
s hA^^
esudk xka/kh cuke Hkkjr la?k3 ds okn esa mPpre U;k;ky; us vuqPNsn 21 dks ,d u;k vk;ke iznku
fd;kA mPpre U;k;ky; us vfHkfu/kkZfjr fd;k fd vuqPNsn 21 esa iz;qDr ^^izfØ;k^^ dk vFkZ dksbZ
izfØ;k ugha gS cfYd ,slh izfØ;k gS tks _tq] U;k;iw.kZ vkSj ;qfDr;qDr gksA U;k;k/kh'k Jh Hkxorh us
cgqer ls fu.kZ; lqukrs gq, dgk fd vuqPNsn 21 esa iz;qDr ^^nSfgd LorU=rk inkoyh dk lkekU; ,oa
LoHkkfod vFkZ yxkuk pkfg, vkSj mdlk ,slk lhfer vFkZ ugha yxkuk pkfg, ftlls nSfgd LorU=rk
ds os rRo mlesa ls fudy tk;sa ftudk vuqPNsn 19 esa Li"V :i ls mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA mPpre
U;k;ky; us ;g Hkh dgk fd vko';d ugha gS fd fdlh vf/kdkj dk mYys[k fdlh vuqPNsn esa fd;k
tk;s rHkh og ewy vf/kdkj dh Js.kh esa vk;sxkA ;fn dksbZ vf/kdkj fdlh vf/kdkj ds iz;ksx ds fy,
vko';d gS rks og ewy vf/kdkj gksxk Hkys gh mldk Li"V mYys[k lafo/kku ds fdlh vuqPNsn esa ugha
fd;k x;k gksA
xksikyu ds ekeys esa fn;s x;s vius fu.kZ; dks mPpre U;k;ky; us esudk xka/kh okn esa myV fn;kA
blh izdkj vusdksa mnkgj.k gSa ftlesa mPpre U;k;ky; }kjk U;kf;d lfØ;rk dk mnkgj.k ns'k fn;k
x;kA eqjyh ,l0 nsojk cuke Hkkjr la?k4 esa U;k;ky; us lkoZtfud LFkkuksa ij /kweziku jksdus dk
funsZ'k fn;kA
23 flrEcj 2006 dks mPpre U;k;ky; us ,d ,sfrgkfld fu.kZ; esa ns'k ds fo'ofo|ky;ksa vkSj
fo|ky;ksa esa gksus okys Nk= la?k ds pqukoksa dks LoPN :i ls djkus ds fy;s vusd izHkkodkjh funsZ'k
fn;s gSaA blh izdkj vius ,d nwljs ,sfrgkfld fu.kZ; esa mPpre U;k;ky; us ns'k ds iqfyl laxBu esa
O;kid lq/kkj dk vkns'k fn;k gSA
2 ebZ] 2002 dks mPpre U;k;ky; us vius egRoiw.kZ fu.kZ; esa fuokZpu vk;ksx dks funsZ'k fn;k fd og
pquko esa [kM+s gksus okys izR;kf'k;ksa ds ckjs esa vijkf/kd fjdkMZ] f'k{kk lEifRr vkSj nsunkjh vkfn dk
fooj.k tulapkj ,oa lekpkj ds ek/;eksa ij ernkrkvksa dks nsaA U;k;ky; us dgk fd ernkrk dks
vius izR;kf'k;ksa ds ckjs esa iwjh tkudkjh izkIr djuk mudk laoS/kkfud vf/kdkj gSA pqukoksa esa Hkz"Vkpkj
jksdus dh fn'kk esa ;g ,d ljkguh; dne FkkA fnYyh MseksØsfVd okfdax owesUl Qksje cuke Hkkjr
la?k5 ds ekeys esa efgykvksa ds lkFk c<+rs ;kSu vijk/kksa ds izfr xEHkhj fpUrk O;Dr djrs gq, mPpre
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U;k;ky; us ,sls ekeyksa ds 'kh?kz ijh{k.k rFkk mUgsa izfrdj iznku djus ,oa muds iquokZl ds fy,
foLr`r ekxZn'kZd fl)kUr fofgr fd;kA blh izdkj dkedkth efgykvksa dks dk;ZLFky ij ;kSu
mRihM+u ls laj{k.k fnykus ds y;s fo'kk[kk cuke jkT;LFkku jkT;6 ds ekeys foLr`r ekxZn'kZd fl)kUr
fofgr fd;k ,oa fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd tc rd fo/kku e.My bl fo"k; esa leqfpr fof/k ugha cukrk rc
rd U;k;ky; }kjk fofgr funsZ'k ykxw jgsx
a sA
dqN le; igys rd vke turk ;g ekurh Fkh fo/kkf;dk loksZPp vax gS ,oa ;g dk;Zikfydk ,oa
U;k;ikfydk nksuksa dks gh ugha cfYd lafo/kku ls Hkh vf/kd egRoiw.kZ gSaA ijUrq mPpre U;k;ky; }kjk
furh'k dVkjk dk.M] vfr pfpZr ranjw dk.M] ekeyksa esa mPp jktuhfrd jlw[k ,oa /ku&cy ,oa
ckgqoy okys vijkf/k;ksa dks U;kf;d lfØ;rk ds ek/;e ls ltk nsdj U;k;ky; us u dsoy vke tu
esa U;k;ky; ds izfr iqu% fo'okl tkx`r dj fn;k gS cfYd Lo;a dks dk;Zikfydk ,oa fo/kkf;dk ls
Åij lafo/kku ,oa vke turk ds laj{kd ds :i esa LFkkfir fd;k gSA
5-7U;kf;d lfØ;rk&ldkjkRed ,oa udkjkRed igyw
lcls Toyar iz'u tks mBrk gS] og ;g gS fd U;kf;d lfØ;rk lgh gS ;k xyr] le; le; ij
bldh vkykspuk Hkh gksrh jgh gSA
1-,d /kkj.kk ds vuqlkj U;kf;d lfØ;rk gekjs yksdrU= ds fy;s gkfudkjd gS] blds dkj.k turk
dk fo'okl ukSdj'kkg vkSj ljdkjh rU= ls mBrk tk jgk gSA dksbZ Hkh lansg ds ?ksjs ls ckgj ugha ;gk¡
rd ns'k dk iz/kkuea=h HkhA
2-fiNys n'kd ds nkSjku gekjs mPpre U;k;ky; us vusdksa uohu fl)kUrksa dk izfriknu fd;k gS
tSls& ^^vk/kkfjd y{k.k^^] ^^vk/kkfjd lajpuk^^] ^^Hkfo";y{eh vkjksg.k^^ ;k ^^vizekf.kr ewy vf/kdkj^^]
buds fy;s lafo/kku esa dksbZ Li"V vk/kkj ugha gS] ;fn ;g izo`fRr jksdh ugha xbZ rks blds xyr
a sA7
ifj.kke gksx
3-blds dkj.k Hkze vkSj vfuf'prrk mRiUu gksxh] fyf[kr lafo/kku dk mn~ns'; jktuhfrd iz.kkyh esa
fuf'prrk vkSj O;oLFkk ykuk gksrk gS fdUrq brus lkjs lafo/kku la'kks/kuksa vkSj ml ij U;k;ky; }kjk
uohu fl)kUrksa ds izfriknu ls vfuf'prrk vkSj Hkze c<+rs tk jgsA
4-la'kks/kuksa vkSj U;kf;d lfØ;rk ls tc fo/kku e.My vkSj U;k;ikfydk ds e/; Vdjko dh fLFkfr
mRiUu gks tkrh gS rks dM+okgV c<+rh gS tks ns'k ds fy, lgh ugha gSA
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5-U;kf;d vfrjsdokn U;k;ikfydk dk lwf[kZ;ksa esa vkus ds vkos'k dk ifj.kke gSA nwljs iz'kkluksa dh
[kkfe;k¡ U;kf;d iz'kklu esa Hkh gSA U;k;ewfrZ ih0ch0 lkoar dh fVIi.kh Hkh blh vksj b'kkjk djrh gS]
^^U;k;ikfydk usrkvksa dh rqyuk esa vf/kd [krjukd gS] D;ksfa d blds f[kykQ dksbZ lgkjk ugha gS]
cpkus okyk gh ekjus okyk] j{kd gh dSnh cukus okyk cu tkrk gSA
6-vkykspd yksdfgrokn ds nq:i;ksx dh vk'kadk O;Dr djrs gSaA mPpre U;k;ky; ds eq[; U;k;k/kh'k
us Hkh fof/kd leqnk; dks blds izfr vkxkg fd;k gS mUgksua s bu ekeyks a ds mfpr fofu;eu dh t:jr
ij cy fn;kA
7-;g dksbZ ugha dg ldrk fd U;kf;d lfØ;rk }kjk fdu&fdu {ks=ksa esa uohu fl)kUrksa dk izfriknu
fd;k tk;sxk] D;ksfa d buesa vafre opu mPpre U;k;ky; dk gh gksxk] bldk ifj.kke ;g gksxk fd
lafo/kku dk la'kks/ku U;k;ikfydk ds }kjk gksxk tcfd lafo/kku dk vuqPNsn 368 fofufnZ"V :i ls ;g
'kfDr fo/kk;h rU= dks lkSairk gSA bldk mnkgj.k mPpre U;k;ky; dk ;g funsZ'k gS fd vf[ky
Hkkjrh; U;kf;d lsok dk l`tu gksuk pkfg,A vuqPNsn 312 ;g vf/kdfFkr djrk gS fd vf[ky Hkkjrh;
lsok ds l`tu ds fy, jkT; lHkk ds mifLFkfr lnL;ksa ds 2@3 cgqer ladYi ikfjr djuk pkfg,
vkSj mlds og ckn fof/k cukdj ml lsok dk mica/k dj ldrh gSA U;k;ky; dk funsZ'k lafo/kku ds
Li"V mica/k dk LFkku ugha ys ldrkA fuoZpu ds uke ij okLro esa ;g lafo/kku dk la'kks/ku gSA 8
U;kf;d lfØ;rk ds vusd ldkjkRed igyw Hkh gSa&
1-U;kf;d lfØ;rk }kjk vusd ?kksVkyksa dk irk yx ik;k gS] tSls& gokyk ?kksVkyk] pkjk ?kksVkyk] lsVa
fdV~l ?kksVkyk] ljdkjh ?kjksa ,oa isVªksy iEiksa dk fof/k fo:) vkoaVu] moZjd ?kksVkyk vkfnA
2-U;k;ikfydk] fo/kkf;dk dh rjg gh euq"; }kjk gh lapkfyr dh tkrh gSA vr% ekuo tfur xyfr;ka
gksuh LoHkkfod gSA
3-lqizhe dksVZ }kjk gh vusdksa oknksa esa yksdfgr okn ds nq:i;ksx dh rjQ /;ku fnykrs gq, psrk;k gS
vFkkZr og detksfj;ksa dks nwj djus esa iz;kljr gS u fd xyfr;k¡ nksgjkus esaA
4-lafo/kku }kjk U;k;ky; dks laj{kd dh Hkwfedk iznku dh x;h gS] blds vfrfjDr vkt fo/kkf;dk ,oa
dk;Zikfydk jktuhfrd dkj.kksa ls ukxfjd leL;kvksa dk fuiVkjk djus esa vR;Ur v{ke ,oa vlgk;
gks x;s gSaA vkt lkekU; turk ds fy;s yksdfgr okn ds ek/;e ls U;kf;d lfØ;rk ojnku fl) gqbZ
gS] ns'k ds cM+s inksa ij vklhu yksxksa ds Hkz"Vkpkj dk inkZQk'k mPpre U;k;ky; us gh fd;k gSA
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U;k;ikfydk dks LorU=r ,oa fu"i{k cuk, j[kus dk ge lHkh dk mRrjnkf;Ro gS] blh esa yksdrU= dh
lQyrk fufgr gSA
5-vkt lk/kkj.k ukxfjd vius vf/kdkjksa dks ykxw djus ds fy, U;k;ikfydk dk njoktk [kV[kVkus
dks foo'k gSA egkuxjksa esa thou dh ewyHkwr vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ ds fy, og U;k;ky; tk jgk gSA
pkgs og ihus ds fy;s LoPN ty dh leL;k gks] vk/kqfud thou esa c<+rs gq, Hk;adj iznw"k.k dk ekeyk
gks] ohjIiu tSls vijkf/k;ksa dks idM+us dh leL;k gks] mRrj izn's k esa iapk;r pquko djkus dk ekeyk
gks] jktuhfr esa Hkz"Vkpkj dk ekeyk gks] efgykvksa o cPpksa ds 'kkjhfjd 'kks"k.k dk ekeyk gks] lHkh
ekeyksa esa U;k;ky; us ljdkj dks leqfpr dne mBkus ds funsZ'k fn;s gSa] ,slk tufgrokn ds fl)kUr
ds izfriknu }kjk gh lEHko gks ik;k gSA9
5-8U;kf;d vojks/k%&
bls U;kf;d la;e Hkh dgk tkrk gSA U;kf;d lfØ;rk ds myV blesa fof/k dh lhfer O;k[;k dh
tkrh gSA
U;kf;d vojks/k ;k la;e U;kf;d O;k[;k dk ,d fl)kUr gS] ftlesa U;k;k/kh'kksa dks viuh 'kfDr dk
lhfer mi;ksx djus ds fy;s izksRlkfgr fd;k tkrk gS fd tgk¡ rd gks lds fof/k dks gh loksZifj
j[kuk pkfg,A bl fl)kUr ds vUrxZr U;k;k/kh'k LVs;j fMlkbfll ¼Stare decisis½ ds fl)kUr dk
iw.kZr% ikyu djus ij tksj nsrs gSa ,oa U;kf;d iw.kZ fu.kZ;ksa dks iw.kZr% ekU;rk iznku djrs gq, mUgsa
loksZifj j[krs gSaA
tfLVl vksfyoj osUMsy gksEl ¼oliver wendell Holmes½ bl fl)kUr ds eq[; leFkZdksa esa ls ,d
ekus tkrs gSa ftUgksua s viuh dbZ iqLrdksa esa U;kf;d la;e ds egRo dk o.kZu fd;k gSA
5-9U;kf;d vfrlw{eokn
bls ge U;kf;d vfrjsdokn dk foykse Hkh dg ldrs gSaA bl fl)kUr ds vUrxZr U;k;k/kh'k U;kf;d
iwoZ fu.kZ;ksa ,oa Stare decisis ij iw.kZr% vey djrs gSa ,oa bl ckr ij tksj nsrs gSa fd U;k;k/kh'kksa dks]
laoS/kkfud fof/k dh fLFkjrk cuk;s j[kus ds fy;s muesa cgqr de o`f) lEcU/kh ifjorZu djus pkfg,A
U;kf;d vfrlw{eokfn;ksa dk ekuuk gS fd ,d fLFkj laoS/kkfud fof/k lHkh ds fy;s ykHkdkjh gSA
funsZ'k %&
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1-ds'kokuUn Hkkjr dsl
2-AIR 1978 SC 1675
3-AIR 1978 SC 597
4-AIR 2002 SC 40
5-(1995) 1 SCC 14
6-AIR 1997 SC 3011
7-vkpk;Z Mk0 Mh0Mh0 olq Hkkjr dk lafo/kku ,d ifjp; iqueqnz.k ukSok laLdj.k] i`"B 426
8-mPpre U;k;ky; vf/koDrk cuke Hkkjr la?k ¼1993½ 4 SCC 441
9-Mk0 t; ukjk;.k ik.Ms] Hkkjr dk lafo/kku] 44oka laLdj.k] i`"B 358&359
vH;kl iz'u%&
1-tufgr okn dks tUe fn;k gS&
d- U;kf;d vfrjsdokn us
[k- U;kf;d vojks/k us
x- U;kf;d lfØ;rk us
?k- U;kf;d vfrlw{eokn us
2- lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn -------------- ds }kjk U;k;ky;ksa dks U;kf;d iqufoZyksdu dh 'kfDr izkIr gSA
d- 12
[k- 13
x- 32
?k- 226
3-U;kf;d lfØ;rk dk tUe gksrk gS&
d-fo/kkf;dk dh v{kerk ls
[k-dk;Zikfydk dh v{kerk ls
x-mijksDr nksuksa
?k-mijksDr esa dksbZ ugha]
4-vesfjdh lafo/kku 'kfDr i`FkDdj.k ds fl)kUr dk -------------------- ikyu djrk gSA
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5-U;kf;d lfØ;rk ,oa U;kf;d vojks/k ,d nwljs ds ---------------------- gSaA
6-fdlh Hkh yksdrU= esa U;k;ikfydk] fo/kkf;dk ,oa dk;Zikfydk] rhu izeq[k LrEHk gksrs gSaA
lR;@vlR;
7-mPpre U;k;ky; dks lafo/kku ds laj{kd dh Hkwfedk izkIr gSA lR;@vlR;
8-Hkkjr esa U;kf;d lfØ;rk dk tUe lkekftd vko';drk ds fl)kUr ls ekuk tk ldrk gSA
lR;@vlR;
9-U;kf;d vojks/k ,oa U;kf;d vfrlw{eokn ,d gh gSaA lR;@vlR;
5-10lkjka'k
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vUrxZr ,d yksd dY;k.kdkjh jkT; dh LFkkiuk dh x;h gSA ftlds vUrxZr
ukxfjdksa dks thou dh ewyHkwr lqfo/kk,a miyC/k djokuk ljdkj dk izFke drZO; gSA ljdkj }kjk
vius nkf;Ro dk ogu Bhd ls u dj ikus ds dkj.k vke turk =Lr gksdj U;k;ky; dk }kj
[kV[kVkus dks ck/; gks x;h gSA ftlds dkj.k U;k;ky; ljdkj dks funsZ'k tkjh djus ds fy;s
ck/; gks x;k gSA U;k;ky; dh ;gh Hkwfedk U;kf;d lfØ;rk dgykrh gSA
Qzkalhlh fo}ku ekaVLs D;w }kjk izfrikfnr 'kfDr i`FkDdj.k ds fl)kUr ds vuqlkj fdlh Hkh yksdrU= ds
rhuksa vaxks&
a U;k;ikfydk] dk;Zikfydk ,oa fo/kkf;dk esa 'kfDr;ksa dk caVokjk gksuk pkfg, ,oa rhuksa dh
deku vyx&vyx O;fDr;ks@
a fudk; ds gkFkksa esa gksuh pkfg,] rkfd 'kfDr;ksa dk dsUnzh;dj.k u gks]
dsUnzh;dj.k dh izo`fRr fujadq'krk dks tUe nsrh gSA
Hkkjr ds lafo/kku esa 'kfDr;ksa ds i`FkDdj.k ds fl)kUr dk iw.kZr% ikyu ugha fd;k x;k gSA Hkkjr esa
U;k;ikfydk lafo/kku ds laj{kd dh Hkwfedk esa gSaA
U;kf;d lfØ;rk ls lacaf/kr nks fl)kUrksa dk izfriknu fd;k x;k gSA izFke 'kwU; iwfrZ dk fl)kUr]
ftlds vUrxZr dk;Zikfydk ,oa fo/kkf;dk dh vdeZ.;rk ds dkj.k mlesa 'kwU; dh fLFkfr mRiUu gks
tkrh gS ftldh HkjikbZ djus gsrq U;k;ikfydk dks vius {ks= esa foLrkj djuk iM+rk gSA f}rh;
fl)kUr gS& lkekftd vko';drk dk fl)kUr] ftlds vuqlkj tc dk;Zikfydk ,oa fo/kkf;dk lekt
dh vkdka{kkvksa dh iwfrZ djus gsrq v{ke fl) gksrh gS tks tulk/kkj.k dh n`f"V U;k;ky; dh vksj mB
tkrh gS ftldh iwfrZ gsrq U;kf;d lfØ;rk dk tUe gksrk gSA Hkkjr esa U;kf;d lfØ;rk us blh
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fl)kUr ds ifjisz{; esa tUe fy;k gSA U;k;ky; us izR;sd {ks= esa lfØ;rk fn[kkrs gq, gkykafd vketu
dks csgn jkgr dk vuqHko djk;k gS] ijUrq bldh vkykspuk Hkh gksrh jgh gSA U;kf;d lfØ;rk ls dbZ
ckj bldh ckdh vaxksa ls Vdjko dh fLFkfr Hkh cu tkrh gS tks ns'k ds yksdrU=kfRed <k¡ps ds fy;s
lgh ugha gSA vr% blesa U;k;ky; dks Hkh dne Qw¡d dj j[kus dh t:jr gSA
U;kf;d vojks/k] U;kf;d lfØ;rk dk fojks/kkHkk"kh 'kCn gS ftlesa U;k;k/kh'kksa dks viuh 'kfDr dk
lhfer mi;ksx dk ikB i<+k;k tkrk gSA blh ls feyrk tqyrk U;kf;d vfrlw{eokn gS ftlds
vUrxZr orZeku fof/k dh fLFkjrk ij cy fn;k tkrk gSA
5-11egRoiw.kZ 'kCnkoyh
fujadq'krk&,d ,slh fLFkfr ftlesa vikj 'kfDr;ksa dks ikus ij O;fDr@fudk; euekuh ij mrj vkrk
gSA
fo/kkf;dk&fof/k dk fuekZ.k djus okyh laLFkkA dk;Zikfydk&fof/k dks dk;Z:i iznku djus okyh laLFkkA
lafo/kku &ns'k dk loksZPp dkuwuA
5-12 lanHkZ xzUFk&
1-olq vkpk;Z Mk- nqxkZ nkl] Hkkjr dk lafo/kku & ,d ifjp;] ukSok laLdj.k iqueqZn.k 2009] yfDll
usfDll cVjoFkZ ok/kok ekxiqjA
2-ik.Ms] Mk0 t; ujk;.k] Hkkjr dk lafo/kku] 44okW laLdj.k] lsUVªy yk ,tsUlh
3-Hkkjr dk lafo/kku] f}Hkk’kh laLdj.k] dkuwu izdk”ku] laLdj.k 2008
4-en.wikipedia.org
5- www.scribd.com
5-13 lgk;d@mi;ksxh lkexzh
1-nqxkZ nkl olq] “kkVZj dULVh;w”ku vkWQ bafM;kA
2-Mk0 ts0ts0 vkj mik/;k;] Hkkjr dk lafo/kku
1-14 fuca/kkRed iz'u
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1-Hkkjr esa U;kf;d lfØ;okn dh mRifRr dk o.kZu djsa\
2-U;kf;d vfrjsdokn D;k gS\ blds udkjkRed igyw dkSu ls gSa\
3-U;kf;d vojks/k ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ ;g fdl rjg U;kf;d lfØ;rk ls fHkUu gS\
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,y,y0,e0 izFke o"kZ
Hkkjr esa fof/k ,oa lkekftd ifjorZu
[k.M&4% vk/qkfudhdj.k vkSj leqnk; fof/k
bdkbZ&1%leqnk; ¼tkfr½ % lS)kfUrd ifjiz{s ;
bdkbZ lajpuk
1-0 izLrkouk
1-1 mn~n's ;
1-2 tkfr dh lajpukRed ,oa lkaLd`frd vo/kkj.kk;sa
1-3 tkfr] o.kZ] mitkfr rFkk tutkfr
1-3-1 tkfr vkSj o.kZ
1-3-2 tkfr ,oa mitkfr
1-3-3 tkfr ,oa tutkfr
1-3-4 tkfr vkSj oxZ
1-4 tkfr dh fo'ks"krk;sa
1-4-1 O;oLFkk ds :i esa tkfr dh fo'ks"krk;sa
1-4-2 bdkbZ ds :i esa tkfr dh fo'ks"krk;sa
1-5 tkfr dh mRifRr
1-5-1 ijEijkxr fl)kUr
1-5-2 czã.kh; fl)kUr
1-5-3 iztkrh; fl)kUr
1-5-4 O;kolkf;d fl)kUr
1-5-5 dsrdj dk fl)kUr
1-5-6 lsukVZ dk fl)kUr
1-5-7 gV~Vu dk ekuk fl)kUr
1-6 lkjka'k
1-7 lUnHkZ lwph
1-7-1 lgk;d lUnHkZ lwph
1-8 fucU/kkRed iz”u
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1-0 izLrkouk
Hkkjr esa tkfr O;oLFkk dk v/;;u rhu ifjizs{;ksa esa fd;k x;k gS% Hkkjr'kkL=h; (Indological),
lekt&ekuo'kkL=h; (socio-anthropological) rFkk lekt&'kkL=h; (sociolocial)A
Hkkjr'kkfL=;ksa us tkfr dk v/;;u /keZ xzaFkh (scriptual) n`f"Vdks.k ls fd;k gS] lekt ekuo'kkfL=;ksa
us lkaLd`frd n`f"Vdks.k ls fd;k gS rFkk lekt'kkfL=;ksa us Lrjhdj.k ds n`f"Vdks.k ls fd;k gSA
Hkkjr'kkL=h; ifjiz{s ; esa Hkkjr'kkfL=;ksa us tkfr izFkk dh mRifÙk mís'; ,oa blds Hkfo"; ds fo"k; esa
/keZxzUFkksa dk lgkjk fy;k gSA mudk ekuuk gS fd ^^o.kZ** dh mRifÙk fojkV iq#"k&czãk ls gqbZ gS rFkk
tkfr;k¡ blh o.kZ O;oLFkk ds Hkhrj [kf.Mr (fissioned) bdkb;ka gSa ftudk fodkl vuqykse vkSj
izfrykse fookg izFkkvksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i gqvkA bu bdkb;ksa ;k tkfr;ksa dks o.kZ O;oLFkk ds vUrxZr
,d nwljs ds laca/k esa viuk&viuk ntZ (rank) izkIr gqvkA pkjksa o.kks± }kjk fd, tkus okys /kkfeZd
d`R; o laLdkj (rituals) Lrjhd`r (status-bound) gSaA dkykUrj esa tkfr laca/kksa dks {ks=] Hkk"kk
rFkk erksa esa vUrj us Hkh izHkkfor fd;k gSA Hkkjr'kkfL=;ksa ds vuqlkj tkfr dh mRifÙk dk mís'; Je
dk foHkktu djuk FkkA tSls&tSls yksxksa us lekt esa pkj lewgksa vFkok Øeksa o oxks± esa foHkktu Lohdkj
djuk izkjEHk fd;k] os vf/kd dBksj gksrs x, vkSj tkfr dh lnL;rk rFkk O;olk; oa'kkuqxr gksrs x,A
gêu] fjt+ys] gkscsy] Økscj vkfn lkekftd ekuo'kkfL=;ksa us lkaLd`frd n`f"Vdks.k dks pkj fn'kkvksa esa
Li"V fd;k gS% laxBukRed (Organisational), lajpukRed (Structural,) laLFkkRed
(Institutional), rFkk laca/kkRed (Relational)A gêu vkfn dh laxBukRed ,oa lajpukRed
fopkj/kkjk ds vuqlkj tkfr izFkk dsoy Hkkjr esa gh ikbZ tkus okyh vf}rh; O;oLFkk gSA nksuksa fopkjksa
¼laxBukRed o lajpukRed½ esa vUrj dsoy bruk gS fd izFke fopkj tkfr O;oLFkk dh mRifÙk ij
dsfUnzr gS vkSj nwljk fopkj tkfr O;oLFkk ds fodkl ,oa lajpuk esa vkus okys ifjorZu dh izfØ;kvksa
ls lEc) gSA fjt+ys ,oa Økscj tSls fo}kuksa dk laLFkkRed n`f"Vdks.k tkfr dks dsoy Hkkjr ds izlax esa
gh vuqdwy ugha ekurk] cfYd izkphu feJ] e/;dkyhu ;wjksi vkSj orZeku nfZ{k.k la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk
esa Hkh bls vuqdwy ekurk gSA laca/kkRed n`f"Vdks.k okys fo}kuksa dk ekuuk gS fd tkfr tSlh fLFkfr;ka
lsuk] O;kikj&izcU/k] QSDVªh vkfn esa Hkh ikbZ tkrh gSa rFkk lekt esa tkfr O;oLFkk dh mifLFkfr ;k
vuqifLFkfr lewgksa esa xfr'khyrk dh mifLFkfr ;k vuqifLFkfr ls lEc) gksrh gSA ;fn xfr'khyrk
lkekU; gksxh rks tkfr O;oLFkk ugha gksxh fdUrq ;fn blesa #dkoV gks rks tkfr O;oLFkk gksrh gSA
lekt'kkL=h; ifjiz{s ; esa tkfr O;oLFkk dks lekt esa Lrjhdj.k ds :i esa rFkk lkekftd vlekurk
dh iz?kVuk ds :i esa ns[kk x;k gSA bl ifjiz{s ; ds vuqlkj lekt ds dqN lajpukRed i{k gksrs gSa
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vkSj lekt vius lnL;ksa dks fofHkUu lkekftd fLFkfr;ksa (positions) esa ck¡V nsrk gSA bu lnL;ksa ds
chp dh vUr%fØ;k lkekftd ljapukvksa dk vk/kkj gksrh gS vkSj vUr%fØ;k ds izdkj o lEc) vkn'kZ
(norms) lkekftd lajpukvksa dks Js.khc) djrs gSaA
1-1mn~ns';
izLrqr [k.M&4 dh bdkbZ&1 dk mn~ns'; gS fd vki tkfr dh lajpukRed] lkaLd`frd ,oa lS)kkfUrd
vo/kkj.kkvks ls ifjfpr gks ldsaA la{ksi esa vki fuEufyf[kr fcUnqvksa dks le> ldsAa
tkfr dh lajpukRed ,oa lkaLd`frd vo/kkj.kk;sa
tkfr] o.kZ] mitkfr rFkk tutkfr
tkfr dh fo'ks"krk;sa
tkfr dh mRifRr laca/kh fl)kUr
1-2 tkfr dh lajpukRed ,oa lkaLd`frd vo/kkj.kk,a (Structural and Cultural Concepts of
Caste)
tkfr dks ,d bdkbZ (unit) ,oa O;oLFkk (system) dh n`f"V ls ns[kk tk ldrk gSA bls lkaLd`frd
,oa lajpukRed ?kVukvksa dh n`f"V ls Hkh ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ^^bdkbZ** ds :i esa tkfr dks bl izdkj
ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gS% ^^tkfr ,d cUn dksfV okyk fLFkfr lewg gS**] vFkok ,d ,slk lewg gS
ftlesa lnL;ksa dh izfLFkfr] mudk O;olk;] thou&lkFkh dks pquus dk {ks= rFkk nwljs lnL;ksa ds lkFk
vUrfØZ;k lHkh dqN fuf'pr gksrk gSA ^^O;oLFkk** ds :i esa tkfr dk laca/k vUrlZEcU/k izkfLFkfr;ksa
(interrelated statuses) vkSj tkfr;ksa ds chp ml izfrekfur (patterned) vUr%fØ;k ls gS tks
fofHkUu izfrcU/kksa ds laxzg (collectivity) ij vk/kkfjr gS( tSls] lnL;rk ifjorZu ij izfrcU/k]
O;olk; ifjorZu ij izfrcU/k] fookg ij izfrcU/k ,oa lgHkkst laca/kksa ij izfrcU/kA tkfr dks O;oLFkk ds
:i esa n`f"Vxr j[kus ds ihNs ,d iwoZ ekU;rk (presupposition) ;g gS fd dksbZ Hkh tkfr ,dkdh
jgdj vfLrRo esa ugha jg ldrh rFkk izR;sd tkfr nwljh tkfr;ksa ls vkfFkZd] jktuSfrd ,oa laLdkjksa
ds lacaf/kr tky esa fudV ls lEc) jgrh gSA tkfr O;oLFkk dh ^^cUn dksfV lewg** (closed rank
group) gksus dh fo'ks"krk bldh lajpuk dh Hkh O;k[;k djrh gSA ,d ^^lkaLd`frd ?kVuk** ds :i esa
tkfr dks ^^ewY;ks]a fo'oklksa rFkk izpyuksa ds laxzg** ds :i esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
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vf/kdrj fo}kuksa us tkfr dks ,d laxBu ds :i esa ekuk gS] u fd ewY;ksa ,oa izo`fÙk;ksa ds lewgu ds
:i esAa cwxy (Bougle) us tkfr dh O;k[;k djrs gq, dgk gS fd tkfr oa'kkuqØe vk/kkj ij fof'k"V
Js.khc) :i ls xfBr (hierarchically arranged) lewg gSA mUgksua s tkfr dh rhu fo'ks"krk,¡ crkbZ
gSa% iSr`d fof'k"Vrk (hereditary specialisation), Js.khc)rk (hierarchy), rFkk frjLdkj
(repulsion)A frjLdkj dh O;k[;k djrs gq, mUgksua s dgk gS fd fofo/k tkfr;ka ,d nwljs ds izfr
vkdf"kZr gksus dh vis{kk ,d nwljs dk frjLdkj djrh gSaA frjLdkj dh ;g Hkkouk vUrfoZokg] lgHkkst
izfrcU/kksa rFkk lEidZ esa Li"V gksrh gSA
Økscj (Kroeber) us tkfr dh ifjHkk"kk djrs gq, dgk gS% ^^tkfr u`oa'kh; (ethnic) bdkbZ dk ,d
vUrfoZokgh] oa'kkuqxr mi foHkkx (sub-division) gS ftldh lkekftd izfr"Bk vU; ,sls Hkkxksa dh
rqyuk esa Åaph ;k fuEu gksrh gSA** Økscj ds vuqlkj tkfr;ka lkekftd oxks± ds fo'ks"k Lo:i gSa tks
de ls de izo`fÙk esa izR;sd lekt esa feyrh gSaA vr%Økscj dh tkfr dh /kkj.kk orZeku lekt'kkL= esa
izpfyr Lrjhdj.k ds izdk;kZRed fl)kUr ls lEc) gSA dSFkyhu x+Q ds vuqlkj] ^^tkfr fLFkfr ds
vk/kkj ij mPp o fuEu in (rank) okys lewg gksrs gSa tks vkerkSj ij vUrfoZokgh gksrs gSa rFkk ,d
is'ks ls tqM+s gksrs gSaA** lsukVZ (Senart) us dgk gS] ^^tkfr ,d oa'kkuqxr cUn laxBu (corporation)
gS tks fd nwljh tkfr;ksa ls lkekU; is'kksa (occupations) ls tqM+k jgrk gS vkSj ftlesa ,d ifj"kn
(council) Hkh gksrh gS tks vius lnL;ksa ij dqN n.M fo/kku ykxw djds muds O;ogkj dks fu;fer
djrh gSA**
csyh (Bailey) vkSj Jhfuokl us tkfr dh ifjHkk"kk dh leL;k dks nwj gh j[kk gSaA mUgksua s tkfr;ksa dks
lajpuk,a (structures) ekuk gSA dsrdj] nÙk] rFkk vksiyj us Hkh tkfr dh ifjHkk"kk nsus dh vis{kk
tkfr O;oLFkk ds vuqekukRed (inductive) y{k.kksa dks gh crk;k gSA dsrdj ¼1909½ ds vuqlkj tkfr
,d lkekftd lewg gS ftldh nks fo'ks"krk,a gSa% oa'kkuqxr lnL;rk vkSj vUrfoZokgA
lHkh fo}ku tkfr O;oLFkk dks lesdrkvksa ls lajfpr (composed of solidarities) O;oLFkk ekurs
gSaA muds n`f"Vdks.k ;k rks lH;rk ds nk'kZfud fl)kUrksa ls izHkkfor gSa ;k laLd`fr ds ekuo'kkL=h;
fl)kUrksa ls ;k fQj lekt ds lekt'kkL=h; fl)kUrksa lsA
1-3 tkfr] o.kZ] mitkfr rFkk tutkfr (Caste, Varna, Sub-Caste and Tribe)
rdZiwoZd vk/kkj ij ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd tkfr] ^^o.kZ** dk fodflr :i gSA tks izkphu Hkkjr ds
oxZ ds :i esa izkjEHk gq, Fks vkSj /khjs&/khjs bUgsa /kkfeZd ekU;rk izkIr gks xbZA tkfr O;oLFkk dk leFkZu
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djrs gq, ;gh /kkfeZd fl)kUr tkfr O;oLFkk vkSj Lrjhdj.k esa Hksn djrk gS tks fd vesfjdk o vU;
ns'kksa esa iznÙk izfLFkfr] vUrfoZokg] rFkk fuEu fLFkfr ds :i esa ik;k tkrk gS ¼tSls uhxzks es½a A
1-3-1 tkfr vkSj o.kZ (Caste and Vorna)
tkfr vkSj o.kZ nksuksa fHkUu /kkj.kk,a gSaA lsukVZ izFke O;fDr Fkk ftlus ;g crk;k fd tkfr o o.kZ leku
ugha gSA fgUnw lkekftd laxBu dh fof'k"Vrk ;g gS fd ;g ^^o.kkZJe** O;oLFkk ij vk/kkfjr gSA ;|fi
^^o.kZ** O;oLFkk rFkk ^^vkJe** O;oLFkk nks vyx&vyx laxBu gSa fQj Hkh os ,d lkFk gSa] D;ksfa d os
euq"; dh izd`fr o ikyu iks"k.k dh leL;kvksa ds fo"k; esa crkrs gSaA vkJe O;oLFkk euq"; ds thou
ds fofo/k voLFkkvksa esa O;fDr ds lkalkfjd O;ogkj ds fo"k; esa ekxZn'kZd gS vkSj o.kZ&O;oLFkk ds
LoHkko ds vuqlkj dke djus dh fLFkfr dk funsZ'k nsrh gSA bu nksuksa O;oLFkkvksa ds v/;;u dh /kkj.kk
fHkUu gSA vkJe O;oLFkk esa thou esa pkj voLFkkvksa ds vUrxZr O;fDr dh f'k{kk&nh{kk vFkok
ikyu&iks"k.k dk laca/k gS% czãp;Z] x`gLFkkJe] okuizLFkkJe vkSj lU;klA o.kZ O;oLFkk ds vUrxZr
O;fDr dh mlds futh LoHkko ,oa izo`fÙk;ksa ds lanHkZ esa vius lewg esa fLFkfr ij fopkj fd;k tkrk gSA
^o.kZ** 'kCn dk iz;ksx _Xosn esa ¼4000 ch0lh0 esa fy[kk x;k½ lcls igys iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS vkSj
izkjEHk esa dsoy ^^vk;Z** vkSj ^^nkl** nks o.kks± dk gh o.kZu gSA blh osn esa lekt ds rhu O;oLFkkvksa
(order) esa foHkktu dk Hkh o.kZu gS% czã ¼if.Mr½] {kk= ¼;ks)k½] vkSj fol ¼lkekU; tu½A pkSFkh
O;oLFkk ^^'kwnz** dk o.kZu ugha gS] ;|fi vk;ks± ds }kjk ?k`.kk fd, tkus okys lewgks&
a ^^v;ksX;**]
^^pk.Mky**] rFkk ^^fu"kkn** 'kCnks&
a dk o.kZu feyrk gSA
;gh pkj O;oLFkk,a vkxs pydj pkj ^^o.kZ** gks x,A izkjEHk esa ^^'kwnzk*sa * dks vLi`'; ugha le>k tkrk
FkkA Jhfuokl us Hkh ekuk gS fd pkSFkh O;oLFkk ds ^^'kwnz** vLi`'; ugha Fks] cfYd bl lewg esa fdlku]
Jfed ,oa lsod FksA ^^'kwnzk*sa * dks ?kjsyw ukSdjksa ds :i esa gh ugha cfYd jlksb, ds :i esa Hkh yxk;k
tkrk FkkA bl izdkj oSfnd dky esa mPp ;k fuEu ^^o.kZ** tSlk dqN Hkh ugha FkkA lekt dk bu pkj
o.kks± ;k O;oLFkkvksa esa foHkktu Je foHkktu ij vk/kkfjr FkkA czkã.k iqtkjh ds :i esa] {kf=; 'kkld
o ;ks)k ds :i es]a oS'; O;kikjh ds :i es]a rFkk 'kwnz ^^lsod** ds :i esa dk;Z djrs FksA
o.kks± esa fookg laca/kksa esa izfrcU/k ugha Fks vkSj u gh [kkuiku esa o lkekftd laca/kksa esa FksA ;gk¡ rd fd
,d o.kZ ls nwljs o.kZ esa lnL;rk ifjorZu ds fy, Hkh dksbZ izfrcU/k ugha FksA ckn esa tSls ge oSfnd
dky ls czkã.k dky esa vkrs gSa] bu pkjksa o.kks± esa Js.khØe izkjEHk gks x;k vkSj blesa czkã.k loksZPp
fLFkfr esa rFkk ^^'kwnz** fuEure fLFkfr esa gks x,A
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,d vkSj fopkj/kkjk ds vuqlkj ^^o.kks±** esa vUrj o Js.khØe dk laca/k jax Hksn ls FkkA blds vuqlkj
^^o.kZ** dk vFkZ ^^jax** gS vkSj blh jax ds vk/kkj ij ^^vk;Z** vkSj ^^nkl** esa vUrj fd;k x;k gksxk
D;ksfa d vk;ks± dk jax ^^lkQ** (fair) vkSj nklksa dk jax dkyk ekuk x;k gSA ^^jax** dh /kkj.kk bruh
cyorh gks xbZ fd dkykUrj esa tc ^^oxks±** dks fu;fer :i ls ^^o.kZ** ekuk x;k] pkj o.kks± ds lnL;ksa
dh pkj jaxksa ls gh igpku gksus yxhA czkã.kksa dks xkSj ;k lQsn jax] {kf=;ksa dks yky jax] oS';ksa dks
ihyk jax rFkk 'kwnzksa dks dkyk jax fn;k x;kA
tkfr;ksa dh mRifÙk dk laca/k ^^o.kks±** ls ugha gS] ;|fi tkfr;ksa ds fodkl dh izfØ;k esa mUgsa ^^o.kks±** ls
lEc) fd;k x;k vkSj tkfr Js.khØe (hierarchy) vkSj tkfr xfr'khyrk dks ^^o.kZ** ls tksM+ dj
crk;k x;kA Jhfuokl dh Hkh ;g ekU;rk gS fd ^^o.kZ** us ,d lkekU; lkekftd Hkk"kk iznku dh gS tks
lewps Hkkjr ds fy, ,d tSlk gS] vFkkZr~ o.kZ us lkekU; O;fDr;ksa dks tkfr O;oLFkk dks le>us dh ,d
ljy o Li"V ;kstuk nh gS tks lkjs Hkkjr esa ykxw gSA L;w (Hsu) dh ekU;rk gS fd o.kZ rks lewps
fgUnw lekt ds fy, ek= fopkjkRed ;kstuk (conceptual scheme) gS] tcfd tkfr fgUnw lekt
dh ;FkkFkZ fLFkfr dks n'kkZrh gSA
1-3-2 tkfr ,oa mitkfr (Caste and Subcaste)
tkfr ,oa mitkfr esa Li"V vUrj crkuk vklku ugha gS D;ksfa d nksuksa dh izo`fÙk;k¡ leku gh gSaA rFkkfi
mitkfr tkfr dk mifoHkktu gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ] dk;LFk ,d tkfr gS vkSj bls vusd mitkfr;ksa esa
foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS( tSls] lDlsuk] JhokLro] fuxe ,oa HkVukxj vkfnA blh izdkj vxzoky
tkfr dk mi foHkktu ^^nlk** o ^^chlk** mitkfr;ksa esa gSA czã.k ,d ^^o.kZ** gS rFkk vusd tkfr;ksa dk
,d e.My gSA bl izdkj dkU;dqCt] lj;wikjh rFkk xkSM+ czkã.k tkfr ds mnkgj.k gSa vkSj Hkkj}kt]
xkSre] d';i vkfn czkã.k xks= ds mnkgj.k gSaA tkfr vkSj mitkfr nksuksa gh vUrfoZokgh
(endogamous) lewg gSa] fdUrq xks= cfgfoZokgh (exogamous) lewg gSA
mitkfr;ksa dh mRifÙk dSls gqbZ\ bl ij nks n`f"Vdks.k gSa% ,d rks ;g fd budk mn~xe ekrk&firk ds
lewg ds fo[k.Mu (fission) ls gS( nwljk ;g fd budh mRifÙk Lora= lewgksa ls gqbZ gSA /kq;sZ ds
vuqlkj mitkfr tkfr ls bu dkj.kksa dh otg ls fHkUu ekuh tkus yxh% ¼1½ vyxko ds dkj.k ¼tSls]
xqtjkrh vkSj ekyoh tqykgs e/; izn's k esa] esokM+h vkSj ekjokM+h ukbZ jktLFkku es½a ( ¼2½ fefJr mRifÙk ds
dkj.k ¼tSls] e/; izn's k ds ^^feykyk** ftudh mRifÙk Hkhy o jktiwr ekrk&firk ls ekuh tkrh gS½( ¼3½
is'kksa esa vUrj ds dkj.k ¼tSls] dqEgkj tks fd crZu dk dke djrs gSa ^^x/ksMs** dgykrs gSa rFkk [ksr esa
dke djus okys ^^[ksrM+** dgykrs gSa(½ ¼4½ /kU/ks ds rduhdh fof'k"Vrkvksa ds dkj.k ¼tSls] peM+s dk dke
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djus okyksa esa eksph mitkfr tks u;s twrs cukrs gSa½( ¼5½ fjoktksa dh vlekurk ds dkj.k ¼tSls] fo/kok
iqufoZokg ls lacaf/kr gks] vkSj½ ¼6½ miuke ds dkj.kA
bjkorh dosZ us ;g n`f"Vdks.k Lohdkj fd;k gS fd mitkfr;ka ;k rks tkfr;ksa ds fo[kf.Mr Hkkx gSa ;k os
LorU= mRifÙk ds gSaA bl lUnHkZ esa mUgksua s dgk gS ^^/kkfeZd pyuksa o rjhdksa ls ;g iznf'kZr gksrk gS
fd bu bdkbZ;ksa dk vyx vfLrRo o bfrgkl gh budh cM+h bdkbZ;ksa ls vyx gksus dk dkj.k gks
ldrk gSA fjt+ys] gêu o etwenkj us dgk gS fd mitkfr;k¡ VwVdj eq[; tkfr;ksa ds cjkcj viuh
fLFkfr dks mBkus ds iz;RuLo:i vfLrRo esa vkbZA
1-3-3 tkfr ,oa tutkfr (Caste and Tribe)
tkfr rFkk tutkfr esa vUrj djus dk dksbZ ekU; vk/kkj ugha gSA vkUnzs osrsM+ (Andre Betaills) dk
fopkj gS fd ^^tutkfr** dh /kkj.kk dks ekStwnk ifjHkk"kkvksa ds vk/kkj ij ugha le>uk pkfg,] vfirq
Hkkjr esa ijEijkxr :i ls ekuh tkus okyh tutkfr;ksa dh fo'ks"krkvksa ,oa muds fo'ys"k.k ds }kjk
le>uk pkfg,A ukMsy (Nadel) tSls lkekftd ekuo'kkfL=;ksa tutkfr dks ^^,d jktuSfrd] Hkk"kkbZ
,oa lkaLd`frd lhekvksa okyk lekt** dgk gSA bldk ;g vFkZ gqvk fd tutkfr ,d ,slk ^lekt* gS
ftlds lnL; lkekU; ljdkj pykrs gSa] lkekU; Hkk"kk cksyrs gSa rFkk ,d lkekU; laLd`fr] fo'okl ,oa
izFkkvksa dk vuqikyu djrs gSaA ;|fi dbZ tutkfr;ksa dh Li"V lkaLd`frd ,oa Hkk"kk laca/kh lhek,a gksrh
gSa] Hkys gh jktuSfrd u gksa ,sls vusd tutkrh; lewg gSa ftuesa ljdkj ugha gksrh vkSj u gh dksbZ
dsUnzh; vf/kdkj j[kus okyk O;fDr lewg gh gksrk gSA blh izdkj ,d tutkfr esa lkaLd`frd le:i
(homogeneity) Hkh Hkzked gksrh gS D;ksfa d bl ;qx esa ,slh dksbZ lhek js[kk ugha gS tgka ,d
^^laLd`fr** lekIr gksrh gS vkSj nwljh izkjEHkA ijUrq tutkfr dh viuh ,d cksyh (dialect) vo';
gksrh gSA vr% tutkfr dh ekStwnk ifjHkk"kk vi;kZIr gSA /kq;sZ] ukbd] csyh rFkk oSfj;j ,yfou tSls
fo}kuksa us tkfr ,oa tutkfr esa Hksn djus ds fy, fofHkUu vk/kkj iz;ksx fd, gSaA dqN vk/kkj bl
izdkj gSa% /keZ] HkkSxksfyd i`FkDdj.k] Hkk"kk] vkfFkZd] fiNM+kiu rFkk jktuSfrd laxBuA
csyh us dgk gS fd ^^tkfr rFkk tutkfr esa Hksn djus ds fy, ,d ek= gy ;g gS fd ,slh fujUrjrk
(continuum) dh dYiuk djsa ftlds ,d vksj rks lekt gS ftldh jktuSfrd O;oLFkk iwjh rjg
[k.MkRed vkSj lekurk ij vk/kkfjr (egalitarian) izdkj dh gS vkSj ftlesa fuHkZj jgus okys yksx
ugha gksrs] vkSj nwljh vksj og lekt gS ftlesa [k.MkRed jktuSfrd laca/k cgqr de yksxksa esa gksrs gSa
vkSj vf/kdrj yksx ,d nwljs ij fuHkZj gksrs gSaA ,sls lekt dh jktuSfrd O;oLFkk dh rqyuk ,d
tSfodh; O;oLFkk ls dh tk ldrh gSA**A ysfdu csyh dk dguk gS fd fujUrjrk ds ml fcUnq dks
igpkuuk dfBu gS tgka tutkfr lekIr gksdj tkfr izkjEHk gksrh gksA
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Hkkjr esa ;g fLFkfr vkSj Hkh tfVy gS D;ksfa d ,slh 'kk;n gh dksbZ tutkfr gks tks vyx lekt ds :i
esa viuk vfLrRo j[krh gksA fdlh Hkh tutkfr dh Hkkjr esa vyx ls dksbZ jktuSfrd lhek ugha gSA
cM+h tutkfr;ka] tSls Hkhy] lUFkky] vksjk¡o vkfn {ks=h; vk/kkj ij fc[kjh gqbZ gSaA fQj yxHkx lHkh
tutkfr;ka fofo/k lhekvksa rd cM+s lekt esa lek Hkh xbZ gSaA vkfFkZd n`f"V ls Hkh tutkrh;
vFkZO;oLFkk {ks=h; o jk"Vªh; vFkZO;oLFkk ls fHkUu ugha gSaA bl izdkj os tutkfr;ka tks ekuo'kkfL=;ksa
}kjk ^^vkn'kZ :i** (ideal type) ekuh xbZ gSa] eqf'dy ls gh ikbZ tkrh gSaA vkUnzs csrsb ¼1969½ dh
ekU;rk gS fd Hkkjr esa lHkh tutkfr;ka ifjorZu ds nkSj ls xqtj jgha gSaA ysfdu dqN leqnk;ksa dks
tutkfr dh ekU;rk nh xbZ gS vkSj mUgsa vuqlwfpr tutkfr dh lwph esa lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA
1-3-4 tkfr vkSj oxZ (Caste and Class)
tkfr vkSj oxZ nksuksa gh izfLFkfr (status) lewg gSaA ,d izfLFkfr lewg O;fDr;ksa dk ,d ladyu gS
ftu ¼O;fDr;ks½a dh ,d fof'k"V thou 'kSyh gksrh gS vkSj ,d izdkj dh psruk j[krs gSaA tkfr ,d
oa'kkuqxr lewg gksrk gS ftldh ,d fuf'pr deZdkaMh (ritual) izfLFkfr gksrh gS] tcfd oxZ mRiknu
ds laca/kksa ds vk/kkj ij ifjHkkf"kr gksrk gSA ,d oxZ ds lnL;ksa dh nwljs oxZ ds lnL;ksa ds lkFk ,d
gh lkekftd&vkfFkZd izfLFkfr gksrh gS] tcfd ,d tkfr ds lnL;ksa dh nwljh tkfr;ksa ds lnL;ksa dh
rqyuk esa mPp ;k fuEu izfLFkfr gksrh gSA ,d lkekftd oxZ laxfBr ugha gksrk] fdUrq O;fDr vkSj
ifjokj tks mlds lnL; gSa vis{kkd`r leku 'kSf{kd] vkfFkZd o lkekftd Lrj ds gksrs gSaA tks yksx
,d gh lkekftd oxZ ds oxhZdj.k ds vUrxZr vkrs gSa muds thou&volj (life chances) Hkh
leku gksrs gSaA dqN lekt'kkL=h lkekftd oxZ dks ewyr% LoHkkor% vkfFkZd (economic in nature)
ekurs gSa] tcfd nwljs thou 'kSyh] lEeku rFkk izo`fÙk tSls dkjdksa ij cy nsrs gSaA
oxZ O;oLFkk esa O;fDr dh fLFkfr fuf'pr djus ds rhu vk/kkj vkerkSj ij iz;ksx fd, tkrs gSa%
oLrqijd (objective), O;fDrijd (subjective) rFkk izflf)ijd (reputational)A oLrqijd
vk/kkj gSa% vk;] f'k{kk vkSj O;olk; izflf)ijd vk/kkj gS% leqnk; ds lnL;ksa dh eukso`fÙk;ka
(attitudes) vkSj fu.kZ; (judement); vkSj O;fDrijd vk/kkj gS O;fDr;ksa dh lekt esa viuh fLFkfr
cukukA
tkfr ,d cUn lkekftd Lr`r (stratum) gS ftlls mlds lnL;ksa dk lEeku O;olk; vkSj
lkekftd laca/k fuf'pr gksrs gSaA izR;sd tkfr esa nwljh tkfr ds lnL;ksa ds lkFk laca/k lhfer gksrs gSa
vkSj fuf'pr izdkj ls cus gksrs gSaA nwljh vksj oxZ esa ,d oxZ ds lnL;ksa ds nwljs oxZ ds lnL;ksa ds
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lkFk laca/k ifjfLFkfro'k ca/ks gksrs gSaA tkfr vkSj oxZ dk lekt esa lg vfLrRo gksrk gSA dbZ voljksa
ij tkfr;ka] oxZ dk dk;Z Hkh dj ldrh gSaA
1-4 tkfr dh fo'ks"krk,a (Characteristics of Caste)
cwxy (Bougle) us tkfr ds rhu rRo crk;s gSa& oa'kkuqxr fo'ks"kKrk] Js.khc)rk] ,oa vkd"kZ.k o
fojks/kA gksdkVZ us /kkfeZd fØ;k&dykiksa dh ifo=rk vkSj vifo=rk ij cy fn;k gSA tcfd fjt+ys us
vUrfoZokg (endogamy) rFkk oa'kkuqxr is'ks (occupation) ij cy fn;k gSA /kq;sZ] dsrdj] ,u0ds0
nÙk] vkfn us Hkh bUgha fo'ks"krkvksa dh vksj ladsr fd;k gSA ;g ekuk tk ldrk gS fd ,d bdkbZ ds
:i esa tkfr dh ;s fo'ks"krk,a gSa% oa'kkuqxr lnL;rk] vUrfoZokg] fuf'pr O;olk;] rFkk tkfr lfefr;ka]
tcfd O;oLFkk ds :i esa tkfr dh fo'ks"krk,a gSa% Js.khØe] [kkuiku ij izfrcU/k rFkk 'kkjhfjd o
lkekftd nwfj;ksa ij izfrcU/kA
1-4-1 O;oLFkk ds :i esa tkfr dh fo'ks"krk,a (Characteristics of Caste as a
System)
¼d½ tUe ij vk/kkfjr Js.khØe (Hierarchy basea on birth)
fdUgha Hkh nks tkfr;ksa dh ,d leku izfLFkfr ugha gksrhA ,d tkfr dk nwljh tkfr ls laca/k dk Lrj
Å¡pk ;k uhpk gksrk gSA tkfr Js.khØe O;oLFkk esa izR;sd tkfr dk fuf'pr ;k vuqekfur Lrj ;k
izfLFkfr dk fu/kkZj.k djuk ;fn vlEHko ugha rks eqf'dy vo'; gSA Js.khØe ds fu/kkZj.k esa nks rjhds
viuk;s x;s gSa] voyksdu fof/k vkSj er&ewY;kadu fof/kA voyksdu fof/k esa tkfr dh izfLFkfr fu/kkZj.k
ds fy, ;k rks ladsrukRed (attributional) fof/k ;k vUr%fØ;kRed (interactional) fof/k iz;ksx
dh x;h gSA ladsrukRed fof/k tkfr dh izfLFkfr dk fu/kkZj.k mlds O;ogkj ls djrh gS( mnkgj.kkFkZ]
viekutud O;olk; djuk] bldh izFkk,a] 'kkdkgkjh gksuk] rFkk e|iku vkfn vknrsAa vUr%fØ;kRed
fof/k nks tkfr;ksa ds ,d nwljs ds laca/k esa izfLFkfr dk ewY;kadu muds [kku&iku dh vUr%fØ;kvksa rFkk
fookg laca/kksa dk voyksdu }kjk djrh gSA ;fn ^^v** tkfr ^^c** tkfr dh yM+dh ls fookg djuk
Lohdkj dj ysrh gS] ysfdu ml tkfr esa viuh yM+dh ugha nsrh rks ^^v** dk Lrj ^^c** ds Lrj ls
Å¡pk gksxkA
er&ewY;kadu (opinion-assessing) fof/k esa lkewfgd Js.khØe esa fofHkUu tkfr;ksa dh izfLFkfr ds
fu/kkZj.k esa fofo/k tkfr;ksa ds mÙkjnkrkvksa ds er ij /;ku fn;k tkrk gSA ,0lh0 es;j] ,e0,u0
Jhfuokl] Mh0,u0 etwenkj] ,l0lh0 nqc]s ikfyu egkj] vkfn fo}kuksa us tkfr Js.khØe esa tkfr dh
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fLFkfr ds fo'ys"k.k esa voyksdu fof/k dk iz;ksx fd;k Fkk] tcfd eSfde esfj;V o LVSuys ÝhM us
er&ewY;kadu fof/k dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA ,l0lh0 nqcs us tkfr Js.khØe O;oLFkk esa rsyx
a kuk esa rhu
xkaoksa esa tkfr izfLFkfr fu/kkZj.k ds fy, ,d gh vk/kkj iz;ksx fd;k] ftlesa mUgksua s crk;k fd
dkSu&dkSu lh tkfr;ka fdu&fdu tkfr;ksa ds lkFk Hkkstu dj ldrh gSaA es;j us nwljh vksj lgHkkst
ds vk/kkj dks iz;ksx fd;k] ftlds vUrxZr [kkuk&ikuh rFkk fofHkUu tkfr;ksa ds chp ^^gqDdk** iz;ksx
dk vknku&iznku lfEefyr gSA ikfyu egkj us cgq&vuqeki (multiple-scaling) izfof/k }kjk
tkfr;ksa dh fLFkfr fu/kkZj.k mudh /kkfeZd ¼deZdkaM½ ifo=rk rFkk vifo=rk ds vk/kkj ij fd;kA
¼[k½ lgHkkst ij izfrcU/k (Commensal restriction)
,d O;fDr ds fofHkUu tkfr;ksa ds lnL;ksa ds lkFk [kku&iku laca/kh vusd o foLr`r fu;e izpyu esa
gSaA bl fo"k; ij CyUV (Blunt) ds vuqlkj lkr egRoiw.kZ fu"ks/k (taboos) izpfyr gSa% (i) lgHkkst
fu"ks/k] tks O;fDr ds vU; O;fDr;ksa ds lkFk Hkkstu [kkus ds fu;e fu/kkZfjr djrk gS( (ii) jlksbZ fu"ks/k]
ftlesa jlksbZ cukus laca/kh fu;e gSa fd dkSu&dkSu O;fDr fdu&fdu O;fDr;ksa ds [kkus ;ksX ; Hkkstu
cuk ldrs gSa( (iii) [kkus ds fu"ks/k] ftlesa Hkkstu ds le; viuk, tkus okys /kkfeZd d`R;ksa ds fooj.k
,oa fu;e gSa( (iv) ihus ds fu"ks/k] tks nwljs O;fDr;ksa ds gkFk ls ihus dk ikuh ysus ds fu;e crkrs gSa(
(v) Hkkstu fu"ks/k] tks ;g crkrk gS fd fdl izdkj dk Hkkstu ¼dPpk] iDdk] gjh lCth] vkfn½ ,d
tkfr dk lnL; nwljh tkfr ds lnL;ksa ds lkFk [kk ldrk gS( (vi) rEckdw ;k /kweziku laca/kh fu"ks/k]
tks ;g crkrk gS fd fdl O;fDr dk gqDdk fdl tkfr dk O;fDr iz;ksx dj ldrk gS( (vii) crZu
fu"ks/k] tks ;g crkrk gS fd fdl izdkj ds crZu O;fDr dks vifo=rk ls cpus ds fy, iz;ksx djuk ;k
cpuk pkfg,A
¼x½lkekftd Hkkxhnkjh ij /kkfeZd ekU;rkvksa dh ck/;rk (Compelling
religious sanctions on social participation)
lkekftd vUrfØZ;k dykiksa ij izfrcU/k yxkus dk dkj.k ;g fo'okl gS fd 'kkjhfjd lEidZ ls
vifo=rk (pollution) dk lEizs{k.k gksrk gSA blh izdkj ds fo'oklksa ds dkj.k gh tks fuEu tkfr ds
yksx fud`"V /kU/kksa esa yxs gksrs gSa] mUgsa mPp tkfr ds yksx vius ls nwj gh j[krs gSaA blh izdkj
xksekal [kkus okys vusd fuEu tkfr ds yksx rFkk pekj] /kksch] Mkse] vkfn lkekU;r;k vLi`'; ekus
tkrs gSa] vkSj mUgsa fgUnw yksxksa }kjk i`Fkd gh j[kk tkrk gSA blh izdkj mPp tkfr rFkk e/; tkfr ds
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yksxksa ds lkFk vUr%fØ;k ds fy,] vknj&lRdkj ds fy,] nSfud O;ogkj ds fy, rFkk /kkfeZd
fØ;k&dykiksa ls lacaf/kr fuf'pr o fHkUu&fHkUu fu;e cus gq, gSaA
¼?k½ tkfrcká vFkok vLi`'; miLrj (The Out Caste substratum)
tks tkfr;ka fud`"V o efyurk QSykus okys is'kksa esa yxh gksrh gSa] mUgsa vLi`'; ekuk tkrk gSA mUgsa
cká tkfr;ka ¼nfyr oxZ½] ;k vuqlwfpr tkfr;ka Hkh dgk tkrk gSA bu tkfr;ksa ds fo"k; esa ekuk tkrk
gS fd os vk;ks± ds vkxeu ls iwoZ Hkkjr esa jgus okyh iztkfr;ksa ls vorh.kZ gqb±A ckn esa mUgksua s fgUnw
lekt ds fuEure fLFkfr;ksa dks Lohdkj dj fy;kA bu tkfr;ksa ds lnL; vkerkSj ij xk¡o ;k cLrh
ds ckgj dh vksj jgrs gSa vkSj eSyk lkQ djus] twrk cukus] peM+k 'kks/ku] vkfn dk;ks± ls thfodk
pykrs gSaA mUgsa mu dqvksa ls ikuh ysus dh vuqefr ugha gksrh ftuls mPp tkfr;ksa ds yksx ikuh ysrs
gSaA mUgsa tu&lM+dks]a Ldwyksa] efUnjks]a 'konkg LFkyks]a gksVyksa rFkk pk; dh nqdkuksa vkfn ds iz;ksx ls Hkh
ofUpr j[kk tkrk gSA os mu nSR;ksa dks izlUu djus ds fy, i'kq&cfy Hkh nsrs gSa tks muds thou ij
vf/kdkj j[krs gSaA mudh mifLFkfr o Li'kZ Hkh nwljksa dks nwfZ"kr@vifo= dj nsx
a s] ,slk ekuk tkrk gSA
orZeku esa tkfroknh yksxksa }kjk Fkksis x, fu"ks/k dkQh de gks x, gSaA ;|fi ;s fu"ks/k oS/kkfud :i ls
gVk fn, x;s gSa vkSj vf/kdrj mPp tkfr;ksa ds fgUnqvksa }kjk vifo=rk ds Mj dks Hkh lkekftd :i
ls ugha ekuk tk jgk gS] fQj Hkh dqN /kkfeZd fØ;k&dykiksa esa izfrcU/k tkjh gSa] ;|fi ykSfdd nSfud
thou esa bUgsa ykxw ugha fd;k tkrk gSA
1-4-2 bdkbZ ds :i esa tkfr dh fo'ks"krk,a (Characteristics of Caste as a
unit)
¼d½ iznÙk izfLFkfr (Ascribed Status)
tkfr esa O;fDr dh lnL;rk mlds tUe ls fu/kkZfjr gksrh gSA izR;sd tkfr dk vU; tkfr;ksa dh rqyuk
esa D;ksfa d ,d fuf'pr ntkZ (rank) gksrk gS] vr% O;fDr dh mPp o fuEu izfLFkfr bl ij fuHkZj
djrh gS fd ftl tkfr esa mldk tUe gqvk gS mldh deZdkaMh; izfLFkfr D;k gSA okLro esa] ,d
ijEijkfu"B fgUnw ds thou dk izR;sd igyw mlds tUe ij vVdk gksrk gSA mlds ?kjsyw laLdkj o
jhfr&fjokt] mldh efUnj vkfn esa iwtk] mldh fe= e.Myh] vkSj mldk O;olk;] lHkh dqN ml
tkfr ds Lrj ij vk/kkfjr gksrs gSa ftlesa mlus tUe fy;k gSA
¼[k½ vUrfoZokg (Endogamy)
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izR;sd tkfr ds lnL;ksa dks viuh gh tkfr ;k mitkfr esa fookg djuk gksrk gSA bl izdkj vUrfoZokg
tkfr lewgksa ds chp ,d LFkk;h ck/; fLFkfr gSA
¼x½ fuf'pr O;olk; (Fixed Occupation)
izR;sd tkfr dk fuf'pr oa'kkuqxr is'kk gksrk gSA ,d iqjkuh dgkor gS fd ,d czkã.k lnSo czkã.k
gksrk gS vkSj pekj lnSo pekj gksrk gSA dqN O;olk; xUns (unclean) le>s tkrs gSa ftl dkj.k tks
O;fDr buesa yxs gksrs gSa os vLi`'; gks tkrs gSa vkSj ;fn dksbZ vU; bu O;olk;ksa dks viukrk gS] rks
mls tkfr ls cfg"d`r dj fn;k tkrk gS rkfd og tkfr dks nwf"kr u dj ldsA ysfdu bldk ;g vFkZ
Hkh ugha gS fd czkã.k tkfr esa lHkh czkã.kksa dks iafMrkbZ O;olk; esa gh lnSo yxk jguk gS ;k fQj
lHkh jktiwrksa dks j{kk dk;Z esa yxus ds dkj.k lsuk esa gh 'kkfey gksuk gSA dqN ifjLFkfr;ksa o'k ,d
tkfr ds lnL; dks nwljk O;olk; djus dh vuqefr fey tkrh FkhA blh izdkj ,d gh tkfr dh
fofHkUu mitkfr;k¡ fofo/k O;olk; viuk ysrh gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ] [kfVd ¼dlkbZ½ tkfr dh pkj
mi&tkfr;ka mÙkj izns'k esa dlkbZ] ¼csyuokyk½] jktxhj ¼jktxj½] jLlh cukus okys ¼lksecêk½ rFkk Qy
cspus ds O;olk; esa ¼esokQjks"k½ yxs gSaA O;olk; ifjorZu ls tkfr ifjorZu vko';d ugha gksrk Fkk
tc rd fd fLFkfr esa ifjorZu u gksA CyUV ds vuqlkj tc izfLFkfr esa bl izdkj dk ifjorZu gksrk gS
rc og rhu :i /kkj.k dj ysrh gS % (i) ,d ubZ tkfr esa i`Fkd gksuk (ii) u;s lewg dk igys ls
vfLrRo okyh tkfr esa foy; (iii) ekSfyd tkfr ds Hkhrj gh ,d vUrfoZokgh mitkfr dh jpukA
tkfr }kjk Fkksis x, O;olkf;d izfrcU/kksa ds ihNs lkekU;r% /kkfeZd mís'; gksrk gS] ysfdu dHkh&dHkh
mudk fo'kq) vkfFkZd mís'; Hkh gksrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] vkseSys us e/;izn's k ds ,d ftys ds lqukjksa
ds lUnHkZ esa dgk gS fd os yksx ,d nkor dk vk;kstu djrs gSa ftlesa os dle [kkrs gSa fd os mu
yksxksa dks tkfr ls ckgj fudkyus dk Mj fn[kkrs gSa tks ;g jgL; [kksyx
sa s fd lksus esa fdruh vU;
/kkrq,a fdl ek=k esa feykbZ tkrh gSaA
¼?k½ tkfr iapk;r (Caste Panchayats)
izR;sd tkfr dh viuh lfefr gksrh gS ftls tkfr iapk;r dgrs gSaA yEcs le; rd bu iapk;rksa dk
vius lnL;ksa ij dkQh izHkko FkkA ;|fi vkt dqN tkfr iapk;rksa dh lewps ns'k esa 'kk[kk,a Hkh gSa
D;ksfa d lapkj ek/;eksa dk leqfpr fodkl gqvk gS] ijUrq dqN n'kkfCn;ksa iwoZ rd bu ¼'kk[kkvks½a dk
dk;Z{ks= bruk lhfer Fkk fd lnL; vklkuh ls bdës gks ldsa vkSj ,d nwljs ds izfr tkudkjh j[k
ldsAa lapkj lqfo/kk rFkk vU; LFkkuh; n'kk,a bu iapk;rksa dk dk;Z {ks= fu/kkZfjr djrh gSaA bl izdkj
Dpksfa d lewph tkfr ;k mi&tkfr ds fy, ,d gh iapk;r gksus ds vkn'kZ dks izkIr djuk vlEHko gS]
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vr% ,d tkfr ;k mi&tkfr ds lnL; ,d lacaf/kr lewg dk fuekZ.k djrs gSa ftls ^^fcjknjh**
¼ukrsnkjksa dh lfefr½ dgk tkrk gSA ;g fcjknjh ,d cfgfoZokgh (exogamous) bdkbZ ds :i esa
vUrfoZokgh tkfr ;k mi&tkfr dh rjg dk;Z djrh gSaA og lewg ¼fcjknjh½ tkfr ;k mitkfr ds fy,
dk;Z djrk gS rFkk vius lnL;ksa dks viuh dk;Z ifjf/k ds Hkhrj gh ekU;rkvksa dks euokus ds fy,
ck/; djrk gSA bu iapk;rksa us tks vijk/k ds ekeys vius dk;Z {ks= esa fy, Fks muesa ls izeq[k Fks&
nwljh tkfr o mitkfr esa Hkkstu ds ekeys] ftuds lkFk Hkkstu fu"ks/k Fkk] nwljh tkfr dh L=h dks
j[kSy ds :i esa j[kuk] fookfgr efgyk ds lkFk voS/k laca/k j[kuk] fookg ds ok;ns dks rksM+uk]
vnk;xh ls budkj djuk] NksVs&eksVs >xM+s jhfr&fjoktksa dk mYya?ku] vkfnA ,slk djus ij tks n.M
dk fo/kku viuk;k tkrk Fkk mlesa tkfr ls fudkyuk] vFkZn.M] tkfr ds yksxksa dks nkor nsuk] ;k
'kkjhfjd n.M vkfn izeq[k FksA tkfr ds lHkh lnL; iapk;r ds fu.kZ; dks ekuus ds fy, ck/; gksrs FksA
fczfV'k dky esa Hkh ;s iapk;rsa bruh 'kfDr'kkyh gksrh Fkha fd U;k;ky; }kjk fu.kZ; fd, x, ekeyksa dks
Hkh iqufoZpkj ds fy, ys ysrh FkhaA bl izdkj tkfr iapk;r ,d v/kZ&izHkqrk lEiUu (semi
sovereign) laLFkk FkhA
orZeku esa bu iapk;rksa dk vfLrRo {kh.k gks x;k gS ijUrq vioknLo:i ;s dke dj jgh gSaA
1-5 tkfr dh mRifÙk (Origin of Caste)
Hkkjr esa tkfr dh mRifÙk ds fo"k; esa vusd fl)kUr izfrikfnr fd, x, gSa ysfdu dksbZ Hkh
fl)kUr lgh O;k[;k ugha djrkA fjt+ys us tkfr dh mRifÙk iztkrh; fHkUurkvksa (racial
differences) ds dkj.k crkbZ] uslQhYM rFkk bcsV~lu us is'ks dks bldk dkj.k crk;k] vcs MqckW;l
us czkã.kksa dh Hkwfedk dks bldk dkj.k crk;k] vkSj gêu us ^^ekuk** (Mana) dksA
1-5-1 ijEijkxr fl)kUr (Traditional Theory)
dqN if'peh ,oa xSj&Hkkjrh; fo}kuksa tSls L;w (Hsu) us fgUnw lekt dks vU/k fo'oklksa ij dsfUnzr
lekt crk;k gS] ftlesa yksx Hkkoe; (abstract) lR; ls izyksfHkr gksrs gSa rFkk bl lR; dks
jgL;okn }kjk <wa<+us dk iz;Ru djrs gS u fd foKku }kjkA ;s fo}ku ekurs gSa fd fgUnw yksx pje
lR; (ultimate reality) ls fudVrk <wa<+rs gSa vkSj izR;sd oLrq ,oa ?kVuk dh O;k[;k bZ'oj rFkk /keZ
esa <wa<+rs gSaA tkfr tSlh laLFkk dh mRifÙk dks ;s ^^czãk** ds 'kjhj esa [kkstrs gSaA ijEijkRed fl)kUr ds
vuqlkj tkfr iz.kkyh nSoh fo/kku (divine ordinacne) }kjk LFkkfir dh xbZ gS ;k fQj de ls de
bZ'oj ds vuqeksnu (divine approval) ls rks vo'; ghA lekt'kkL=h; fl)kUr dh ekU;rk gS fd
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tkfr iz.kkyh ekuo fufeZr (man-made) gS ;k fQj d`f=e :i ls jfpr (artifically-created) gS
vkSj ;g Lrjhdj.k dh iznÙk (ascriptive) iz.kkyh gS ftlesa izfLFkfr rFkk Hkwfedk dk fu/kkZj.k tUe ls
gksrk gSA ijEijkxr fl)kUr tkfr iz.kkyh dks ,d LokHkkfod (normal) o izkd`frd iz.kkyh ekurk
gSA bl fl)kUr ds nks :i gSa% feFkdh; (mythical) vkSj vk/;kfRed (metaphysical)A
feFkdh; dFku ,oa iqjk.k&dFkk ds vuqlkj pkj o.kZ gh pkj tkfr;ka gSa vkSj ;s pkjksa tkfr;ka czã ds
'kjhj ds pkj vaxksa ls fudyh gSaA blds vuqlkj tkfr lkekftd dk;ks± dk izkd`frd :i ls fu/kkZfjr
,d laxBu gS rFkk ,d fo'ks"k tkfr esa O;fDr dh lnL;rk /keZ vkSj deZ laca/kh fl)kUrksa ds vk/kkj ij
le>kbZ tk ldrh gSA
tkfr dk vk/;kfRed (metaphysical) :i tkfr ds y{k.kks]a dk;ks± rFkk laLrj.k ij cy nsrk gSA
izR;sd tkfr dk vyx dk;Z (function) gksrk gS vkSj ;g dk;Z ml ¼tkfr½ ds lnL;ksa ds ^^LoHkko**
rFkk ^^xq.kks*a * ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gSA fgUnw n`f"Vdks.k ls O;fDr dk LoHkko nks xq.kksa esa fufgr gSa% xksf=dk
vkSj ukfedkA ^^xksf=dk** dk vFkZ oa'kkuqxr xq.kksa ls gS tks O;fDr viuh oa'k ijEijk vFkok xks= ls
izkIr djrk gS] vkSj ftldh og vius ifjokj ds lHkh lnL;ksa ds lkFk Hkkxhnkjh djrk gSA ^^ukfedk**
O;fDr ds xq.kksa ls laca/k j[krh gSa tks fd fo'ks"k :i ls O;fDr ds vius gksrs gSa rFkk og O;fDr mu
xq.kksa dh ifjokj ds lnL;ksa ds lkFk Hkkxhnkjh ugha djrk gSA
^^LoHkko** rFkk ^^dk;Z** ¼O;olk;½ dks ijLij vyx ugha fd;k tk ldrkA ;g tkfr ds nwljs y{k.k dh
O;k[;k djrk gS( og gS% ^^fuf'pr O;olk;**A izdk;Z (functions) nks izdkj ds gksrs gSa% lkekU;
(ordinary) rFkk vlkekU;@vlk/kkj.k (extraordinary)A lkekU; izdk;Z os gSa ftuesa fdlh fo'ks"k
n{krk ;k dq'kyrk dh vko';drk ugha gksrh gS] tcfd vlk/kkj.k izdk;Z os gSa ftudks djus ds fy,
fo'ks"k Kku dh vko';drk gksrh gSA vlk/kkj.k izdk;Z fQj rhu izdkj ds gksrs gSa% rduhdh&vkfFkZd
izdk;Z (techno-economic) jktuSfrd oS/kkfud izdk;Z (politico-legl) lkaLd`frd&/kkfeZd izdk;Z
(cultural-religious)A czkã.k lkaLd`frd&/kkfeZd izdk;ks± esa yxs gSa] {kf=; jktuSfrd&oS/kkfud
izdk;ks± esa] oS'; rduhdh&vkfFkZd izdk;ks± esa] vkSj 'kwnz lkekU; izdk;ks± esaA izFke rhu ^^f}t** Js.kh esa
vkrs gSa] D;ksfa d mudks iwoZ tUe esa izf'k{k.k izkIr gqvk FkkA mijksDr rF; pkj o.kks± dh laLrj.kkRed
O;oLFkk dh O;k[;k djrs gSa] ftUgsa ijEijkRed fl)kUr esa pkj tkfr;k¡ ekuh x;h gSA izdk;ks± esa vUrj
ds vk/kkj ij laLrj.kkRed laxBu esa [kkuiku laca/kh cU/kuksa dk vfLrRo LokHkkfod gh gSA bu
izfrcU/kksa ds vHkko esa izdk;Z foHkktu dk mís'; gh ihNs jg tk;sxkA vr% lewgksa ds fofHkUu /kkfeZd
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fØ;kdykiksa ,oa fookg izfrcU/kksa dh O;k[;k Lo;a gh gks tkrh gSA ;gh ijEijkRed fl)kUr dk
vk/;kfRed i{k gSA
tkfr dh mRifÙk ds fl)kUrksa esa ijEijkRed fl)kUr fo}kuksa }kjk fo'ks"k :i ls nks dkj.kksa ls
vLohdkj fd;k x;k gS& izFke] ;g fl)kUr tkfr dks LokHkkfod ?kVuk ekurk gS( f}rh;] ;g pkj o.kks±
dks gh pkj tkfr;ka crkrk gSA bl lUnHkZ esa ,e0,u0 Jhfuokl us Hkh fy[kk gS fd tkfr ds vk/kkj ij
lekt dk pkj Hkkxksa esa foHkktu rF;ksa dk ,d fo'kq) ljyhdj.k ek= gSA tkfr O;oLFkk dh okLrfod
bdkbZ ^^o.kZ** ugha vfirq ^^tkfr** gS] tks ,d NksVk vUrfoZokgh lewg gS] tks ijEijkxr O;olk; viukrk
gS rFkk ftls dqN lkaLd`frd] /kkfeZd o U;kf;d Lok;=rk izkIr gSA
1-5-2 czkã.kh; fl)kUr (Brahminical Theory)
Ýkalhlh fo}ku vcs MqckW;l (Abe Dubois) dk ekuuk gS fd Hkkjr esa tkfr izFkk dk mn~Hko vkSj
fodkl czkã.kksa ds }kjk cukbZ xbZ ,d prqj ;kstuk gS tks fd czkã.kksa us viuh lÙkk fpjLFkkbZ j[kus ds
fy, jph FkhA czkã.kksa us xSj&czkã.kksa ds lkFk [kkus&ihus] fookg rFkk lkekftd laca/kksa esa izfrcU/k yxk
fn, ftlls mudh /kkfeZd ifo=rk cuh jgs tks fd muds }kjk fd, tkus okys iqjksfgrh d`R; djus ds
fy, vko';d gSA lkFk gh mUgksua s Lo;a dks ^^czkãu** vkSj vU; xzUFkksa esa Å¡pk in fn;k vkSj vius fy,
fo'ks"kkf/kdkj vkSj ijekf/kdkj cuk fy, vkSj vU; lHkh yksxksa dks fuEu in iznku fd;sA
/kq;sZ dk Hkh fo'okl gS fd tkfr dh mRifÙk esa czkã.kksa dh izeq[k Hkwfedk gSA vr% os czkã.k fl)kUr dk
leFkZu djrs gSaA mudh ekU;rk gS fd os lHkh fofo/k dkjd tks tkfr&lekt dh fo'ks"krk crkrs gSa]
czkã.kksa ds mu iz;Ruksa dk Qy gSa tks mUgksua s Lo;a dks vkfnokfl;ksa rFkk 'kwnzksa ds /kkfeZd o lkekftd
lEidZ ls i`Fkd j[kus rFkk czkã.k lH;rk dks Åapk cuk, j[kus ds fy, fd, FksA
lekt esa tks lkekftd izfreku bl loZlEekuh; oxZ ¼;kfu fd czkã.kks½a us LFkkfir fd;k] og vU;
lewgksa us lEeku izkIr djus ds fy, udy djuk 'kq: fd;kA bl izdkj fookg laca/kh rFkk [kku&iku
laca/kh ekSfyd izfrcU/k] tks lekt esa dsoy pkj oxks± ds fopkj ij vk/kkfjr Fks] izR;sd lewg dh
fo'ks"krk,a cu x,A vr% /kq;sZ us Li"Vr% fy[kk gS fd ^^Hkkjr esa tkfr b.Mksvk;Zu laLd`fr ds czkã.kksa dk
cPpk gS tks fd xaxk vkSj ;equk ds eSnku esa iyk gS vkSj ogk¡ ls ns'k ds nwljs Hkkxksa esa ys tk;k x;k
gS**A
gêu cgjgky vuqHko djrs gSa fd tkfr dh mRifÙk ds fo"k; esa czkã.kh; fl)kUr dks Lohdkj djuk
dfBu gSA mUgksua s blds foi{k esa nks rdZ fn, gSa%
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(i) ;fn bl fl)kUr dks Lohdkj dj fy;k tk;s rks bldk vFkZ gksxk fd tkfr dk mn~Hko rc
gqvk gksxk tc czkã.kksa us jktuSfrd 'kfDr izkIr dh gksxhA ysfdu gêu dk ekuuk gS fd
tkfr dk mn~Hko bruh foyEc ls ugha gqvk gksxkA
(ii) tkfr ds leku xgjh tM+ksa okyh laLFkk fdlh iz'kklfud mik; ds }kjk Fkksih ugha tk
ldrh gSA
1-5-3 iztkrh; fl)kUr (Racial Theory)
gjcVZ fjt+ys bl fl)kUr ds lcls cM+s izfriknd jgs gSa] ;|fi buds bl fl)kUr dk vuqeksnu /kq;sZ]
etwenkj] oSLVjekdZ vkSj vU; fo}kuksa us Hkh fd;k gSA bl fl)kUr ds vuqlkj laLd`fr;ksa ds la?k"kZ rFkk
iztkfr;ksa ds lEidZ ls Hkkjr esa tkfr ds fuekZ.k dh izfØ;k lEHko gqbZA fo'o bfrgkl esa tc dHkh
fdUgha yksxksa us nwljs yksxksa dks vius vk/khu fd;k] fotsrkvksa us ijkftr yksxksa dh fL=;ksa dks u dsoy
viuh j[kSy ;k iRuh cuk;k] vfirq viuh yM+fd;k¡ mUgsa nsus ls euk dj fn;kA tc ;s nks lewg
¼ijkftr o fotsrk½ ,d gh iztkfr ds rFkk ,d gh jax vkfn ds gksrs gSa] rks buesa iw.kZ lfEeJ.k
(amalgamation) gks tkrk gSA ysfdu ;fn os vyx&vyx iztkfr ;k jax ds gksa rks fodkl dh
fn'kk vyx jkLrksa ij pyrh gSA bl izdkj mPp lewg dh fL=;k¡ vkSj fuEu lewgksa ds iq#"kksa ds
vfu;fer esy&tksy ds dkj.k ,d v)Z&uLy (half-breed) dk oxZ cu tkrk gS ftlds lnL;
dsoy vkil esa gh fookg djrs gSa rFkk gj n`f"V ls ,d tkfr ds :i esa dk;Z djrs gSaA
Hkkjr esa Hkh izoklh vk;ks± ds laLdkjksa ds ckjs esa vius gh fopkj FksA os ewy fuokfl;ksa dks vius ls
fud`"V le>rs FksA blds vfrfjDr] vk;Z yksx fir`o'a kh; Fks tcfd ijkftr ewy fuoklh ekr`oa'kh; FksA
mUgksua s vkfnokfl;ksa dh yM+fd;ksa ls fookg rks fd;k fdUrq viuh yM+fd;ksa dks mUgsa ugha fn;kA ,sls
fookgksa ls mRiUu cPpksa dks lekt esa fuEure LFkku iznku fd;k x;k vkSj mUgsa ^^pk.Mky** dgk x;kA
vr% v)Z&uLy lewg dh mRifÙk rFkk iztkfr Js"Brk dh Hkkouk ifj.kker% tkfr O;oLFkk ds mRifÙk dk
dkj.k cu x;sA
fjt+ys ds iztkrh; fl)kUr dk leFkZu vusd fo}kuksa us fd;k gSA /kq;sZ ds vuqlkj ewy fuokfl;ksa dh
rqyuk esa vf/kd lH; ,oa xkSj o.kZ (fair) gksus ds ukrs vk;ks± us viuk vyxiu n'kkZus dh ps"Vk dh
gSA lkekftd O;ogkj esa ,dkafrd rFkk laLdkjksa dh ifo=rk esa mudk fo'okl ewy fuokfl;ksa ls fHkUu
FkkA os ewy fuokfl;ksa ds ckjs esa dBksj 'kCn iz;ksx djrs Fks vkSj muds lkFk lkekftd fØ;kvksa esa
vusd izfrcU/k yxkrs FksA
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,u0ds0 nÙk] Mh0,u0 etwenkj vkSj osLVjekdZ us Hkh tkfr O;oLFkk dh mRifÙk laca/kh iztkrh; fl)kUr
dk leFkZu fd;k gSA osLVjekdZ dk dguk gS fd vk;ks± ds vkxeu ls iwoZ Hkkjr esa ';ke o.kZ ds yksx
jgrs FksA ewy fuokfl;ksa dh vk;ks± ds izfr fo}s"k dh Hkkouk rFkk vk;ks± dh mnklhurk tks ewy fuokfl;ksa
ds izfr muesa Fkh] nksuksa gh rF;ksa us vk;ks± vkSj vuk;ks± esa rhoz Hksn fodflr fd;sA bUgha Hksnksa ds dkj.k
tkfr O;oLFkk dk tUe gqvkA gêu ds fopkj ls Hkh iztkfr tkfr O;oLFkk dh mRifÙk esa ,d vko';d
dkjd gSA
;fn fjt+ys ds fl)kUr dks Lohdkj fd;k tk;s rc rks tkfr O;oLFkk us dsoy Hkkjr esa gksuh pkfg,
cfYd mu lHkh lektksa esa Hkh gksuh pkfg, ftu ij vU; iztkrh; lewgksa us fot; izkIr dhA fjt+ys dk
Lo;a dk er Hkh ;gh gS fd tkfr izFkk Hkkjr rd gh lhfer ugha gS] cfYd ;g rks Li"V :i ls nf{k.k
vesfjdk] dukMk] eSfDldks vkfn esa Hkh fo|eku gSA
D;k tkfr O;oLFkk Hkkjr dh ,d vf}rh; ?kVuk gS \ (Is Caste System Unique Indian
Phenomenon?)
yhp] M;wekUV] iksdkd] cwxy] gksdkVZ] gêu] lsukVZ] gSjksYM xwYM vkSj Jhfuokl vkfn fo}kuksa dh
ekU;rk gS fd tkfr ,d ,slh ?kVuk gS tks fd dsoy Hkkjr dh gh fo'ks"krk gS] tcfd fjt+ys] fofy;e
Øqd, vkfn dh ekU;rk gS fd tkfr ,d lkoZHkkSfed ?kVuk gSA ,sls fo}ku Hkh gSa ftUgksua s tkfr dks
u`'kkL=h; Js.kh (ethnographic category) esa j[kk gS vkSj bl :i esa tkfr Hkkjr esa gh fgUnw
lkekftd laxBu dh fo'ks"krk gSA ysfdu tks yksx tkfr dks lekt'kkL=h; Js.kh esa j[krs gSa] os ekurs
gSa fd ;g ¼tkfr½ ,d vlk/kkj.k dBksjrk (exceptional rigidity) okyh oxZ lajpuk gSA ÝsMfjd
ukFkZ ftUgksua s eqfLye lekt dh Lrjhdj.k iz.kkyh dk mÙkjh ikfdLrku esa Lokr esa v/;;u fd;k] ;g
ik;k fd ;|fi ladh.kZ lkaLd`frd lanHkZ esa ogk¡ dk izfreku fgUnw lekt ls dkQh fHkUu gS] fQj Hkh
tkfr O;oLFkk ogk¡ Hkh bl :i esa ekStwn gS fd lkekftd lewg O;olk; ls tqM+s gSa vkSj Js.khc)
fLFkfr;k¡ (hierarchical ranking) o Je laxBu dh O;oLFkk fgUnw ttekuh O;oLFkk ds leku gSA
vr% mlus ekuk fd lkaLd`frd ?kVuk ds :i esa ugha ijUrq lajpukRed ?kVuk ds :i esa tkfr O;oLFkk
mÙkjh ikfdLrku esa feyrh gSA yhp vkSj M~;wekUV rFkkfi ekurs gSa fd ljapukRed n`f"V ls Hkh tkfr
dsoy Hkkjr esa gh lhfer gSA os dgrs gSa fd tkfr lajpukRed laxBu dh ,d fo'ks"k fdLe
(species) dk ladsr djrh gS tks loZ&Hkkjrh; lH;rk ds fpjLFkkf;Ro :i ls tqM+h gqbZ gSA ;yeSu us
ckS) flagfy;ksa ds v/;;u esa ik;k fd ogk¡ tkfr dk lS)kfUrd :i rks gS fdUrq O;ogkj esa og ugha gS
vkSj ;g fl)kUr ;k fopkj vUrfoZokg] vifo=rk vkSj in fLFkfr esa ogk¡ ekStwn gSaA rFkkfi ;s fopkj
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LosPNk ls Lohdkj dj fy, tkrs gSa D;ksfa d os /kkfeZd vk/kkj ij ugha cfYd fudV laca/kh lewg dh
ojh;rk ij vk/kkfjr gSA
1-5-4 O;kolkf;d fl)kUr (Occupational Theory)
tkfr iz.kkyh dh mRifÙk ds fo"k; esa bl fl)kUr ds izfriknd us lQhYM o mlds leFkZd MSfUty
bCcsVlu fo'okl djrs gSa fd tkfr dh mRifÙk dks iztkfr ;k /keZ ls dqN ysuk&nsuk ugha gS] cfYd
is'kk gh tkfr O;oLFkk dh mRifÙk ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gSA uslQhYM ekurs gSa fd ,d is'kk dh rduhdh
n{krk oa'kkuqØe ls ,d ih<+h ls nwljh ih<+h dks ns nh tkrh Fkh rFkk yksx ,d gh is'ks dks yEcs le;
rd viukrs jgrs Fks vkSj bl izdkj ^^O;kolkf;d la?kks*a * (occupational guilds) dk vfLrRo izkjEHk
gqvk ftudks ckn esa ^^tkfr** dgk tkus yxkA muds vuqlkj] tkfr izFkk esa laLrj.k (hierarchy)
O;olk;ksa ls tqM+h Js"Brk o ghurk dh Hkkouk dk urhtk gSA mudk ekuuk gS fd fdlh Hkh tkfr dk
mPp ;k fuEu ntkZ bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd rRlaca/kh m|ksx ftldk tkfr izfrfuf/kRo djrh gS]
og laLd`fr ds fodflr ;k fiNM+is u dh voLFkk ls lac) gSA os /kkrq f'kfYi;ksa (artisans) dk
mnkgj.k nsrs gSa tks Vksdjh cukus okyksa vkSj /kkrq dk iz;ksx u djus okys is'kksa esa yxs yksxksa ls Lo;a dks
Js"B le>rs gSaA ;g le>krs gq, fd czkã.kksa us tkrh; laLrj.k O;oLFkk esa fdl izdkj Js"B in cuk
fy;k] os dgrs gSa fd czkã.k Hkh ^^is'kk** dh n`f"V ls laLdkjks]a cfy nsu]s ;K] o ti esa fof'k"Vrk fy,
gq, FksA D;ksfa d ml lekt esa lkekftd thou esa ;K vkSj cfy dk cM+k egRo Fkk] blfy;s czkã.k
lekt esa egRoiw.kZ vkSj lEekuuh; cu x,A bl izdkj czkã.k tkfr O;oLFkk esa izFke Fks vkSj blh
ekWMy ij vU; 'ks"k tkfr;ka cuhaA uslQhYM us tkfr mRifÙk ds nks dkj.k fn, gSa% is'kk ;k O;olk;]
vkSj tutkfr dk laxBuA
uslQhYM dk leFkZu djrs gq, MsfUty bCcsVlu us Hkh tkfr dh mRifÙk dks rhu dkjdksa dk ifj.kke
ekuk gS% (i) tutkfr (ii) la?k (guilds) (iii) /keZA og dgrs gSa fd tutkfr;k¡ is'ksoj la?kksa ds :i
esa fodflr gqbZ vkSj os ¼la?k½ /kkfeZd :i ls dk;Z djus yxs vkSj bl izdkj lkekftd fodkl dh
izfØ;k esa mudk tkfr;ksa ds :i esa fodkl gqvkA
vusd fo}kuksa us uslQhYM vkSj bCcsVlu ds fl)kUrksa dh vkykspuk dh gSA lsukVZ (Senart) us ,d
iz'u j[kk gS fd pwfa d vusd tkfr;ka ,d ls vf/kd is'kksa esa yxh gSa] os vius uke fdl izdkj j[krh
gSa\ D;k os vius izeq[k (dominant) O;olk; ij uke j[krh gS\ lsukVZ nkok djrs gSa fd :l esa
vusd xk¡o ,sls gSa tgka lewph tula[;k ,d gh is'ks esa yxh gksrh gS( tSls] twrs cukus esa ;k orZu
cukus] vkfn esaA ;s xk¡o dsoy lewgksa dk ,d=hdj.k ugha gSa tks fd ,d gh leqnk; ds :i esa mfnr
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gq, cfYd ,sls leqnk; ds :i esa gSa tks dsoy ,d gh m|ksx esa yxs gSaA O;olk; lewghdj.k dk dkj.k
gh gS] vfirq lewghdj.k gh is'ksoj leqnk; ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gksrk gSA rc fQj Hkkjr esa ,slk D;ksa ugha
gS\
Mh0,u0 etwenkj ¼1952%292½ us Hkh uslQhYM ds fopkjksa dh vkykspuk dh gS] fo'ks"kdj tkrh; laLrj.k
dh] ftlesa is'kksa ds vk/kkj ij Js"Brk o ghurk dh Hkkouk dk fodkl crk;k x;k gSA mudh ekU;rk gS
fd tkfr;ksa dh izfLFkfr is'ks dh Js"Brk o ghurk ij fuHkZj ugha djrh gS] cfYd jDr dh 'kq)rk dh
ek=k vkSj lewgksa ds ,dkdhiu dh lhek ij fuHkZj djrh gSA gêu Hkh fo'okl djrs gSa fd uslQhYM
dk O;kolkf;d fl)kUr fofHkUu d`"kd tkfr;ksa ds lkekftd Lrj dh O;k[;k ugha djrk gSA
1-5-5- dsrdj dk fl)kUr (Ketkars' Theory)
dsrdj us tkfr dh mRifÙk izkjfEHkd tutkfr;ksa ls rFkk euq";ksa dh euksoSKkfud i{kikrh izo`fÙk;ksa
(prejudicial tendencies) ls ekuh gSA mudk fo'okl gS fd tkfr;ka fodflr tutkfr;ka ;k
ifjofrZr (converted) oxZ gSaA vusd tutkfr;ka tks Hkkjr ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa jgrh Fkha] fofHkUu
bdkbZ;ksa ds :i esa ekStwn Fkha vkSj vUrfoZokg izFkk ds pyu esa vkus ds ckn os lc ;wjksfi;u
tutkfr;ksa dh rjg ,d nwljs ls ugha feyhaA buesa ls vusd tutkfr;ka vkil esa la?k"kZjr jgha D;ksfa d
muds ljnkjksa us ;k rks lhek ds iz'u ij la?k"kZ fd;k Fkk ;k fQj ,d dchys ds fdlh O;fDr us nwljs
dchys dh fdlh yM+dh dk vigj.k dj fy;k FkkA bu la?k"kks± ds dkj.k yksx nwljh tutkfr;ksa esa
fookg dh vogsyuk djrs jgs vkSj gj izdkj ls viuh gh tutkfr ds lnL;ksa ds chp vUrfØZ;k djrs
jgsA dsrdj vkxs vkSj ekurs gSa fd ^^tkfr O;oLFkk dh mRifÙk** ds fo"k; esa ckr djus dh vis{kk] gesa
^^tkfr ds fofo/k y{k.kksa dh mRifÙk** ds fo"k; esa ckr djuh pkfg, D;ksfa d izR;sd y{k.k ds ihNs mldh
mRifÙk dk ,d bfrgkl gS u fd iwjh tkfr O;oLFkk dk] D;ksfa d tkfr O;oLFkk ds fofHkUu y{k.kksa ds
fodkl dh izfØ;k esa 3000 o"kZ dk le; yxkA bl izdkj dsrdj ds vuqlkj ^^tkfr dh mRifÙk**
dFku dk dksbZ vFkZ ugha gS] ;|fi vUrfoZokg dh viuh mRifÙk gS] oa'kkuqxr is'ks vkSj [kkuikus ds
izfrcU/kksa dh viuh mRifÙk dk bfrgkl gS] iqjksfgrksa dh izHkqrk (ascendency) vkSj mudh izFkkHkko dh
viuh mRifÙk gS] rFkk ifo=rk vkSj vifo=rk dh Hkh viuh mRifÙk gSA bl izdkj buesa ls izR;sd
?kVuk ¼y{k.k½ dh mRifÙk gks ldrh gS] ysfdu tc rd ^^tkfr;ka** tSls 'kCn lkewfgd vfHkO;fDr ds
:i esa jgsx
a s rc rd ^^tkfr O;oLFkk** dh mRifÙk ds fo"k; esa fopkj Hkh ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
1-5-6 lsukVZ dk fl)kUr (Senarts' Theory)
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lsukVZ us tkfr O;oLFkk dh mRifÙk dk lzksr vk;ks± dks ekuk gSA mudh ekU;rk gS fd tkfr O;oLFkk ds
y{k.k vk;Z iztkfr dh lHkh 'kk[kkvksa esa leku :i ls mi;ksx vkSj ijEijkvksa dk vax gSa vkSj ;s leku
y{k.k gSa% O;fDrxr thou] fookg&Hkkstu] rFkk laLdkjksa dks fu;fer djus dk {ks=kf/kdkj] dqN vkjk/kuk
ds O;ogkj rFkk fuxfer laxBu vkfnA Hkkjrh;] ;wukuh vkSj jkseoklh lHkh rks vk;Z gSa vkSj mudh
lH;rk,a izkphure gSaA lsukVZ bu rhuksa esa dqN lekurk,a ikrs gSaA ftl izdkj Hkkjr esa rhu izeq[k lewg
gS ifjokj] xks= vkSj tkfr mlh izdkj tsu (gen), D;wfj;k (Curia) vkSj tutkfr (tribe) jkse esa]
rFkk ifjokj] Ýf=; (Pharatria) vkSj Qkby (Phyle) ;wuku esa gSaA ftl izdkj xks= Hkkjr esa
cfgZfookgh lewg gS mlh izdkj jkse esa tsu rFkk ;wuku esa Ýf=; Hkh vius gh lewg esa fookg laca/k
lhfer j[krs gSaA Hkkjrh; czkã.k vkSj jkseu iknjh nksuksa gh dks vuqykse (Hypergamous) fookg ds
vf/kdkj gSaA mlh izdkj] ftl rjg Hkkjr esa fookg ds ckn L=h ds xks= dk ifjorZu mlds ifr ds
xks= esa gks tkrk gS mlh rjg dk fjokt jkse esa Hkh izpfyr gSA Hkkjr ds ^^gqDdk ikuh cUn** ¼cfg"dkj½
fjokt dh rqyuk jkse esa ,d fjokt (Interdict acquae igni) ls dh tk ldrh gSA tSls Hkkjr esa
tkfr iapk;rsa gSa vkSj ljiap mldk eqf[k;k vkSj lcls vf/kd 'kfDreku usrk gksrk gS] mlh izdkj jkse
vkSj ;wuku esa Hkh blh izdkj dh 'kfDroku lfefr;ka gksrh gSaA bl rqyuk ds vk/kkj ij lsukVZ ekurs gSa
fd tkfr] izkphu vk;ks± dh laLFkkvksa dh lkekU; fodflr :i gSA Hkkjr esa] rFkkfi fo'ks"k n'kkvksa ds
dkj.k] tkfr us fo'ks"k :i /kkj.k fd;k gSA
ysfdu nSgyeu rFkk ujens'oj izlkn tSls fo}kuksa us lsukVZ ds fl)kUr dh vkykspuk dh gSA
ujens'oj izlkn dh ekU;rk gS fd lsukVZ ls lgefr dfBu gS D;ksfa d muds }kjk fn, x, ,sfrgkfld
lekukUrj lk{; mRifÙk dh O;k[;k ugha djrs gSaA mudk dguk gS fd izkphu Hkkjr esa tkfr O;oLFkk
Fkh gh ugha tSlk fd lsukVZ us crk;k] cfYd ;g rks czkã.k ;qx esa fodflr gqbZA
1-5-7 gêu dk ^^ekuk** fl)kUr (Hutton's Theory of Mana)
gêu us vkfne vo/kkj.kk (conception) ^^ekuk** ij tkfr;ksa dh mRifÙk ds fy, tksj Mkyk gS]
ftldk leFkZu 'kjn pUnz jk;] jkbl rFkk LekVZ tSls fo}kuksa us fd;k gSA gêu ds vuqlkj ^^ekuk**
,d voS;fDrd] vykSfdd rFkk vn`'; 'kfDr gS tks O;fDr;ks]a oLrqvksa o LFkkuksa esa feyrh gSA ;g
fo'okl fd;k tkrk gS fd ^^ekuk** dks O;fDr;ksa dks gkfu igqapkus dh 'kfDr gSA tgka ij Hkh ^^ekuk** esa
fo'okl izpfyr gS ogk¡ ,d laj{kd (protective) mik; ds :i esa ^^fu"ks/k** esa Hkh fo'okl feyrk gSA
vr% ,d tutkfr ds lnL;ksa dks nwljh tutkfr;ksa ds ^^ekuk** ls cpkus ds fy, mu ij [kku&iku]
vUrfoZokg vkSj ikjLifjd vUr%fØ;k laca/kh fu"ks/k yxk;s x;s FksA gêu dk dguk gS fd tutkfr;ka
vifjfprksa ds [kkus dks [krjukd ekurh gSaA vr% nwljksa ds lkFk lgHkkst ij izfrcU/k rFkk lEidZ j[kus
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ij jksd bl fo'okl ij vk/kkfjr gS fd ;s ¼lgHkkst vkSj lEidZ½ vifjfprksa ds [krjukd
^^vkRek&inkFkZ** (soul-matter) ls lanfw "kr (infected) gks ldrs gSaA
lgHkkst ds fu"ks/kksa dh rjg gh vU; fu"ks/k Hkh yksxksa dks ^^ekuk** ls cpkus ds fy, yxk, x,A gêu
ekuuk gS fd ^^ekuk** fl)kUr vU; /keks± esa Hkh ekuk tkrk gSA ckS)ksa esa ;g ^^bf/k** (Iddhi), eqlyekuksa
esa ^^dqnjr** vkSj fgUnqvksa esa ^^'kfDr** uke ls ;g ifjfpr gSA rFkkfi ,slk yxrk gS fd _XoSfnd
vkØe.kdkfj;ksa ds :i esa tc vk;Z Hkkjr esa vk;s rks muesa tks Js.khd`r (graded) lkekftd oxZ Fks
muds lkekftd vkSj jktuSfrd izHkko ds dkj.k gh gekjs ml lekt esa lkekftd izkFkfedrk dk
fl)kUr LFkkfir gqvk tks igys ls gh fu"ks/kksa ds dkj.k i`FkDd`r (isolated) lewgksa esa foHkkftr FkkA
Mh0,u0 etwenkj us gêu dh ^^ekuk** ds vk/kkj ij tkfr dh O;k[;k dh vkykspuk dh gSA os ekurs gSa
fd nwljs lektksa esa Hkh tutkfr;ka ^^ekuk** esa fo'okl djrha gSa] ysfdu gesa ogk¡ tkfr O;oLFkk ugha
feyrhA Hkkjr esa ;g ¼tkfr O;oLFkk½ iztkrh; la?k"kks± ,oa Hksnksa dk Qy gSA
vUr esa tkfr dh mRifÙk ds laca/k esa ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd ^^fofo/k dkjdks*a * okys fl)kUr dks
Lohdkj djrs gq, ;g ekuuk vuqfpr ugha gksxk fd Hkkjr esa tkfr O;oLFkk dh mRifÙk ds dkjdksa esa
izeq[k bl izdkj gSa iztkrh;&fHkUurkvksa ds dkj.k vk;ks± dh ewy fuokfl;ksa ls Js"Brk dh Hkkouk] czkã.kksa
dk ,dkf/kdkj iw.kZ iqjksfgriu] is'kksa dh fHkUurk] vkSj laLdkjksa dh ifo=rk vkSj vifo=rk ls lEc)
/kkfeZd fopkj tks fd vkjEHk esa 'kwnzksa ¼ewy fuokfl;ks½a ij ykxw fd;s x;s Fks vkSj ckn esa dqN is'kksa ds
izfr oSpkfjd vifo=rk laca/kh fopkj ds dkj.k vU; lewgksa ij Hkh ykxw fd;s x;sA bl laca/k esa ;g Hkh
Lej.kh; gS fd tkfr O;oLFkk ds fodkl esa vusd dkjdksa dk ;ksx jgk gSA lewgksa dh fo[k.Mu dh
izo`fÙk] ,oa ,drk dh Hkkouk rFkk izR;sd tkfr esa ^^ge Hkko** dks dqN fuEu lkekftd&jktuSfrd
dkjdksa }kjk izJ; feyk( tSls] jkT; }kjk dBksj lSfud fu;a=.k dk vHkko] dkuwu vkSj izFkk laca/kh
leku Lrj dks ykxw djus ds fy, 'kkldksa dh vfuPNk] fofo/k lewgksa dh fHkUu izFkkvksa dks oS/k ekuus
ds fy, mu ¼'kkldks½a dh rRijrk] rFkk ?kVukvksa dks vius vki lek;kstu djus ds fy, le; nsus dh
mudh izo`fÙkA bu lHkh dkjdksa us dqN fHkUurkvksa ij vk/kkfjr tkfr ds fuekZ.k dks izksRlkfgr fd;kA
1-6 lkjka'k
lekt'kkL=h; ifjiz{s ; esa tkfr O;oLFkk dks lekt esa Lrjhdj.k ds :i esa rFkk lkekftd vlekurk
dh iz?kVuk ds :i esa ns[kk x;k gSA blds vUrxZr lekt ds dqN lajpukRed i{k gksrs gSa vkSj lekt
vius lnL;ksa dks fofHkUu lkekftd fLFkfr;ksa es ck¡V nsrk gSA tkfr dks ,d bdkbZ ,oa O;oLFkk dh
n`f"V ls ns[kk tk ldrk gSA bdkbZ ds :i esa tkfr ,d cUn dksfV okyk fLFkfr lewg gS vFkok ,d
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,slk lewg gS ftlesa lnL;ksa dh izfLFkfr mudk O;olk;] thou lkFkh dks pquus dk {ks= rFkk nwljs
lnL;ksa ds lkFk vUrfØZ;k lHkh dqN fuf'pr gksrk gSA O;oLFkk ds :i esa tkfr dk laca/k] vUrlZEcU/k
izfLFkfr;ksa vkSj tkfr;ksa ds chp ml izfrekfur vUr%fØ;k ls gS tks fofHkUu izfrcU/kksa ds laxzg ij
vk/kkfjr gSa
tkfr ,oa o.kZ fHkUu /kkj.kk;sa gSaA mitkfr] tkfr dk foHkktu gSA tutkfr tkfr ls /keZ] HkkSxksfyd
i`FkDdj.k] Hkk"kk] vkfFkZd fiNM+siu ,oa jktuSfrd laxBu ds vk/kkj ij fHkUu gSA tkfr vkSj oxZ nksuksa
gh izfLFkfr lewg gSaA tkfr ,d oa'kkuqxr lewg gksrk gS ftldh ,d fuf'pr deZdk.Mh izfLFkfr gksrh
gSA tcfd oxZ lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd fLFkfr ds vk/kkj ij ifjHkkf"kr gksrk gSA O;oLFkk ds :i esa tkfr
dh fo'ks"krk;sa gSa& tUe ij vk/kkfjr Js.khØe] lgHkkst ij izfrcU/k] /kkfeZd ekU;rkvksa dh ck/;rk] tkfr
okº; vFkok vLi`'; miLrj vkfnA bdkbZ ds :i esa tkfr dh fo'ks"krk;sa gSa& iznÙk izfLFkfr]
vUrfoZokg] fuf'pr O;olk;] tkfr iapk;r vkfnA
1-7 lUnHkZ lwph
1-izks0 th0ih0 =hikBh& Hkkjr dk oS/kkfud ,oa laoS/kkfud bfrgkl¼2007½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”kuA
2- rstLdj&vkstLdj ik.Ms;&lekt dk;Z n”kZu ¼2009½& Hkkjr cqd lsUVj
3-efyd vkSj jkoy&ykW ,.M lks”ky VªkUlQksjes”ku bu bf.M;k¼2009½&bykgckn ykW ,tsUlh
4-jke vkgqtk& lkekftd leL;k; ¼2008½& jkor ifCyds”ku fnYyh
5-jke vkgqtk&Hkkjrh; lekt ¼2007½& jkor ifCyds”ku fnYyh
6-Mk0 vorkj flag&Hkkjrh; Lkk{; vf/kfu;e 1872¼2006½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”ku
7-Mk0x.ks”k ik.Ms&vijk/k “kkL= ¼2008½& jk/kk ifCyds”ku fnYyh
8-izks0bUnzthr flag&fof/k “kkL=¼2006½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”ku
9-fof/k dk lkekftd ifjorZu ¼LVsMh eVsfj;y Hkkst eqDr fo”ofo|ky;]Hkksiky½&Mk0 “kSQkyh ;kno
10-Mk0 dSyk”k jk;& tufgr odkyr fof/kd lgk;rk ,oa le:ih fof/kd¼2009½& lsUVªy ykW
ifCyds”ku
11-Mk0vHk; flag&lwpuk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e2005] ¼2009½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”ku
12-Mk0vkj0ds0vxzoky&fgUnw fof/k¼2002½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”ku
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13-Mk0 bdcky flag&eqfLye fof/k ¼2001½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”kuA
1-7-1&lgk;d @mi;ksxh ikB~; lkexzh
1-lh0ih0 vjksjk&fofo/k vijk/k vf/kfu;e ¼2010½& ;wuholZy ykW ifCyds¼2010½A
2-Mk0 Vh0ih0 =hikBh&flfoy izfdz;k lafgrk¼2006½& bykgckn ykW ,tsUlhA
3-izks0 bUnzthr flag&Jfed fof/k;ka&¼2005½&lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”kuA
4-Mk0 ,l0ds0 diwj& ekuo vf/kdkj ,oa vUrjk’Vªh; fof/k¼2004½&lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”kuA
1-8 fucU/kkRed iz”u
¼1½tkfr dh mRifÙk laca/kh egRoiw.kZ fl)kUrksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A
¼2½tkfr dh ljapukRed ,oa lkaLd`frd vo/kkj.kk ds fo"k; esa vki D;k tkurs gSa\
¼3½tkfr] o.kZ] mitkfr rFkk tutkfr fdl izdkj fHkUu gSa\
¼4½tkfr dh fo'ks"krkvksa dh la{ksi esa ppkZ dhft,A
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, ,y,y0,e0 izFke o"kZ
Hkkjr esa fof/k ,oa lkekftd ifjorZu
[k.M&4% vk/qkfudhdj.k vkSj leqnk; fof/k
bdkbZ&2%tkfr;ksa ds lEcU/k esa laoS/kkfud micU/k
bdkbZ lajpuk
2-0 izLrkouk
2-1 mn~n's ;
2-2 fo?kVudkjh rRo ds :i esa tkfr
2-3 vuqlwfpr tkfr;k¡
2-4 vuqlwfpr tutkfr;k¡
2-4-1 tutkfr 'kks"k.k ,oa vlarks"k
2-4-2 tutkfr leL;k;sa
2-5 vU; fiNM+h tkfr;k¡@oxZ
2-6 lq/kkjoknh o dY;k.kdkjh dk;ZØe
2-6-1 vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ds fo#) vijk/k
2-7 egRoiw.kZ laoS/kkfud micU/k ,oa l'kDrhdj.k
2-7-1 vuqlwfpr tkfr;k¡ vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr;k¡
2-7-2 fiNM+s oxks± ds fy, micU/k
2-7-3 vuqlwfpr tkfr ,o tutkfr ¼vR;kpkjksa dk fuokj.k½ vf/kfu;e]
1989
2-7-4 vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa tutkfr ds fy, jk"Vªh; deh'ku
2-7-5 ukxfjd vf/kdkjksa ds laj{k.k dk vf/kfu;e] 1955
2-7-6 fiNM+s oxks± ds fy, jk"Vªh; deh'ku vf/kfu;e] 1993
2-8 lkjka'k
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2-9 lUnHkZ lwph
2-9-1 lgk;d lUnHkZ lwPkh
2-10 fucU/kkRed iz”u
2-0 izLrkouk
Hkkjrh; lekt esa tkfr O;oLFkk ds dkj.k tks Å¡p&uhp] HksnHkko] vLi`';rk] vieku] voljksa dh
vlekurk rFkk 'kSf{kr o vkfFkZd fiNM+kiu O;kIr gS] mls dksbZ Hkh dY;k.kdkjh jkT; lgu ugha dj
ldrk gSA vius dY;k.kdkjh y{; dks izkIr djus gsrq jkT; }kjk fof/k dk mi;ksx cgqrk;r ls fd;k
tkrk gSA bl lanHkZ esa ;g Hkh Li"V gks tkrk gS fd jkT; }kjk fof/k ds ek/;e ls u dsoy 'kkafr ,oa
lqO;oLFkk LFkkfir dh tkrh gS oju~ lkekftd ifjorZuksa dks Hkh izsfjr fd;k tkrk gSA iwoZ esa ;g ppkZ
dh tk pqdh gS fd fof/k lkekftd ifjorZu dk midj.k gSA bl n`f"V ls tkfr O;oLFkk }kjk mn~Hkwr
mijksDr fLFkfr dks cnyus ,oa leL;kvksa ls fuiVus ds fy, Hkkjrh; fof/k esa vusdkusd micU/k fd,
x, gSaA vLi`';rk dh lekfIr] tkfr ds vk/kkj ij HksnHkko dk izfr"ks/k] vuqlwfpr tkfr;ks]a tutkfr;ksa
,oa fiNM+s oxks± ds fy, vkj{k.k O;oLFkk vkfn vusd fof/kd uhfr;ksa dks viuk;k x;k gS tks Hkkjrh;
lafo/kku esa micfU/kr gSaA bUgha uhfr;ksa ds vuqikyu esa vusd fo/kk;h ,oa iz'kklfud mik; fd, x, gSa
ftuls vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa dk l'kDrhdj.k laHko gks ldk gSA
2-1 mís';
izLrqr [k.M&IV dh bdkbZ&2 dk mn~n's ; gS fd vki Hkkjrh; leqnk; esa O;kIr tkfr dh vo/kkj.kk
,oa mlds ifj.kkeksa dks le> ldsAa vki ;g Hkh tku ldsa fd fof/k }kjk vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa dk D;ksa
,oa fdl izdkj l'kDrhdj.k fd;k x;k gSA la{ksi esa bdkbZ dk mn~n's ; gS fd vki fuEufyf[kr
fcUnqvksa dks vkRelkr dj ldsAa
fo?kVudkjh rRo ds :i esa tkfr
vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa tutkfr;ksa dh leL;k;sa
vU; fiNM+k oxZ
lq/kkjoknh o dY;k.kdkjh dk;ZØe
egRoiw.kZ laoS/kkfud micU/k ,oa l'kDrhdj.k
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2-2 fo?kVudkjh rRo ds :i esa tkfr (Caste as a divisive factor)
nfyrksa ¼'kwnzk½sa ij czkã.k dky ;k mÙkj oSfnd dky ls gh vusd izdkj ds izfrcU/k FksA mUgsa ;K'kkyk
esa tkus dh vuqefr ugha FkhA [kkrh] yksgkj vkSj /kksch ds crZuksa dks lkQ djds nwljs yksx iz;ksx dj
ldrs Fks] ysfdu 'kwnz ¼pk.Mky½ }kjk iz;ksx fd, crZu dksbZ vU; iz;ksx ugha dj ldrk FkkA dkSfVY;
us ekS;Z ;qx esa bUgsa bruk fuEu ekuk fd og buls cpus dh lykg nsrs FksA eqfLye dky esa] iwuk]
enzkl] vkfn LFkkuksa esa 'kwnzksa ij dqN izfrcU/k ykxw Fks] tSls fd os lw;kZLr ds ckn uxj esa izos'k ugha
dj ldrs Fks D;ksfa d mudh Nk;k mPp tkfr;ksa dks vifo= dj ldrh FkhA fczfV'k dky dh vof/k esa
Hkh 20oha 'krkCnh ds iwokZ)Z esa eafnjksa esa 'kwnzksa dk izos'k fu"k/k FkkA xzkeksa esa muds fy, i`Fkd dq,a FksA
muds izos'k ds lanHkZ esa egkRek xka/kh us 1933 esa fy[kk Fkk] fd eafnj izos'k gh ,d ,slk vk/;kfRed
dk;Z gS tks ^vLi`';ks*a dh Lora=rk dk lUns'k gksxk vkSj mUgsa vk'oLr djsxk fd os bZ'oj ds lkeus
tkfr ls ckgj ugha gSA ysfdu ,d o"kZ ckn mUgksua s fy[kk fd mudh dksbZ bPNk ugha gS fd 'kwnzksa ds
fy, eafnjksa dks [kksyk tk;s tc rd fgUnw tkfr dk er blds fy, id dj rS;kj u gks tk;sA mUgksua s
dgk fd ;g gfjtuksa ds eafnj izos'k ds Lohdkj djus dk iz'u ugha gS] cfYd ;g fgUnw tkfr ds izR;sd
O;fDr dk drZO; gS fd os 'kwnzksa ds eafnj izos'k dks lqfuf'pr djsAa
eSyk lQkbZ O;olk; ds dkj.k gfjtuksa ds cfg"dkj ds lanHkZ esa xka/kh th us dgk fd iSr`d O;olk;
LokHkkfod O;oLFkk gks ldrk gS ysfdu vkn'kZ izpyu ugha mUgksua s dgk fd ;g vkn'kZ vk/kqfud lekt
ds iztkrkaf=d vkn'kks± ds vuqdwy Hkh ugha gSA mUgksua s O;kolkf;d xfr'khyrk dh lhekvksa dk Hkh lUnHkZ
fn;kA bl dFku dh izfrfØ;k Lo:i vEcsMdj us O;aX;kRed :i esa dgk% ^^,d esgrj dks ;g crkus
dk D;k ykHk gS fd ,d czkã.k Hkh esgrj dk dke djus dks rS;kj gS tcfd ;g Li"V gS fd Hkys gh
czkã.k lQkbZ dk dke djs] og mu fu;ksZX;rkvksa dk f'kdkj dHkh ugha gks ldrk gS tks fd tUetkr
esgrj ¼Hkaxh½ dks Hkksxuh iM+rh gSA** ;g lR; gS fd Hkkjr esa O;fDr mPp ;k fuEu izfLFkfr vius tUe
ls izkIr djrk gS] u fd dk;Z lsA vr% esgrjksa ds >wBs vfHk;ku ds le{k fuosnu djuk ;k mUgsa izsfjr
djuk vkSj crkuk fd lQkbZ djus dk dk;Z vkn'kZ dk;Z gS vkSj mUgsa 'kfeZUnk gksuk pkfg,] okLro esa
bu vlgk; oxks± dh galh mM+kuk gSA
cká tkfr;ksa ds fo#) yxk, x, dqN fu"ks/k bl izdkj jgs gSa ftUgksua s tfr dks fo?kVudkjh cuk
fn;k%
vkfn nzfoM+ lksus&pk¡nh ds vkHkw"k.k ugha igusaxsA
iq#"kksa dks ?kqVus ls uhps rFkk dwYgksa ¼dej½ ls Åij oL= /kkj.k djus dh vuqefr ugha
gksxhA
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iq#"k dksV] deht ;k cfu;ku ugha igusaxsA
vkfn nzfoM+ dks vius cky dkVus dh vuqefr ugha gksxhA
vkfn nzfoM+ dks ?kjksa esa feêh ds crZuksa ds vfrfjDr dksbZ vU; crZu iz;ksx djus dh
vuqefr ugha gksxhA
mudh fL=;k¡ vius 'kjhj dk Åijh Hkkx ugha <dsaxhA
mudh fL=;ksa dks Qwy ;k esgUnh ds iz;ksx dh vuqefr ugha gksxhA
iq#"kksa dks /kwi ;k o"kkZ ls vius 'kjhj dks cpkus ds fy, Nkrk iz;ksx djus dh vuqefr
ugha gksxh vkSj u gh mUgsa pIiy vkfn iguus dh vuqefr gksxhA
lR; rks ;g gS fd vkt Hkh vLi`';ksa ds izfr yksxksa dk n`f"Vdks.k ifjofrZr ugha gqvk gSA tgk¡ dgha
jktdh; foHkkxksa o fofHkUu jkT; lefFkZr ,tsfUl;ksa }kjk mudh n'kk lq/kkjus ds mik; ,oa dY;k.k
dk;Z izkjEHk fd, x, gSa] ogha lekt ds 'k=qvksa }kjk lkeftd rksM+QksM+ dh dk;Zokgh dh xbZ gSA
mnkgj.kkFkZ] dqN Ldwyksa esa vuqlwfpr tkfr ds Nk=ksa dks i`Fkd dj fn;k tkrk gS vkSj ,d gh d{kk esa
i`Fkd cSapksa ;k dksus esa cSBk;k tkrk gSA dqN le; iwoZ ,d jkT; ds ,d ljdkjh foHkkx ds iz/kku }kjk
,d lwpuk tkjh dh xbZ fd nks vDVwcj dks ml foHkkx ds vuqlwfpr tkfr lnL;ksa ,oa foHkkx ds vU;
deZpkfj;ksa ds fy, ,d lgHkkst dh O;oLFkk dh tk;sA lgHkkst dh O;oLFkk fu%lUnsg dh xbZ] ysfdu
mPp tkfr ds deZpkfj;ksa us vuqlwfpr tkfr deZpkfj;ksa ls dgk fd D;ksfa d ;g ,d fof'k"V volj Fkk]
vr% os mUgsa igys Hkkstu djkuk pkgsx
a s vkSj mUgsa Hkkstu Lo;a ijkslasxs HkhA tc vuqlwfpr tkfr deZpkjh
Hkkstu dj pqds rks muls dgk x;k fd os vkjke djsa vkSj 'ks"k yksx Lo;a lsok djds Hkkstu dj ysaxsA
,d nwljs jkT; esa ,d Nk=kokl esa vuqlwfpr tkfr rFkk 'ks"k fgUnw tkfr ds Nk= ,d lkFk jgrs Fks]
fdUrq mUgsa i`Fkd dejs nsdj i`Fkd dj fn;k x;kA 'ks"k Nk=ksa ds Hkkstu ik= deZpkfj;ksa }kjk lkQ
fd, tkrs Fks] ysfdu vuqlwfpr tkfr ds Nk=ksa dks vius crZu Lo;a lkQ djus iM+rs FksA dqN o"kZ iwoZ
tokgj yky usg: fo'ofo|ky;] ubZ fnYyh esa vuqlwfpr tkfr Nk=ksa }kjk lkekU; eSl (common
mess) esa Hkkstu djus ds fo"k; ij ,d gM+rky gqbZA ;g fLFkfr dqN Hkh ugha gS vxj bldh rqyuk
dbZ jkT;ksa esa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ds d`f"k Jfedksa vkSj mudh ifRu;ksa ds lkFk viekutud 'kks"kd
O;ogkj ls dh tk;sA blesa dksbZ vk'p;Z Hkh ugha gS fd rHkh fcgkj esa vius ^'kks"kdks*a dks nf.Mr djus
ds mís'; ls mPp o fuEu tkfr fgUnqvksa }kjk i`Fkd&i`Fkd lsukvksa dk xBu fd;k x;k gSA dqN o"kZ
iwoZ gh fcgkj esa gq, uj lagkj orZeku fLFkfr dh vksj ladsr djus ds fy, dkQh gSA
tc rd vuqlwfpr tkfr ds yksxksa ij fo'ks"k /;ku u fn;k tk;sxk rFkk mudh vkfFkZd lkekftd
fLFkfr dks Åapk u mBk;k tk;sxk] rc rd ;s yksx jk"Vª dks miyC/k lkekU; lqfo/kkvksa dk ykHk ugha
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mBk ldrsA xka/kh th dk Hkh er ;gh Fkk fd tc rd ge gfjtuksa dks vius Hkkb;ksa tSlk ugha ekurs
rc rd ge fo'o cU/kqRo dh ckr ugha dj ldrsA vLi`';rk lekIr djus ds fy, pyk;k tkus okyk
lEiw.kZ vkUnksyu blh fo'o cU/kqRo dh LFkkiuk ds fy, ,d vkUnksyu gSA
2-3 vuqlwfpr tkfr;k¡ (The Scheduled Castes)
vuqlwfpr tkfr 'kCn lkbeu deh'ku }kjk 1935 esa iz;ksx fd;k x;k Fkk tks fd vLi`'; yksxksa ds fy,
iz;ksx esa yk;k x;kA vEcsMdj ds vuqlkj vkfndkyhu Hkkjr esa bUgsa ^HkXu iq#"k* (broken men) ;k
^cká&tkfr* (out castes) ekuk tkrk FkkA vaxzst mUgsa ^nfyr oxZ* (depressed class) dgrs FksA
1931 dh tux.kuk esa mUgsa ^ckgjh tkfr* (exterior caste) ds :i esa oxhZd`r fd;k x;k FkkA
egkRek xka/kh us mUgsa ^gfjtu* ¼bZ'oj ds ckyd½ dh laKk ls iqdkjkA vLi`'; tkfr esa f'kf{kr yksxksa us
bl ukedj.k dks Lohdkj ugha fd;k D;ksfa d os lksprs Fks fd ^gfj ds tu* dgdj vlekurk dks tUe
nsus okyh O;oLFkk dks lekIr djus dh vis{kk mudh n'kk esa lq/kkj ykus ds iz;Ru fd, tk jgs FksA
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds fuekZrkvksa us Hkh lkbeu deh'ku }kjk x<+s x, 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;kA
lkbeu deh'ku us fdlh tkfr dks vuqlwfpr tkfr esa lfEefyr djus ds fy, 13 vk/kkj crk, gSaA
buesa ls dqN bl izdkj gSa%
D;k og tkfr mPp tkfr dks vius Li'kZ ;k fudVrk ls vifo= djrh gS\
D;k og tkfr eafnjksa esa izos'k ugha dj ldrh\
D;k og tkfr Ldwyks]a dqvksa vkSj vU; lkoZtfud LFkkuksa ds iz;ksx ls oafpr dh tkrh gS\
D;k ml tkfr ds fy, czkã.k iqjksfgr dk dk;Z dj ldrs gSa\
D;k ml tkfr ds fy, /kksch] nthZ] ukbZ dgkj vkfn dk;Z dj ldrs gSa\
D;k og tkfr ,slh gS ftlds gkFk ls fgUnw ikuh ys ldrk gS\
D;k ml tkfr dk f'kf{kr O;fDr lkekU; lkekftd vknku&iznku esa mPp tkfr ds
O;fDr ds }kjk leku le>k tk,xk\
D;k og tkfr vius gh vKku] vf'k{kk o xjhch ds dkj.k ^nfyr* gS vkSj D;k buds
¼vKku] vf'k{kk] xjhch½ u gksus ls og lkekftd :i ls fu;ksZX; ugha gks ldrh\
D;k og tkfr vius O;olk; ds dkj.k ^nfyr* ekuh tkrh gS\
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vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa dh lwph esa dqN izeq[k tkfr;k¡ gSa% pqgM+k] Hkaxh] pekj] Mkse] iklh] jSxj] eksph]
jktcUlh] nkslM+] 'kkuu] fFk;ku] isjs;ka rFkk dksjhA
Mh0,u0 etwenkj us nfyr tkfr;ksa dh fLFkfr dh leh{kk djrs gq, dgk fd ;s tkfr;k¡ lc jkT;ksa esa
nfyr ugha gSaA ,d gh tkfr ,d {ks= esa nfyr gks ldrh gS] ysfdu nwljs {ks= esa lkekftd o
jktuSfrd fu;ksZX;rkvksa ls ihfM+r ugha Hkh gks ldrh gSA dHkh&dHkh ,d gh tkfr ds vf/kdkj o
lkekftd fu;ksZX;rk,a vkl&ikl ds ftyksa esa Hkh vyx&vyx gksrs gSaA tgk¡ nfyr tkfr ds lnL;ksa
dh la[;k de gksrh gSA ogk¡ fu;ksZX;rkvksa esa dBksjrk gS vkSj tgk¡ la[;k dh n`f"V ls os cyoku gksrs
gSaA ogk¡ fu;ksZX;rk,¡ f'kfFky gksrh tkrh gSaA tgk¡ tkfr;k¡ ,d gh u`tkrh; ewy (ethnic stock) dh
gksrha gSa ogk¡ lkekftd fu;ksZX;rk,¡ vf/kd ugha gksrha vkSj dsoy mUgha ij ykxw gksrh gSa ftudk dk;Z
viekutud ;k ifrr gksA tgk¡ mPp tkfr ds lnL;ksa dh la[;k vf/kd ugha gS vkSj vf/kdrj
tula[;k nfyrksa dh gS] ogk¡ lekjksg laca/kh vifo=rk dk Lrj Hkh de gks tkrk gS vkSj fuEu tkfr;ksa
ds fy, fu;ksZX;rk,a Hkh de gks tkrh gSaA ,d tkfr gks ldrh gS] ijUrq ml tkfr dk og lnL; tks
/kuh gks x;k gS] ftlds ikl lEifÙk gS vkSj tks thou esa lQyrk,¡ izkIr dj pqdk gS] mls mPp
lkekftd Lrj esa Lohdkj dj fn;k tkrk gS vkSj ;gk¡ rd fd mPp tkfr esa ls fookg dj ifRu;k¡ j[k
ysrk gSA
2-4 vuqlwfpr tutkfr;k¡
Hkkjrh; tutkfr;ksa dh dqN egRoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk,a gSa fd muesa ls vf/kdka'k i`Fkd HkwHkkxksa esa jgrs gSa]
mudh vkthfodk ds izeq[k lzksr d`f"k vkSj ou mRiknuksa dks ,df=r djuk gS] os ykHk ds fy;s [ksrh
ugha djrs] os vHkh Hkh oLrq&fofue; (barter) ij fuHkZj jgrs gSa] os viuh vkenuh dk vf/kd Hkkx
lkekftd vkSj /kkfeZd mRloksa ij O;; djrs gSa] vkSj cM+h la[;k esa os fuj{kj gSa vkSj csbZeku taxy ds
Bsdsnkjksa vkSj lkgwdkjksa }kjk lrk;s tkrs gSaA
2-4-1 tutkfr 'kks"k.k vkSj vlarks"k (Tribal Exploitation and Unrest)
lfn;ksa ls tutkfr;ka Hkkjrh; lekt dk ,d vlH; Hkkx le>h tkrh gSaA tutkfr;ksa ds yksx taxyksa
esa vkSj igkfM+;ksa ij jgrs Fks vkSj mudk vius rFkkdfFkr lH; vkSj fodflr iM+ksfl;ksa ls lEidZ
vkdfLed ls vf/kd ugha FkkA pwfa d tula[;k ds ncko ugha Fks] blfy;s muds {ks=ksa esa ?kqlus dk vkSj
mu ij ckgjh ewY; vkSj fo'okl Fkksius dk dksbZ iz;kl ugha fd;k x;kA ijUrq tc vaxzstksa us ns'k esa
viuh fLFkfr dks laxfBr fd;k rks muds mifuos'kh; vkdka{kkvksa vkSj iz'kklfud vko';drkvksa ds fy,
vko';d gks x;k fd iwjk ns'k ,d izHkko lapkj O;oLFkk ls tksM+ fn;k tk;sA vaxt
s ksa us HkwLokfeRo vkSj
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HkwjktLo dh iz.kkyh dks vkjaHk fd;kA okf"kZd djksa dks frxquk dj fn;k x;k tks fd tutkfr ds
fdlkuksa dh Hkqxrku {kerk ls ijs FkkA tula[;k ds c<+rs ncko ds dkj.k dbZ ckgj ds O;fDr Hkh
tutkfr {ks=ksa esa clus yxsA vius iSls dh 'kfDr ls os _.k dh lqfo/kk yksxksa dks ?kj cSBs miyC/k
djkus yxsA izkjEHk esa blus tutkfr;ksa dks jkgr igqapkbZ ijUrq /khjs&/khjs ;g iz.kkyh 'kks"k.k djus
yxhA dkuwu dh ubZ&ubZ [kqyh dpgfj;ksa us 'kks"kdksa dh lgk;rk dhA igys vkfFkZd vkSj ckn esa
lkekftd vkSj lkaLd`frd 'kks"k.k us tutkfr;ksa ds usrkvksa dks mÙksftr dj fn;k vkSj mUgksua s
tutkfr;ksa ds yksxksa dks laxfBr dj vkanksyu vkjaHk fd;kA oapuk (deprivation) dh Hkkoukvksa ds
c<+us ls tu vkUnksyu vkSj la?k"kZ Hkh c<+As izkjEHk esa os 'kks"k.k djus okyksa vkSj muds vf/kdkjksa dks
gM+ius okyksa ds fo#) Fks] ijUrq vUr esa os ljdkj vkSj 'kkldksa ds fo#) gks x;sA
tutkfr v'kkfUr vkSj vlarks"k bl izdkj dbZ mÙkjnk;h dkjdksa dk lafpr (cumulative) ifj.kke
FkkA blds izeq[k dkj.k Fks %
vdeZ.;rk] mnklhurk vkSj iz'kkldksa vkSj vQljksa esa tutkfr yksxksa dh f'kdk;rksa dks
nwj djus esa lgkuqHkwfr dk vHkkoA
taxy ds dkuwuksa vkSj fu;eksa dk dBksjiuA
tutkfr ds yksxksa dh tehuksa dks vtutkfr ds O;fDr;ksa ds dCt+s esas tkus dh jksd ds
fy;s dksbZ dkuwu ugha gksukA
_.k dh lqfo/kkvksa dk vHkkoA
tutkfr ds yksxksa ds iquokZl ds fy;s ljdkjh dk;Zokgh esa vdq'kyrkA
tutkfr leL;kvksa dks gy djus esa jktuhfrd vfHktuksa esa vfHk:fp vkSj lfØ;rk dk
vHkkoA
mPpLrjh; lfefrvksa dh flQkfj'kksa dks dk;kZfUor djus esa foyEcA
lq/kkjd (reformatory) mik;ksa dh dk;kZfUofr esa i{kikrA
la{ksi esa tutkfr v'kkfUr ds dkj.kksa dks vkfFkZd] lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd dgk tk ldrk gSA
2-4-2 tutkfr leL;k,a (Tribal Problems)
tutkfr ds O;fDr ftu izeq[k leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djrs gSa os gSa%
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muds ikl vykHkdj t+ehusa gksrh gSa ftlls mudh iSnkokj de gksrh gS vkSj bl dkj.k
os lnSo dt+Zs esa Mwcs jgrs gSaA
tula[;k dk dsoy ,d NksVk lk izfr'kr gh O;kolkf;d xfrfof/k;ksa ds f}rh; ,oa
r`rh; {ks=ksa esa Hkkx ysrk gSA
vkfnoklh {ks=ksa esa t+ehu dk dkQh cM+k fgLlk dkuwu ds t+fj;s xSj&vkfnokfl;ksa dks
gLrkUrfjr dj fn;k x;k gSA vkfnokfl;ksa dh ekax gS fd ;s t+ehu mUgsa okil dh
tk;sA njvly esa vkfnoklh taxy dk mi;ksx djus vkSj mlds tkuojksa dk f'kdkj
djus esa vf/kd Lora= FksA taxy mUgsa u dsoy edku cukus ds fy;s lkexzh miyC/k
djkrs gSa cfYd mUgsa b±/ku] chekfj;ksa dks Bhd djus ds fy, tM+h cwfV;ka] Qy] taxyh
f'kdkj bR;kfn Hkh nsrs gSaA mudk /keZ mUgsa fo'okl fnykrk gS fd mudh dbZ vkRek,a
¼ou nsork vkSj ou nsoh½ isM+ksa vkSj taxyksa esa jgrh gSaA mudh yksd xkFkkvksa esa ekuoksa
vkSj vkRekvksa ds laca/kksa dk izk;% o.kZu feyrk gSA bl izdkj ou ds izfr HkkSfrd vkSj
HkkoukRed yxko ds dkj.k vkfnokfl;ksa us ljdkj }kjk muds ikjaifjd vf/kdkjksa ij
yxk;s x;s vadq'kksa ij xgjh izfrfØ;k O;Dr dh gSA
tutkfr fodkl dk;ZØeksa us vkfnokfl;ksa ds vkfFkZd Lrj dks mBkus esa vf/kd lgk;rk
ugha dhA vaxzstksa dh uhfr us vkfnokfl;ksa dk dbZ izdkj ls Hkh"k.k 'kks"k.k fd;k D;ksfa d
mu uhfr;ksa us t+ehankjks]a HkwLokfe;ks]a lkgwdkjks]a taxy ds Bsdsnkjksa vkSj vkcdkjh] jktLo
vkSj iqfyl vf/kdkfj;ksa dk i{k fy;kA
cSfdax lqfo/kk,a vkfnoklh {ks=ksa esa bruh vi;kZIr gSa fd vkfnokfl;ksa dks izeq[kr;k
lkgwdkjksa ij fuHkZj jguk iM+rk gSA vkfnokfl;ksa dh blfy;s ;g ekax gS fd d`f"k _.k
jkgr dkuwu cuk;s tk;sa ftlls fd mUgsa mudh fxjoh j[kh gqbZ t+ehu okil fey ldsA
vkfnokfl;ksa esa ls 90% [ksrh djrs gSa vkSj muesa ls vf/kdka'k Hkwfeghu gSa vkSj LFkku
cny&cny dj LFkkukUrfjr d`f"k djrs gSaA mUgsa [ksrh ds u;s rjhds viukus esa enn
djuh pkfg;sA
jgs gSa vkSj mUgksua s vLirky Hkh [kksys gSa ijUrq os vkfnokfl;ksa dks viuh laLd`fr ls
foeq[k djus ds Hkh mÙkjnk;h gSaA bZlkbZ fe'kufj;ksa us dbZ ckj mUgsa Hkkjr ljdkj ds
fo#) fonzksg djus ds fy;s Hkh HkM+dk;k gSA
2-5 vU; fiNM+h tkfr;k¡@oxZ (Other Backward Castes/Classes)
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vuqlwfpr tkfr;ks@tutkfr;ksa ds fy, vkj{k.k dh lqfo/kk Lora=rk ds i'pkr~ Hkkjrh; lafo/kku }kjk
nh xbZ Fkh] fdUrq vU; fiNM+h tkfr;ks@
a oxks± ds fy, vkj{k.k 7 vxLr 1990 dks turk ny ljdkj
}kjk ?kksf"kr fd;k x;kA 27% LFkkuksa dks 3]742 fiNM+h tkfr;ksa vkSj oxks± ds fy, lqjf{kr fd;k x;kA
;g e.My vk;ksx dh flQkfj'kksa ds vuqikyu esa fd;k x;kA vk;ksx us 31 fnlEcj] 1980 dks viuh
fjiksVZ izLrqr dh FkhA 1982 esa bl ij yksd lHkk rFkk jkT; lHkk nksuksa esa gh ppkZ dh xbZ FkhA
rRi'pkr~ ;g izdj.k ijh{k.k gsrq lfpoksa dh ,d lfefr dks Hkst fn;k x;k FkkA ;g izdj.k laln ds
nksuksa lnuksa esa dbZ ckj fopkjkFkZ izLrqr fd;k x;k fdUrq dksbZ Hkh fu.kZ; u fy;k tk ldkA e.My
vk;ksx dh flQkfj'kksa dh vpkud ?kks"k.kk rRdkyhu iz/kkuea=h oh0ih0 flag dk jktuSfrd fu.kZ; dgk
x;kA mUgksua s tkfr vkSj tkfr lwpdksa (indicators) ds p;u esa vkus okyh xfr] rhozrk] ,oa vkSfpR;
dks izHkkfor fd, fcuk gh ;g fu.kZ; fy;k FkkA
vk;ksx us fiNM+is u dh igpku ds fy, rhu lwpdksa dk iz;ksx fd;k Fkk% lkekftd] 'kSf{kd vkSj
vkfFkZdA lkekftd lwpdksa ds pkj vk/kkj Fks] 'kSf{kd lwpdksa ds rhu rFkk vkfFkZd lwpdksa ds pkj FksA
bl izdkj dqy X;kjg lwpd FksA izR;sd lwpd dks tks xq:Hkkj (weightage) fn;k x;k og euekuk
(arbitrary) rFkk foosdghu FkkA lkekftd lwpdksa dks 3 vadksa dk xq:Hkkj] 'kSf{kd lwpdksa dks 2 vadksa
dk] rFkk vkfFkZd lwpdksa dks ,d vad dk xq:Hkkj fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;kA ftu tkfr;ksa dks 50% vad
izkIr gq,] vFkkZr~ 11 vad ;k Åij] mUgsa fiNM+h tkfr;ksa dh lwph esa j[kk x;kA
e.My vk;ksx dh flQkfj'kksa dks ykxw djus ds fu.kZ; us Nk=ksa esa foLr`r vkØks'k iSnk dj fn;kA lewps
ns'k esa vkUnksyu HkM+d x,A cgqr ls ifjokjksa dks vius cPpksa dks f'k{kk fnykus esa vusd dfBukb;ksa dk
lekuk djuk iM+rk gSA ykHkizn ukSdjh izkIr djus dh laHkkouk,a igys ls gh cgqr eUn gSa D;ksfa d ns'k
esa csjkstxkjh vR;f/kd gSA cgqr ls Nk= csjkstxkjh ;k v)Z jkstxkj dh laHkkoukvksa ls Mjs gq, jgrs gSaA
vr% ,slh fLFkfr esa ljdkj dks pqukoh fu.kZ; fd ukSdfj;ksa esa 27.0% dk vfrfjDr vkj{k.k fu'p; gh
;qodksa esa dq.Bk iSnk djus dk ;Fks"B dkj.k FkkA
blls iwoZ Hkh U;k;ewfrZ ,e0,l0 csx dh v/;{krk esa vYila[;d vk;ksx us e.My vk;ksx dh
flQkfj'kksa ds vk/kkj ij fiNM+h tkfr;ksa dks ekU;rk nsus ds fo#) viuh fjiksVZ esa lko/kku fd;k FkkA
tc turk ny ljdkj us e.My vk;ksx dh flQkfj'kksa dks ykxw djus dh ?kks"k.kk dh rks fdlh Hkh
jktuSfrd ny us bldk [kqyk fojks/k ugha fd;kA nyksa us vLi"V :[k viuk;k ;|fi vf/kdrj nyksa esa
tkfr dh vis{kk vkfFkZd vk/kkj ds i{k esa leFkZu fn;kA dsoy jk"Vªh; ekspkZ ljdkj gh bl ckr ij
vM+h jgh fd e.My vk;ksx dh flQkfj'ksa fdlh Hkh ifjfLFkfr esa jí ugha dh tk;sx a hA lkURouk ds :i
esa blus e.My vk;ksx }kjk izLrkfor 27% vkj{k.k ds lkFk vkfFkZd vk/kkj ij Hkh 5 ls 10% dk
vkj{k.k ljdkjh ukSdfj;ksa esa izLrkfor fd;kA
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e.My vk;ksx dh flQkfj'kksa dks Lohdkj djus esa ljdkj ds okLrfod mís'; dks pqukSrh nsrs gq, Nk=
rksM+&QksM+] vkUnksyu] rFkk vkRenkg rd ij mrk: gks x,A 19 flrEcj] 1990 ¼tcfd fnYyh dkWyst
ds ,d Nk= dk vkRenkg dk izdj.k izFke ckj lkeus vk;k½ ls 16 vDVwcj] 1990 dh vof/k esa 160
;qodksa us ljdkjh ?kks"k.kk ds fo#) vkRenkg dk iz;Ru fd;kA os lHkh 25 o"kZ ds de vk;q ds Fks vkSj
muesa ls vf/kdrj fo|ky;@fo'ofo|ky; ds v/;;ujr Nk= Fks vFkok csjkstxkj ;qod FksA muesa ls
vf/kdrj us turk ds le{k vkRenkg dk iz;Ru fd;k tcfd dqN us tgj [kk fy;k ;k pqipki
vkRegR;k dk vU; lk/ku pqu fy;kA nsgyh esa gh 26 fnuksa ds Hkhrj 17 vkRenkg ds iz;Ru fd, x,
vkSj blh izdkj ds iz;Ru iatkc esa gksf'k;kjiqj] mÙkj izns'k esa tkSuiqj o y[kuÅ esa] jktLFkku esa dksVk
esa vkSj fcgkj esa iVuk esa Hkh fd, x,A ;s lHkh ;qod o Nk= fuEu e/;e oxZ ds gh FksA e.My fojks/kh
ygj dk xjhcksa o /kuh laHkzkUr yksxksa ij dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+kA lHkh vkRenkg o vkRegR;k ds ekeyksa
us Nk=ksa esa vfrukVdh; vkRegR;k i= NksM+s FksA dqN Nk= dqN LFkkuksa ij iqfyl xksyh ls ekjs x, Fks]
vusd ?kk;y gks x, Fks( tcfd gtkjksa dh la[;k esa idM+s x, FksA Nk=ksa us gtkjks a ljdkjh okgu Qwd a
Mkys] futh clks]a dkjksa o jsyksa dks {kfrxzLr fd;kA ;|fi ljdkj }kjk gkfu ds Bhd&Bhd vkadM+as dHkh
ugha fn, x,] ysfdu vuqeku fd;k x;k fd dqy gkfu dbZ djksM+ksa esa gqbZ gksxhA ;g O;oLFkk ds izfr
vkØks'k vkSj dq.Bk Fkh] mlus ;qodksa esa fujk'kk dks gh tUe fn;k fd f'k{kk mUgsa vPNh ukSdfj;ksa ds
volj iznku djsxhA
oh0ih0 flag o pUnz 'ks[kj dh ljdkjksa ds i'pkr~ tc 1991 esa ujflag jko dh dkaxszl ljdkj dsUnz esa
vk;h rc blus 25 flrEcj] 1991 dks ,d vf/klwpuk tkjh dh fd dsUnzh; ljdkj dh ukxfjd lsokkvsa
(civilian jobs) ds fy, izLrkfor 27% vkj{k.k esa ls] ¼tks fd 'kSf{kd o lkekftd :i ls fiNM+s
oxks± ds fy, vkjf{kr Fks½ bUgha oxks± esa ls ^xjhc oxZ* dks ojh;rk nh tk,xhA bl izdkj 10% muds
fy, vfrfjDr vkj{k.k dh O;oLFkk gks xbZ tks fd ,sls vkj{k.k ds ?ksjs esa ugha vkrs FksA
e.My vk;ksx dh flQkfj'kksa dks ykxw djus ds izdj.k mPpre U;k;ky; esa Hkh ys tk, x, ftlus 15
uoEcj] 1992 ds bfUnjk lkguh ds fu.kZ; esa ukSdfj;ksa esa vkj{k.k dh uhfr dk leFkZu fd;k vkSj 27%
vkj{k.k ds ljdkjh fu.kZ; dks ;Fkkor j[kkA ysfdu ujflag jko ljdkj ds 10% vfrfjDr vkj{k.k ds
fu.kZ; dks jí dj fn;kA mPpre U;k;ky; ds fu.kZ; dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,a fuEu Fkha%
¼1½vkj{k.k ds ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dh igpku ds fy, tkfr dk vk/kkj Lohdkj dj fy;k x;kA
¼2½vkj{k.k dh mPpre lhek 50% rd fu/kkZfjr dj nh xbZA
¼3½vkj{k.k esa ls ^Øhe okyh lrg* (creamy layer) fudkyh tkus dh flQkfj'k dh x;hA
¼4½dqN rduhdh LFkkuksa ds fy, vkj{k.k mfpr ugha ekuk x;kA
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¼5½dsUnzh; ljdkj dks lkekftd] vkfFkZd vk/kkj ij fo'ks"k :i ls fiNM+s oxZ esa Hkh mUufr'khy yksxksa
dks ckgj djuk gksxkA
¼6½izksUufr (promotion) esa dksbZ vkj{k.k ugha gks ldrkA
¼7½de o vf/kd HkrhZ dh tk¡p djus ds fy, dsUnz o jkT; ljdkjksa }kjk LFkk;h vk;ksxksa dk xBu
djuk pkfg, tks fiNM+s oxZ esa lfEefyr fd, tkus ds fy, fd, fn, vkosnu i=ksa dh Hkh
tk¡p djsxkA
2-6 lq/kkjoknh ,oa dY;k.kdkjh dk;ZØe (Ameliorative and welfare Programmes)
egkRek xka/kh us ;|fi gfjtuksa dh leL;k dks 1924 ls gh mBk;k Fkk fdUrq mlls iwoZ Hkh dqN iz;Ru
fd, x, FksA muesa ls izeq[k iz;Ru Fkk 1916&1922 ds chp nfyr oxZ esa f'k{kk dks izksRlkgu nsukA
vLi`';rk fuokj.k ds fy, dqN dk;Z ,oa ;kstuk,a cukbZ xbZ Fkha rFkk nqdkuksa ,oa iwtk LFkyksa esa muds
izos'k ds mís'; ls dbZ dk;ZØe pyk, x, FksA egkRek xka/kh ds izksRlkgu ls 1922 esa pyk, x,
ckjnksyh dk;ZØe esa Hkh vLi`';ksa ds mRFkku dk gh mís'; FkkA 1932 esa vLi`';ksa dh lkekftd
fu;ksZX;rkvksa ds fuokj.k gsrq ^gfjtu lsod la?k* laxfBr fd;k x;k FkkA
Lora=rk izkfIr ds i'pkr~ Hkkjr ds lafo/kku esa Hkh vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ¼vkSj lkFk esa vuqlwfpr
tutkfr;ksa ,oa fiNM+h tkfr;ks½a dh lkekftd fu;ksZX;rkvksa ds fuokj.k gsrq rFkk fofo/k fgrksa dks
izksRlkfgr djus ds mís'; ls dqN izko/kku fd, x, FksA egRoiw.kZ izko/kku gSa^ vLi`';rk fuokj.k]
lkekftd vU;k; rFkk fofo/k izdkj ds 'kks"k.k ls cpko] /kkfeZd laLFkkvksa esa lHkh O;fDr;ksa dk izos'k]
dq¡vks]a rkykcks]a jsLVksjsUVksa rFkk nqdkuksa esa izos'k] otZukvksa dk fuokj.k] f'k{kk laLFkkvksa esa izos'k izkIr djus
dk vf/kdkj] jkT; dks"k ls lgk;rk jkf'k izkIr djuk] lsokvksa esa muds fy, jkT;ksa dks vkj{k.k nsus dh
vuqefr] yksd lHkk ,oa fo/kku lHkkvksa esa mUgsa leqfpr izfrfuf/kRo iznku djuk] muds fgrksa ds j{kkFkZ
rFkk dY;k.k dk;ks± dks izksRlkfgr djus gsrq i`Fkd lykgdkj lfefr;ksa ,oa foHkkxksa dh LFkkiuk] csxkj
Je (forced labour) dk fu"ks/k rFkk vuqlwfpr {ks=ksa ds fu;a=.k] iz'kklu vkfn ds fy, fo'ks"k
izko/kkuksa dk fu'p;] djuk vkfnA vEcsMdj us bu dk;ks± dks ^^jktuSfrd nku** (political charity)
dh laKk nhA
vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ds fgrksa ds j{kkFkZ ^^vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa tutkfr jk"Vªh; vk;ksx** ds :i esa ,d
dk;Z O;oLFkk (machinery) dk l`tu fd;k x;k gSA ;g vk;ksx vuqlwfpr tkfr;ks]a tutkfr;ksa ds
mRFkku ds fy, uhfr;ksa ,oa izdj.kksa ij dk;Z djus gsrq lykgdkj lfefr ds :i esa xfBr fd;k x;k
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gSA bu yksxksa ds dY;k.k ds izksRlkgu dk dk;Z dqN LoSfPNd laxBu Hkh djrs gSaA vf[ky Hkkjrh; Lrj
ds dqN izeq[k laxBu gSa& gfjtu lsod la?k] Hkkjrh; vkfne tkfr lsod la?k vkfnA iapo"khZ;
;kstukvksa esa vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa tutkfr ds dY;k.k ij fo'ks"k /;ku fn;k x;k gSA izR;sd ;kstuk esa
fo'ks"k dk;ZØeksa ds vkdkj ij fuos'k esa o`f) gh gksrh jgh gSA
dsUnz }kjk izk;ksftr ;kstukvksa esa ls buds dY;k.kkFkZ pykbZ tkus okyh ;kstukvksa esa ls dqN bl izdkj
gSa% ¼1½ fofo/k lsokvksa esa vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa tutkfr;ksa ds izfrfuf/kRo esa lq/kkj ykus gsrq fofo/k
izfr;ksfxrkRed ijh{kkvksa (IAS, IPS) ds fy, Vªsfuax ,oa dksfpax( ¼2½ mPp f'k{kk izkIr djus gsrq
esfVªd ijh{kk ds mijkUr vkfFkZd lgk;rk ds :i esa Nk=o`fÙk iznku djuk( ¼3½ Ldwyks]a dkWystksa rFkk
fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa i<+us okys vuqlwfpr Nk=ksa ,oa Nk=kvksa dks vkoklh; lqfo/kk iznku djus gsrq
Nk=koklksa dk fuekZ.k( ¼4½ vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa tutkfr ds fodkl ,oa leL;kvksa ds v/;;u esa jr
izfl) lekt foKku vuqla/kku laLFkkvksa dks vkfFkZd lgk;rk iznku djuk( ¼5½ vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa
tutkfr ds Nk=ksa dks esfMdy rFkk bathfu;fjax dkslZ dh ikB~; iqLrdsa iznku djuk( ¼6½ Hkkjr ls
ckgj mPp v/;;u ds fy, Nk=o`fÙk rFkk ;k=k O;; vuqnku iznku djkA
2-6-1 vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ds fo#) vijk/k (Crimes Against Scheduled Castes)
vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds fy;s dY;k.k eU=ky; vkSj jk"Vªh; vk;ksx ds izfrosnu
fujUrj vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ds fo#) vijk/kksa dh la[;k esa o`f) dk fooj.k nsr s jgs gSaA vuqlwfpr tkfr
dh fL=;ka mPptkfr ds vknfe;ksa ds }kjk cykRdkj dh f'kdkj gksrh gSA vuqlwfpr tkfr ds iq#"kksa dk
nwljh vksj mudh t+ehuksa dks gM+ius] mUgsa de et+njw h nsu]s mUgsa ca/kqvk et+nwjksa dh rjg dke esa ysus
bR;kfn ds :i esa mPp tkfr;ksa }kjk 'kks"k.k fd;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj ds 'kks"k.k dks jksdus ds fy;s
dsUnz ljdkj us O;kid fn'kk&funsZ'k cuk;s gSa ftuesa fuokjd mik; Hkh fn;s x;s gSa vkSj vko';d
dk;Zokgh ds fy;s mUgsa jkT;ksa ds ikl Hkst fn;k x;k gSA jkT;ksa us bl laca/k esa tks mik; fd;s gSa os gSa%
vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ls lacaf/kr t+ehu vkSj et+nwjh ds >xM+ksa ds ckjs esa ljdkj dks voxr
djkus ds fy;s lacaf/kr e'khujh dks dlukA
vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa dks mudh t+ehu dk ;k ml t+ehu dk tks mUgsa vkoafVr gqbZ gS]
dCtk fnykus esa lgk;rk djukA
iqfyl vf/kdkfj;ksa dks fo'ks"k vkns'k nsuk fd vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa dh tehuksa ij voS/k
dCts ds ekeyksa esa os gLr{ksi djsAa iqfyl dks fgnk;r nh xbZ gS fd vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa
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ds fo#) vijk/kksa dks fo'ks"k lwfpr ekeyksa dh rjg ekuk tk;s vkSj mudh 'kh?kz lquokbZ
vkSj lt+k dk izcU/k fd;k tk;sA
d`"kd Jfedksa dks oS/kkfud U;wure et+njw h fnykus esa lgk;rk djukA
¼dqN jkT;ksa esa½ vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ds ekeyksa dks 'kh?kz fucVkus ds fy;s fo'ks"k vnkyrksa
dk xBuA
vQljksa dks funsZ'k fn;s x;s gSa fd tc os nkSjs ij gksa rks viuk dqN le; vuqlwfpr
tkfr;ksa ds vkoklh; {ks=ksa esa fcrk,aA
vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ds fo#) vR;kpkj vkSj gR;k dh ?kVuk,a vf/kdrj fcgkj] mÙkj izns'k] jktLFkku]
fcgkj vkSj e/; izns'k esa gqbZ gSaA bUgha vR;kpkjksa ds dkj.k gfjtuksa us le;≤ ij eqlyeku vkSj
bZlkbZ /keks± esa viuk /keZ ifjorZu fd;kA
1989 esa vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa tutkfr ¼vR;kpkj fujks/kd½ vf/kfu;e bu tkfr;ksa ds lnL;ksa ij
vR;kpkj jksdus gsrq ikfjr fd;k x;k FkkA blesa iUnzg dk;ks± dks vijk/k ekuk x;k gSA buesa izeq[k gSa%
1- vuqlwfpr tkfr vFkok tutkfr ¼v0t0t0½ ds lnL; dks v[kk| inkFkZ [kkus ;k ihus ds fy,
foo'k djuk]
2-v0t0t0 ds fdlh lnL; dks pksV igqapkuk vFkok viekfur djuk]
3-v0t0t0 ds fdlh lnL; ds oL= mrjokuk vFkok uaxk dj ?kqekuk]
4-v0t0t0 ds lnL; dh Hkwfe ij dCt+k djuk vFkok [ksrh djuk ;k mldks Hkwfe ,oa Hkou ls csn[k+y
djuk]
5-mls ¼fdlh lnL; dks½ cU/kd j[kuk]
6-mls oksV u nsus ;k fdlh fo'ks"k mEehnokj dks oksV nsus ds fy, ck/; djuk]
7-mlds fo#) >wBk eqdnek pykuk]
8-mls viekfur djuk o NsM+NkM+ djuk]
9-fdlh v0t0t0 efgyk dk 'khy gj.k dk iz;kl djuk]
10-muds }kjk dke esa yk;s tkus okys ty lzksrksa dks nwf"kr djuk]
11-mls fdlh lkoZtfud jkLrs@LFkku ds iz;ksx ls jksduk]
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12-mls xkao@edku NksM+us ds fy, ck/; djukA
bu vijk/kksa ds fy, Ng ekg ls ikap o"kZ rd dkjkokl dk izko/kku gSA
2-7 egRoiw.kZ laoS/kkfud micU/k ,oa l'kDrhdj.k
Hkkjr dk lafo/kku lekurk vkSj U;k; ds vkn'kks± ij izfrf"Br gSA ,slh lekurk vkSj U;k; dh LFkkiuk
dk iz;kl jktuSfrd] lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd lHkh {ks=ksa esa fd;k x;k gSA blfy, lafo/kku /keZ] ewyoa'k]
tkfr ;k tUeLFkku ds vk/kkj ij O;fDr;ksa ds fdlh oxZ esa HksnHkko dk izfr"ks/k djrk gSA gekjs
lafo/kku&fuekZrkvksa us mDr vkn'kks± dks ewrZ :i nsus ds fy;s ns'k ds lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd :i ls
fiNM+s oxks± ds fy;s leqfpr micU/k fd;k gS] D;ksfa d os tkurs Fks fd tc rd bu oxks± dks izkjEHk esa
lgk;rk u nh tk;sxh] ns'k ds fodkl dh xfr vo#) gks tk;sxhA iztkrkaf=d lekurk ds vkn'kZ
dsoy rHkh lkdkj gks ldrs gSa tc fd ns'k ds leLr oxks± dks ,d Lrj ij yk;k tk;A blhfy,
gekjs lafo/kku esa fiNM+s oxks± dks ns'k ds vU; oxks± ds Lrj ij ykus ds fy, dqN vLFkk;h izk o/kku gSa
vkSj lkFk gh lkFk vYila[;d oxks± ds lkaLd`frd ;k vU; vf/kdkjksa ds laj{k.k ds fy, dqN vLFkk;h
izko/kku dh Hkh O;oLFkk gS rkfd cgqla[;d oxZ vYila[;dksa ij vR;kpkj u dj ldsaA
vuqPNsn 46 jkT; dks turk ds nqcZyrj vkSj fo'ks"kr;k vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa rFkk vuqlwfpr vkfne
tkfr;ksa ds f'k{kk rFkk vkfFkZd fgrksa dh fo'ks"k lko/kkuh ls mUufr djus rFkk lc izdkj ds 'kks"k.k ls
mudk laj{k.k djus dk funs'k nsrk gSA
vuqPNsn 275 vuqlwfpr vkfne tkfr;ksa ds dY;k.k gsrq jkT;ksa dks dsUnzh; lgk;d vuqnku dk micU/k
djrk gSA vuqPNsn 325 ds vuqlkj fuokZpu&gsrq ,d lk/kkj.k fuokZpd&ukekoyh gksxh rFkk dsoy /keZ]
ewyoa'k] tkfr] fyax ds vk/kkj ij dksbZ O;fDr fdlh ,slh ukekoyh esa lfEefyr fd;s tkus ds fy,
vik= ugha gksxkA vuqPNsn 164 mM+hlk] fcgkj vkSj e/; izn's k jkT;ksa esa vkfne vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ds
dY;k.k ds fy, ,d fo'ks"k eU=h dk micU/k djrk gSA vuqPNsn 330 ls ysdj 342 rd esa vuqlwfpr
tkfr;ks]a vuqlwfpr vkfne tkfr;ks]a ,sXa yks&bafM;Ul vkSj fiNM+s oxks± ds fy, fo'ks"k micU/k fd;s x;s gSaA
mDr lHkh micU/kksa dk la{ksi esa fooj.k fuEufyf[kr gSa&
2-7-1 vuqlwfpr tkfr;k¡ vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr;k¡
lafo/kku esa bldh ifjHkk"kk ugha nh x;h gS fd os dkSu&ls O;fDr gSa tks mDr tkfr;ksa dh Js.kh esa vkrs
gSaA vuq0 341 vkSj 342 jk"Vªifr dks bu tkfr;ksa dks fofufnZ"V djus dh 'kfDr iznku djrk gSA
jk"Vªifr yksd lwpuk }kjk mu tkfr;ksa dks mfYyf[kr djsxk tks ml iz;kstu ds fy, vuqlwfpr
tkfr;k¡ ;k vuqlwfpr tutkfr;k¡ le>h tk;sx
a hA ;fn ,slh dksbZ vf/klwpuk fdlh jkT; ls lacaf/kr gS
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rks og jkT;iky ds ijke'kZ ls dh tk ldsxhA laln fof/k }kjk [k.M ¼1½ ds v/khu fudkyh vf/klwpuk
esa mfYyf[kr lwph ds vUrxZr fdlh tutkfr ;k tutkfr leqnk;ksa dks lfEefyr dj ldrh gS ;k
fudky ldrh gSA dksbZ tutkfr bl vuqPNsn ds vUrxZr tutkfr gS ;k ugha] gesa jk"Vªifr ds }kjk
fudkyh x;h vf/klwpuk ij /;ku nsuk gksxkA vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa dh Js.kh ds laca/k esa jk"Vªifr dk
vkns'k i;kZIr gSA bl lwph dh ekU;rk ij bl vk/kkj ij vkifÙk ugha dh tk;sxh fd blesa fdlh
mitkfr dks vuqlwfpr tkfr ds :i esa mfYyf[kr ugha fd;k x;k gSA
lafo/kku mi;qZDr tkfr;ksa ds fgrksa ds laj{k.k ds fy, fuEufyf[kr micU/k djrk gS&
¼v½ yksd lHkk rFkk jkT;&fo/kkulHkkvksa esa LFkkuksa dk vkj{k.k&vuq0 330 vkSj 332 ds v/khu yksdlHkk
rFkk jkT;ksa dh fo/kkulHkkvksa esa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds fy, LFkku vkjf{kr
fd;s tkus dk micU/k fd;k x;k gSA vuq0 330 ;g micfU/kr djrk gS fd yksd lHkk esa ¼d½
vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ds fy,] ¼[k½ vuqlwfpr tutkfr flok; vle ds Lo'kklh ftyksa dh vuqlwfpr
tutkfr;ksa dks NksM+dj] ¼x½ vle ds Lo'kklh ftyksa dh vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds fy, LFkku vkjf{kr
jgsaxsA vuq0 332 ;g micfU/kr djrk gS fd izR;sd jkT; dh fo/kkulHkk esa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa vkSj
vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds fy, ¼vle ds Lo'kklh ftyksa dh vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa dks NksM+dj½ LFkku
vkjf{kr jgsx
a s rFkk vle jkT; dh fo/kku lHkk esa Lo'kklh ftyksa ds fy, Hkh LFkku vkjf{kr jgsaxsA
LFkkuksa dk vkj{k.k tula[;k ds vk/kkj ij fd;k tk,xkA 42osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku vf/kfu;e 1976 }kjk
bl vuqPNsn esa la'kks/ku djds ;g Li"V dj fn;k x;k Fkk fd bl iz;kstu ds fy, tula[;k ls
rkRi;Z lu~ 1971 esa dh xbZ tux.kuk ij vk/kkfjr tula[;k gS] vkSj og lu~ 2000 rd oSls gh cuh
jgsxhA bldk rkRi;Z ;g Fkk fd bu oxks± ds fy, yksd lHkk vkSj jkT;ksa dh fo/kkulHkkvksa esa LFkkuksa dk
vkj{k.k lu~ 2000 rd lu~ 1971 dh tux.kuk ds vk/kkj ij gh fd;k tk;sxk vkSj u;h tux.kuk dk
bl ij dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+x
s kA vc lafo/kku ds 84 la'kks/ku vf/kfu;e] 2000 }kjk vuq0 330 vkSj 332
esa la'kks/ku fd;k x;k gS vkSj bl iz;kstu gsrq ^tula[;k* dks iqu% ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA bl
la'kks/ku }kjk vuq0 330 ds Li"Vhdj.k ds ijUrqd esa la[;k 2000 vkSj 1971 ds LFkku ij la[;k 2026
vkSj 1991 var% LFkkfir dh xbZ gSA bldk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd bl iz;kstu ds fy, tula[;k ls rkRi;Z
lu~ 1991 esa dh xbZ tux.kuk ij vk/kkfjr tula[;k gS vkSj og 2026 rd oSlh gh cuh jgsxhA vuq0
332 ds ¼3d½ esa la[;k 2000 ds LFkku ij la[;k 2026 vkSj [k.M ¼3[k½ esa la[;k 2000 ds LFkku ij
la[;k 2026 var%LFkkfir dh xbZ gSA lafo/kku ds 87osa la'kks/ku] 2003 }kjk vuq0 330 ds Li"Vhdj.k ds
ijUrqd dks iqu% la'kksf/kr fd;k x;k gS vkSj vad ^1991* ds fy, vad ^2001* izfrLFkkfir fd;k x;k
gSA bldk rkRi;Z gS fd bl iz;kstu ds fy, vc tula[;k dk vk/kkj ^2001* dh tux.kuk gksxh u
fd ^1991* dh tux.kukA 51osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku vf/kfu;e] 1984 }kjk ;g Li"V fd;k x;k gS fd
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vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds fy, vle fo/kkulHkk esa vkj{k.k Lo'kklh ftyksa dks NksM+dj vle ds iwjs
izn's k esa gksxkA
izFker% ;g vkj{k.k lafo/kku ykxw gksus dh rkjh[k ls 10 o"kZ ds fy, fd;k x;k FkkA blds i'pkr bl
vof/k dks le;≤ ij c<+k;k tkrk jgkA 1959 lafo/kku la'kks/ku vf/kfu;e }kjk bls c<+kdj 20
o"kZ ds fy, dj fn;k x;kA iqu% 1969 esa vuq0 334 esa iz;qDr 'kCn ^chl* ds LFkku ij lafo/kku ds 23osa
la'kks/ku vf/kfu;e }kjk ^rhl* 'kCn dks izfrLFkkfir dj fn;k x;kA iqu% 1980 esa lafo/kku la'kks/ku
vf/kfu;e] 1980 }kjk bls 10 o"kks± ds fy, vkSj c<+k fn;k x;k vkSj vuq0 334 esa iz;qDr 'kCn ^rhl* ds
LFkku ij ^pkfyl* 'kCn j[k fn;k x;kA lafo/kku ds 62osa la'kks/ku vf/kfu;e] 1989 }kjk bl vof/k dks
10 o"kks± ds fy, vkSj c<+k fn;k x;k vkSj vuq0 334 esa iz;qDr 'kCn ^pkfyl* ds LFkku ij 'kCn ^ipkl*
j[k fn;k x;kA vc 1999 esa lafo/kku la'kks/ku vf/kfu;e] 1999 }kjk bls c<+kdj lafo/kku ykxw gksus
dh rkjh[k ls 60 o"kZ dj fn;k x;k gSA
¼c½ vkj{k.k iz'kklu esa n{krk dks u"V djus okyk ugha gksuk pkfg,&vuqPNsn 335 ds vuqlkj la?k ;k
jkT; ds dk;ks± ls lEc) lsokvksa vkSj inksa ds fy, fu;qfDr;k¡ djus esa iz'kklu esa n{krk cuk;s j[kus dh
laxfr ds vuqlkj vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds lnL;ksa ds nkoksa dks /;ku esa j[kk
tk;sxkA blh iz;kstu ds fy;s vuqPNsn 16 esa bu fiNM+s gq, oxks± ds fy, inksa ds vkjf{kr djus dk
micU/k fd;k x;k ftuesa mDr tkfr;k¡ Hkh 'kkfey gSaA
2-7-2 fiNM+s oxks± ds fy, micU/k
lafo/kku esa dksbZ ifjHkk"kk ugha nh x;h gS fd os dkSu ls O;fDr gSa tks fiNM+s oxks± esa 'kkfey gSaA ,sls
oxks± esa dkSu tu 'kkfey gSa] bldks mfYyf[kr djus dh 'kfDr la?k rFkk jkT;&ljdkj dks izkIr gSA
vuq0 340¼1½ ds vUrxZr jk"Vªifr dks lkekftd vkSj f'k{kk dh n`f"V ls fiNM+s gq, oxks± dh n'kkvksa rFkk
mudh dfBukb;ksa ds vuqla/kku ds fy, ,d vk;ksx dh fu;qfDr djus dh 'kfDr gSA vk;ksx mDr oxks±
dh dfBukb;ksa dks nwj djus ds mik;ksa ds ckjs esa ;k muds fy, fn;s tkus okys vuqnku ;k vuqnku dh
'krks± vkfn ds ckjs esa la?k ;k jkT;&ljdkjksa dh viuh flQkfj'k HkstsxkA
vk;ksx vius dks lkSais x;s fo"k;ksa dk vuqla/kku djsxk vkSj mldh fjiksVZ jk"Vªifr dks Hkstsxk ftlesa
ik;s x;s rF;ksa dk lekos'k gksxk vkSj ,slh flQkfj'ksa gksx
a h ftls vk;ksx mfpr le>sA jk"Vªifr vk;ksx
}kjk fn;s x;s izfrosnu dks] ml ij dh xbZ dk;Zokfg;ksa lfgr laln ds izR;sd lnu ds le{k
j[kok;sxkA
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vk;ksx ds izfrosnu izkIr gksus ds i'pkr~ jk"Vªifr vkns'k }kjk fiNM+s oxks± dks mfYyf[kr djsxkA
vuqlwfpr tkfr vuqlwfpr vkfne tkfr;ksa ds fy, fu;qDr fo'ks"k inkf/kdkjh fiNM+s oxks± ds fy, Hkh
dk;Z djsxkA
vuq0 15¼4½ ds vUrxZr jkT; dks lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd n`f"V ls fiNM+s oxks± ds fy, izko/kku cukus dh
'kfDr izkIr gSA vuq0 16¼4½ ds vUrxZr jkT; dks bu oxks± ds fy, ljdkjh ukSdfj;ksa esa LFkku dks
vkjf{kr djus dh 'kfDr izkIr gSA
tSlk fd ge tkurs gSa] lafo/kku esa ^^fiNM+s oxZ** inkoyh dh dksbZ ifjHkk"kk ugha nh xbZ gSA ljdkj dks
bl Js.kh esa vkus okys yksxksa ds mfYyf[kr djus dh 'kfDr izkIr gSA blh dkj.k bl laca/k esa dksbZ
,d:irk ugha gS vkSj fofHkUu jkT;ksa ds fofHkUu oxks± dks fiNM+s oxks± esa 'kkfey fd;k gSA ljdkj us
1953 esa ,d vk;ksx fu;qDr fd;k] ftldks mu dlkSfV;ksa dks fu/kkZfjr djus ds fy, dgk x;k ftuds
vk/kkj ij fdlh oxZ dks fiNM+k le>k tk ldsA vk;ksx bl izdkj ds oxhZdj.k ds fy, dksbZ
lqfuf'pr vk/kkj <w<a u+ s esa vlQy jgkA
jked`".k cuke eSlwj jkT; ¼1960½ ds ekeys esa ljdkj us ,d vkns'k }kjk jkT; dh tula[;k ds 25
izfr'kr Hkkx dks fiNM+k oxZ ?kksf"kr dj fn;kA og oxhZdj.k vkfFkZd&lkekftd fiNM+is u ds vk/kkj ij
ugha cfYd tkfr vkSj /keZ ds vk/kkj ij fd;k x;k FkkA eSlwj mPp U;k;ky; us mDr vkns'k dks voS/k
?kksf"kr dj fn;kA U;k;ky; us dgk fd fiNM+s oxks± dks mfYyf[kr djus okyk ljdkjh vkns'k
U;k;kf;d tk¡p ds v/khu gSA bl fo"k; ij ljdkj dk fu.kZ; vfUre ugha gSA U;k;ky; bl ckr dh
ek¡x dj ldrs gSa fd ljdkj dk fu.kZ; fdlh ;qfDr;qDr fl)kUr ij vk/kkfjr gS ;k ughaA ;g iz'u
fd dksbZ oxZ fiNM+k oxZ gS ;k ugha] ,d okn;ksX; iz'u gSA
U;k;ky; bl ckr dh Hkh tk¡p dj ldrs gSa fd fdlh in ds fy, fiNM+s oxks± ds fy, vkjf{kr LFkkuksa
dk izfr'kr ;qfDr;qDr gS ;k ughaA ;fn vkj{k.k vR;f/kd ;k v;qfDr;qDr gS rks og lafo/kku ds lkFk
Ny ekuk tk;sxk vkSj vlaoS/kkfud ?kksf"kr dj fn;k tk;sxkA
1-7-3 vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa tutkfr ¼vR;kpkjksa dk fuokj.k½ vf/kfu;e] 1989 (The Scheduled
Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989)
Hkkjr ds lafo/kku ds izkjEHk gksus dh iwoZ&fLFkfr dks ns[krs gq;s] Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds fuekZrkvksa dks nqcZy
oxZ ds yksxks]a ftUgsa lfn;ksa ls lrk;k rFkk nck;k x;k gS] dk fo'ks"kdj vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa vuqlwfpr
tutkfr ds yksxksa ,oa lkekftd ,oa 'kSf{kd :i ls fiNM+s oxZ ds ukxfjdksa dk fo'ks"k /;ku FkkA ;g
ckr lafo/kku ds dbZ vuqPNsnksa esa izfrfcfEcr gksrh gS ftudh ppkZ dh tk pqdh gSA laoS/kkfud micU/kksa
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dh Hkkouk ,oa fy[kr ls izsfjr gksdj Hkkjr ljdkj us vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa tutkfr ¼vR;kpkjksa dk
fuokj.k½ vf/kfu;e] 1989 ikfjr fd;kA bl vf/kfu;e us jk"Vªifr dh lEefr 11 flrEcj] 1989 dks
izkIr dh rFkk ;g 30-01-1990 ls izo`Ùk gks x;kA bl vf/kfu;e ds ikfjr djus dk dkj.k ;g Fkk fd
laoS/kkfud micU/kksa ds ckotwn lekt ds vU; yksxksa ds n`f"Vdks.k esa ifjorZu ugha vk;k FkkA lekt ds
vU; oxZ vc Hkh vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ,oa vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds yksxksa ij vR;kpkj dj jgs FksA vr%
tSlk fd vf/kfu;e dh izLrkouk ls Li"V gksrk gS fd bl vf/kfu;e dk mís'; vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa
tutkfr ds yksxksa ds Åij gksus okys vR;kpkj dk fuokj.k djuk ,sls vijk/kksa ds ijh{k.k ds fy;s
fo'ks"k U;k;ky; dh LFkkiuk rFkk ,sls vijk/kksa ls ihfM+r ;k f'kdkj O;fDr;ksa dks vuqrks"k igq¡pkuk rFkk
mudk iquokZl vkfn djuk gSA
bl vf/kfu;e dk izlkj tEew ,oa d'ehj jkT; dks NksM+ lkjs ns'k esa gSA vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa
tutkfr;ksa ds fo#) fd;s x;s vijk/kksa ds fy;s vf/kfu;e esa naM fuf'pr fd;k x;kA lk/kkj.k
vijk/kksa ds fy, de ls de 6 eghus ls ik¡p o"kZ rd dh tsy rFkk tqekZuk j[kk x;k gS rFkk xEHkhj
vijk/kksa ds fy;s de ls de ,d o"kZ ftls vijk/k ds fy;s micfU/kr naM rd fd;k tk ldrk gSA
vf/kfu;e ls lacaf/kr ekeyksa ds fy;s jkT; ljdkj lkewfgd naM vf/kjksfir dj ldrh gSA flok;
blds fd tks vU;Fkk vf/kfu;e esa micfU/kr gS] ;fn bl vf/kfu;e ds micU/kksa dk fdlh vU; rRle
izo`Ùk fof/k ds lkFk la?k"kZ gksrk gS rks bl vf/kfu;e ds micU/k gh vf/kd ekU; gksx
a sA dsUnzh; ljdkj
}kjk bl laca/k esa cuk;s x;s fu;eksa ds v/khu bl vf/kfu;e ds dk;kZUo;u dh ftEesnkjh jkT; ljdkj
dh gksxhA
2-7-4 vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa tutkfr ds fy, jk"Vªh; deh'ku
lafo/kku ¼89ok¡ la'kks/ku½ vf/kfu;e] 2003 }kjk vuqPNsn 238 esa la'kks/ku fd;k x;k gSA bl la'kks/ku
vf/kfu;e }kjk vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa tutkfr dh jk"Vªh; deh'ku dks nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k
gSA vuqlwfpr tkfr rFkk tutkfr ds HkkSxksfyd ,oa lkaLd`frd vlekurkvksa rFkk mudh vlekurkvksa
dk vglkl djrs gq;s tutkfr ekeyksa ds u;s ea=ky; dk 1999 esa izkjEHk gqvkA iqjkuh jk"Vªh; deh'ku
ds LFkku ij nks deh'ku LFkkfir fd;s x;s& (i) vuqlwfpr tkfr ds fy, jk"Vªh; deh'ku( rFkk (ii)
vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds fy;s jk"Vªh; deh'kuA
tutkfr ds fy;s u;h deh'ku dk ,d v/;{k rFkk nks lnL; gksrs gSaA nwljs deh'ku vFkkZr vuqlwfpr
tkfr esa ,d v/;{k] ,d mi&v/;{k rFkk rhu lnL; gksrs gSaA lafo/kku esa ,d u;k vuqPNsn ¼vuqPNsn
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338&d½ tksM+k x;k gSA bl u;s vuqPNsn esa vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds jk"Vªh; deh'ku ds drZO; ,oa
'kfDr;ksa dks ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA deh'ku ds drZO; fuEufyf[kr gSa&
¼d½lafo/kku ;k fdlh vU; fof/k esa mfYyf[kr tutkfr;ksa dh lqj{kkvksa ds lHkh ekeyksa dh [kkst ,oa
ifjoh{k.k(
¼[k½vf/kdkjksa ,oa lqj{kkvksa ds oafpr fd;s tkus ls lacaf/kr lHkh fofufnZ"V f'kdk;rksa dh tk¡p(
¼x½vuqlwfpr tutkfr lkekftd&vkfFkZd fodkl dh ;kstukvksa dh izfØ;k dh lykg nsuk rFkk mlesa
Hkkx ysuk(
¼?k½mDr lqj{kkvksa dh orZeku fjiksV~Zl rFkk mDr lqj{kkvksa ij laLrqfr;k¡ rFkk izHkko'kkyh dk;kZUo;u(
¼³½tutkfr ds laj{k.k] dY;k.k] fodkl rFkk izksUufr ls lacaf/kr vU; vko';d vU; dk;Z lEikfnr
djukA
deh'ku ds dk;Z dks izHkko'kkyh <ax ls dk;Z djus gsrq deh'ku dks fuEufyf[kr 'kfDr;k¡ iznku dh xbZ
gSa&
¼d½fdlh O;fDr dks Hkkjr ds fdlh Hkkx ls cqykuk (summon) rFkk mldh mifLFkfr dks lqfuf'pr
djuk rFkk 'kiFk ij mldk ijh{k.k djuk(
¼[k½fdlh laxr nLrkost dh [kkst rFkk mls izLrqr djuk(
¼x½gyQukeksa }kjk lk{; dks izkIr djuk(
¼?k½fdlh U;k;ky; ;k dk;kZy; ls fdlh yksd fjdkMZ ;k mldh izfrfyfi izkIr djuk( rFkk
¼³½xokgksa ,oa nLrkostksa ds ijh{k.k ds fy;s deh'ku tkjh djuk ;k vU; vko';d dne mBkukA
tutkfr;ksa dks izHkkfor djus okys lHkh eq[; ;k cM+s ekeyksa ds fy;s ;g vkKkRed dj fn;k x;k fd
og deh'ku ls lykg ysAa
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1-7-5 ukxfjd vf/kdkjksa ds laj{k.k dk vf/kfu;e] 1955 (The Protection of Civil Rights
Act, 1955)
Hkkjr ds lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 17 ds vuqlkj] vLi`';rk (Untouchability) dks lekIr dj fn;k
x;k rFkk blds vH;kl dks oftZr dj fn;k x;kA vLi`';rk ls mRiUu gksus okyh fdlh v;ksX;rk dks
ykxw ;k izofrZr djuk fof/k ds vuqlkj ,d vijk/k ds leku nafMr gksxkA
;|fi lafo/kku ns'k dh loksZPp fof/k gS] lafo/kku esa micfU/kr djuk rFkk mls lekt esa vH;kl esa ykus
esa cM+k vUrj gSA ;|fi lafo/kku us vLi`';rk dks lekIr dj fn;k rFkk bldks vH;kl esa oftZr dj
fn;k] Hkkjrh; lekt ftlesa vLi`';rk dh nwf"kr lkekftd jhfr lfn;ksa ls fo|eku gS] ls bls gVkuk
bruk ljy ugha gSA lafo/kku ds vfHkns'k ds ckotwn lekt esa vLi`';rk dh cqjkbZ dks iw.kZ :i ls
vH;kl esa lekIr djus ds fy;s dqN vU; dne mBkus vko';d FksA
bu dneksa ;k mik;ksa ls ,d mik; ljdkj us ukxfjd vf/kdkjksa ds laj{k.k ds vf/kfu;e] 1955 }kjk
fd;k rFkk vf/kfu;e dks 1976 esa la'kksf/kr fd;k x;kA vf/kfu;e dh izLrkouk ds vuqlkj] vf/kfu;e
dk mís'; vLi`';rk dk izpkj ;k vH;kl] vLi`';rk ls mRiUu fdlh v;ksX;rk dks izofrZr djus ds
fy;s naM fofgr ;k fu/kkZfjr djuk gSA
bl vf/kfu;e dk izlkj lEiw.kZ Hkkjr esa gSA vf/kfu;e /kkfeZd v;ksX;rkvksa dks izofrZr djus ds fy;s
naM fofgr djrk gSA /kkjk 3 ds vuqlkj] tks dksbZ O;fDr vLi`';rk ds vk/kkj ij fdlh dks yksd iwtk
LFky] tks ml /keZ fo'ks"k okys lHkh yksxksa ds fy;s [kqyk gS] esa izos'k djus ls jksdrk gS ;k mls iwtk
djus ;k dksbZ /kkfeZd lsok djus ls ;k ugkus] unh] dq,¡ vkfn ls ikuh ysus ls jksdrk gS rks ,sls O;fDr
dks de ls de ,d ekg rFkk vf/kdre 6 ekg dh tsy rFkk lkFk esa gtkZus ls tks 100 #i;s ls de
ugha gksxk rFkk vf/kdre 500 #i;s gksxk] nafMr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
,u0 vknhF;u cuke n Vªkoudksj nsokLoe cksMZ rFkk vU; (2002) ds okn esa mPpre U;k;ky; us
vius fu.kZ; esa dgk fd fu;qDr O;fDr lqf'kf{kr] mfpr izdkj ls izf'kf{kr gS rFkk fof'k"V nsoh@nsork
dh iwtk lEikfnr djus dh ;ksX;rk j[krk gSA mldh fu;qfDr dks bl vk/kkj ij udkjk ;k budkj
ugha fd;k tk ldrk fd og tUe ls czkã.k ugha gSA
;gk¡ ij ;g tkuuk vko';d gS vf/kfu;e esa ^^ukxfjd vf/kdkjks*a * 'kCnksa dks ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA
blds vuqlkj ^^ukxfjd vf/kdkjks*a * ds vFkZ gSa lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 17 ds vUrxZr vLi`';rk dh
lekfIr ls mRiUu fdlh O;fDr dk dksbZ vf/kdkjA
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vf/kfu;e ds vUrxZr lkekftd v;ksX;rkvksa dks vLi`';rk ds vk/kkj ij fdlh O;fDr dh fdlh
v;ksX;rk dks izofrZr djrk gS ¼tSls fdlh nqdku] yksd jsLVksjsUV] gksVy ds izos'k] yksd mi;qDr LFkkuksa
ij crZuksa vkfn ds iz;ksx vkfn dks jksduk½ rks de ls de ,d ekg rFkk vf/kd ls vf/kd 6 ekg rFkk
100 #i;s ls ysdj 500 #i;s ds tqekZus ds lkFk nafMr fd;k tk ldrk gSA blh izdkj vf/kfu;e
vLi`';rk ds vk/kkj ij fdlh O;fDr dk vLirky esa izos'k djus ls bUdkj djrk gS] eky cspus ;k
lsok;sa nsus ls bUdkj djus] rFkk vLi`';rk ls mRiUu vU; vijk/kksa dks nafMr djrk gSA
1-7-6 fiNM+s oxks± ds fy;s jk"Vªh; deh'ku vf/kfu;e] 1993 (The National Commission for
Backward Classes Act, 1993)
Hkkjr ds lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 15¼1½ esa ,d lkekU; fu;e izfrikfnr fd;k x;k gS fd jkT; fdlh Hkh
ukxfjd ds lkFk /keZ] iztkfr] tkfr] fyax] tUeLFkku ;k buesa ls fdlh ,d ds vk/kkj ij HksnHkko ugha
djsxkA ijUrq vuqPNsn 15¼4½ esa bl fu;e dk ,d viokn fn;k x;k gSA vuqPNsn 15¼4½ ds vuqlkj]
bl vuqPNsn ;k vuqPNsn 29¼2½ esa dqN Hkh jkT; dks lkekftd ,oa 'kSf{kd :i ls fiNM+s oxZ ds
ukxfjdksa ;k vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ,oa vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa dh mUufr ds fy;s dksbZ fo'ks"k micU/k cukus
ls ugha jksdsxkA nwljs vFkks± esa xSj&HksnHkko ds fl)kUr ds ckotwn jkT; 'kSf{kd ,oa lkekftd :i ls
fiNM+s oxZ ds ukxfjdksa ,oa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ,oa tutkfr;ksa dh mUufr ds fy;s dkuwu cuk ldrh
gSA blh izdkj vuqPNsn 16¼1½ esa ,d lkekU; fl)kUr izfrikfnr fd;k x;k gS fd jkT; ds vUrxZr
fdlh Hkh in ds fy;s ukxfjdksa dks fu;kstu ;k fu;qfDr ds ekeysa esa lekurk dk volj izkIr gksxkA
ijUrq bldk ,d viokn vuqPNsn 16¼4½ esa fn;k x;k gSA vuqPNsn 16¼4½ ds vuqlkj] bl vuqPNsn esa
dqN Hkh gksrs gq;s ;k mlds ckotwn jkT; dks fiNM+s oxZ ds ukxfjdksa ds i{k esa fu;qfDr ;k inksa ds
vkj{k.k esa dksbZ micU/k cuk ldrs gSa D;ksfa d jkT; ds er esa mudk jkT; dh lsokvksa esa mi;qDr
izfrfuf/kRo ugh gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa jkT; ds vUrxZr inksa ;k fu;qfDr;ksa ds fy, ukxfjdksa dks leku
volj iznku fd;s tkus ds fl)kUr ds ckotwn jkT; fiNM+s oxZ ds ukxfjdksa ftudk ljdkj ds er esa
jkT; dh lsokvksa esa mi;qDr izfrfuf/kRo ugha gS] ds i{k esa inksa ;k fu;qfDr;ksa ds vkj{k.k ds fy;s dksbZ
dkuwu cuk ldrh gSA blds vfrfjDr vuqPNsn 340 ds vuqlkj jk"Vªifr vkns'k }kjk lkekftd ,oa
'kSf{kd :i ls fiNM+s oxZ ds ukxfjdksa dh n'kkvksa dh [kkst&chu djus rFkk muds }kjk tks dfBukb;ksa
dk lkeuk djuk iM+ jgk] mls nwj djus ds fy;s mik;ksa dh la Lrqfr nsus gsrq ,d deh'ku fu;qDr dj
ldrk gSA
fiNM+s oxZ ds fy;s jk"Vªh; deh'ku vf/kfu;e gsrq fcy laln esa izLrqr djrs le; blds mís';ksa ,oa
dkj.kksa dk ,d dFku Hkh izLrqr fd;k FkkA bl dFku esa dgk x;k Fkk fd Hkkjr ljdkj ds vUrxZr
inksa ;k fu;qfDr;ksa ds fy;s fiNM+s oxZ ds ukxfjdksa ds i{k esa vuqPNsn 16¼4½ ds vUrxZr vkj{k.k ds
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laca/k esa ljdkj ds vkns'k ds laca/k esa fnukad 16 uoEcj] 1992 dks mPpre U;k;ky; }kjk ljdkj dks
;g funs'k fn;k x;k Fkk fd og pkj ekg ds Hkhrj fiNM+s oxZ ds ukxfjdksa dh lwph esa uke c<+kus ;k
vf/kd c<+kus dh f'kdk;rksa dks Lohdkj djus ,oa ijh{k.k dj laLrqfr nsus gsrq ,d LFkk;h fudk; cukbZ
tk;A mPpre U;k;ky; us vius fu.kZ; esa ;g Hkh dgk Fkk fd fiNM+s oxZ ds ukxfjdksa dh lwfp;ksa ds
vkof/kd iqujh{k.k esa ljdkj Hkh mDr fudk; ls lykg ys ldrh gSA mPpre U;k;ky; us ;g Hkh
dgk Fkk fd ;g LFkk;h fudk; dks ,sls ekeyksa esa f'kdk;rksa dk ijh{k.k djus ,oa mDr vkns'k ikfjr
djus dh Hkh 'kfDr gksuh pkfg;sA
pw¡fd ml le; laln dk l= ugha py jgk Fkk rFkk ljdkj dks 4 ekg ds vUnj mPpre U;k;ky;
ds funs'k dk vuqikyu djuk Fkk] jk"Vªifr us fiNM+s oxZ ds fy;s jk"Vªh; deh'ku v/;kns'k] Qjojh]
1993 dks iz[;kfir ;k tkjh dj fn;kA mDr fcy jk"Vªifr ds v/;kns'k ds LFkku ij Fkk rFkk fcy 2
vizSy] 1993 dks ikfjr gksdj rFkk jk"Vªifr dh lEefr izkIr djds fiNM+s oxZ ds fy;s jk"Vh; deh'ku
vf/kfu;e] 1993 gks x;kA
bl vf/kfu;e dk izlkj flok; tEew ,oa dk'ehj jkT; ds lEiw.kZ Hkkjr esa gSA ;g vf/kfu;e 1 Qjojh]
1993 ls izo`Ùk ekuk tk;sxkA
vf/kfu;e ds v/;k; 2 esa fiNM+s oxZ ds fy;s jk"Vªh; deh'ku dh LFkkiuk dk micU/k gSA bl jk"Vªh;
deh'ku ds fuEufyf[kr lnL; gksx
a s&
¼d½v/;{k] tks mPpre U;k;ky; ;k mPp U;k;ky; dk U;k;k/kh'k jg pqdk gS(
¼[k½,d lkekftd oSKkfud(
¼x½nks O;fDr] ftUgsa fiNM+s oxZ ds ekeyksa ds laca/k esa fo'ks"k Kku gS(
¼?k½,d lnL;&lfpo ,d vf/kdkjh dsUnz ljdkj esa lfpo in ij jg pqdk gSA
izR;sd lnL; dh inkof/k in xzg.k djus dh frfFk ls rhu o"kZ dh gksxhA
tgk¡ rd deh'ku ds dk;ks± dk laca/k gS] deh'ku fiNM+s oxZ dh lwfp;ksa esa lfEefyr fd;s tkus dh
izkFkZukvksa dh ijh{kk djsxk rFkk ,slh lwfp;ksa esa fdlh fiNM+s oxZ ds vf/kd ;k de lfEefyr fd;s tkus
dh f'kdk;rksa dh lquokbZ djsxk rFkk tSlk mi;qDr le>s lykg dsUnzh; ljdkj dks nsxkA deh'ku dh
lykg lk/kkj.kr;k ljdkj ij ck/;dkjh gksxhA
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deh'ku dh 'kfDr;k¡ mi;qZDr dk;ks± dks djrs le; ogh gksx
a h tks ,d okn dk ijh{k.k djus okys
flfoy U;k;ky; dh gksrh gSa] rFkk fo'ks"kdj fuEufyf[kr 'kfDr;k¡ gksx
a h%
¼d½Hkkjr ds fdlh Hkh Hkkx ds fdlh O;fDr dks cqykus rFkk mldh mifLFkfr dks izofrZr djus rFkk
mldh 'kiFk ij ijh{kk djuk*
¼[k½fdlh nLrkost dh [kkst ,oa izLrqfrdj.k djokuk(
¼x½fdlh U;k;ky; ;k dk;kZy; ls yksd fjdkMZ ;k mldh izfrfyfi dks ryc djokuk(
¼?k½xokgksa ,oa nLrkostksa dh ijh{kk ds fy;s deh'ku tkjh djuk(
¼p½dksbZ vU; ekeyk tks fofgr gksA
vf/kfu;e ds izo`Ùk gksus ds i'pkr~ fdlh Hkh le; dsUnzh; ljdkj lwfp;ksa dk iqujh{k.k bl n`f"V ls
dj ldrh gS fd tks oxZ vc fiNM+s ugha jg x;s gSa mUgsa lwph ls gVk fn;k tk; rFkk u;s fiNM+s oxks±
dks lfEefyr fd;k tk;A ijUrq nl o"kZ i'pkr~ dsUnzh; ljdkj ,slk vo'; djsxh rFkk mlds ckn
izR;sd nl o"kZ ckn iqujh{k.k djuk dsUnzh; ljdkj dk nkf;Ro gksxkA ,slk iqujh{k.k djrs le;
dsUnzh; ljdkj deh'ku ls lykg djsxhA
2-8 lkjka'k
vuqlwfpr tkfr;k¡ os tkfr;k¡ gSa ftudk Li'kZ ;k fudVrk vifo= djrh gS] eafnj esa mudk izos'k fu"ks/k
gS os fo|ky;] dqvksa rFkk vU; LkkoZtfud LFkkuksa dk iz;ksx ugha dj ldrha] buds gkFk ls fgUnw ikuh
ugha ysrs] os lkekftd vknku iznku esa lfEefyr ugha gksrha] muesa vf'k{kk] vKkurk ,oa xjhch gSA
Hkkjrh; tutkfr;k¡ vf/kdka'kr% i`Fkd Hkw&Hkkxksa esa jgrh gSa] mudh vkthfodk dk L=ksr d`f"k ,oa ou
mRiknu gS] os dHkh Hkh oL= fofue; ij fuHkZj djrs gSa] os fuj{kjrk ,oa vlH;rk esa Mwcs gq, gSaA 1990
esa dqN vU; tkfr;ksa dks fiNM+k oxZ esa ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k rFkk ljdkjh ukSdfj;ksa esa muds vkj{k.k dh
O;oLFk dh xbZA buds fiNM+is u ds fy, lkekftd] 'kSf{kd rFkk vkfFkZd vk/kkj fy;k x;kA Lora=rk
izkfIr ds i'pkr Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa tutkfr;ksa rFkk fiNM+s oxks± dh lkekftd
fu;ksZX;rkvksa ds fuokj.k ds fy, vusd izko/kku fd, x,A vLi`';rk fuokj.k] lkekftd vU;k; rFkk
fofo/k izdkj ds 'kks"k.k ls cpko] /kkfeZd laLFkkvksa esa lHkh O;fDr;ksa dk izos'k] dqvk¡] rkykcks]a nqdkuks]a esa
izos'k otZukvksa dk fuokj.k] f'k{kk laLFkkvksa esa izos'k dk vf/kdkj] jkT; dks"k ls lgk;rk jkf'k izkIr
djuk] lsokvksa esa vkj{k.k] yksd lHkk ,oa fo/kku lHkkvksa esa lfEefyr izfrfuf/kRo] fgrksa ds j{kkFkZ ,oa
dY;k.kdkjh dk;ks± ds izksRlkgu gsrq i`Fkd lykgdkj lfefr;ks]a foHkkxksa dh LFkkiuk] csxkj Je dk
fu"ks/k] vuqlwfpr {ks=ksa ds fu;U=.k ,oa iz'kklu ds fy, fo'ks"k izko/kkuA
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2-10 lUnHkZ&lwph
1-izks0 th0ih0 =hikBh& Hkkjr dk oS/kkfud ,oa laoS/kkfud bfrgkl¼2007½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”kuA
2- rstLdj&vkstLdj ik.Ms;&lekt dk;Z n”kZu ¼2009½& Hkkjr cqd lsUVj
3-efyd vkSj jkoy&ykW ,.M lks”ky VªkUlQksjes”ku bu bf.M;k¼2009½&bykgckn ykW ,tsUlh
4-jke vkgqtk& lkekftd leL;k; ¼2008½& jkor ifCyds”ku fnYyh
5-jke vkgqtk&Hkkjrh; lekt ¼2007½& jkor ifCyds”ku fnYyh
6-Mk0 vorkj flag&Hkkjrh; Lkk{; vf/kfu;e 1872¼2006½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”ku
7-Mk0x.ks”k ik.Ms&vijk/k “kkL= ¼2008½& jk/kk ifCyds”ku fnYyh
8-izks0bUnzthr flag&fof/k “kkL=¼2006½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”ku
9-fof/k dk lkekftd ifjorZu ¼LVsMh eVsfj;y Hkkst eqDr fo”ofo|ky;]Hkksiky½&Mk0 “kSQkyh ;kno
10-Mk0 dSyk”k jk;& tufgr odkyr fof/kd lgk;rk ,oa le:ih fof/kd¼2009½& lsUVªy ykW
ifCyds”ku
11-Mk0vHk; flag&lwpuk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e2005] ¼2009½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”ku
12-Mk0vkj0ds0vxzoky&fgUnw fof/k¼2002½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”ku
13-Mk0 bdcky flag&eqfLye fof/k ¼2001½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”kuA
3-14-1&lgk;d @mi;ksxh ikB~; lkexzh
1-lh0ih0 vjksjk&fofo/k vijk/k vf/kfu;e ¼2010½& ;wuholZy ykW ifCyds¼2010½A
2-Mk0 Vh0ih0 =hikBh&flfoy izfdz;k lafgrk¼2006½& bykgckn ykW ,tsUlhA
3-izks0 bUnzthr flag&Jfed fof/k;ka&¼2005½&lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”kuA
4-Mk0 ,l0ds0 diwj& ekuo vf/kdkj ,oa vUrjk’Vªh; fof/k¼2004½&lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”kuA
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2-9 fUkcU/kkRed iz”u
¼1½D;k tkfr O;oLFkk fo?kVudkjh gS\ O;k[;k dhft,A
¼2½vuqlwfpr tkfr;ks]a tutkfr;ksa ,oa fiNM+k oxZ dk fu/kkZj.k fdl izdkj fd;k x;k gS\
¼3½vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ds fo#) vijk/kksa ,oa muds fuokj.k gsrq mik;ksa ij ,d ys[k fy[ksAa
¼4½vuqlwfpr tkfr;ks]a tutkfr;ksa ,oa fiNM+k oxZ ds lEcU/k esa fd;s x;s laoS/kkfud izkfo/kkuksa dh ppkZ
dhft,A
¼5½vuqlwfpr tkfr;ks]a tutkfr;ksa ,oa fiNM+k oxZ ds l'kDrhdj.k gsrq D;k mik; fd, x, gSa\ D;k os
mik; dkjxj gSa\
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, ,y,y0,e0 izFke o"kZ
Hkkjr esa fof/k ,oa lkekftd ifjorZu
[k.M&4%vk/qkfudhdj.k vkSj leqnk; fof/k
bdkbZ&3% vk/kqfudhdj.k
bdkbZ lajpuk
3-0 izLrkouk
3-1 mn~n's ;
3-2 vk/kqfudhdj.k dh vo/kkj.kk
3-3 vk/kqfudhdj.k ds izeq[k y{k.k
3-4 vk/kqfudhdj.k ds ifjeki
3-5 vk/kqfudhdj.k dh iwoZ vko';drk;sa
3-6 vk/kqfudhdj.k ds izfr izfrfØ;k
3-7 vk/kqfudhdj.k ds lk/ku
3-8 Hkkjr esa if'pe dk vkSj vk/kqfudhdj.k dk izHkko
3-9 Hkkjr esa vk/kqfudhdj.k dh izfØ;k
3-10 O;fDr dk vk/kqfudhdj.k
3-11 vk/kqfudhdj.k dh leL;k;sa
3-12 lkjka'k
3-13 lUnHkZ lwph
3-13-1 lgk;d lUnHkZ lwph
3-13 fucU/kkRed iz”u
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3-0 izLrkouk
vFkZ'kkL=h vk/kqfudhdj.kdks lekt esa izfr O;fDr mRiknu esa mYys[kuh; o`f) ykus ds fy, izkd`frd
lalk/kuksa ds fu;a=.k dh rduhd ds iz;ksx esa vkus okys ekuo iz;Ruksa ds vFkZ esa le>rs gSaA
lekt'kkL=h bldk foospu thou dh xq.koÙkk esa vk, vUrj ds vFkZ esa djrs gSa tks fd vk/kqfud
lekt dh fo'ks"krk gSA os u;s dk;ks± dks djus ds fy, ubZ lajpukvksa dks [kkstrs gSa ;k iqjkuh lajpukvksa
dks u, dk;Z lkSairs gSaA os vk/kqfudhdj.k izfØ;k ds fodk;kZRed (dysfunctional) ifj.kkeksa dk Hkh
v/;;u djrs gSa] tSls ekufld chekjh] fgalk] lkekftd v'kkafr o vlUrks"k] {ks=okn vkSj izns'kokn]
rFkk tkfr vkSj oxZ la?k"kZ vkfnA
fofo/k ns'kksa esa vk/kqfudhdj.k dh izfØ;k,a ,oa fo'ks"krk,a dqN vFkks± esa lkekU; vkSj dqN vFkks± esa fHkUu
gSaA ,sfrgkfld n`f"V ls ¼lkekftd] vkfFkZd o jktuSfrd O;oLFkk esa ifjorZu dh izfØ;k ds :i es½a
vk/kqfudhdj.k dk fodkl fo'o ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa fofHkUu ijEijkxr lektksa dh fofo/krk ls gqvk gSA
if'peh ;wjksi esa lektksa dk fodkl lkeUrh (feudal) jkT;ksa ls gqvk] iwohZ ;wjksi esa fujadq'k jkT;ksa ls
vejhdk] dukMk vkSj vkLVªsfy;k esa mifuos'kokn] rFkk vkcztu (immigration) ls ySfVu vesfjdk esa
vYirU=h; (oligarchic) foftr mifuso'koknh lektksa ls] tkiku esa dsUnzh; lkeUrh jkT; ls] phu esa
fujUrj pyus okyh lkezkT;oknh O;oLFkk ds VwVus ls] ,f'k;k vkSj vÝhdk ds vf/kdrj ns'kksa esa
vkSifuosf'kd lajpuk ls] dqN lektksa esa ¼fo'ks"kdj ,f'k;k½ dsUnzh; jktra=h; (monarchical) lektksa
ls] vkSj dqN esa tutkrh; lajpuk vkSj ijkEijkvksa ls ¼lekt dk½ fodkl gqvkA
3-1 mn~ns';
izLrqr [k.M&4 dh bdkbZ&3 dk mn~n's ; gS fd vki vk/kfudhdj.k ds leLr egRoiw.kZ vk;keksa dks
lS)kafrd ,oa rF;kRed n`f"Vdks.k ls le> ldsAa la{ksi esa izLrqr bdkbZ dk mn~ns'; gS fd vki
fuEufyf[kr fcUnqvksa dks vkRelr dj ldsAa
vk/kqfudhdj.k dk vFkZ] y{k.k rFk ifjeki
vk/kqfudhdj.k dh iwoZ vko';drk;sa
vk/kqfudhdj.k ds izfr izfrfØ;k
vk/kqfudhdj.k ds lk/ku] leL;k;sa ,oa vk/kqfud O;fDr
Hkkjr esa if'pe ,oa vk/kqfudhdj.k dk izHkko
Hkkjr esa vk/kqfudhdj.k dh izfØ;k
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3-2 vk/kqfudhdj.k dh vo/kkj.kk (The Concept of Modernization)
blesa ;qfDriw.kZrk (rationality) fufgr gSA ,ykVkl (Alatas) ds vuqlkj vk/kqfudhdj.k ,d ,slh
izfØ;k gS ftlds }kjk lEc) lekt }kjk Lohd`r foLr`r vFkks± esa vf/kd vPNs o lUrks"ktud thou
ds vafre y{; dks izkIr djus ds mís'; ls vk/kqfud oSKkfud Kku dks lekt esa igq¡pk;k tkrk gSA
bl ifjHkk"kk esa ^vk/kqfud oSKkfud Kku* esa fuEu ckrsa lfEefyr gSa% (i) izLrkfor O;k[;kvksa
(suggested explanations) dh izkekf.kdrk fl) djus ds fy, iz;ksxksa dh lgk;rk ysuk (ii) mu
fu;eksa dh dYiuk djuk ftudks rkfdZd o iz;ksxkRed (experimental) vk/kkj ij le>k;k tk
ldrk gSA tks ¼O;k[;k½ fd /kkfeZd er o nk'kZfud O;k[;k ls fHkUu gks] (iii) rF;ksa dh fo'oluh;rk
dks fuf'pr djus ds fy, fuf'pr fof/k;ksa dk iz;ksx] (iv) vo/kkj.kkvksa ,oa fpUgksa dk iz;ksx vkSj (v)
lR; ds fy, rF; dh [kkst djukA
bZtsUVkM (Eisenstadt) ds vuqlkj vk/kqfudhdj.k lkekftd laxBu ds lajpukRed i{k vkSj lektksa
ds lkekftd tula[;kRed] nksuksa i{kksa dh O;k[;k djrk gSA dkyZ M~;w'k (Karl Deutsh) us
vk/kqfudhdj.k ds vf/kdrj lkekftd tula[;kRed i{kksa dks Li"V djus ds fy,] ^lkekftd
xfrekurk* (social mobilization) 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA mUgksua s lkekftd xfr'khyrk dh
ifjHkk"kk bl izdkj dh gS% ^^,slh izfØ;k ftlesa iqjkuh lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj euksoSKkfud izfrc)rkvksa
ds lewg feVk fn;s tkrs gSa o rksM+ fn, tkrs gSa vkSj yksx uohu izdkj ds lkekthdj.k vkSj O;ogkj
izfrekuksa ds fy, rS;kj jgrs gSaA**
^vk/kqfudhdj.k* dks ^vkS|ksxhdj.k* ls Hkh laHkzfer (confused) ugha ekuuk gSA vkS|ksxhdj.k dk lUnHkZ
mu ifjorZuksa ls gS tks fd mRiknu dh fof/k;ks]a 'kfDr pkfyr (power driven) e'khuksa ds izos'k ds
QyLo:i vkfFkZd o lkekftd laxBuks]a rFkk ifj.kkeLo:i QSDVªh O;oLFkk ds mn; ls gSA fFk;ksMjlu
(Theodorson) ds vuqlkj vkS|ksxhdj.k ds fuEu y{k.k gSa% (i) dkjhxj ;k f'kYih ds ?kj ;k nqdku
esa gLr mRiknu ds LFkku ij QSDVªh dsfUnzr e'khuh mRiknksa dh izfrLFkkiuk] (ii) izekf.kdhd`r oLrqvksa
(standardized goods) dk cnys tkus okys Hkkxksa (interchangeable parts) ls mRiknu (iii)
QSDVªh etnwjksa ds ,d oxZ dk mn; tks etnwjh ds fy, dk;Z djrs gSa vkSj tks u rks mRiknu fd, x,
eky vkSj u gh mRiknu ds lk/kuksa ds ekfyd gksrs gSa (iv) xSj&d`f"k /kU/kksa esa yxs yksxksa ds vuqikr esa
o`f) vkSj (v) vla[; cM+s uxjksa dk fodklA vkS|ksxhdj.k yksxksa dks os HkkSfrd oLrq,a miyC/k djkrk
gS tks igys dHkh miyC/k ugha FkhaA vk/kqfudhdj.k] nwljh vksj] ,d yEch izfØ;k gS ftlls efLr"d dk
oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k iSnk gksrk gksrk gSA
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tsEl vks dksusy (James O' Connell) us vk/kqfudhdj.k dh izfØ;k ds fo'ys"k.k esa bldks rhu
igyqvksa esa foHkkftr fd;k gS% (i) vkfo"dkjkRed (inventive) n`f"Vdks.k] vFkkZr~ oSKkfud Hkkouk
ftlls fujUrj O;ofLFkr rFkk vkfo"dkjkRed Kku izkIr gksrk gks] tks fd ?kVuk ds dkj.k vkSj ifj.kke
ls lacaf/kr gks] (ii) u, rjhdksa vkSj midj.kksa dk vkfo"dkj] vFkkZr~ mu fofHkUu fof/k;ksa dh [kkst tks
vuqlU/kku dks vklku cuk;s] vkSj mu ubZ e'khuksa dk vkfo"dkj tks thou ds u;s izfreku dks
vko';d cukrs gksAa vk/kqfud foKku }kjk izLrqr O;k[;k /kkfeZd laLdkjksa dks vuko';d cukrh gS] vkSj
vkfFkZd fodkl esa o`f) gksrh gS vkSj og vkRefuHkZj gks tkrk gSA
/kU/ks vf/kd fof'k"V vkSj dq'ky (skilled) gks tkrs gSaA
izkjfEHkd /kU/kksa esa yxs yksxksa dh la[;k de gksrh tkrh gS] tcfd }Srh;d rFkk r`rh;d
/kU/kksa esa yxs yksxksa dh la[;k c<+rh tkrh gSA
iqjkus d`f"k ;U=ksa rFkk fof/k;ksa ds LFkku ij VªsDVjksa vkSj jklk;fud moZjdksa dk iz;ksx
c<+rk gSA
oLrq fofue; (barter system) dh LFkku eqnkz O;oLFkk ys ysrh gSA
mu leqnk;ksa ds chp tks igys ,d nwljs ls vyx gksrs Fks vkSj Lora= gksrs Fks]
vUr%fuHkZjrk (inter-dependence) vk tkrh gSA
uxjhdj.k dh izfØ;k esa o`f) gksrh gSA
iznÙk izfLFkfr vftZr izfLFkfr dks LFkku nsrh gSA
lekurk /khjs&/khjs laLrj.k dk LFkku ysrh gSA
LokLF; lq/kkj rFkk vPNh esfMdy ns[kHkky ds dkj.k thou dh vof/k yEch gksrh tkrh
gSA
;krk;kr rFkk lapkj dh uohu fof/k;ksa }kjk HkkSxksfyd nwfj;k¡ de gksrh tkrh gSaA
oa'kkuqxr usr`Ro dk LFkku pquko }kjk usr`Ro ys ysrk gSA
ijEijkxr lekt xfrghu gksrk gSA mPp xfr'khyrk okys lekt esa ftls eqDr lekt Hkh dgk tkrk
gS] O;fDr ekxZ esa vkus okys voljksa rFkk viuh ;ksX;rk o laHkkoukvksa dk ykHk mBkrs gq, viuh
izfLFkfr esa ifjorZu dj ldrk gSA nwljh vksj] cUn ;k xfrghu lekt esa O;fDr tUe ls e`R;q rd ,d
gh izfLFkfr esa jgrk gSA vk/kqfudrk ls gekjk rkRi;Z eqDr lekt dh jpuk ls ;k ubZ laLFkkvksa dh
jpuk dh lhek ls] vkSj ml ifjorZu dks Lohdkjus ls gS tks laLFkkvks]a fopkjksa rFkk lekt dh
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lkekftd lajpuk ls lEc) gSA f'kYl (Shils) dh ekU;rk gS fd ijEijkxr lekt fdlh Hkh vFkZ esa
iw.kZr% ijEijkxr ugha gksrk vkSj vk/kqfud lekt fdlh Hkh izdkj ijEijkvksa ls eqDr ugha gksrkA
3-3 vk/kqfudhdj.k ds izeq[k y{k.k
btsUVkM ds vuqlkj lkekftd laxBu ¼;k vk/kqfudhdj.k½ ds lajpukRed i{kksa ds eq[; lwpd
(indices) gSa% fof'k"V Hkwfedk,a (specialized roles) mUeqDr fopj.k okyh (free floating) gksrh
gSa ¼vFkkZr~ muesa izos'k O;fDr ds iznÙk y{k.kksa ls fu/kkZfjr ugha gksrk gS½] rFkk /ku o 'kfDr tUe ds
vk/kkj ij fuf'pr ugha gksrs ¼tSlk fd ijEijkxr lektksa esa gksrk gS½A ;g ekdsZV tSlh laLFkkvksa ls]
¼vkfFkZd thou es½a ] ernku ls] vkSj jktuhfrd thou esa ikVhZ dk;ks± ls lEc) gksrs gSaA
ewj (Moore) us crk;k gS fd vk/kqfud lekt ds fo'ks"k vkfFkZd] jktuSfrd vkSj lkaLd`frd y{k.k
gksrs gSaA vkfFkZd {ks= esa vk/kqfud lekt ds y{k.k fuEu gSa% (i) vR;Ur mPp Lrjh; rduhdh dk
fodkl tks Kku ds O;ofLFkr [kkst ls gksrk gS] ftldk vuqlj.k izkFkfed O;olk; ¼d`f"k esa½ de vkSj
}Srh;d ¼m|ksx] O;kikj½ vkSj r`rh;d ¼ukSdjh½ O;olk;ksa esa vf/kd gksrk gS( (ii) vkfFkZd fof'k"Vrkvksa
dh Hkwfedkvksa dk fodkl] (iii) izeq[k cktkjks]a tSls oLrqvksa dk cktkj] Je cktkj] rFkk eqnzk cktkj ds
{ks= o tfVyrk dk fodklA
jktuSfrd {ks= esa vk/kqfud lekt dqN vFkks± esa iztkrkaf=d ;k de ls de tuoknh (populistic) gSA
blds y{k.k gSa% (i) 'kkldksa ds vius lekt ls ckgj 'kfDr ds lUnHkZ esa ikjEifjd oS/krk esa fxjkoV]
(ii) 'kkldksa dh mu 'kkflrksa ds izfr ,d izdkj ds oSpkfjd mÙkjnkf;Ro (ideological
accountability) dh LFkkiuk tks jktuSfrd lÙkk ds okLrfod /kkj.kgkjh gksrs gSa] (iii) lekt dh
jktuSfrd] iz'kklfud] oS/kkfud ,oa dsUnzh; 'kfDr dh lhekvksa dk fodkl'khy foLrkj] (iv) lekt esa
vf/kd ls vf/kd lewgksa esa laHkkfor 'kfDr dk fujUrj QSyko vkSj vUrr% lHkh izkS<+ ukxfjdksa esa rFkk
uSfrd O;oLFkk esa QSyko vkSj (v) fdlh Hkh 'kkld O;fDr ;k 'kkld lewg ds izfr iznÙk jktuSfrd
izfrc)rk esa deh gksukA
foLr`r :i esa vk/kqfudhdj.k ds izeq[k y{k.k bl izdkj gSa%
oSKkfud HkkoksUekn (temper)
dkj.k (reason) vkSj rdZokn
/keZfujis{krk
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mPp vkdka{kk,a rFkk miyfC/k ijdrk (achievement orientation)
ewY;ks]a ekun.Mksa vkSj vfHk:fp;ksa esa lEiw.kZ ifjorZu
uohu izdk;kZRed laLFkkvksa dh jpuk
ekuo lalk/kuksa esa fuos'k (investment)
fodkl ijd vFkZ O;oLFkk
ukrsnkjh] tkfr] /keZ ;k Hkk"kk ijd fgrksa dh vis{kk jk"Vªh; fgr
eqDr (open) lekt
xfr'khy O;fDrRo
3-4 vk/kqfudhdj.k ds ifjeki (Measures of Modernization)
vk/kqfudhdj.k ds ifjekiksa ds fo"k; esa O;k[;k djrs gq, jLVkso vkSj okMZ (Rustov and Ward) us
buesa ifjorZu ds bu fo'ks"k i{kksa dks lfEefyr fd;k gS% (i) vFkZO;oLFkk dk vkS|ksxhdj.k rFkk m|ksx]
d`f"k] nqX/k m|ksx (dairy farming), vkfn esa oSKkfud rduhdh /kkj.k djds mUgsa vf/kdkf/kd
mRiknd cukuk( (ii) fopkjksa dk /keZ fujis{khdj.k( (iii) HkkSxksfyd ,oa lkekftd xfr'khyrk esa
mYys[kuh; o`f)( (iv) rduhdh rFkk oSKkfud f'k{kk dk izlkj( (v) iznÙk izfLFkfr ls vftZr izfLFkfr
esa ifjorZu( (vi) HkkSfrd thou Lrj esa o`f)( (vii) vFkZ O;oLFkk esa futhZo 'kfDr (inanimate
energy) dk tSfod (animate) 'kfDr ls vf/kd mi;ksx( (viii) izkFkfed mRiknu {ks= dh vis{kk
}Srh;d rFkk r`rh; mRiknu {ks=ksa esa vf/kd Jfedksa dk dk;Z djuk ¼vFkkZr] d`f"k o eRL; dk;ks± dh
vis{kk fuekZ.k vkSj ukSdjh vkfn O;olk;ksa esa vf/kd Jfed½( (ix) rhoz 'kgjhdj.k( (x) mPp Lrjh;
lk{kjrk( (xi) izfr O;fDr mPp jk"Vªh; mRiknu( (xii) tulapkj dk fu%'kqYd foLrkj( (viii) tUe ds
le; mPp thou vis{kk (expectancy)A
3-5 vk/kqfudhdj.k dh iwoZ vko';drk,a (Pre-Requisties of Modernization)
ijEijkokn ls vk/kqfudhdj.k esa ifjorZu gksus ls iwoZ lekt esa vk/kqfudhdj.k dh dqN iwoZ vko';drk,a
ekStwn gksuh pkfg,A ;s gSa% (i) mís'; dh tkudkjh rFkk Hkfo"; ij n`f"V] (ii) viuh nqfu;k ls ijs Hkh
vU; lektksa ds izfr tkx:drk (iii) vfr vko';drk dk Hkko] (iv) fofo/k Hkwfedkvksa ,oa voljksa dh
miyC/krk] (v) Lo;a ykns x, dk;ks± ,oa cfynkuksa ds fy, HkkoukRed rRijrk] (vi) izfrc)] xfr'khy
,oa fu"Bkoku usr`Ro dk mn;A
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vk/kqfudhdj.k cM+k tfVy gS D;ksfa d blesa u dsoy vis{kkd`r u, LFkkbZ <k¡ps dh vko';drk gksrh gS]
cfYd ,sls <k¡ps dh Hkh tks Lo;a dks fujUrj cnyrh n'kkvksa ,oa leL;kvksa ds vuqdwy cuk ysA bldh
lQyrk lekt dh vkUrfjd ifjorZu dh lkeF;Z ij fuHkZj djrh gSA
btsUVkM dh ekU;rk gS fd vk/kqfudhdj.k ds fy, ,d lekt ds rhu lajpukRed y{k.k gksus pkfg,%
(i) ¼mPp Lrjh;½ lajpukRed vUrj] (ii) ¼mPp dksfV dh½ lkekftd xfr'khyrk] vkSj (iii) vis{kkd`r
dsUnzh; rFkk Lok;Ùkrk /kkjh laLFkkRed lajpukA
3-6 vk/kqfudhdj.k ds izfr izfrfØ;k
lHkh lekt vk/kqfudhdj.k dh ,d lh izfØ;k Lohdkj ugha djrs gSaA gcZVZ Cywej (Herbert
Blumer) ds fopkj dks ekurs gq, ikap rjhds crk;s tk ldrs gSa ftuesa ,d ijEijkxr lekt
vk/kqfudhdj.k dh izfØ;k ds izfr izfrfØ;k O;Dr dj ldrk gSA ;s gSa%
¼1½vLohdkjkRed vuqfØ;k (Rejective Response): ,d ijEijkxr lekt vk/kqfudhdj.k dk
vLohdkj dj ldrk gSA ;g vusd izdkj ds fofo/k Lrjksa ij gks ldrk gSA 'kfDr'kkyh lewg]
HkwlkeUr'kkgh] ljdkjh LoYirU= (oligarchy), etnwj la?k rFkk /kekZU/k yksx vius fgrksa dh j{kk ds
fy, vk/kqfudhdj.k dks grksRlkfgr dj ldrs gSaA lkekftd iwokZxzg (prejudices), ijEijkxr thou
ds dqN Lo:iks]a fo'oklksa o izFkkvksa esa n`<+ vkLFkk rFkk fo'ks"k :fp dqN yksxksa dks vk/kqfudhdj.k dh
izfØ;k dks vLohdkj djus vkSj ijEijkRed O;oLFkk dks cuk, j[kus ds fy, ck/; dj ldrs gSaA
¼2½fodYi;qDr vuqfØ;k (Disjunctive Response): izkphu vkSj uohu ds chp lfU/k
(conjunction) vuqfØ;k vFkok vk/kqfudhdj.k rFkk ijEijkRedrk ds chp lg&vfLrRo (co-
existence) rc gksrk gS tc vk/kqfudhdj.k dh izfØ;k ijEijkxr thou dks izHkkfor fd;s fcuk gh
fuLi`g (detached) fodkl ds :i esa pyrh jgrh gSA bl izdkj vk/kqfudhdj.k rFkk ijEijkRed
O;oLFkk esa dksbZ la?k"kZ ugha gksrk D;ksfa d izkphu O;oLFkk dks dksbZ [krjk ugha gksrkA vk/kqfudhdj.k ds
y{k.k ijEijkRed thou ds lkFk&lkFk jgrs gSA
¼3½vkRelkrh vuqfØ;k (Assimilative Response): bl vuqfØ;k esa ijEijkxr O;oLFkk }kjk
vk/kqfudhdj.k dh izfØ;k dk vkRelkrhdj.k fufgr gS tks fd thou ds Lo:i vkSj laxBukRed i{k
ij dksbZ izHkko ugha MkyrkA bldk mnkgj.k cSafdx O;oLFkk esa cSad deZpkfj;ksa }kjk dEI;wVj fopkj/kkjk
dks Lohdkj djuk gS] vFkok xk¡oksa esa fdlkuksa }kjk d`f=e moZjdksa vkSj VsªDVjksa dk iz;ksx djuk gSA
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nksuksa gh mnkgj.kksa esa vk/kqfudhdj.k dh izfØ;k ijEijkRed O;oLFkk ;k mlds ewyHkwr <k¡ps dks izHkkfor
fd, fcuk vkrh gSA
¼4½leFkZ vuqfØ;k (Supportive Response) blds vUrxZr uohu o vk/kqfud ckrsa Lohdkj dh
tkrh gSa D;ksfa d muls ijEijkRed O;oLFkk dks cy feyrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ] iqfyl ;k lsuk esa
vk/kqfudhdj.k dh izfØ;k iqfyl dh dk;Z {kerk rFkk lsuk dh 'kfDr esa o`f) djrh gSA fofo/k
ijEijkRed lewg vkSj laLFkk,a ijEijkxr fgrksa dks tkjh j[kus ds fy, vk/kqfudhdj.k }kjk iznÙk
voljksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSa rFkk ijEijkxr fLFkfr dks n`<r+ k ls cuk, j[krs gSaA vk/kqfudhdj.k
ijEijkRed fgrksa dks vkxs c<+k, j[kus ds fy, lalk/ku vkSj lqfo/kk,a miyC/k djk ldrk gSA
¼5½fo?kVudkjh vuqfØ;k (Disruptive Response): bl vuqfØ;k esa ijEijkxr O;oLFkk dks dbZ
fcUnqvksa ij lek;kstu }kjk [kks[kyk cuk;k tkrk gS tks fd vk/kqfudhdj.k }kjk mRiUu fLFkfr;ksa ds
dkj.k fd;k tkrk gSA
lk/kkj.kr;k ;s ikapksa vuqfØ;k,¡ fofo/k la;kstuksa (combinations) }kjk ijEijkxr O;oLFkk ds fofo/k
fcUnqvksa ij gksrh jgrh gSA vuqfØ;k,a ojh;rkvksa (preferences), #fp;ksa (interests), rFkk ewY;ksa
(values) ls izHkkfor gksrh jgrh gSaA
3-7 vk/kqfudhdj.k ds lk/ku
ekbju ohuj (Myron Weiner) ds vuqlkj vk/kqfudhdj.k dks lEHko cukus okys ize[q k lk/ku
(instruments) bl izdkj gSa%
¼1½f'k{kk (Education): f'k{kk jk"Vªh;rk dk Hkko tkx`r djrh gS rFkk rduhdh uohurkvksa ds fy,
vko';d n{krk vkSj vfHk#fp;k¡ iSnk djrh gSaA ,MoMZ f'kYl us Hkh vk/kqfudhdj.k dh izfØ;k esa f'k{kk
dh Hkwfedk ij cy fn;k gSA ijUrq vkuksZYM ,.Mjlu (Arnold Anderson) dh ekU;rk gS fd
vkSipkfjd (formal) f'k{kk gh dsoy v/;kiu dq'kyrk ds fy, i;kZIr ugha gSA dHkh dHkh
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fo'ofo|ky; Lrj dh f'k{kk O;FkZ gks ldrh gS] D;ksfa d ;g fMxzh/kkfj;ksa dh la[;k esa rks o`f) dj nsrh
gS] fdUrq vk/kqfud n{krk rFkk vfHk#fp;ksa ls iw.kZ yksxksa dh la[;k esa o`f) ugha djrhA
¼2½lapkj ¼laizs"k.k½ (Communication): tulapkj ds lk/kuksa dk fodkl ¼VsyhQksu] Vh0oh0] jsfM;ksa
rFkk fQYe vkfn½ vk/kqfud fopkjksa dks izlkfjr djus dk ,d egRoiw.kZ lk/ku gSA dsoy [krjk ;g gS
fd ;fn bu ij ljdkjh fu;a=.k gks rks ;g ,d gh izdkj dh fopkj/kkjk dks izlkfjr djsx
a sA iztkra= esa
izsl vius fopkjksa dh vfHkO;fDr ds fy, Lora= gksrk gSA
¼3½jk"Vªh;rk ij vk/kkfjr fopkj/kkjk (Ideology Based on Nationalism): cgqy (plural)
lektksa esa jk"Vªoknh fopkj/kkjk,a lkekftd njkjksa (social cleavages) ds ,dhdj.k ds fy, vPNk
lk/ku gksrh gSaA os yksxksa ds O;ogkj ifjorZu gsrq jktuSfrd vfHktu dh Hkh lgk;rk djrh gSaA ijUrq
ckbUMj (Binder) dh ekU;rk gS fd vfHktuksa dh fopkj/kkjk vk/kqfud gks ldrh gS] ysfdu ;g
vko';d ugha gS fd blls fodkl dks Hkh lqfo/kk izkIr gksA
¼4½dfj'ekbZ ¼peRdkjh½ usr`Ro (Charismatic Leadership): ,d dfj'ekbZ ¼peRdkjh½ usrk yksxksa
dks vk/kqfud fopkj] fo'okl] jhfr&fjokt rFkk O;ogkj viukus ds fy, izsfjr djus esa vPNh fLFkfr esa
gksrk gS D;ksfa d yksx mls J)k o fu"Bk ls ns[krs gSaA Hk; ;gh jgrk gS fd ,slk usrk dgha jk"Vªh;
fodkl ds LFkku ij O;fDrxr ;'k ds fy, vk/kqfud ewY;ksa ,oa vfHk:fp;ksa dk iz;ksx u djus yxsA
¼5½voihM+d ljdkjh lÙkk (Coercive Government Authority): ;fn ljdkjh lÙkk detksj
gS rks ;g vk/kqfudhdj.k dh izfØ;k ds mís';ksa dks izkIr djus ds fy, cuh uhfr;ksa ds fØ;kUo;u
(implementation) esa lQyrk izkIr ugha dj ikrh gS] fdUrq ;fn ljdkj etcwr gS rks ;g yksxksa
dks fodkl ds mís'; ls O;ogkj ,oa vfHk:fp;ksa dks viukus ds fy, ck/; dj ldrh gS vkSj blds
fy, voihM+u (coercion) dk lgkjk Hkh ys ldrh gSA ijUrq ekbju ohuj dk er gS fd ,d
rkuk'kkgh 'kklu dh <ky ds uhps jk"Vªh;rk ns'k dks fodkl dh vksj ys tkus ds LFkku ij ns'k ds
ckgj vkRegR;k dk foLrkj Lo:i (suicidal expansion) fl) gks ldrh gSA bl lUnHkZ esa cq'k
iz'kklu ¼vesfjdk esa½ ds jktuSfrd vfHktuksa dh uhfr;ksa dk m)j.k nsuk xyr ugha gksxk tks fd
mUgksua s bZjkd vkfn ds fy, cukbZ FkhaA :l dh Js"Brk lekIr gks tkus ds ckn vesfjdk dh ljdkjh
lÙkk us vfodflr ,oa fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks vk/kqfudhdj.k ds uke ij ihfM+r djus dh uhfr viukuh
izkjEHk dj nhA
UTTRAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY 299
LAW AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA LL.M. 1001
ekbju ohuj us lekt ds vk/kqfudhdj.k ds fy, ewY;ks]a voljksa ,oa vfHk:fp;ksa esa ifjorZu dh ckr Hkh
dgh gSA vusd vFkZ'kkfL=;ksa us Hkh bl fopkj dk leFkZu fd;k gSA mUgksua s mRiknu dh izfØ;k esa mu
laLFkkRed :dkoVksa dh vksj ladsr fd;k gS tks fofu;kstu (investment) dh nj esa deh djrh gSaA
bl izdkj dh laLFkkRed :dkoVksa ds mnkgj.k gSa% HkwLokfeRo (landtenure) O;oLFkk tks fd fdlkuksa
dks c<+rs gq, mRiknu ds ykHk ls oafpr djrh gS] ,sls dj tks ns'k ds ,d Hkkx ls nwljs Hkkx esa oLrqvksa
dh vkus tkus dh xfr de djrs gSa rFkk ukSdj'kkgh fu;eA
3-8 Hkkjr esa if'pe dk vkSj vk/kqfudhdj.k dk izHkko (The Impact of the West and
Modernization in India)
vykVkl ds vuqlkj Hkkjr ij if'peh izHkko dk ik¡p pj.kksa esa foospu fd;k tk ldrk gSA izFke pj.k
fldUnj dh fot; ds lkFk izfrjks/kh lEidZ gS tks fd ckn dh 'krkfCn;ksa ls okf.kT; o O;kikj ls
'kfDriw.kZ vknku iznku ds :i esa lfn;ksa rd pyrk jgkA nwljk pj.k iUnzgoha 'krkCnh ds vUr ls
izkjEHk gqvk tc okLdksfMxkek dkyhdV esa vius tgktksa ds lkFk 1498 bZ0iw0 esa vk;kA dqN gh o"kks± esa
iqrZxkfy;ksa us xksvk ij vf/kdkj dj fy;kA ysfdu bu if'peh yksxksa dk izHkko vis{kkd`r de jgkA
r`rh; pj.k izkjEHk gqvk tc bZLV bf.M;k dEiuh us vBkjgoha 'krkCnh ds izkjEHk esa viuk 'kklu izkjEHk
fd;k vkSj ckn esa vBkjgoha 'krkCnh ds e/; rd fcz fV'k lkezkT; Hkkjr esa LFkkfir gks x;kA Hkkjr esa
if'peh laLd`fr ds foLrkj dk ;g izFke dne FkkA prqFkZ pj.k izkjEHk gqvk mUuhloha 'krkCnh ds
izkjEHk rFkk vkS|ksfxd ØkfUr ds vkxeu lsA vaxzstksa }kjk dPps eky ds :i esa vkfFkZd 'kks"k.k ls izkjEHk
gqvk vkSj rHkh ls lkaLd`frd rFkk lkekftd {ks=ksa esa Hkh if'peh laLd`fr dk opZLo izkjEHk gqvkA ikapok¡
vkSj vafre pj.k izkjEHk gqvk 1947 esa Hkkjr dh jktuSfrd Lora=rk ds lkFkA
gekjh lkekftd O;oLFkk rFkk gekjh laLd`fr ij izHkko ds vFkZ esa if'peh laLd`fr dh D;k Nki iM+h
gS\ bldks la{ksi esa bl izdkj crk;k tk ldrk gS%
¼1½ cSad O;oLFkk] yksd iz'kklu] lSU; laxBu] vk/kqfud vkS"kf/k;k¡] dkuwu vkfn tSlh if'peh
laLFkkvksa dks ns'k esa izkjEHk fd;k x;kA
¼2½ if'peh f'k{kk us mu yksxksa ds n`f"Vdks.k dks foLr`r fd;k ftUgksua s vktknh o vf/kdkjksa dh
ckr 'kq: dhA uohu ewY;ks]a /keZ fujis{k o U;k; laxr Hkkouk rFkk O;fDrokn] lekurk o
U;k; ds fopkjksa ds lekos'k us cM+s egRo dk LFkku ys fy;kA
UTTRAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY 300
LAW AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA LL.M. 1001
¼3½ oSKkfud uohurkvksa dh Lohd`fr us thou Lrj dks Åapk mBkus dh vkdka{kkvksa dks Åapk
mBk;k vkSj yksxksa ds fy, HkkSfrd dY;k.k miyC/k djk;kA
¼4½ dbZ lq/kkj vkUnksyu gq,A vusd ijEijkxr fo'okl rFkk O;FkZ dh izFkk,a R;kx nh xbZ] rFkk
vusd u, O;ogkj Lo:i viuk, x,A
¼5½ gekjh rduhdh] d`f"k] O;olk; vkSj m|ksx vk/kqfud fd, x, ftlls ns'k dk vkfFkZd
fodkl ,oa dY;k.k gqvkA
¼6½ jktuSfrd ewY;ksa ds laLrj.k dh iqujZpuk dh xbZA iztkra= Lohdkj djus ds ckn lHkh
fj;klrsa Hkkjrh; jkT; esa lfEefyr dj yh xbZ rFkk lkeUrksa vkSj tehankjksa ds vf/kdkj
vkSj 'kfDr lekIr gks xbZA
¼7½ fookg] ifjokj vkSj tkfr tSlh laLFkkvksa esa lajpukRed ifjorZu vk, vkSj lkekftd rFkk
/kkfeZd thou esa u, laca/k cuus yxsA
¼8½ jsyos] cl ;k=k] Mkd lsok] gokbZ ,oa leqnzh ;k=k] izsl] jsfM;ksa vkSj nwjn'kZu vkfn lapkj
ek/;eksa ds vkus ls ekuo thou ds vusd {ks=ksa esa izHkko iM+k gSA
¼9½ jk"Vªh; Hkkouk esa o`f) gqbZ gSA
¼10½ e/;e oxZ ds mn; us lekt ds izeq[k ewY;ksa esa ifjorZu dj fn;k gSA
vykVkl (Alatas) us if'peh laLd`fr ds izHkko dks gekjh laLd`fr vkSj lkekftd O;oLFkk esa pkj
izdkj ds ifjorZuksa ds vk/kkj ij le>k;k gS% fujLukRed (eliminative) ifjorZu] ;ksxkRed
(addictive) ifjorZu] leFkZu (supportive) ifjorZu] rFkk la'ys"kkRed (synthetic) ifjorZuA
fujLukRed ifjorZu os gSa ftuls lkaLd`frd fo'ks"krk,¡] O;ogkj ds Lo:i] ewY;] fo'okl vkSj laLFkk,a
yqIr gks tkrh gSaA mnkgj.kkFkZ] ;q) esa iz;ksx vkus okys 'kL=ksa esa iw.kZ ifjorZu] lrh izFkk dk mUewyu
vkfnA ;ksxkRed ifjorZuksa esa thou ds fofHkUu igyqvksa ls lacaf/kr u;h lkaLd`frd fo'ks"krkvks]a laLFkkvks]a
O;ogkj Lo:iksa rFkk fo'oklksa dks viukuk lfEefyr gSA fgUnw lekt esa fookg&foPNsn dh O;oLFkk]
firk dh lEifÙk esa iq=h dks Hkkx nsuk] iapk;rksa esa pquko izFkk vkfn bl izdkj ds ifjorZu ds dqN
mnkgj.k gSaA leFkZd ifjorZu os gSa tks if'peh lEidZ esa vkus ls iwoZ lekt esa fo|eku fo'okl] ewY;ksa
;k O;ogkj Lo:iksa dks vf/kd etcwr djrs gSaA bldk ,dek= mnkgj.k gS dtZ O;ogkj esa gq.Mh dk
iz;ksxA la'ys"kkRed ifjorZu os gSa tks orZeku esa fo|eku rRoksa ls u, Lo:iksa dh jpuk djrs gSa vkSj
UTTRAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY 301
LAW AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA LL.M. 1001
lkFk gh u, Lo:iksa dks Hkh viukrs gSaA bldk mnkgj.k ml ifjokj dh jpuk gS tks vkokl dh n`f"V
ls rks ,dkdh gS ijUrq dk;Z (function) dh n`f"V ls vc Hkh lq;aDr gSaA tks ekrk&firk rFkk lgksnjksa
ds izfr lkekftd nkf;Roksa dks iwjk djrk gSA ngst izFkk dh fujUrjrk cuk, j[kuk] fdUrq ngst dh
/ku jkf'k ysus nsus ij izfrcU/k yxk;k tkukA cPpksa dk ekrk&firk ds lkFk thou lkFkh ds p;u esa
lg;ksx djuk vkfnA
if'peh izHkko ds dkj.k ifjorZu dk mijksDr foHkktu dsoy fo'ys"k.k ds mís'; ls gS] ysfdu ,d
nwljs ls mudks vyx djuk lEHko ugha gSA ,d gh izdkj ds ifjorZu ds Hkhrj ge nwljs izdkj ds
ifjorZuksa ds rRo Hkh ns[k ldrs gSaA mnkgj.kkFkZ] oL= m|ksx ds izkjEHk djus esa leFkZd rRo ns[ks tk
ldrs gSa D;ksfa d ;g diM+s ds mRiknu dks lqfo/kk iznku djrk gSA ijUrq lkFk gh D;ksfa d blls
gkFkdj?kk (handloom) m|ksx dks vk?kkr yxk gS] rks ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd blesa gVkus ;ksX;
vFkok fujLukRed ifjorZu ds rRo Hkh dke djrs gSaA [kqys dkjkx`gksa (wall-less prisons) dk
vkjEHk Hkh ,d vkSj mnkgj.k gS ftlesa rhu fofo/k izdkj ds ifjorZu dk;Z djrs gSaA blh izdkj] f'k{kk
O;oLFkk] cSfdax&O;oLFkk] fookg O;oLFkk vkfn esa ifjorZu feyrs gSaA
okLrfodrk ;g gS fd thou ds dqN {ks=ksa esa if'peh izHkko dks Lohdkj djds ge lgh gks ldrs gSaA
vk/kqfud esfMdy lkbal] vk/kqfud rduhdh] izkd`frd izdksiksa dk lkeuk djus ds vk/kqfud mik;] ns'k
dks ckgjh [krjksa ls lqj{kk iznku djus ds vk/kqfud rjhds] vkfn Hkkjr ds bfrgkl esa if'pe ds
vf}rh; ;ksxnku ds :i esa fxus tk;sx
a sA ysfdu] Hkkjr buds lkFk&lkFk yksxksa ds mRFkku ds fy,
viuh ijEijkxr laLFkkvks]a izFkkvksa vkSj fo'oklksa dk Hkh iz;ksx dj jgk gSA bl izdkj if'peh izHkko ds
ckn Hkh rFkk fofo/k O;oLFkkvksa ds vk/kqfudhdj.k ds ckn Hkh Hkkjr] Hkkjr gh jgsxkA Hkkjrh; laLd`fr
vkus okys dbZ n'kdksa rd lqjf{kr jgsxhA
3-9 Hkkjr esa vk/kqfudhdj.k dh izfØ;k (Process of Modernization in India)
iwoZ i`"Bkksa esa fd;k x;k fo'ys"k.k n'kkZrk gS fd ijEijk vkSj vk/kqfudrk esa ,d vVwV Øe ik;k tkrk gS
ftlesa ,d vksj ijEijk vkSj nwljh vksj vk/kqfudhdj.k gSA fujUrjrk dh bl js[kk ij fdlh Hkh lekt
dks fdlh Hkh fcUnq ij j[kk tk ldrk gSA vf/kdrj lekt fdlh u fdlh izdkj dh laØe.k dh
fLFkfr esa jgrs gSaA
Lora=rk ds le; Hkkjrh; lekt esa Hkh xgjh ijEijk,a Fkha] fdUrq ;g vk/kqfud Hkh gksuk pkgrk FkkA
,sls yksx o ,sls usrk Fks tks fd ijEijkxr thou 'kSyh gh ilUn djrs Fks] ysfdu nwljh vksj ,sls yksx
Hkh Fks tks Hkkjr dk vk/kqfud mn; ns[kuk pkgrs Fks ftlesa vrhr dk yxko u gksA ysfdu dqN ,sls Hkh
UTTRAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY 302
LAW AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA LL.M. 1001
Fks tks ijEijk ,oa vk/kqfudrk ds chp lkeatL; ds i{k/kj FksA mudk dguk Fkk fd ijEijkxr O;oLFkk
,d lhek rd vk/kqfudhdj.k dks Lohdkj dj ldrh gS o viuk ldrh gSA blh izdkj ,d
vk/kqfudhd`r O;oLFkk ,d fuf'pr lhek rd gh ijEijkRed fopkjksa dks lgu dj ldrh gSA bl
izdkj os lg&vfLrRo pkgrs FksA ysfdu izFke nks fopkj/kkjkvksa ds izfrikndksa us ekuk fd lg vfLrRo
cgqr yEch vof/k rd ugha py ldrkA ,d ,slk fcUnq vo'; vkrk gS tcfd ijEijk vlá gks tkrh
gSA
geus vius lekt dks fofo/k Lrjksa ij vk/kqfud cukus dk fu'p; fd;kA lkekftd Lrj ij ge
lkekftd laca/kksa dks lekurk rFkk ekuoh; xkSjo ds vk/kkj ij cukuk pkgrs FksA ,sls lkekftd ewY;
pkgrs Fks tks lkekftd xfr'khyrk dks lqfuf'pr djs]a tkfr fu;ksZX;rkvksa dks nwj djsa fL=;ksa dh n'kk esa
lq/kkj djs]a vkfn vkfFkZd Lrj ij ge rduhdh fodkl rFkk U;k; forj.k (distributive justice)
pkgrs FksA lkaLd`frd Lrj ij ge /keZ fujis{krk] rdZokn vkSj mnkjokn pkgrs FksA jktuSfrd Lrj ij
ge izfrfuf/k ljdkj] turkaf=d laLFkk,a] miyfC/k&ijd 'kfDr lajpuk (achievement-oriented
power structure), rFkk ns'k dh ljdkj esa Hkkjrh; tu dh vf/kd vkokt o Hkkxhnkjh pkgrs FksA
lekt dks vk/kqfud cuk, tkus ds fy, tks ek/;e pqus x, ¼rdZokn vkSj oSKkfud Kku ij vk/kkfjr½
os Fks% fu;kstu] f'k{kk] ¼tks vKkurk ds va/kdkj dks nwj dj lds½] fo/kku] fons'kksa ls lgk;rk] mnkjokn
dh uhfr viukuk vkfnA
3-10 O;fDr dk vk/kqfudhdj.k (Modernization of Man)
vk/kqfud euq"; dh cká fo'ks"krkvksa dk vkUrfjd fo'ks"krkvksa ls fHkUu gksus ds lanHkZ esa ,ysDl bfdYl
dh ekU;rk gS fd vk/kqfud O;fDr ds ,d d`"kd ds :i esa dk;Z djus dh lEHkkouk de gS vkSj mlds
}kjk jkstxkj <w¡<+us dh lEHkkouk vf/kd gSA ,sls tfVy mRiknd O;olk; o jkstxkj tks vk/kqfud
rduhdh o ÅtkZ ds iz;ksx ij vk/kkfjr gks ;k fQj cM+s futh ;k lkoZtfud miØe dks tks mldks
lekt esa mPp in o izfLFkfr iznku dj ldsA og ,sls uxj esa jguk vf/kd ilUn djrk gS tgk¡
mldks fudV esa gh lHkh lk/ku miyC/k gks lds]a tSls ;krk;kr] cktkj] cPpksa ds Ldwy] esfMdy ,oa
Mkd lqfo/kk,a] tks mldh igq¡p ds Hkhrj gksa vkSj ,sls ?kj esa jguk ilan djrk gS tks mls vk/kqfud
HkkSfrd lq[k lk/ku miyC/k djkrk gksA og Dyc rFkk vU; laxBuksa dk lnL; gksuk ilUn dj ldrk
gS tks mlds fy, vfHkO;fDr] igpku rFkk xfr'khyrk esa volj iznku dj ldsA lapkj ,oa laizs"k.k ds
fy, vf/kd [kqyk gksus ds dkj.k og lkekftd fodkl ,oa jktuhfr esa vf/kd :fp ys ldrk gSA vius
izkFkfed ukrsnkjksa ds tky esa Qals jgus dh vis{kk vO;fDrxr okrkoj.k dh vksj vf/kd vkdf"kZr gksrk
gS tgk¡ og ,sls yksxksa ds lEidZ esa vk, tks mlds O;olk; ;k vU; ladV ds le; mldh lgk;rk
UTTRAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY 303
LAW AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA LL.M. 1001
dj ldsAa ;s lHkh xq.k ;|fi ^vk/kqfudrk* ugha gS] ysfdu ;g euq"; ds thou {ks= ds lkFk gSa tks
vk/kqfud euq"; ls Vdjkrs gSaA ;|fi vk/kqfud okrkoj.k ds fy, euq"; dk ^[kqyk* gksuk fuf'pr gh
ijEijkRek euq"; esa ifjorZu djus esa ;ksxnku dj ldrk gS] vkSj fQj ml okrkoj.k esa uohu ewY;ks]a
O;ogkj Lo:iksa dh mlls vis{kk dh tk;sxh] ysfdu vk/kqfud O;fDr dh vkUrfjd fo'ks"krk,a mlds
lkspus] dke djus o vuqHkwfr ds rjhds vkfn] mls okLrfod vk/kqfud cukus esa egRoiw.kZ gSaA vk/kqfud
euq"; dh vkUrfjd fo'ks"krk,a dks bl izdkj igpkuk x;k gS% ¼1½ vk/kqfud O;fDr dks uohu vuqHkoksa ds
fy, rS;kj jguk pkfg, vkSj uohurkvksa rFkk ifjorZu ds fy, [kqyk gksuk pkfg,A ¼2½ mlesa cM+h la[;k
esa vkus okys ekeyksa esa rFkk leL;kvksa ds fo"k; esa viuh /kkj.kk cukus dh izo`fÙk gksuh pkfg, tks mlds
Hkhrjh o ckgjh i;kZoj.k esa mn; gksrh gksAa O;fDr ftruk vf/kd f'kf{kr gksrk gS mruh gh vf/kd bu
pqukSfr;ksa dk izR;qÙkj nsus dh rRijrk mlesa gksrh gSA blds foijhr ,d ijEijkxr O;fDr vius pkjksa
vksj ds fo"k;ksa esa dksbZ :fp ugha ysrk tks mls ?ksjs jgrs gSa vkSj izHkkfor Hkh djrs gSaA ¼3½ ,d vk/kqfud
O;fDr vrhr dh vis{kk orZeku vkSj Hkfo"; dh vksj vf/kd mUeq[k gksrk gSA og vius ekeyksa ds
laxBu esa vf/kd O;ofLFkr vkSj fu;fer gksrk gSA ¼4½ ,d vk/kqfud O;fDr vf/kd fu;kstu&mUeq[k
gksrk gS vkSj thou dk lkeuk djus ds fy, ,d lk/ku ds :i esa blesa fo'okl j[krk gSA ¼5½ ,d
vk/kqfud O;fDr izHkkodkjh 'kfDr esa fo'okl djrk gS vkSj lh[kus ds fy, rS;kj jgrk gS rkfd i;kZoj.k
ls izHkkfor gksus dh vis{kk og i;kZoj.k ij vf/kdkj djs vkSj vius mís';ksa vkSj y{;ksa dh vksj vxzlj
gks ldsA ¼6½ vk/kqfud O;fDr egku xq.kd (calculator) gksrk gS vkSj euq"; ds fu;a=.k ds Hkhrj
rdZlaxr ,oa fu;ekuqdwy pykus okys fo'o esa fo'okl djrk gSA ¼7½ vk/kqfud O;fDr nwljks ds izfr
vius O;ogkj esa vf/kd lEeku ,oa izfr"Bk dk izn'kZu djrk gSA ¼8½ ,d vk/kqfud O;fDr dh foKku o
rduhdh esa vf/kd vkLFkk gksrh gSA ¼9½ ,d vk/kqfud O;fDr tura= o U;k; ds leku forj.k ds izfr
vf/kd vkLFkkoku gksrk gSA
3-11 vk/kqfudhdj.k dh leL;k,a (Problems of Modernization)
¼1½vk/kqfudhdj.k dk izFke fojks/kkHkkl ;g gS fd ,d vk/kqfud lekt dks rqjUr gj izdkj ls cny
tkuk pkfg,] ysfdu ,sls fu;fer ,oa fodkl dk lefUor Lo:i dk vuqekfur fu;kstu ugha gks
ldrkA vr% ,d izdkj dh lkekftd gypy gks gh tkrh gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ] tu f'k{kk O;oLFkk dh ekax
gS fd n{k (trained) O;fDr;ksa dks mudh Vªsfuax rFkk muds Kku ds vuqdwy O;olkf;d Hkwfedk esa
yxk nsuk pkfg,A ysfdu lHkh f'kf{kr yksxksa dks dke fnykuk lnSo lEHko ugha gksrk gSA blls f'kf{kr
yksxksa esa fujk'kk ,oa vlarks"k iSnk gksrk gSA
UTTRAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY 304
LAW AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA LL.M. 1001
¼2½nwljh leL;k ;g gS fd vk/kqfudhdj.k dh vof/k esa lajpukRed ifjorZu vleku gksrk gSA
mnkgj.kkFkZ] m|ksx vk/kqfud cuk, tk ldrs gSa ysfdu ifjokj O;oLFkk] /keZ O;oLFkk vkfn :f<+oknh gh
cus jgrs gSA bl izdkj dh fuo`fÙk;k¡ o vfofPNUurk,¡ vkSj ifjorZu ds Lo:i] LFkkfir lkekftd vkSj
vU; lajpukvksa dks izHkkfor djrs gSa vkSj vUrjky (lags) xR;ojks/k (bottlenecks) iSnk djrs gSaA
bldk nwljk mnkgj.k gS Hkkjr esa erkf/kdkj dh vk;q 21 ls de djds 18 o"kZ dj nsukA ;g
vk/kqfudrk esa izos'k dk ,d dne gks ldrk gS] fdUrq blus ,d ladV iSnk dj fn;k gS D;ksfa d
fuokZpd lewg bl vuqeku ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd muesa ukxfjdrk dh ifjiDo Hkkouk gksxh rFkk
uhfr;ksa esa Hkkxhnkjh dh ;ksX;rk gksxhA
¼3½rhljh leL;k gS fd lkekftd o vkfFkZd laLFkkvksa dk vk/kqfudhdj.k ijEijkxr thou 'kSyh ds lkFk
la?k"kZ iSnk djrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ] izf'kf{kr MkWDVj ijEijkxr oS|ksa ds fy, [krjk gks tkrs gSA blh
izdkj e'khuksa }kjk fufeZr oLrq,a ?kjsyw Jfedksa dks jksth jksVh ls oafpr dj nsrh gSA blh rjg cgqr ls
ijEijkoknh yksx mu yksxksa ds fojks/kh gks tkrs gSa tks vk/kqfudrk Lohdkj djrs gSaA Qyr% ijEijkoknh
vkSj vk/kqfud rjhdksa esa la?k"kZ vlarks"k dk dkj.k gks tkrk gSA
¼4½pkSFkh leL;k ;g gS fd vDlj yksx tks Hkwfedk,a /kkj.k djrs gSa] os vk/kqfud rks gksrh gSa] fdUrq ewY;
ijEijkRed :i esa tkjh jgrs gSaA mnkgj.kkFkZ] esfMflu vkSj ltZjh esa Vªsfuax ysus ds ckn Hkh ,d
MkWDVj vius ejht ls ;gh dgrk gS] ^^eSa bykt djrk gw¡] bZ'oj Bhd djrk gSA** ;g n'kkZrk gS fd
mls vius ij fo'okl ugha gS fd og chekjh dk lgh funku dj lds cfYd Lo;a ij vkjksi yxkus dh
ctk; og mu rjhdksa dh fuUnk djrk gS ftuesa mldk thou&ewY;ksa dks fodflr djus ds fy,
lekthdj.k fd;k x;k gSA
¼5½ik¡poha leL;k ;g gS fd mu lk/kuksa ds chp tks vk/kqfud cukrh gSa vkSj mu laLFkkvksa o O;oLFkkvksa
esa ftudks vk/kqfud gksuk gS lg;ksx dh deh gSA dbZ ckj blls lkaLd`frd foyEcuk (cultural lag)
dh fLFkfr iSnk gksrh gS rFkk laLFkkRed la?k"kZ gksrs gSaA
¼6½vafre leL;k ;g gS fd vk/kqfudhdj.k yksxksa dh vkdka{kkvksa dks c<+krk gS] ysfdu lkekftd
O;oLFkk,a mUgsa vkdka{kkvksa dh iwfrZ ds fy, volj iznku djus esa vlQy jgrh gSaA ;s dq.Bk,¡ oapuk,a
vkSj lkekftd vlarks"k iSnk djrh gSaA
UTTRAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY 305
LAW AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA LL.M. 1001
3-12 lkjka'k
vk/kqfudhdj.k dksbZ n'kZu ;k vkUnksyu ugha gSA izkjaHk esa ^vk/kqfudhdj.k* 'kCn dk iz;ksx vFkZO;oLFkk esa
ifjorZu vkSj lkekftd ewY;ksa ,oa izFkkvksa ij blds izHkko ds lanHkZ esa fd;k tkrk FkkA orZeku esa
vk/kqfudhdj.k ds vusd vk;ke ,oa o`gn vFkZ gSaA bldks ,d ,slk lkekftd ifjorZu ekuk tkrk gS
ftlesa foKku ,oa rduhdh ds rRo 'kkfey gksrs gSaA ,ykVkl ds vuqlkj vk/kqfudhdj.k ,d ,slh
izfØ;k gS ftlds }kjk lEc) lekt }kjk Lohd`r foLr`r vFkks± esa vf/kd vPNs o larks"ktud thou ds
vafre y{; dks izkIr djus ds mn~n's ; ls vk/kqfud oSKkfud Kku dks lekt esa igq¡pk;k tkrk gSa
vk/kqfudhdj.k ,d ,slh izfØ;k le>h tkrh gS ftlesa iqjkuh lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj euksoSKkfud
izfrc)rkvksa ds lewg feVk fn, tkrs gSa o rksM+ fn, tkrs gSa vkSj yksx uohu izdkj ds lkekthdj.k
vkSj O;ogkj izfrekuksa ds fy, rS;kj jgrs gSaA
vk/kqfudhdj.k ds izeq[k y{k.k gSa& oSKkfud HkkoksUekn] dkj.k vkSj rdZokn] /keZfujis{krk] mPp
vkdka{kk;sa rFkk miyfC/kijdrk] ewY;ksa ekun.Mksa ,oa vfHk:fp;ksa esa laiw.kZ ifjorZu] uohu izdk;kZRed
laLFkkvksa dh jpuk] ekuo lalk/kuksa esa fuos'k] fodklijd vFkZO;oLFkk] ukrsnkjh] tkfr] /keZ ;k Hkk"kk
ijd fgrksa dh vis{kk jk"Vªh; fgr] eqDr lekt rFkk xfr'khy O;fDrRoA vk/kqfudhdj.k ds fy, lekt
esa dqN iwoZ vko';drk;s]a tSls& mn~n's ; dh tkudkjh rFkk Hkfo"; ij n`f"V] vU; lektksa ds
vk/kqfudhdj.k ds izfr ,d leku izfrfØ;k ugha djrs gSaA dqN vLohdkj djrs gSa] dqN fodYi :i esa
j[krs gSa] dqN lekt vkRelkr dj ysrs gSa rFkk leFkZu djrs gSaA vk/kqfudhdj.k dks laHko cukus okys
egRoiw.kZ lk/kuksa esa 'kkfey gSa& f'k{kk] lapkj] jk"Vªh;rk dh fopkj/kkjk] dfj'ekbZ usr`Ro] voihM+d
ljdkjh lÙkkA
Hkkjr esa vk/kqfudhdj.k dh izfØ;k eq[;r% vkfFkZd] lkekftd] lkaLd`frd ,oa jktuSfrd lajpukRed
Lrjksa ij fn[krh gSA vkfFkZd lajpukRed Lrj ij ikfjokfjd ,oa lkeqnkf;d midj.kh; vFkZO;oLFkk ds
LFkku ij ;k¡f=d vkS|ksfxd vFkZO;oLFkk viukbZ tk jgh gSA lkekftd Lrj ij vftZr izfLFkfr Hkwfedk
dh vis{kk ijaijkxr iznÙk Hkwfedk o izfLFkfr esa deh vk;h gSA jktuSfrd lajpukRed Lrj ij
turkaf=d 'kfDr lajpuk dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA lk¡Ld`frd Lrj ij /keZ fujis{k ewY; O;oLFkk }kjk
ifjorZu yk;k tk jgk gSA O;fDr dk tc vk/kqfudhdj.k gksrk gS rks mlesa dqN fo'ks"krk;sa ifjyf{kr
gksrh gSaA tSls fd d`f"k ds LFkku ij og jkstxkj djrk gSA vk/kqfud rduhd ,oa lapkj ek/;eksa dk
cgqrk;r ls iz;ksx djrk gSA uxjh; thou dks izkFkfedrk nsrk gSA ?kj esa vk/kqfud HkkSfrd lq[k lk/ku
pkgrk gSA lkekftd fodkl ,oa jktuhfr esa vf/kd :fp ysrk gSA izkFkfed ukrsnkjksa dh vis{kkd`r
vO;fDrxr okrkoj.k dh vksj vkdf"kZr gksrk gS vkfnA
UTTRAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY 306
LAW AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA LL.M. 1001
3-14 lUnHkZ lwph
1-izks0 th0ih0 =hikBh& Hkkjr dk oS/kkfud ,oa laoS/kkfud bfrgkl¼2007½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”kuA
2- rstLdj&vkstLdj ik.Ms;&lekt dk;Z n”kZu ¼2009½& Hkkjr cqd lsUVj
3-efyd vkSj jkoy&ykW ,.M lks”ky VªkUlQksjes”ku bu bf.M;k¼2009½&bykgckn ykW ,tsUlh
4-jke vkgqtk& lkekftd leL;k; ¼2008½& jkor ifCyds”ku fnYyh
5-jke vkgqtk&Hkkjrh; lekt ¼2007½& jkor ifCyds”ku fnYyh
6-Mk0 vorkj flag&Hkkjrh; Lkk{; vf/kfu;e 1872¼2006½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”ku
7-Mk0x.ks”k ik.Ms&vijk/k “kkL= ¼2008½& jk/kk ifCyds”ku fnYyh
8-izks0bUnzthr flag&fof/k “kkL=¼2006½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”ku
9-fof/k dk lkekftd ifjorZu ¼LVsMh eVsfj;y Hkkst eqDr fo”ofo|ky;]Hkksiky½&Mk0 “kSQkyh ;kno
10-Mk0 dSyk”k jk;& tufgr odkyr fof/kd lgk;rk ,oa le:ih fof/kd¼2009½& lsUVªy ykW
ifCyds”ku
11-Mk0vHk; flag&lwpuk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e2005] ¼2009½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”ku
12-Mk0vkj0ds0vxzoky&fgUnw fof/k¼2002½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”ku
13-Mk0 bdcky flag&eqfLye fof/k ¼2001½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”kuA
3-14-1&lgk;d @mi;ksxh ikB~; lkexzh
1-lh0ih0 vjksjk&fofo/k vijk/k vf/kfu;e ¼2010½& ;wuholZy ykW ifCyds¼2010½A
2-Mk0 Vh0ih0 =hikBh&flfoy izfdz;k lafgrk¼2006½& bykgckn ykW ,tsUlhA
3-izks0 bUnzthr flag&Jfed fof/k;ka&¼2005½&lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”kuA
4-Mk0 ,l0ds0 diwj& ekuo vf/kdkj ,oa vUrjk’Vªh; fof/k¼2004½&lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”kuA
UTTRAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY 307
LAW AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA LL.M. 1001
3-15 fucU/kkRed iz”u
¼1½vk/kqfudhdj.k dk D;k vFkZ gS\ bldh izeq[k ifjHkk"kkvksa dk fo'ys"k.k dhft,A
¼2½vk/kqfudhdj.k ds iwoZ lekt esa D;k gksuk vko';d gS\ lekt vk/kqfudhdj.k ds izfr dSlh izfrfØ;k
djrk gS\
¼3½vk/kqfudhdj.k ds egRoiw.kZ lk/kuksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A
¼4½Hkkjr esa if'pe dk ,oa vk/kqfudhdj.k dk D;k izHkko iM+k gS\
¼5½Hkkjr esa vk/kqfudhdj.k dh izfØ;k dk vkykspukRed ijh{k.k dhft,A
¼6½,d vk/kqfud O;fDr esa D;k y{k.k gksrs gSa\
¼7½vk/kqfudhdj.k dh leL;kvksa ij ,d ys[k fyf[k,A
UTTRAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY 308
LAW AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA LL.M. 1001
,y,y0,e0 izFke o"kZ
Hkkjr esa fof/k ,oa lkekftd ifjorZu
[k.M&4% vk/qkfudhdj.k vkSj leqnk; fof/k
bdkbZ&4% fof/kd lq/kkj
bdkbZ lajpuk
4-0 izLrkouk
4-1 mn~n's ;
4-2 vk/kqfudhdj.k dk vUrjkZ"Vªh; fof/kd ifjn`';
4-2-1 vUrjkZ"Vªh; ekuokf/kdkj
4-2-2 u;h vUrjkZ"Vªh; vkfFkZd uhfr;k¡
4-3 vk/kqfudhdj.k ,oa Hkkjrh; lafo/kku
4-4 vk/kqfudhdj.k ds lnHkZ esa fof/kd lq/kkj
4-4-1 lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd U;k;
4-4-2 yksdfgr okn
4-4-3 yksd vnkyrsa
4-4-4 vuq0 21 ds vUrxZr {kfriwfrZ
4-4-5 dqN vU; egRoiw.kZ fof/kd iz;kl o lq/kkj
4-4-5-1 vuq0 21 dk foLrkj
4-4-5-2 vkijkf/kd U;k; iz'kklu esa lq/kkj
4-4-5-3 lwpuk dk vf/kdkj
4-5 lkjka'k
4-6 lUnHkZ lwph
4-6-1 lgk;d lUnHkZ lwph
4-7 fucU/kkRed iz”u
UTTRAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY 309
LAW AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA LL.M. 1001
4-0 izLrkouk
ijaijk rFkk vk/kqfudrk dk lgvfLrRo cuk jgrkA Hkkjrh; lekt us vPNh ijaijkvksa ij vk/kqfudrk
dk cfg"dkj fd;k] lM+h&xyh O;FkZ dh ijaijkvksa dks R;kx dj vk/kqfudrk viukbZ rFkk dfri; LFkkuksa
ij ijaijk o vk/kqfudrk lkFk&lkFk jgsA rkRi;Z gS fd fo"k; o fLFkfr ds vuqdwy Hkkjrh; lekt us
rhuksa jkLrksa dks vaxhd`r fd;kA ijUrq ;g izfØ;k vR;f/kd tfVy jgh gS rFkk mijksDr rhuksa jkLrksa dk
lfEeJ.k dbZ ckj Hkzfer djrk gSA tokgjyky usg: us] Hkkjrh; lekt us vk/kqfudrk dks dSls Lo:i
esa Lohdkjk gS ij fVIi.kh djrs gq, fy[kk gS& vk/kqfud efLr"d O;ogkfjd ,oa izdk;kZRed] uSfrd ,oa
lkekftd rFkk loZoknh ,oa ekuorkoknh gSA ;g lkekftd csgrjh ds fy, O;ogkfjd vkn'kZokn ls
'kkflr gSA budks lapkfyr djus okys vkn'kZ] ;qx ds mís';ksa ,oa ;qx/keZ dk izfrfuf/kRo djrs gSaA
ekuork bldk bZ'oj gS rFkk lkekftd foKku bldk /keZA mijksDr fopkj/kkjk ds vk/kkj ij lekt
dk ;kstukc) fodkl] vk/kqfudhdj.k dk lokZf/kd egRoiw.kZ midj.k gSA [kqys lekt dk l`tu] ubZ
laLFkkvksa dk mn;] fopkjksa esa ifjorZu dks Lohd`fr vkfn] lkekftd lajpuk ds vk/kqfudhdj.k ds ?kVd
gSaA
3-1 mís';
izLrqr [k.M&4 dh bdkbZ&3 dk mn~ns'; gS fd vki vk/kqfudhdj.k ds lanHkZ esa fd, x, fof/kd
iz;klksa ,oa lq/kkjksa dks le> ldsaA la{ksi esa izLrqr bdkbZ dk mn~n's ; gS fd vki fuEukafdr fcUnqvksa dsk
vkRelkr dj ldsAa
vk/kqfudhdj.k dk vUrjkZ"Vªh; fof/kd ifjn`';
vk/kqfudhdj.k ,oa Hkkjrh; lafo/kku
vk/kqfudhdj.k ds lanHkZ esa fof/kd lq/kkj
lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd U;k;
yksdfgr okn
yksd vnkyrsa
vuq0 21 dk foLrkj ,oa {kfriwfrZ
vkijkf/kd U;k; iz'kklu esa lq/kkj
lwpuk dk vf/kdkj
4-2 vk/kqfudhdj.k dk vUrjkZ"Vªh; fof/kd ifjn`';
UTTRAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY 310
LAW AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA LL.M. 1001
;g eq[;r% nks :iksa esa ifjyf{kr gksrk gS& ¼1½ vUrjkZ"Vªh; ekuokf/kdkj ¼2½ u;h fo'oO;kih vkfFkZd
uhfr;k¡A
4-2-1 vUrjkZ"Vªh; ekuokf/kdkj
la;qDr jk"Vª pkVZj esa ekuo vf/kdkjksa laca/kh izko/kkuksa ds j[ks tkus dk ,d dkj.k euq"; tkfr dk izFke
,oa f}rh; fo'o ;q) ds nkSjku dVq vuqHko Fkk tcfd ekuoh; vf/kdkjksa dk cgqr cM+s iSekus ij
mYya?ku gqvk FkkA ;gh dkj.k gS fd la;qDr jk"Vª pkVZj dh izLrkouk ;g ladYi O;Dr djrh gS fd
vkus okyh ihf<+;ksa dks ;q)ksa ds izdksi ls cpk;k tk;sxk] D;ksfa d bu ;q)ksa us nks ckj euq"; tkfr dks
vdFkuh; nq%[k fn;k gSA blds vfrfjDr izzLrkouk ekSfyd ekuoh; vf/kdkjks]a ekuo O;fDr dh xfjek
,oa ewY; iq#"kksa ,oa efgykvksa ds leku vf/kdkjksa dh iqu% iqf"V djrk gSA
egklHkk ds loZizFke fu.kZ;ksa esa ls ,d fu.kZ; ekuoh; vf/kdkjksa ds vUrjkZ"Vªh; fcy dks rS;kj djokuk
Fkk rFkk blfy;s egklHkk us vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd ifj"kn~ ls dgk fd og ekuoh; vf/kdkjksa ds
deh'ku ls bl laca/k esa v/;;u djokus dks dgsA ftu O;fDr;ksa us ekuoh; vf/kdkjksa dh lkoZHkkSfed
?kks"k.kk dk izk:i rS;kj fd;k muds efLr"d esa nks&nks fo'o;q)ksa esa cM+s iSekus ij gq;s ekuoh;
vf/kdkjksa ds mYya?ku rkts Fks rFkk budh xw¡t ;k izfrNk;k lkoZHkkSfed ?kks"k.kk dh izLrkouk ds 'kCnksa esa
fn[krh gSA izLrkouk ds fuekZrkvksa ds fy;s ;g LokHkkfod gh Fkk fd og ewy vf/kdkjksa esa ekuo O;fDr
dh xfjek ,oa ewY; rFkk iq#"k ,oa efgykvksa ds leku vf/kdkjksa esa vkLFkk dh iqu% iqf"V djs D;ksfa d
muds fopkj esa ;g Lora=rk] U;k; ,oa fo'o esa 'kakfr dh uhao FkhAlkoZHkkSfed ?kks"k.kk ds vaxhdkj fd;s
tkus ds le; ls blus bruk 'kfDr'kkyh izHkko Mkyk gS fd ;g vUrjkZ"Vªh; rFkk jk"Vªh; nksuksa :i ls
lgh dgk x;k gS fd bldk fof/kd xq.k pkgs tks gks ?kks"k.kk us ,d ,slk ekud LFkkfir fd;k gS
ftlls jk"Vªh; O;ogkj dks ekuk tk ldrk gS rFkk jk"Vª ftls izkIr djus dh vkdka{kk dj ldrs gSaA
?kks"k.kk pkVZj esa O;Dr Hkkouk rFkk le; dh vko';drkvksa dh lkekU;rkvksa dks leksPp js[kk
(Contour) rFkk fo"k; oLrq nsus esa lgk;d jgk gSA QklsV (Fawcett) us Hkh fy[kk gS fd okLro esa
lHkh yksxksa ,oa lHkh jk"Vªksa dh izkfIr ds lkekU; ekud ds :i esa fo'oLrjh; mn~?kks"k.kk ds :i esa
?kks"k.k ,d ,slh [kku gS ftlls bu vf/kdkjksa ds laj{k.k gsrq vU; vfHkle;ksa ,oa jk"Vªh; lafo/kkuksa us
?kks"k.kk ls xzg.k fd;k gS rFkk dj jgs gSaA
4-2-2 u;h vUrjkZ"Vªh; vkfFkZd uhfr;k¡
vk/kqfudhdj.k ds lanHkZ esa mnkjhdj.k ,d u;h vkfFkZd uhfr gSA mnkjhdj.k ls vfHkizsr gS ljdkjh
fofu;euksa esa gzkl ftlls fd cktkj ds fofHkUu cy fcuk fdlh ck/kk ds lapkfyr gks ldsA blls nks
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LAW AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA LL.M. 1001
vU; lac) fopkjksa futhdj.k ,oa HkweaMyhdj.k dks feykdj u;h vkfFkZd uhfr dk l`tu gqvk gSA
Hkkjr esa uhfr fuekZrkvksa dks laj{k.kokn ,oa iw.kZ izfrLi/kkZ dh vPNkb;ksa ,oa cqjkb;ksa dk Kku Fkk] blh
dkj.k Lora=rk ds ckn Hkkjr esa fefJr vkfFkZd O;oLFkk dks viuk;k x;kA ijUrq vejhdk] baXyS.M
rFkk vU; ;wjksih; ns'kksa esa [kqyh izfrLi/kkZ ds okrkoj.k ij cy fn;k x;k rFkk iwt
a hokn gh fnXn'kZd
jgkA Hkkjrh; vkfFkZd O;oLFkk LokJ;] leku forj.k] lektokn ,oa dY;k.kdkjh jkT; ds vkn'kks± ij
vk/kkfjr jghA ijUrq blds dqN cgqr gh cqjs ifj.kke yphyh fof/k] <hys fodkl dk;ZØeks]a Hkz"Vkpkj]
fiNM+rh vkfFkZd O;oLFkk ds :i esa lkeus vk,A lkekftd lqj{kk] yksd LokLF;] ySafxd lekurk rFkk
Hkwfe lq/kkj tSlh uhfr;k¡ cgqr larqf"Vtud ugha jghaA lgk;rkvksa rFkk izksRlkguksa us vkfFkZd O;oLFkk dks
vkSj vf/kd ypj dj fn;kA iwjs fo'o esa vk/kqfudhdj.k dh ygj py jgh FkhA Hkkjr esa Hkh ncko c<+
jgk Fkk fd vkfFkZd {ks= esa ljdkjh gLr{ksi de fd;k tk,A vUrr% vUrjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k rFkk fo'o
cSad ds ncko esa Hkkjr us vius vkfFkZd vkikr ls fudyus ds fy, 1990 es a u;h vkfFkZd uhfr dks
viuk fy;kA
vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij u;h vkfFkZd uhfr dks izk:i nsus okyh dqN egRoiw.kZ vkfFkZd laLFkk;sa gSa] ftudk
fooj.k fuEufyf[kr gS%&
¼1½ iquxZBu vkSj fodkl ds fy, vUjkZ"Vªh; cSad vFkkZr~ fo'o cSad (The International Bank
for Reconstruction and Development, World Bank -IBRD)—fo'o cSad viuk dk;Z
twu] 1946 ls vkjEHk fd;kA ;g cSad ,d vUrjkZ"Vªh; lgdkfjrk laxBu gS vkSj la;qDr jk"Vªksa ds lkFk
,d fof'k"V vfHkdj.k ds :i esa lEc) gSA bldk mís'; lnL; ns'kksa dks vkfFkZd fodkl esa lgk;rk
nsuk gSA bl izdkj ;g cSad fo'o ds yksxksa ds thou Lrj dks Åapk mBkus esa yxk gqvk gSA ;g cSad
lnL; ljdkjksa dks mRiknu ds iz;kstuksa ds fy, _.k nsrk gS rFkk ,sls lgdkjh vfHkdj.kksa ;k futh
m|ksxksa dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, _.k nsrk gS tks lgdkjh izkHkwfr ds vUrxZr gSA
¼2½ vUrjkZ"Vªh; foÙk fuxe (International Finance Corporation- IFC)—bl fuxe dh
LFkkiuk lu~ 1956 esa dh xbZA ;g fo'o cSad ls lEc) laLFkku gSA bl fuxe dk mís'; lnL; ns'kksa
esa mRiknd futh m|ksxksa dks fodflr djus ds fy, lg;ksx nsuk gSA fo'ks"k :i ls de fodflr {ks=ksa
esa fo'o cSad ds fØ;k dykiksa }kjk lgk;rk nsuk bl fuxe dk ,d fuf'pr dk;ZØe gSA
¼3½ vUrjkZ"Vªh; fodkl la?k (International Development Association -IDA)—bl la?k
dh LFkkiuk flrEcj] 1960 esa fo'o cSad ds lgk;d vfHkdj.k ds :i esa dh xbZA bldk mís'; fo'o
ds vis{kkd`r de fodflr ns'kksa esa vkfFkZd fodkl] mRiknu o`f) vkSj thou Lrj dks Å¡pk djus dh
UTTRAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY 312
LAW AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA LL.M. 1001
fn'kk esa lgk;rk djuk gS ftlls lnL; ns'k vius egRoiw.kZ fodkl dh vko';drkvksa ds ekeys esa
vis{kkd`r ljy 'krks± ij _.k izkIr dj ldsaA
¼4½ vUrjkZ"Vªh; foÙkh; fuf/k (International Monetary Fund-IMF)—vUrjkZ"Vªh; foÙkh;
fuf/k LFkkiuk dk mís'; foÙkh; ekeyksa esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; lg;ksx dks c<+kok nsuk gSA bl c<+kok nsus dk
ek/;e ,d LFkk;h laLFkk gksxh ftlds iz;kstu fuEufuf[kr gksx
a s& viuh vkfFkZd uhfr ds izkFkfed
iz;kstu ds :i esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dk foLrkj vkSj mldk larqfyr fodkl mlds }kjk jkstxkj ds
voljksa dks c<+kok nsuk rFkk ;FkkFkZ vkenuh ds lk/ku iznku djuk rFkk lHkh lnL;ksa esa mRiknd lzksrksa
dk fodkl djuk] muds fofue; dh {kerk dks c<+kok nsuk] lnL;ksa ds chp O;ofLFkr fofue; dks
cuk;s j[kuk rFkk fofue; ds rqyukRed vi{k; dks jksduk vkSj leqfpr lqj{kkvksa ds v/khu fuf/k ds
lzksrksa dks lqyHk djkdj lnL;ksa dks fo'okl iznku djuk gSA
¼5½ 'kqYd njksa vkSj O;kikj fo"k;d lkekU; le>kSrk (General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade - GATT)—bl le>kSrs dk izk:i gokuk esa uoEcj 1947 ls ekpZ] 1948 ds chp lEiUu
O;kikj vkSj fu;kstu fo"k;d vUrjkZ"Vªh; lEesyu esa rS;kj fd;k x;k FkkA th0,0Vh0Vh0 ij 30
vDVwcj] 1947 dks tsusok esa gLrk{kj fd;s x;s vkSj bldk izorZu 1 tuojh] 1948 ls fd;k x;kA bl
le; rd ;g laLFkk O;kikfjd vkpj.k dh fu;ekoyh nsus okyh] ,dek= laLFkk jgh gS ftls izeq[k
O;kikfjd jk"Vªks }kjk ekU;rk fey pqdh gSA ;g ,d cgqi{kh; lfU/k ds :i esa gSA
¼6½ O;kikj vkSj fodkl fo"k;d la;qDr jk"Vª lEesyu (United Nations Conference On
Trade and Development-UNCTAD)—bl lEesyu dk mís'; vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dks
c<+kok nsuk gS] fo'ks"k :i esa fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds fu;kZr dks c<+kok nsuk bldk y{; gS ftlls os ns'k
vius ns'k ds vkfFkZd fodkl ds dk;ZØeksa dks ljyrk ls iwjk dj ldsAa vadVkM lHkh vUrjkZ "Vªh; ,sls
fudk;ksa ds fØ;kdykiksa dks lg lacaf/kr dj nsrk gS ftudk laca/k lfefr;ksa ls gS rFkk ljdkjksa ds uke
uhfr;ksa dk larqrhdj.k djrk gSA
¼7½ la;qDr jk"Vª fodkl dk;ZØe (United nations Development Programme -
UNDP)—bl laLFkk dh LFkkiuk 1965 esa ml le; dh x;h tc egklHkk us fodkl ds nks
dk;ZØeksa dks vFkkZr~ rduhdh lgk;rk fo"k;d foLrfjr dk;ZØe vkSj la;qDr jk"Vª fodkl dk;ZØe
fo"k;d fof'k"V fuf/k dks ,d esa feyk nsus dk fu'p; fd;k FkkA ;w0,u0Mh0ih0 de vk; ds ns'kksa dks
i;kZIr ek=k esa lgk;rk lsok,a iznku djrk gS ftlls fd os vius ekuoh; vkSj izkd`frd lk/kuksa dk
vf/kd vkSj iw.kZ mRiknd iz;ksx dj ldsAa
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¼8½ vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dkuwu fo"k;d la;qDr jk"Vª vk;ksx & UNCITRAL)—vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj
ds chp vkus okyh dkuwuh ck/kkvksa dks de djus dh vko';drk dh iwfrZ ds fy, egklHkk us 17
fnlEcj] 1966 dks bl vk;ksx dk xBu fd;kA blesa 36 jkT; gSa tks fd fHkUu fHkUu HkkSxksfyd iz{ks=ksa
vkSj fo'o dh izeq[k vkfFkZd vkSj dkuwuh iz.kkfy;ksa dk izfrfuf/kRo djrs gSaA bl vk;ksx dk mís';
vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj fof/k dks larqfyr djrs gq;s mldk ,dhdj.k djuk gSA
4-3 vk/kqfudhdj.k ,oa Hkkjrh; lafo/kku
lafo/kku ds uhfr funsZ'kd rRoksa dk ,d mís';] jkT; dh vk/kqfudrk ds ifjisz{; esa iquZjpuk gSA vuq0
48 Li"V :i ls izkfo/kku djrk gS fd jkT; d`f"k ,oa i'kqikyu dks vk/kqfud ,oa oSKkfud vk/kkjks a ij
laxfBr djsxk rFkk ubZ iztkfr;ksa ds fodkl ,oa laj{k.k xk; ,oa cNM+ksa ds o/k dks jksdus ds fy,
dne mBk;sxkA vuq0 48&v okrkoj.k laj{k.k ,oa lHkh izkf.k;ksa ds izfr n;k fn[kkus dks micfU/kr
djrk gSA
f'k{kk dks vk/kqfudhdj.k dk midj.k ekurs gq, vuq0 45] 14 o"kZ ls de ckydksa dh eq¶r ,oa vfuok;Z
f'k{kk lqfuf'pr djrk gSA fN;kflosa ¼86½ lafo/kku la'kks/ku }kjk vuq0 21&v tksM+ dj izkFkfed f'k{kk
dks ekSfyd vf/kdkj cuk fn;k x;k gSA dqN jkT;ksa esa vk/kqfudhdj.k O;olkf;d ,oa rduhdh f'k{kk esa
fn[krk gS tks ;ksX; ,oa dq'ky ekuo lalk/ku dh ek¡x dh vkiwfrZ djrh gSA
vuq0 44 esa leku flfoy lafgrk dh vko';drk dk js[kkadu] blds ek/;e ls vk/kqfudhdj.k ds
vk'k; dks iznf'kZr djrk gSA ifjokjksa esa fir`lÙkkRed O;oLFkk dks rksM+us ds fy, ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd
ikfjokfjd fof/k ds iqu% la;kstu dh vko';drk gSA ;|fi oS;fDrd fof/k ls /keZ dk laca/k nwjxkeh gh
gS fQj Hkh] lkaLd`frd i`"BHkwfe ds xkSjokUou ds dkj.k eqfLye oS;fDrd fof/k esa cgqr vf/kd lq/kkj
ugha gks ldsA fgUnw fof/k esa fgUnw lafgrk }kjk Hkkfxd lq/kkj dk gh iz;kl fd;k tk ldkA bZlkbZ
oS;fDrd fof/k esa Hkh lq/kkj vko';d gSa] ijUrq mlesa Hkh vlarks"ktud iz;kl gh gq, gSaA oS;fDrd
fof/k;ksa esa U;k;ikfydk] ySafxd U;k; dks de gh lqfuf'pr dj ikbZ gSA fQj Hkh Hkj.k iks"k.k ds
vf/kdkj ,oa xfjeke; thou ds vf/kdkj us dqN jkgr igq¡pkbZ gSA
4-4 vk/kqfudhdj.k ds lUnHkZ esa fof/kd lq/kkj
fof/k us vk/kqfudhdj.k dk okrkoj.k rS;kj fd;k gS] mldk fodkl fd;k gS rFkk mlds ifj.kkeksa ds
izfrmÙkj esa orZeku fof/kd O;oLFkk esa lq/kkj rFkk la'kks/ku fd, gSaA dqN u;h uhfr;ksa ¼lkekftd ,oa
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vkfFkZd U;k;½ dks viuk;k gS rFkk u, midj.kksa ¼yksdfgr okn] yksd vnkyr½ dks fodflr fd;k gSA
fof/kd lq/kkjksa esa fo'ks"kr% efgykvks]a ckydksa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ks]a cfUn;ksa vkfn dh n'kk lq/kkj ij cy
fn;k x;k gSA lwpuk dk vf/kdkj laca/kh vf/kfu;e rFkk lkbcj vijk/kksa dh jksdFkke blh fn'kk esa fd,
x, iz;kl gSa
1-4-1 lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd U;k;
lkekftd U;k; ds fl)kUrksa dks vkSj vkxs c<+kus ds fy;s dsUnzh; ljdkj ,oa jkT; ljdkjksa us fofHkUu
fo/ks;d ikfjr fd;s] ftUgsa ge lkekftd fo/kk;u (Social Legislation) ds :i esa tkurs gSaA ftuesa
izeq[k gSa] Hkz"Vkpkj fuokj.k vf/kfu;e 1988( m|ksx ¼fodkl ,oa fofu;eu½ vf/kfu;e 1951( lEink
'kqYd vf/kfu;e 1953( NqvkNwr ¼vijk/k½ vf/kfu;e 1955( fgUnw fookg vf/kfu;e 1955( fgUnw
mÙkjkf/kdkj vf/kfu;e] 1956( Hkkjrh; thou chek vf/kfu;e] 1956( /kudj vf/kfu;e 1957( ngst
izfr"ks/k vf/kfu;e] 1961( xUnh cLrh ¼lq/kkj ,oa lQkbZ½ vf/kfu;e 1957( nkudj vf/kfu;e 1958(
cksul Hkqxrku vf/kfu;e 1965] cSadksa ds jk"Vªh;dj.k laca/kh vf/kfu;e 1969 U;wure etnwjh vf/kfu;e]
1948( cSadoknh fofu;eu vf/kfu;e 1949( chM+h rFkk flxkj deZdkj ¼fu;kstu dh 'krs±½ vf/kfu;e
1966( chM+h deZdkj midj vf/kfu;e 1976( ofU/kr Je i)fr ¼mRlknu½ vf/kfu;e] 1976( ckyd
vf/kfu;e 1960( lsok Je ¼fofu;eu ,oa mRlknu½ vf/kfu;e 1970( foLFkkfir O;fDr ¼izfrdj ,oa
iquokZl½ vf/kfu;e 1954( deZpkjh Hkfo"; fuf/k vkSj izdh.kZ micU/k vf/kfu;e] 1952( deZpkjh jkT;
chek vf/kfu;e] 1948( lk/kkj.k chek dkjokj ¼jk"Vªh;dj.k½ vf/kfu;e] 1972( vkS|ksfxd fookn
vf/kfu;e] 1947( izlwfr izlqfo/kk vf/kfu;e] 1961( minku lank; vf/kfu;e] 1972 vkfnA
lkekftd fo/kk;u dks dbZ Jsf.k;ksa esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk gS& izFke os vf/kfu;e ftudk laca/k lkekftd
cqjkbZ;ksa ds fuokj.k ls gSa tSls& NqvkNwr] ngst] os';ko`fÙk vkfn] f}rh; os fof/k;k¡ gSa] ftudk laca/k
lkeqnkf;d dY;k.k ls gS tSls& LokLF;] f'k{kk] edku ,oa ;kstuk vkfnA r`rh; os gSa ftudk laca/ k
lkekftd lqj{kk ls gS tSls& lkekftd chek] o`)koLFkk ,oa izlwfr izlqfo/kkA pkSFks ftudk laca/k
lkekftd dk;Z ,oa lkekftd dY;k.k ls gS tSls& cky dY;k.k] vipkj ;k vijk/k (delinquency),
ifjoh{kk (probation) ;k tqvk dk fuokj.kA ik¡pok¡ os gSa ftudk laca/k tehankjh mUewyu] dk'rdkjh
(tenancy), Hkwnku ;k lgdkfjrk gSA
Hkkjrh; U;k;ikfydk us Hkh lkekftd U;k; dh dYiuk dks lkdkj djus dh fn'kk esa
egRoiw.kZ fu.kZ; fn;s gSaA ;|fi ;g lp gS fd loksZPp U;k;ky; ds rhu izeq[k fu.kZ;ksa us lkekftd
U;k; dh /kkj.kk dks /kDdk igq¡pk;k os gSa] xksyd ukFk cuke iatkc jkT; ¼1967½ vkj0lh0 dwij cuke
;wfu;u vkWQ bf.M;k ¼1970½ vkSj izhoh ilZ oknA ¼1971½ bu fu.kZ;ksa dks O;FkZ dj nsus ds fy;s Hkkjrh;
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laln us lafo/kku dk 24ok¡ ,oa 25ok¡ la'kks/ku fd;kA ds'kokuUn Hkkjrh ¼1973½ esa loksZPp U;k;ky; us
25ok¡] 24ok¡] ;k 29osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku dks laoS/kkfud Bgjk;kA ckn ds vius dbZ fu.kZ;ksa vkSj fo'ks"kdj
1978 ds okn loksZPp U;k;ky; us lkekftd U;k; dks vkxs c<+kus vkSj O;kogkfjd :i nsus esa egRoiw.kZ
Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA ;gh ugha] Hkkjr ds dbZ mPp U;k;ky;ksa us Hkh lkekftd U;k; dh ifjdYiuk dks
O;kogkfjd :i nsus dk ljkguh; dk;Z fd;k gSA
1-4-2 yksdfgr okn
yksdfgr okn ,d ,slh O;oLFkk gS ftlds vUrxZr yksd dY;k.kdkjh jkT; esa lHkh O;fDr;ksa dks U;k;
ds leku volj miyC/k djkus dh vo/kkj.kk dks lkFkZd :i fn;k x;k gS rFkk blds }kjk lHkh dks
;g fo'okl fnykus dh ps"Vk dh xbZ gS fd U;k;ky; ds njokts lHkh ds fy;s [kqys gSaA yksdfgr okn
ds izeq[k y{k.k fuEukuqlkj gSa&
¼1½blesa ;kfpdk nk;j djus okys O;fDr ds futh fof/kd vf/kdkj dk guu gqvk gksuk vko';d ugha gS
D;ksafd yksdfgr okn dk eq[; mís'; lkoZtfud fgrksa dh laj{kk djuk gS] u fd O;fDrxr fgrksa dhA
¼2½yksdfgr okn mu yksxksa ds fgrksa ds laj{k.kkFkZ nk;j fd;s tkrs gSa] tks xjhch] lk/kughurk ;k
vKkurk ds dkj.k Lo;a okn ykus esa vleFkZ gksrs gSaA
¼3½blds fy;s ;g vko';d ugha gS fd ;kfpdk dsoy ml O;fDr }kjk gh nk;j dh tk,] ftlds
fdlh fof/kd vf/kdkj dk guu gqvk gS] vfirq dksbZ Hkh lektlsoh O;fDr ;k laLFkk ln~HkkoukiwoZd
tufgr ls tqM+s fdlh ekeys esa tufgr okn nk;j dj ldrh gSA
¼4½dY;k.kdkjh jkT; esa dk;Zikfydk izkf/kdkfj;ksa dks viuk drZO;&cks/k djkus dh fn'kk esa yksdfgr
okn ,d izHkkoh lk/ku dk dke djrk gS D;ksfa d muds }kjk tufgr dh mis{kk esa fd;s x;s dk;ks± ;k
vd`R;ksa ds fy;s muds fo#) yksdfgr esa eqdnek nk;j fd;k tk ldrk gSA
¼5½yksdfgr okn dk ,d vko';d rRo ;g gS fd og ln~HkkoukiwoZd] fcuk fdlh LokFkZ ;k }s"k dh
Hkkouk ls izLrqr fd;k x;k gks rFkk okn izLrqr djus okys O;fDr ;k laLFkk dk blesa dksbZ oS;fDrd
izR;{k ;k ijks{k fgr fufgr ugha gksuk pkfg;sA
¼6½lqus tkus ds vf/kdkj ds mnkjhdj.k (liberalisation of Locus Standi) dk fl)kUr dsoy
yksdfgr oknksa ds izfr gh ykxw gksrk gSA
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LAW AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA LL.M. 1001
¼7½yksdfgr oknksa ls lacaf/kr ^^bfiLVksyjh vf/kdkfjrk** (Epistolary Jurisdiction) ds vUrxZr ;kfn
U;k;ky; U;k;ksfpr le>s] rks fdlh O;fDr ;k laLFkk }kjk Hksts x;s lkekU; i= dks Hkh ;kfpdk
ekudj ml ij lquokbZ dj ldrk gS c'krsZ fd izdj.k okLro esa fdlh tufgr ls lacaf/kr gksA ;gk¡
rd fd dHkh&dHkh U;k;ky; }kjk Loizsj.kk (Suo motu) ls Hkh fdlh lekpkj i= ;k if=dk esa Nih
[kcj ds vk/kkj ij U;kf;d dk;Zokgh lafLFkr dh tk ldrh gS] ;fn U;k;ky; ds fopkj ls ,slk djuk
yksdfgr esa vko';d gksA
¼8½yksdfgr ds ekeyksa esa U;k;ky; ds fy;s izfri{kkRed izfØ;k (Adversarial Procedure) viukus
dh vko';drk ugha gksrh gSA
¼9½;g rdZ fd yksdfgr oknksa ds izpyu ls eqdnesckth dks c<+kok feyk gS rFkk mPprj U;k;ky;ksa esa
eqdneksa dh o`f) gqbZ gS] fujk/kkj gS D;ksfa d bl izdkj ds oknksa dks lquokbZ gsrq Lohdkj fd;s tkus ds
iwoZ U;k;ky; ;g lqfuf'pr dj nsrk gS fd izdj.k okLro esa tufgr ls lacaf/kr gS rFkk izLrqrdrkZ
O;fDr ;k laLFkk dk blesa dksbZ futh LokFkZ ugha gSA bl gsrq mPpre U;k;ky; us ,d fo'ks"k
yksdfgr&okn izdks"B (PIL Cell) LFkkfir fd;k gS] tks ;g tkap djrk gS fd izdj.k okLro esa
yksdfgr ls lacaf/kr gS vFkok ughaA
1-4-3 yksd vnkyrsa
Hkkjr esa yksd vnkyrksa dks lkafof/kd ekU;rk fnykus dk Js; mPpre U;k;ky; ds iwoZ U;k;k/kh'k Jh
ih0,u0 Hkxorh dks fn;k tkuk pkfg;s ftUgksua s bls jk"Vªh; Lrj ij vk;ksftr fd;s tkus ij tksj
fn;kA oLrqr% yksd vnkyr dk izkjaHk xqtjkr jkT; ls gh gqvk gSA ,sfrgkfld n`f"V ls loZizFke
egkRek xka/kh ds f'k"; Jh gjhoYyHk ikjh[k us lu~ 1949 esa cM+kSnk ds fudV ,d vkfnoklh xzke jaxiqj
esa yksd vnkyr yxkus dh ifjikVh izkjaHk dhA os fookn ls lacaf/kr nksuksa i{kksa dks lquus ds i'pkr~
mUgsa vkil esa le>kSrk djus ds fy;s izsfjr djrs Fks rFkk bl izdkj muds fooknksa dks lqy>k nsrs FksA
xzkeokfl;ksa esa Jh ikfj[k dh bl igy dk Hkjiwj Lokxr gqvk vkSj bl izdkj 'kh?kz vkSj lLrk U;k;
fnykus okyh laLFkk ds :i esa yksd vnkyrsa yksdfiz; gksus yxhaA Jh ikfj[k us ;g iz;kl lu~ 1960
rd fujarj tkjh j[kk rFkk blds ckn mUgksua s yksd vnkyrksa dk fu;fer fjdkMZ j[kuk izkjaHk dj fn;k
rFkk xqtjkr ds fofHkUu xk¡oksa esa in;k=k }kjk budk izpkj&izlkj fd;kA
yksd vnkyr dks dkuwuh ekU;rk fnykus dk okLrfod Js; egkjk"Vª jkT; dks gS ftlus lu~ 1986 esa
yksd U;k;ky; laca/kh fu;e cukdj mUgsa vius jkT; esa ykxw fd;kA bu fu;eksa esa yksd U;k;ky;ksa ds
xBu] vk;kstu rFkk muesa viukbZ tkus okyh izfØ;k vkSj foÙk ds ckjs esa O;kid izko/kku FksA
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dqN jkT;ksa fo'ks"kdj xqtjkr] egkjk"Vª rFkk jktLFkku] us LFkk;h le>kSrk dsUnz LFkkfir fd;s Fks ftuesa
LFkk;h rkSj ij yksd vnkyrsa yxrh FkhA ysfdu vf/kdka'kr% vLFkk;h yksd vnkyrsa gh izpyu esa Fkha
tks fof/kd lgk;rk f'kfojksa dks xkaoksa esa vk;ksftr djds xzkeh.kksa ds fooknksa dks fuiVkus dk dk;Z djrh
FkhaA buesa eksVjokgu nq?kZVuk] ikfjokfjd fookn] chek laca/kh fookn] >qViqV >xM+s vkfn dk fujkdj.k
fd;k tkrk FkkA
4-4-4 vuqPNsn 21 ds vUrxZr {kfriwfrZ
blh izdkj Hkhe flag cuke tEew rFkk d'ehj jkT; ¼1985½ ds ekeys esa mPpre U;k;ky; us jkT;
}kjk ;kfpdkdrkZ dh oS;fDrd Lora=rk ds vf/kdkj dk guu fd;s tkus ij mls ipkl gtkj #i;s
dh jkf'k {kfriwfrZ ds :i esa fnykbZA ;kfpdkdrkZ ,d fo/kk;d Fkk ftls fo/kkulHkk dh cSBd esa Hkkx u
ysus nsus dh uh;r ls iqfyl us tkucw>dj fxj¶rkj viuh&viuh vfHkj{kk esa j[kkA U;k;ky; us ik;k
fd iqfyl us tkucw>dj nqHkkZouk ls ;kfpdkdrkZ dks jksds j[kk rFkk blesa n.Mkf/kdkjh vkSj
mi&U;k;k/kh'k dh Hkh lkaB&xkaB FkhA mPpre U;k;ky; us ;g Li"V fd;k fd tc fdlh O;fDr dh
fxj¶rkjh lafo/kku ds vuqPNsN 21 ds v/khu voS/k fl) gks tkrh gS] rks mls dsoy fjgk dj nsuk ek=
gh i;kZIr ugha gSA vfirq U;k;ky; dks vf/kdkj gS fd og ihfM+r dks gqbZ gkfu ds fy;s mfpr {kfriwfrZ
Hkh fnyk,A blds mijkUr vusdkusd oknksa esa ,sls fu.kZ; fn, x,A
1-4-5 dqN vU; egRoiw.kZ fof/kd iz;kl o lq/kkj
efgykvks]a ckydksa ,oa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ks]a tutkfr;ks]a vU; fiNM+k oxksZ] vYila[;dksa lacaf/kr
laj{k.kkRed foHksn rFkk egRoiw.kZ fof/kd izkfo/kkuksa laca/kh ppkZ iwoZ ds [k.Mksa esa dh tk pqdh gS vr,o
;gk¡ muds fo'ys"k.k dk yksi fd;k tk jgk gSA vk/kqfudhdj.k ds ifjizs{; esa dqN vU; fof/kd lq/kkjksa
,oa iz;klksa fooj.k fuEufyf[kr gS&
1-4-5-1 vuq0 21 dk foLrkj
thou dh Lora=rk laca/kh ewyHkwr vf/kdkj ds {ks= dks vkSj vf/kd O;kid cuk, tkus ds lUnHkZ esa
cEcbZ ds QqVikFk ds okfl;ksa dk ekeyk vksYxk Vsfyl cuke cEcbZ dkjiksjs'ku ¼1986½ fo'ks"k
mYys[kuh; gSA bl okn esa cEcbZ uxj fuxe }kjk QqVikFk rFkk >qXxh >ksifM+;ksa esa jgus okys fuokfl;ksa
dks fu"dkflr fd;s tkus dh dk;Zokgh ds fo#) QqVikFkokfl;ksa rFkk ,d i=dkj us ;kfpdk izLrqr dh
ftlesa ;g dgk x;k Fkk fd bu LFkkuksa ij jguk muds thou fuokZg ds fy;s vko';d FkkA vr% ;fn
mUgsa ;gk¡ ls] fcuk oSdfYid vkokl miyC/k djk;s fu"dkf"kr fd;k tkrk gS] rks blls muds thou ds
vf/kdkj dk guu gksxkA ;kfpdkdrkZvksa dk rdZ Fkk fd vuqPNsn 21 esa of.kZr thou ds vf/kdkj ds
UTTRAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY 318
LAW AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA LL.M. 1001
vUrxZr thfodk miktZu djus dk vf/kdkj Hkh lfEefyr gSA ;kfpdk dks Lohdkj djrs gq;s mPpre
U;k;ky; us fu.kZ; fn;k fd lkoZtfud LFkkuksa ls >qXxh >ksifM+;ksa rFkk QqVikFk ij jgus okys O;fDr;ksa
dks gVk;s tkus ls lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 21 dk mYya?ku gqvk gSA U;k;ky; us dgk fd thfodksiktZu
ds lk/ku ds vHkko esa thou dk vf/kdkj vFkZghu gksxk] vr% thfodksiktZu ds vf/kdkj dks thou ds
vf/kdkj dk gh ,d vfofPNUu vax ekuk tkuk pkfg;sA rFkkfi mPpre U;k;ky; us ;g fofuf'pr
fd;k fd cEcbZ uxj fuxe vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk;sa 313] 393&d] 314 rFkk 417 ftuds v/khu fuxe us
;g dk;Zokgh dh Fkh] laoS/kkfud gSa D;ksfa d buls QqVikFk vkSj >qXxh&>ksifM+;ksa ds fuokfl;ksa ds thou
;kiu ds vf/kdkj ij ;qfDr;qDr izfrcU/k yxk;k x;k FkkA lkoZtfud lM+dksa dks /kU/ks ;k O;kikj ds
fy;s iz;ksx fd;k tkuk tufgr esa mfpr ugha gSA mPpre U;k;ky; us ekuoh; vk/kkjksa ij fuxe dks
;g funsZ'k fn;k fd og bu QqVikFk&okfl;ksa dks o"kkZ _rq ds ckn gh gVkus dh dk;Zokgh djs] rkfd
mUgsa vU;= tkus esa vlqfo/kk u gksA U;k;ky; us ;g Hkh funsZ'k fn;k fd uxj fuxe Qsjh okyksa dks
ykblsl
a tkjh dj muds O;olk; dk fofu;eu djsA
4-4-5-2 vkijkf/kd U;k; iz'kklu esa lq/kkj
Hkkjr esa vkijkf/kd U;k; iz'kklu ds {ks= esa gqlsuvkjk [kkrwu cuke fcgkj jkT; ¼1980½ dk okn
egRoiw.kZ gSA fcgkj ds tsyksa dh nqO;ZoLFkk rFkk dSfn;ksa ls vekuoh; O;ogkj ds ckjs esa ,d lsokfuo`Ùk
iqfyl egkv/kh{kd rFkk jk"Vªh; iqfyl vk;ksx ds lnL; us viuh fujh{k.k fVIif.k;k¡ (Tour-Notes)
fy[khaA bu fVIif.k;ksa esa ;g dgk x;k Fkk fd fcgkj ds tsyksa esa vusd fopkjk/kkhu dSnh nl o"kks± ls
vf/kd le; ls tsy esa fopkj.k dh izrh{kk esa dSn gSa tcfd muds vijk/k ds fy;s fn;s tkus okys
n.M dh vf/kdre lhek blls cgqr de FkhA ;gk¡ rd fd dqN vijkf/k;ksa ds ekeys esa ;g vk/kh
vof/k ls Hkh de FkhA vusd cafn;ksa dk nks o"kZ chr tkus ij Hkh muds fo#) vkjksi&i= rS;kj ugha
fd;s x;s Fks vkSj u muds izdj.k esa tk¡p gh vkjEHk dh xbZ FkhA dqN dkjkoklh ,sls Hkh Fks ftuds
fo#) fdlh vijk/k dk vkjksi ugha Fkk cfYd mUgsa dsoy lqj{kkRed vfHkj{kk (Protective Care) esa
j[kk x;k Fkk D;ksfa d ;k rks os Lo;a fdlh vijk/k ds f'kdkj Fks ;k mlds lk{kh FksA bl Js.kh esa vusd
nhughu efgykvksa vkSj cPps Hkh FksA us bu fVIif.k;ksa ds vk/kkj ij ^^bafM;u ,Dlizsl** uked ,d izeq[k
vaxszth nSfud lekpkj i= us bl fo"k; ij nks ys[k izdkf'kr fd;sA bl lekpkj i= esa izdkf'kr ys[k
esa of.kZr tsy ds dkjkokfl;ksa dh 'kkspuh; n'kk ds O;fFkr gksdj mPpre U;k;ky; dh ,d efgyk
vf/koDrk Jherh dfiyk fgaxksjkuh us mPpre U;k;ky; esa canh izR;{khdj.k (Habeas Corpus) dh
;kfpdk nk;j dhA bl ;kfpdk ij lquokbZ djrs gq ;s U;k;ewfrZ ih0,u0 Hkxorh us bu vHkkxs
fopkjk/khu dSfn;ksa dh nqnZ'kk ds izfr viuh lgkuqHkwfr O;Dr djrs gq;s fVIi.kh dh%&
UTTRAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY 319
LAW AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA LL.M. 1001
^^U;k;ky; }kjk fopkj.k dh izrh{kk esa fu#) iq#"kks]a efgykvksa vkSj ckydksa dh ,d cM+h la[;k tsy ds
lh[kpksa ds vUnj cUn gSA buesa ls vusd ds vijk/k brus rqPN gSa fd muds fy;s lEHkor% dqN gh
eghus ;k ,dk/k o"kZ dh ltk gh nh tk ldrh FkhA ijUrq nqnSZo ls ekuoh;rk }kjk foLe`r ;s O;fDr
viuh Lora=rk [kksdj rhu ls ysdj nl o"kks± rd dh vof/k ls tsyksa esa lM+ jgs gSaA mudk fopkj.k
vHkh rd izkjaHk ugha gqvk gSA ns'k dh U;k;iz.kkyh ds fy;s ;g yTtk dh ckr gS fd og iq#"k vkSj
efgykvksa dks brus yEcs le; rd fcuk fopkj.k ds tsyksa esa thou fcrkus ds fy;s ck/; djsA ,d vksj
tc ge Å¡ph vkokt esa ekuo vf/kdkjksa ds laj{k.k vkSj izorZu dh iqdkj dj jgs gSa rFkk ewyHkwr
Lora=rkvksa dks cuk;s j[kus dh nqgkbZ ns jgs gSa] rks D;k ge tsy esa o"kks± ls j[ks x;s bu vla[; vuke
O;fDr;ksa dks ekuo vf/kdkjksa ls oafpr ugha jg jgs gSa] ftuds fo#) vijk/k laHkor% fl) Hkh u gks vkSj
mUgsa funksZ"k ikdj NksM+uk iM+As **
1-4-5-3 lwpuk dk vf/kdkj
5 fnlEcj] 2002 dks jk"Vªh; yksdrkfU=d xBcU/k ljdkj }kjk lwpuk dh Lora=rk dk vf/kfu;e] 2002
ikfjr fd;k x;k FkkA bl vf/kfu;e dks fujLr djds mlds LFkku ij orZeku lwpuk ds vf/kdkj dk
vf/kfu;e] 2005 ikfjr fd;k x;k gSA bl vf/kfu;e dk eq[; mís'; ns'k ds ukxfjdksa dks yksd
izkf/kdkfj;ksa ds ikl ljdkjh dkedkt ls lacaf/kr lwpukvksa dks izkIr djus dk vf/kdkj iznku djuk
gSA bl vf/kdkj dh ekax cgqr fnuksa ls py jgh Fkh vkSj ;g dgk tkrk Fkk fd yksdrkaf=d iz.kkyh esa
lwpuk dk vf/kdkj ,d vR;Ur vko';d vf/kdkj gS ftlls izR;sd ukxfjd ;g tku lds fd yksd
izkf/kdkjhx.k ljdkjh dkedkt dSls dj jgs gSaA fczfV'k 'kkludky ls pys vk jgs dkuwu dh nqgkbZ
nsdj ukxfjdksa dk yksd vf/kdkjh egRoiw.kZ lwpukvksa dks xksiuh; cukdj mudk Hk;knksgu djrs jgs
gSaA ykMZ dtZu ds le; cuk;k x;k dkuwu vkfQfl;y flØsV vf/kfu;e Hkh bUgha esa ls ,d gSA blds
vuqlkj ljdkjh nLrkostksa dks lk/kkj.k turk ls xksiuh; j[kus dk mís'; ns'k dh lqj{kk o ,drk dks
cuk;s j[kuk FkkA fdUrq O;ogkj esa os gj rF; dks xksiuh; cukus ds fQjkd esa jgrs FksA blh dkj.k
ukxfjdksa dks u dsoy vius ekeys esa cfYd lkoZtfud ekeyksa esa Hkh lPpkbZ dk irk ugha py ikrk
FkkA orZeku vf/kfu;e ds vUrxZr izR;sd yksd vf/kdkjh dk ;g nkf;Ro gksxk fd ukxfjdksa }kjk ek¡xh
xbZ lwpuk,a mls iznku djs rFkk lHkh nLrkostksa dk fooj.k j[ks tks ifjpkyu dh vis{kk ds vuq:i
gksA bu nLrkostksa dks Bhd rjhds ls dSVykfxax rFkk lwphc) gksuk pkfg, rFkk ,sls vUrjky ij
izdkf'kr gksuk pkfg, tSls fd ljdkj ;k l{ke vf/kdkjh fofgr djsAa bl izdkj bl vf/kfu;e dk
mís'; iz'kklu esa [kqykiu] ikjnf'kZrk rFkk mÙkjnkf;Ro dks c<+kuk gSA /kkjk 5 ds vuqlkj izR;sd yksd
izkf/kdkjh bl vf/kfu;e ds ykxw gksus ds 100 fnu ds Hkhrj brus dsUnzh; vkSj jkT; lwpuk vf/kdkfj;ksa
dh fu;qfDr djsxk ftrus vko';d gksAa ;s lwpuk vf/kdkjh fdlh Hkh O;fDr;ksa dks lwpuk iznku djsx a s
tks blds fy, vkosnu nsA dksbZ Hkh O;fDr tks lwpuk izkIr djus ds bPNqd gSa og blds fy, fyf[kr
;k bysDVªkfud ehfM;k }kjk fgUnh ;k vaxzsth esa yksdlwpuk vf/kdkjh dks vkosnu nsxk ¼/kkjk 6½A yksd
UTTRAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY 320
LAW AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA LL.M. 1001
lwpuk vf/kdkjh vkosnu ikus ds i'pkr~ ;Fkk'kh?kz fdUrq 30 fnu ds Hkhrj fofgr 'kqYd ds Hkqxrku ij
;k rks lwpuk nsxk vFkok /kkjk 8 vkSj 9 ds vUrxZr fofgr dkj.kksa ds vk/kkj ij bUdkj dj nsxkA
fdUrq tgk¡ lwpuk fdlh O;fDr ds izk.k Lora=rk ls lacaf/kr gS mls vkosnu ds i'pkr~ 48 ?k.Vs ds
Hkhrj iznku dj fn;k tkuk pkfg,A /kkjk 8 vkSj 9 esa mu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gS ftuds
vk/kkj ij lwpuk nsus ls bUdkj fd;k tk ldrk gSA yksd lwpuk vf/kdkjh ds fu.kZ; ls ihfM+r O;fDr
30 fnuksa ds Hkhrj ,sls vf/kdkjh ds ikl vihy dj ldsxk ftldks fofgr fd;k tk, ¼/kkjk 12½A /kkjk
23 ds vUrxZr ;g micU/k gS fd bl vf/kfu;e ds vUrxZr fdlh Hkh vkns'k ds fo#) fdlh U;k;ky;
esa dksbZ Hkh ekeyk ugha yk;k tk ldrk gSA /kkjk 24 esa mu laxBuksa dk mYys[k gS ftuds fo#) ;g
vf/kfu;e ykxw ugha fd;k tk,xk vFkkZr~ dsUnzh; ljdkj }kjk nwljh vuqlwph esa fofufnZ"V xqIrpj ;k
lqj{kk laca/kh laxBuA /kkjk 20 ds v/khu ;g micU/k gS fd lwpuk vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk fcuk mfpr dkj.k
ds vkosnu ysus ;k lwpuk u nsus ij dsUnzh; lwpuk vk;ksx lacaf/kr vf/kdkj ij 250 #i;s izfrfnu dh
nj ls dk tqekZuk yx ldrk gS tc rd lwpuk ugha iznku dh tkrh gSA /kkjk 12] 13 vkSj 14 ds
vUrxZr dsUnzh; lwpuk vk;ksx ds xBu] lsok 'krs± vkSj inP;qfDr ls lacaf/kr micU/k gSaA /kkjk 15] 16
vkSj 17 ds v/khu jkT; lwpuk vk;ksx ds xBu] mudh lsok 'krs± vkSj mudh inP;qfDr ls lacaf/kr
micU/k fn, x, gSaA
Li"V gS fd lwpuk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e Hkkjr ds vk/kqfudhdj.k ds ifjizs{; esa ,d l'kDr igy gS
ftldks tu lg;ksx ls izHkkoh cuk;k tk ldrk gSA
4-5 lkjka'k
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa vusdksa ,sls micU/k gSa tks izkphurk ls ukrk rksM+ dj vk/kqfud fodkl dh vksj
izo`Ùk djrs gSaA mnkgj.kLo:i ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa dh :f<+ ,oa izFkkvksa ij vfHkHkkfork] vLi`';rk dh
lekfIr] /keZ] iztkfr] tkfr ,oa fyax ds vk/kkj ij HksnHkko dk fu"ks/k] ekuoksa esa csxkj ,oa nqO;kZikj ij
jksd] /kkfeZd vH;klksa ij fucZU/ku vkfnA ekSfyd vf/kdkj ,oa jkT; ds uhfr funsZ'kd rRo vk/kqfudrk
ds fodkl esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA
Hkkjr esa fof/k us vk/kqfudhdj.k dk okrkoj.k rS;kj fd;k gS] mldk fodkl fd;k gS rFkk mlds
ifj.kkeksa ds izfrmÙkj esa orZeku fof/kd O;oLFkk esa lq/kkj rFkk la'kks/ku fd, gSaA dqN u;h uhfr;ksa tSls
fd lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd U;k; dh vksj vfHkeq[krk rFkk u, midj.k tSls yksd fgr okn rFkk yksd
vnkyr ds midj.kksa dks fodflr fd;k gSA lkekftd U;k; ds fl)kUr dks vkxs c<+kus ds fy,
Hkz"Vkpkj fuokj.k] NqvkNwr izfr"ks/k] lrh izfr"ks/k] cky fookg izfr"ks/k] izlwfr izlqfo/kk vkfn ds laca/k esa
fof/k dk fuekZ.k fd;k
UTTRAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY 321
LAW AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA LL.M. 1001
x;k gSA vkfFkZd U;k; ds fy, Hkwfe lq/kkj] tehankjh mUewyu] U;wure etnwjh] cksul Hkqxrku] deZdkj
izfrdj vkfn laca/kh fo/kk;u ikfjr fd, x, gSaA
4-6 lUnHkZ lwph
¼1½izks0 th0ih0 =hikBh& Hkkjr dk oS/kkfud ,oa laoS/kkfud bfrgkl¼2007½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”kuA
2-rstLdj&vkstLdj ik.Ms;&lekt dk;Z n”kZu ¼2009½& Hkkjr cqd lsUVj
3- efyd vkSj jkoy&ykW ,.M lks”ky VªkUlQksjes”ku bu bf.M;k¼2009½&bykgckn ykW ,tsUlh
4-jke vkgqtk& lkekftd leL;k; ¼2008½& jkor ifCyds”ku fnYyh
5-jke vkgqtk&Hkkjrh; lekt ¼2007½& jkor ifCyds”ku fnYyh
6-Mk0 vorkj flag&Hkkjrh; Lkk{; vf/kfu;e 1872¼2006½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”ku
7-Mk0x.ks”k ik.Ms&vijk/k “kkL= ¼2008½& jk/kk ifCyds”ku fnYyh
8-izks0bUnzthr flag&fof/k “kkL=¼2006½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”ku
9-fof/k dk lkekftd ifjorZu ¼LVsMh eVsfj;y Hkkst eqDr fo”ofo|ky;]Hkksiky½&Mk0 “kSQkyh ;kno
10-Mk0 dSyk”k jk;& tufgr odkyr fof/kd lgk;rk ,oa le:ih fof/kd¼2009½& lsUVªy ykW
ifCyds”ku
11Mk0vHk; flag&lwpuk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e2005] ¼2009½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”ku
12-Mk0vkj0ds0vxzoky&fgUnw fof/k¼2002½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”ku
13-Mk0 bdcky flag&eqfLye fof/k ¼2001½& lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”kuA
4-7&lgk;d @mi;ksxh ikB~; lkexzh
1-lh0ih0 vjksjk&fofo/k vijk/k vf/kfu;e ¼2010½& ;wuholZy ykW ifCyds¼2010½A
2-Mk0 Vh0ih0 =hikBh&flfoy izfdz;k lafgrk¼2006½& bykgckn ykW ,tsUlhA
3-izks0 bUnzthr flag&Jfed fof/k;ka&¼2005½&lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”kuA
4-Mk0 ,l0ds0 diwj& ekuo vf/kdkj ,oa vUrjk’Vªh; fof/k¼2004½&lsUVªy ykW ifCyds”kuA
UTTRAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY 322
LAW AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA LL.M. 1001
4-7 fucU/kkRed iz”u
¼1½Hkkjr esa fof/k us vk/kqfudhdj.k dks fdl izdkj c<+kok fn;k gS\
¼2½vk/kqfudhdj.k ds vUrjkZ"Vªh; fof/kd ifjn`'; dh ppkZ dhft,A
¼3½Hkkjrh; lafo/kku vk/kqfudhdj.k ds laca/k esa D;k izkfo/kku djrk gS\
¼4½Hkkjr esa vk/kqfudhdj.k ds lanHkZ fd, x, fof/kd lq/kkjksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A
¼5½Hkkjrh; U;k;ikfydk us vk/kqfudhdj.k esa D;k ;ksxnku fn;k gS\ vkykspukRed ijh{k.k dhft,A
UTTRAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY 323
LAW AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA LL.M. 1001
UTTRAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY 324
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