SECTION A
xplain distribution system at macro level and its components with a distribution layout
E
diagram.(15)
Ans ;1,2
1.Define Electrical distribution system with its purpose.(5)
● T
he part of the power system by which electric power is distributed
among various consumers for their local use is known as the electrical
power distribution system.
● t he electrical power distribution system is that part of the power system which conveys
lectric power (or energy) from major sub-stations (which are supplied by transmission
e
lines) to the consumers as per their requirement.
● Distribution line generally consist of
➔ FeedersDistributors
➔ DISTRIBUTER
➔ Service mains
FEEDER
● A line or conductor which connects the major sub-station to the distributor is known as the
feeder.
● It is to feed the electric power (or energy) to the distributor.
Since no tapping is taken from the feeder, generally it carries the same current throughout
●
its length.
● Thecurrent carrying capacityis the main considerationtaken into account while designing
a feeder.
DISTRIBUTER
● A conductor to which various consumers are connected through
service mains is known as the distributor.
● It is to distribute electric power (or energy) to various consumers,
thus a number of tappings are taken from the distributor.
● Hence, it carries different currents along its length.
● While designing a distributorvoltage dropalong thelength of
the distributor is the main consideration.
SERVICE MAINS
● A line (conductor) which connects the consumer to the distributor is
known as service mains.
● It is designed as per theconnected load of the consumer.
2.Components of a macro electrical distribution system.
● D istribution Substation – A distribution sub-station is the electrical system which
transfers power from thetransmission systemto thedistribution systemof an
area.
● Feeders – A feeder is a conductor which connects the distribution sub-station to
the area where power is to be distributed. The current in a feeder remains the
same throughout its length because no tapings are taken from it. The main
consideration in the design of a feeder being its current carrying capacity.
● Distribution Transformers – The distribution transformer is a step-down
transformer in which primary and secondary are delta and star connected
respectively. It is also termed as service transformer. The output voltage of
distribution transformer is 440 V in 3-phase system whereas 230 V in 1-phase
system in India.
● Distributor – A distributor is a conductor from which tapings are taken for supply to
the consumers. Due to the taping is done at various places in a distributor, the
current being not same throughout its length. The main design consideration of a
distributor is the voltage drop across its length because the statutory limit of
voltage variations is ± 6 % of rated voltage at the consumer’s terminals.
● Service Mains – Service Mains is a small cable which connects the distributor to
the consumer’s meter.
3.General classification of a macro electrical distribution system.(5)
xplain classification of distribution systems based on types of current, types of
E
construction and types of service. (15)
Compare AC & DC distribution systems.(10)
Primary and Secondary AC distribution systems.(10)
It can be classified under different considerations as:
1. Type of current :
a. AC distribution system
b. DC distribution system
2. Type of construction :
. Overhead system
a
b. Underground system
. Type of service
3
: a. General lighting & power
b. Industrial power
c. Railway
d. Streetlight etc
. Number of wires :
4
a. Two wire
b. Three wire
c. Four wire
. Scheme of connection :
5
a. Radial distribution system
b. Ring or Loop distribution system
c. Interconnected distribution system
4.Advantages of an AC distribution system.
● The AC power can be generated at high voltages (33 kV or 11 kV).
. The AC voltage can be stepped up easily and efficiently to the economic
●
limit for transmission by transformers. It can also be stepped down by
transformers to any value as per requirement for distribution and utilization.
● The maintenance of AC switchgear is easy and cheaper.
● • The transmission of electrical energy at a wide distance after generation is
possible with much less losses.
● Maintenance cost is low • step up and step down easily possible
5.Advantages of a DC distribution system.
It requires only two conductors for transmission as compared to three
●
conductors in an AC system. It is also possible to transmit power through only
one conductor by using earth as a returning conductor causing much saving in
conductor material (copper or aluminium).
● Inductance, capacitance, phase displacement, and surge problems are
eliminated in DC transmission.
● There is no skin effect in DC. Therefore, the entire cross-section of the line
conductor is utilised. Thus, the conductor offers less resistance.
● Since there is no inductance and capacitance, the voltage drop in a DC
transmission line is less than an AC line for the same sending end voltage
and load. Therefore, a DC transmission line has better voltage regulation.
● or the same working voltage, the potential stress on the insulation (in case
F
of the DC system is 70% (1/√2times) of that in the AC system. Hence, a DC line
requires less insulation.
● There is less corona loss in a DC line, which reduces the interference with
communication circuits.
There are no stability problems and synchronising difficulties in the DC
●
Transmission.
.Define Transmission loss in distribution system.
6
7.Explain Earthing
● Earthing means connection of the neutral point of a supply system or the
non-current carrying part of electrical apparatus such as metallic frame
work ,metallic covering of cables ,earth terminal of socket outlet ,stay wires
etc ,to the general mass of the earth in such a manner that all times an
immediate discharge of electrical energy takes place with out danger .
8.Explain Pipe earthing
● In pipe earthing system a galvanised steel-based pipe is placed
vertically in a wet and it is one of the most common
types of earthing.
● On the soil type and magnitude of current, the pipe size mainly
depends and the pipe dimension should be 1.5 inches
in diameter and 9 feet in length for the ordinary soil. The pipe diameter
should be greater than the ordinary soil pipe for
rocky or dry soil and soil moisture will choose the pipe’s length to be placed
in the earth.
t a depth not less than 3 meters the pipe is placed in the earth pit and by
A
the alternate layers of salt and charcoal, the space inside the galvanized
iron pipe is filled up to the clamp level.
By constructing a chamber with bricks, the top portion of the G.I pipe is left
open for maintenance when required and to maintain earthing resistance
within the specified limits water is poured into the galvanized iron pipe.
For all domestic purposes, pipe earthing is commonly used and it has
low-cost.
● A 2.5 metre long pipe measuring about 35-75 mm in diameter is
buried in the dig out pit along with sand and charcoal.
● The pipe is provided with several perforations to maintain dampness
around and hence conductivity.
● T he earth wire is tied and clamped near the summit. Water may be
poured into it during summers.
● The earth wire is safer against damage in such a setup
.What is a Substation?
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• The electrical substation can be defined as a network of electrical
components comprising of power transformers, busbars, auxiliaries,
and switchgear etc.
• The components are interconnected such that creating a sequence of
a circuit capable to be switched OFF while running on normal
operation through manual commands while in emergency situations
it can be switched OFF automatically.
• The emergency situations may be an earthquake, floods, or short
circuit etc
● The electrical substation does not have a single circuit but is composed of
numerous outgoing and incoming circuits which are connected to a busbar i.e.
common entity among circuits.
● The substation receives electrical energy directly from generating stations through
incoming power supply lines while it delivers electricity to the consumers through
outgoing transmission lines.
● A substation which is near to the electrical power generation is also known as grid
substation.
