COMPROG 1 MIDTERM REVIEWER
PROBLEM – something the result of which is not readily MODULO OPERATOR / remainder operator (%) - returns the
available. remainder when the first operand is divided by the second
operand.
Law of Equifinality – same goal can be achieved through
different courses of action and a variety of paths. NATURAL LANGUAGE – languages that humans speak
MACHINE LANGUAGE – composed of binary digits that
ALGORITHMS – relates to the name of mathematician Al-
computers can understand.
khowarizmi, which means a procedure or a technique.
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE - Set of commands, instructions,
A set of steps that generates a finite sequence of and other syntax use to create a software program.
operations which leads to the solution of a given
problem. PROGRAM – organized list of instructions that causes
computer to behave in a predetermined manner.
CHARACTERISTICS OF ALGORITHMS
PYTHON – conceptualized by Guido van Rossum
Input – algorithm may or may not require input
Started in 1989
Output – each algorithm is expected to produce at least one
Named after the British TV show Monty Python
result
Python 1: 1994, Python 2:2000, Python 3:2008
Definiteness – Each instruction must be clear and
- A high level programming language with applications in
unambiguous.
numerous areas.
Finiteness – If the instructions of an algorithm are executed,
- An interpreted language, which means that each line is
the algorithm should terminate after finite number of steps
executed as it is entered.
FLOWCHART – is a pictorial or diagrammatic representation of
Editor- where you type your code
an algorithm so that it can be easier and quicker to
understand. Code- commands or instructions written in a particular
programming language
SYSTEM FLOWCHART – they contain solutions of many
problem units together that are closely related to each Interpreter- prompts the computer to execute or run your
other and interact with each other to achieve a goal. program
PROGRAM FLOWCHART – flowcharting symbols used
mirror computer programs Integrated Development Environment (IDE) – helps create
They contain steps to solve a problem to achieve a programs and applications in diff programming languages.
specific result. Interpreter – a program that run scripts written in an
Any error can be easier to detect because it is a interpreted language.
visual representation of the logic of a program
Indention – indicates groups or blocks of code
Program comment (#) – notes or reminders
Printing Text – used to display output or text
.py – extension for python files
>>> - prompt symbol of Python console
Variable – an identifier or name for a reserved memory
location for storing values.
Python is dynamically-typed – the type or the memory
management for the variable will only be determined during
runtime.
DATA TYPE – determines the kind of information that is stored
PSEUDOCODE – combining natural and programming in a variable
language to describe computer algorithms.
1. Numeric
- structural conventions of a programming language, but is Integer (int) – for whole numbers
intended for human reading. Float (float) – for decimals
2. String (str) – for characters; letters, numbers, symbol
- simple way to represent an algorithm or program. 3. Boolean (bool) – George Boole – for true or false
BASIC OPERATORS
Arithmetic Operators – mathematical operations
Comparison (Relational) Operators – tru or folz
Assignment Operators – assigns value to a variable
Logical Operators – combining logical statements
ESCAPE CHARACTERS (\)– allows us to avoid errors caused by For Loop - used for sequential traversal.
using “illegal characters”
The range() Function - To loop through a set of code
\n – inserts a new line in the text a specified number of times, we can use the range()
function.
\t – inserts a tab in the text
Else in For Loop - specifies a block of code to be
\’ – inserts a single quote character executed when the loop is finished. The else block
will NOT be executed if the loop is stopped by a
\” - inserts a double quote character break statement.
\\ - inserts a backslash character
CONCATENATION ( + or , ) – process of merging two or more
strings, on either sides
TYPE CASTING - the method to convert the variable datatype
into a certain data type.
Explicit type conversion – done by the user
Implicit type conversion – automatically performed
by the interpreter
PRECISION HANDLING USING % - determines the number of
digits to be displayed after the decimal point
FIRST BUG – Harvard University, 1947
Mark II was having consistent errors; a literal bug
disrupted the electronics of the computer.
TYPES OF ERRORS:
Syntax Error (parsing error) – caused by improper
format or syntax. Pointed out during translation.
Occurs during interpretation time.
Semantic Error – when the syntax is correct but the
program logic is not, resulting to incorrect output.
Occurs during runtime.
DEBUGGING – process of finding and correcting errors or
bugs in the program code.
How to avoid debugging?
-Understand the problem
-Start small
-Keep improving your code
DEBUGGER – helpful for finding and correcting bugs that are
difficult to find.
Decision Control statement - a statement that determines the
control flow of a set of instructions.
Nested if - an if-elif-else construct inside another if-elif-else
construct.
Nesting - functions that you define inside other functions. Any
number of these statements can be nested inside one
another.
While Loop - used to execute a block of statements
repeatedly until a given condition is satisfied.
The break Statement - With the break statement we
can stop the loop even if the while condition is true
The else statement - With the else statement we can
run a block of code once when the condition no longer
is true
The continue Statement - With the continue statement
we can stop the current iteration, and continue with
the next
