Unit

Particulate
1
STOICHIOMETRY
1.1 Nature
ofMatter
Classification
ofMatter
Pure Substances matterthat isthesamethroughout Mixtures
Element substance made up onlyone atom
oftwoor moresubstances
blend each retaining
of its own properties not chemicallybonded
Compound substancemade of
up twoor moreelements Homogenous
bonded fixed proportion differentproperties sameproperties and composition throughout
to component elements Hemogenous
differentproperties and composition throughout
Ats D deducechemical reaction's apply statesymbols

i
KINETICTHEORY OFMATTER dense
def shape volume

mmmm
particles are attracted to eachother IM forces
9ms Mae's lessstrongattraction [Link]
by nearlyasdense defvolume indefvolume
particles are in constant motion
lowdensity
adding thermalenergycauses pain tomovepas ay expand contract

TEMPERATURE T a measureoftheaverage kinetic energy of particles in matter

change ofstate energyinto breaking bonds outof making bond

PRESSURE
P force
perunit area E or hpg

Chemical us Physicalchanges affect donotaffectthe chemical composition identity of a substance

Ij gasfoMath Types LAWOF CONSERVATION OF MATTER
Change in colour Synthesis Combination Decomposition Single Replacement

Double
replacement
Combustion AcidBase

1.2TheMole Concept
Relative Atomic MassAr
theweighted averagemass ofall isotopes of an element amu C12 12am
Mole a fixed ofparticles INa 6.02 1023
number
MolarMass the massofonemole of a puresubstance M gmol
mass elementincompound
of x100
percentage composition mass ofcompound
Empirical Formula lowest wholenumber ratio of
the elements in a compound
MolecularFormula formula that containsthetruenumber ofeachelement in a compound

3 Reacting masses and volumes

Stoichiometry relationship between nproducts and namounts

Limiting reactant reactant that is completely usedup in the reaction
Excess reactant reactant that is not completely usedup in the reaction
 Ytmaximum amountofproduct that can be Ya measured amountofproductfrom a chemical
produced fromreactants bystoichiometry reaction
DY YET400
AVOGADRO'S LAW OF
equalvolumes
GASES
of gases at the same Tand P contain equal no
TT I
T I s
ofparticles
MOLARVOLUME Uof moiofgas at STP
1dm 103m3
f 22.7dmmot 103cm3 12
273k and 1001Pa
GAS LAWS room temperature - 298K
and 100kPa
Charles Law
k

Boyle's Law
Pr k k
mustbeink

GayLussac'sLaw
I k

µ oases according to knowthem d TheIDEALGASLAW

volume of particles in negligible, no attractive forces
REAL GASES opposite due to internal In attraction
lowtemp lowke means IMforces overcomeit
finite volume ofpounds require's pa g
swiftness m
Concentration
of adjustment to volumeof
gas

solvent componentpresent in greatest quantity

CONCENTRATION Cc Or Molarity M moldm 3

VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS

determine's c byreaching equivalencepoint

 Date No.

OF
n d

nvzl.D0rndLI
m04ho 18003.

Cox-kcun Q [Link] donse nvcc-Las 02d

and ( n ucZcoA5)
-l %836 (0.0006)
Ôor l.ô073
Oor 1.008n
d acu (he ce oahsccLc atom
le as A glanwa.k

I aed haaxca moca

bombarda oas

cceAzrO-hôft
fre

IM.
&cchôh Oed

nucLo.,A s no. + ClecFans

S v%-bOl

MV I tMd2 12 l. 66x Ic

[Link] none Ar undana da.h e. mass .

CA SavU.L no. n.

7. . Ir. eackA On [Link]-w4 und

7. abundana - 100

CbazicN
 Date No.

2.2
I k&Y1son'S
WhodQ t
flLones [Link] uah)um
a lath nom aJ kbQmzua- o ex lauGd Oh.' modL(

ec.hêa (VdJvl(2dv d aloms

as [Link] Eo &AeL

S ectYum 01

UV, VISIBLE, IR

LN man C ( ve f)

round (DOG

IR IQcL R MODEL o Iowoe (bu En (

UV

0 Cannoé rvLu& Luds ahmo (

0 cannoe )atr; ons Cm ucL

(JYC ko
O
IQ WaVC0

gcl ccues

cobabQ

dnc,tvon
bJwt
(L Su-b - [Link](s. xed

ayl Pla

mati ("d
ObaziC
 Date No.

ROLÉs AcEPT10NS
(MVI 12 - Iowese L AJOI bc-kaJ

Can [Link]
Can have

szcond clichons
aoULd
-e -
S*u-b l

'Dns hanschon 4s texnoaed

12. I

C) n an m tsslon a*
o CMCQ
lòhtza,hen
v SCGorn -l

CDMVQ>4 +0

DN ISA flo FJ adclvhotn an

d
( Ksmol -l
ove u

Ars tau based on Sac-L331ve ton tsa-hon

enod (math el

12x on ds ss en ocA

F/VTOP5 dast-ana n S ( QhOn'[Link]

affecA-s
na

-b Gro s
e do
ObaziC
 PERIODICITY
3.1THEPERIODICTABLE
columns groups in
trauma
thins
0 rows to periods noofprincipalelevelsoccupied

SBLOCK
Hydrogen Ivalencee properties unlikeanygroupI element

Group 1 I valencee I soft silvery I reactivewwater 02

Group2 2 valence e lessreactivethan9 butstillunstable

Groups 3 12 2valence e knownas transition metals

good of é
conductors
high luster notveryreactive
PBLOCK
Groups1318 highest sblockfilled
Group17 need oneelectron to
hi
porbital'spartially orfully filled
fill valenceshell mostreactive Dformbondswithanygroups [Link] w metals
Group's verylowreaching nun she behaves

F BLOCK s orbital filled

highest
Lanthanoides
shiny metals similarreactivitytogroup2
Actinoides radioactive elements
past 2 93 notfound innature

3.2PeriodicTrends
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

EffectiveNuclear
Charge DATOMICRADIOS halfthedistancebetweenthenucleusof ELECTRONEGATIVITY
twoneighbouringatoms theabilityofanatomtoattract

hi if
Zeff I Nprotons neshielding additional positive protonspull
theattraction theoutershell electronscloser same n increase across period
IF down a group increase NC ENC attraction
Moneelectron shells further decrease down
group
o n atomicradius
awayfrom nucleus lessattraction

IE Ionisationenergy DIONICRADIOS
energyrequiredtoremovetheonemole of cations smallerthan parentatoms ordecrease across period 14
the outermost electronsfromtheground electrons lost o nuclear
charge greatattraction
state of one moleofatomsinthe anion's biggerthan
parentatoms increase down
group
gaseous state electronsgained electricrepulsion Nt
across a period increase

ENC NC moreattraction ELECTRONAFFINITY Atea

group 43 Mtm energy changewhenone mole electrons is of
group1617 D doubly occupied orbital added to one mole of
gaseousatoms toform
insamesubgroup innerelectronrepulsion gaseous ions
reachesMax endoforgroup
down a group decrease
gene mass across Mdd 215
atomic radius n lessattraction DZeff NC more attraction nsa havetoplacein vacantp
furtherÉÉm Fida
2g
general
decreases down group entering singlyoccupied porbital [Link]
less
 KEYConct
[Link]
atomic radius
ggywa shielding

MELTING POINTS
M period3

dependent on intermolecular forces DMETALS metallic bonding is v strong

larger ionic radar's weakerbonding
NON METALS London dispersion forces are weak
downgroup1312 INCREASE
down
group force stronger between more massive atoms more1
DECREASE

across pero'd 3 1 14rise to is fall Ssislarge

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
GROUP18 GROUP 17
physical colourless gases monatomic physical coloured gradual SLGchange diatomic
chemical very unreactive inabilitytogain or lose e chemical very reactive tonic wmetals covalent winonmetal
lose X high IE
gain X react wigroup 1 elementsin highly exothermic combination
negableZeff reaction
GROUP 1
physical good conductorsofheat electricity low p shiny
gray Displacement
chemical very reactive formioniccompounds w nonmetals o shows relativereactivities

Bra Dorange Is darkorange brown

Reactions with water
Lithium floats reacts slowly releasingH2
Sodium
Haevolvesfast farms Naball
Potassium ignites Ha lilacflame 2kis H2O 2KOHcantHaig
2ktat204canttug
PERIOD 3 OXIDES
metals bond w oxygen ironically nonmetals bondwith oxide'scovalently
Solids
good conductors basic S L or G nonconductorsacidic
Na Ocs Han 2NaOHcag A Paolois 6h20 UHPonca phosphoric v acid
MgOis HO MgOH cag D Pao s 6420 l 443103Cag phosphoric il acid
hydroxidesthenreactwithacidgiving D 503 y H2Oas Hasoncan vi acid
sulfuric

salt water D 502cg Hao14 42503Cag sulfuric iv acid

CLO as Holy 24404can chloric un acid

aluminium is amphoteric CLO l HOLD 2400 as chloric i acid
basic Al03 is 6Ht LAL can 342012 n go es 20h si032 can H2O silicates
acidic Also s Hout 20h lag 2AlCotta Cag 73N
Ozeg H2Oon 24N03kg NOcg

13.1 FIRSTROW D BLOCK ELEMENTS

show a lull intheperiodic trends properties physical

Verysimilar atomic radii good conductors ofheatandelectricity

increase in nuclearchargeoffsetbyaddition high melting point
ofelectronintothe inner 3dsublevel a high density Duetometallic
bonding
similar radii goodfor alloying high hardness malleability ductivity

similar IE acrosstheperiod Fe Co Neferromagnetic

zinc is not a transition metal chemical

orbital oxidation
 1 a
form a variety
of complexion's
VARIABLE OXIDATION STATES yay
form coloured compounds
the apparent charge of anatom in a molecule
or ion
variable because successive II Td otysiahtit Complex ions

all tmetals show 2 3 a central ion is surrounded by moleculesion's

Mstis morestable SceCr Matismorecommonafter which have a lone pain electrons ligands
of
MaxofMnis 7 which attach via coordinate bond
oxidation state 3 generallyshowcovalentcharacter ligand speciesthat useslonepain toform
higheroxidationstates haig oxidising agents coordinate bond with a metalion
Coordinationnumber 2 4 6 octahedral
CATALYSTS linear tetrahedral squareplanar
heterogenous Ddifferentstatethanreactants o monodentate us poly
dentate ligands EDTA I
formsveryweakbonds 4s 3d chelation

Surfacefor reactantmoleculestocometogether
behaveslike
incorrectorientation adsorbing o each
spinning electron a tinymagnet
e Fein HaberProcess ANi in alkenes alkanes Diamagnetism mostmaterials slightoppositionto mfield
PdPt in catalytic converters11V20 in contactprocess
homogenous D samestate as reactants Ferromagnetism FeIN co largeattraction
longrangeorderingofunpaved electrons
regenerated ironton's not ferromagnetic
Featin heme ligands high on seseries can causeelectronstofalldown
Usesabilitytoform
Costin vitamin B g g

3.2 COLOURED COMPLEXES

transition metals form coloured compounds visiblelight is absorbed nuclear charge identity
ofmetalion
pony piled d orbitals in in d
d orbitals are degenerate in isolated atom interact with 3d
electric field ofelectronrich ligand's cause dsub
shelltosplit chargedensity of Gand
3below 2above more stronglyattracted toion greatersplit
AE of gap corresponds to X in 400mm 70ohm Geometry
ofthecomplex
electron absorbs light of X to movefromlowerto upper orientation
oftheligands relative to
colour is complementary to colourabsorbed ion affectssize of split
g Oxidation stateof metalion
Means more d electrons sostronger interaction
 000

o8 bonding structure

atomsbondtogetherbecause ofdenialforces
involved
onlyvalenceelectronsare
Sand p electrons inthehighest energylevel

electronegativity
how easily an atom willattract a demon to
nonpolar
thenucleus covalent
Pcorvalent

go o g 3.3
X chi
explained by t atomicradius and
Zet
more X s morepolar strongerbonds t highbps

ionic bonding
due to electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions
electrons one atom to another to produce charged ions
are transferred from e.g LiBr Li BI't
cations and anions
solid's with Cathie structures under normal conditions
I IBI
follows the octet rule

Dmonatomic ionsD Dpolyatomic ion's covalently bonded molecule with net charge o
Fetiron il nitrate NO shabonate Hoz
Fest iron lil Sn'ttin N hydroxide OH carbonate 032 Phosphate Poy
Cut copper i Sn'ttin Il Cyanide on sulfate soya ammonium Nhut
cut copper p Agt silver

ionic compounds
I large numbers of t and ion's bonded together e.g Cat2 ca t t

to form a
neutral compound
I arragement in 3d ionic lattice
1 Coordination number number of opposite ions that surround agiven ion inthe lattice
NaCl GG Catz 8,4 hexagonally dosepacked

properties

high boiling point t meltingpoint

strongbonds require renergy

lotsof them
Tifton
strongbonds no
I Shifty
inpolar solvents attracted ton's arehydrated a
water surroundsthem

a electrical conductivity E brittleness

solid valenceelectrons boundtightly to anions force applied like charged ion's move
lag charged ion's free to move
molten alongside eachother repel
Shearing effect

covalent bonding
electrostatic
 1 ofvatan de
and the positive nuclei I nevercontain's ion's or metals usually
results in the formation
of independent molecules
for Lewis
STEPS electrondot structures BONDORDER
Octet satisfied valenceelectrons there all paved 1,2 3
hotbondssharedacross for resonance

Bond length strength

bond length distance betweenthe nuclei
oftwobonded atoms
in pm 10 m
shotebonds are stronger
bondenthalpy a measure
ofbondstrength energy required to
breakthe bond in KSmoi d

BOND polarity
0 when oneatom in a covalent bond has a higher t
it will hold theshared electronpaints morestrongly
D shared electrons are closer tothe more x atom creating a dipole I s
higher at morepolar

COORDINATE bonds
dative
bonds in which both electrons in a sharedpair originate

from the same atom

H É H Hot

INCOMPLETE OCTETS EXPANDED OCTETS

small atoms suchas BandBe canform stable hot atoms with d orbitals can form stable
molecules with fewerthan 8 v electrons molecules with 8valence electrons
Seen as electron deficient tendto form donebond XeFs SF found in period 3andbeyond
promotion ofelectronsinto d blockto
covalent structure create unpavedelectrons

POLARITYof molecules
POLAR molecules
oneend of molecule is monet otherendmove hasa netdipole moment
NONPOLAR molecules opposite ends ofmolecule are not t and dipole's canceleach other out Dasymmetrical distributor
ofcharge
DELOCALISED BONDS
monies it [Link] e
the
image es ig taaasubma
electrons from the double bond delocalise andspreadthemselves resonance hybrid
Cotto coz
Intermediate between
single t doublebonds in length strength

VSEPR D greater repulsion from lonepairs

electron
parsbondingpan's lonepairs shape
S
2 2 0 Q Ago Q Linear g g o go a trigonal
bi
pyramidal

Q Q
3 3 0 zoo
triangular planar
trigonalpyramidal
5 4 I
a Eggo joyg seesaw
SP
3 2 I a Vshaped
É
triangular
a 5 3 2 81 Q no Q go
Tshape
plan

1800 linear
 109.5 tetrahedra 55 2 33
Q
t a

4 Q
3 1 Q A1
1070 [Link]
6 6 o 8gig90 octahedral

Q 104.50 vshaped
4 2 2 6 5 1 81 890squarepyramid

4 I 3 6 4 2 81T 900 squareplanar

Ep 9
doggitiouse

graphene 3
good conductor onedelocativisd
bestthermaeconductor
yay yay
Crystalline
yay
lattice in which atoms arelinked togetherby h
covalent bonds macromolecularstructure non conductor no deloualised
forms of an went inthe samephysical state
maps sateen
Onand
thermal conductor to
vibration'seasy

03 hardestnaturalsubstance high
m.p
brittle
silicon tetrahedral hie diamond
diamond is stronger Si can semiconduct
badthermal
Sion Si to 40 strong insoluble delocalist soft t slippery brittle highm.p
o z 2g highmp nonconductor Coo sp 1070 closed cage
Semiconductor acceptselectronsto anion's
form
badthermal
a very lightand strong

covalent bonding butmake it✨ HL✨

FORMAL CHARGE

a measure of howthenumberofelectrons that belong

mm mm mm
molecules withsmallerformal charges are morestable
less charge transfertakesplace
D FC V YB L
high X can have 1

OZONE

i
lo o I
so s

901ofOzin atmo is in stratosphere

Oxygenus Ozone dissociation

242m
Ozg 00 g 0 g bondorder 2 enthalpy 49815mn

03cg 330ms
O g 02 g fast
OR 03cg 0 g 7 202cg slow exothermic bond order15 enthalpy 364kmoi

Ozoneabsorbs UVradiation 200nm x 315mm

UVB and UVC only 51 UVA
releases into
 I 1

Catalytic deconstruction ofozone

4459 car cg t a cg
s't 9cg Cl cg 03cg Ozcg lo lg
NOx cars Mj
NO g tyg
zoot 031g
10
NO cg 202cg q q logit 03cg 202cg Cccg
overall 203 302

MOLECULAR ORBITALS
Unpaved electrons shared in a covalentbond atomic orbital's overlap
6 bond d
direct endtoendaxial overlap
of
atomic orbital's sideways overlap ofatomicorbitals resulting
electron density concentrated between nuclei in electron density aboveandbelow theplane
eg s s ofHz s p of a ofthe nucleiofthebonding atoms
ppofCla weakerthan 6 bonds morevulnerable

HYBRIDISATION
the mixing of atomic orbitals withunequalenergies toform Ddifferentenergies shapesand
new hybrid orbitals of equal energies orientations

When covalentbonds form valence electrons can be excited

into higher energyorbitals to produce additional unpavedelectrons

Sp define as one s t
3p sp
tetrahedral triangular planar
more plike

sp linear

halogens don't hybridise

Intermolecular Forces
force
ofattraction betweenmolecules
hydrogen bonding Vande Waal's forces
force ofattraction between molecules that contain hydrogen atoms anyforcethatdoesnot involveion's bonds between
bonded to highly electronegative atoms O F N and molecules

8 or lonepairsin otheratoms 0 Dipole Dipole Foa between polarmolecules

allow water tobe liquid at roomtemperature 0Dipole induceddipole Foabetweenpolarandnonpolarmolecule
makes solid tho move dense areaof charge polarmolecule shiftingelectrons
Occur within large biomoleculesthatdetermine shape 0London dispersionforces Foabetween
all atoms molecules
inc nonpolarmolecules

as inromoumatrees growstronger diss instaneous dipole i randommovement

MP BP increases e.g Iodine

sigh in mindor
cyclohexane inducesdipole electronshift
atomic
 M g 1
Large molecules with small polarregion notverysoluble
unlike a dipoleinteraction'stoostrongtoovercome

Metallic bonding
of positive ions attracted to delocalised electrons
lattice bond mmmmm
valence electrons are held loosely
strength increases as malleable ductile bondsarenon directional
layersofionscanslide

charge of cation's t high meeting points strong bonds

mn
a shiny lustrous free electrons reflectlight
ALLOYS
homogenous mixture created byadding a metal orcarbon less malleablebutstronger morebrittle
to another metal in molten state D higher boiling points
Changes packing structure chemically stable
resistant to corrosion
 i'ERGETICS
IIXi
É idk a

5 1 MEASURING ENERGY CHANGES

some key concepts
heat q is a transferofenergy Internal Energy O total energy theparticle's
of
temperature K is a measure ofthe average that make up matter
Kiichienergyoftheparticles ET t Ep
totalenergy is conserved in reachon
SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY
q M c AT
energy in J required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance byIoc
Ent
total potentialenergy stored between the bonds of a substance
AH standard enthalpy
energy change per mole oflimiting reactantfor a reachon at
[Link]
exothermic AH o and heatis released to surroundings
endothermic AH o and heat is gained from surroundings lightning
I bolt
CALORIMETRY
Issues t sourceforerror bomb calorimena
heatloss to surrounding's Improvements am
incomplete reactions
assumption's in calculation's standard state Zap
AHreaction
5.2 HESS LAW
theenthalpy change for a reaction that is carried out in REACTANTS
FRODO
a series of steps is equal to the sumoftheenthalpy A
changes for the individual steps AH's
Antoine IAH'stens Ecements
Attreachon
AH03 AH
STANDARD ENTHALPIES OF
CombustionAtlee enthalpychange forthe complete combustion
of
conditions
onemole of fuel in it'sstandardstate
excess
of Oa and under standard

formation AHof enthalpy change for the formationof one mole of a substance from its elements in their
standard States understandardconditions
Attraction IAH products IAH'reactants
AHof 02 Bre th etc O

5 3 BOND ENTHALPIES
o bondformation Exothermic separation ofparticleswhichareheldtogetherby FOA
D bond breaking Endothermic bringing together particleswhichhave FOA betweenthem
 I
energy needed to break one mole of
bonds in gaseous molecules inaccuracy due to
understandard conditions
averaged oversimilar compounds average
H2O HOt O HOT H 0 take mean ofboth notspecificto compound
depends on neighbouringatoms

OZONE

E OEIL I
E and one mole photons needed to break 0 0 bond
242mm 330mm

t 242
02 Oo t 0 endo
O 02 7 03 exo CHAPMANCYCLE
Oz O On endo
V
03 0 202 exo provides heat forthe stratosphere
15.1 ENERGYCYCLES
DEFINITIONS
AH O minimum energy required to remove onemole electrons fromonemoleofatoms in the gaseous state
of
AHeo energychange whenone mole ofgaseous electrons is added to one mole gaseous atoms of
AHatom minimumenergy required to form onemoleofgaseous atoms from its elements in theirstandard states
AHcat energy change that occurs when one mole of
solid ionic compound is separatedintogaseousions standard
energy change whenonemoleofa soluteis dissolved in a solvent to infinitedilution understandard
conditions298k latm

I hid energychangewhen onemore gaseous ions is of

dissolved
toform aninfinitelydilute solution
ofonemoleof
ageousions at 298k latm
energy or enthalpy

BORN HABER CYCLE

gaseous ions

gaseousions
Atti
Althyd AHat

h Atl
atom AHlat
3 ageous
ion's solidions
Atf
compound s Attsol

AHf AHatom Atti Atle AHlat Attsol Athat Atthyy

depends on
ionicradius depends on ionicradius sizeofcharge
[Link] size charge moresignificant tocharge density
of

15.2ENTROPY SPONTANEITY
ENTROPY

S refers tothe distribution ofavailable energyamongtheparticle'sof a substance themore

waysofenergy
distribution
measure disorder thesystem
 g pg
NTas i as nomoles or temperature increases entropyincreases
Jk moi
absolute so of a substance at standard conditions
gas liquidsolid moreordered
entropy
Ast reaction EASE
products EAS reactants

SECONDLAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
AStotal ASsystem ASsurrounding's ASsystem 30
change that occurs withouttheneed
AG AHsystem TAS system 0 forspontaneouschange to do work It proceeds withoutthe
measuresthequality
oftheenergyavailable in a systemKfmot addition
ofenergy beyondthatrequired
negativefor spontaneous change to overcome Ea
selfsustaining doesnot requireexternalenergy
free energy is released systemmovesto morestablestate Lowtemp TASto go AG at
entropytotal increases HightempTASDAHso AGETAS
AGOreaction ZAGproducts ZAGreactants

EQUILIBRIA
AG 30 AG AG 3
ant becc ad
s 44 5 [Link] ag4Iga
gives
4,4
COLLISION THEORY RATES OF REACTION

RATE OFREACTION is the increase in concentration

ofproducts per unit time rate HE
Moldm3s1

P
tangents to determine rare at a giveninstant

y
MEASURING RATE OF REACTION

change in volume of gas produced over time gas syringe

change in mass of reactants gas evolved
change in transmission
of light absorption of a specific x colorimety
Change in concentration titrationand quenching
Change inCon Conductivity conductivity meter
dockreachon's time taken to reachfixedpoint in reaction

COLLISION THEORY

for a successful collision particle's must collide with

Sufficient Eic to overcome repulsive forces
the corrent geometry and orientation

TEMPERATURE inKelvin proportional tothe ET of particles in substance

Xt
minimum value for kinetic energy which pande's must
have for a successful collision in o to react

Maxwell Boltzmanndistributioncurve j Itt

GEOMETRY

a random movement effective collision

FACTORS AFFECTING RATEOF REACTION

TEMPERATURE PARTICLE SIZE Catalysts
higher Ek greater collisionfrequency closer morepoems surface area heterogenous substance that increases
higher E greaterproportion have oh of move away ng therateof a chemical
Ek Ea colliding Meg Man y reaction withoutitself

ratedouses to at undergoingpermanentchemical
moresuccessful collisions change
second lowers Ea alternativeroute
per
t
 1

RATE EXPRESSION REACTION MECHANISM

forreaction AtB products rate KA B

Oderived experimentally view mathematically how rate changes as concentration does

Orders of reaction wrt Ca n wnt BIM m Total ntm

n n
thirdorder k most
moi'd
I
ran s

1 829 gigot'd

zeroorder K moldm s i

time CAT
t first orderreactions have a constant half life
proof by comparing three halflives halflifeoffirstorderreactionis
independent
ofinitial E
REACTION MECHANISM
Most chemical reaction's occur in a series of simple steps in which
painiles interact according to collisiontheory
Elementary steps individual step in a reaction mechanism
inductively discovered from experimental data
Intermediates products in one step that are used in anotherstep not included in overall reaction

UNIMOLECULAR A Products rate KEA

Bi MOLECULAR 2A products rate KCA A B products rate KALB
TER Molecum

Wh

É sloweststep highest Ea
gintomed determine's overall rate of
reaction

ACTIVATION ENERGY
Moo

K Ae EeT 8431
Jmovik l
constant I
unitsdepend Arrhenius constant
onorder takesintoaccount
collisionsIgniting
sions
of
probability collision

correctgeometry
w
the frequency
of collisiongegonehyy minimumenergy requirements
 tummy
Ink FEtina c In Eg t t
noonits
 OMOLOGOUS SERIES
same gen formula or
alkyl alkane
consecutivemembersdifferbysame structural unit or
alkenyl alkene Cec
oralkenyl alkyne
gradation in physical properties or hydroxyl atcha o t
orether ether o
orcarbonyl ketone aldehyde co
c ti't In n c ng c
esters
or carboxylETboxylic coon
cored90
t oramine amine in S needfor
representation it matters orcarboxamide amide 1 in RATEof no polarity't'd
st
g inspire

is
ornitrite altechnigac's
y y nitrite can

stagnation cemanoud

m freetadical su htnonD Ntl iii

Alkanes initiation propoganontermination
HALOGENOALKANes
SOMERISM D Structural Chain A
a 2 30 H ALKANE heteroynifssion
cast a text x

is ii
plosinonfunchonalgroup o

Creo cast a c
alkanes
mn innomed
OH
Matane

is i
iii already ten
conformational j
notationaboutobonas

figuraninal mmmm t
monotony's beating aye D ALKANES e

ÉÉ
armingbonds
It 3 ALCOHOL
I
pp I
optical s
electrophilicaddition
ans Elz acutterent my

is
atomsor e9
I II HE em
groups

attain I
cis 2 Denannomer s
fyi HzOcg conc He504 10ALCOHOL 2 ALCOHOL
mirrorimagesof hymn a LiALH4 NaBH4
rotateplatepolarised
[Link]
attendant
physproperties É i
alcoholtacidesto
notmirrorimage's at catalyst
differentchiralcenters
off ÉÉÉ É jot esterification hydrolysis
I H2O
tenannomiseauacon
ALDEHYDES basecatalysed
qÉÉÉ hydrolysis forms
É jÉj ESTERS
1200 E R Coo Re food flavouring's
pyo
MjgCbelow gig É
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v e t
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
chemical
evidence of benzene
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