CLERK, STENOGRAPHER,

COURT READER

fcgkj flfoy dksVZ

Hkkx & 1

lkekU; fgUnh ,oa vaxzsth

 BIHAR - CLERK
Ø-la- v/;k; i`"B la-
fgUnh
1. 1
2. 3
3. 4
4. 20
5. 26
6. 27
7. 32
8. 35
9. 38
10. 41
11. 44
12. 48
13. 51
14. 62
15. 68
16. 78
17. 81
18. 87
19. 93
20. 96
21. 102
22. 116
23. 121
24. 131
 ENGLISH
1. Parts of Speech
 Noun 138

 Pronoun 144

 Adjective 150

 Adverb 155

 Verb 162

 Conjunction 168

 Preposition 174
2. Articles 192
3. Time & Tense 196
4. Voice 201
5. Vocabulary
 One Word Substitution 205

 Idioms & Phrases 207

 Antonyms and Synonyms 209

 Spelling Correction 211

6. Fill in The Blanks 213
7. Sentence Improvements 220
8. Shuffling of Sentences and Words 226

9. Spotting Error 240

10. Precis – Writing 248
11. Essay 262
12. Letter Writing 283
13. Comprehension Passage 296
 laKk 3- Hkkookpd laKk & ftl laKk “kCn esa izkf.k;ksa ;k oLrqvksa
ds xq.k] /keZ] n”kk] dk;Z] euksHkko] vkfn dk cks/k gks
ifjHkk’kk mls Hkkookpd laKk dgrs gSaA
 fdlh [Link]] LFkku] oLrq rFkk Hkko ds uke dk cks/k
 izk;% xq.k&nks’k] voLFkk] O;kikj] vewrZ Hkko rFkk
djkus okys “kCn laKk dgykrh gaSA
fØ;k Hkkookpd laKk ds vUrxZr vkrs gaSA
 lk/kkj.k “kCnksa esa uke dks gh laKk dgrs gSA
 Hkkookpd laKk dh jpuk eq[;r% ik¡p izdkj ds
 tSls & vt; us t;iqj ds gokegy dh laqnjrk “kCnksa ls gksrh gaSA
ns[khA 1- tkfrokpd laKk ls
 vt; ,d O;fDr gS] t;iqj LFkku dk uke gS] 2- loZuke ls
gokegy oLrq dk uke gSA 3- fo”ks’k.k ls
4- fØ;k ls
laKk ds Hksn & 5- vO;; ls
laKk ds eq[;r% rhu Hksn gS &
laKk tkfrokpd laKk ls cus Hkkookpd laKk “kCn
tkfrokpd laKk Hkkookpd laKk
cPpk cpiu
f”k”kq “kS”ko
O;fDrokpd tkfrokpd Hkkookpd bZ”oj ,s”o;Z
fon~oku fon~ork
O;fDr O;fDrRo
fe= fe=rk
lewg okpd nzO; okpd ca/kq ca/kqRo
i”kq i”kqrk
1- O;fDrokpd laKk & ftl laKk “kCn ls ,d gh O;fDr] cw<+k cq<kik
oLrq] LFkku ds uke dk cks/k gks mls O;fDrokpd laKk iq:’k iq:’kRo
dgrs gSaA nkuo nkuork
balku balkfu;r
 O;fDrokpd laKk fo”ks’k dk cks/k djkrh gS lkekU; lrh lrhRo
dk ughA yM+dk yM+diu
 O;fDrokpd laKk esa O;fDr;ksa] ns”kksa] “kgjks]a ufn;ks]a vkneh vknfe;r
ioZrksa] R;ksgkjksa] iqLrdkas] fn”kkvks] lekpkj&i=ksa] lTtu lTturk
fnu] eghuksa ds uke vkrs gSaA xq# xkSjo
pksj pksjh
2- tkfrokpd laKk & ftl laKk “kCn ls fdlh tkfr
Bx Bxh
ds lai.w kZ izkf.k;ksa] oLrqvkas] LFkkuksa vkfn dk cks/k
gksrk gS] mls tkfrokpd laKk dgrs gaSA fo'ks"k.k ls cus Hkkookpd laKk “kCn
izk;% tkfrokpd oLrqvksa] i”kq&if{k;ksa] Qy&Qwy] fo'ks"k.k Hkkookpd laKk
/kkrqvkas] O;olk; laca/kh O;fDr;ks]a uxj] “kgj] xk¡o] cgqr cgqrk;r
ifjokj] HkhM+ tSls lewgokph “kCnksa ds uke vkrs gSaA U;wu U;wurk
O;fDrokpd laKk tkfrokpd laKk dBksj dBksjrk
iz”kkUr egklkxj egklkxj ohj ohjrk
Hkkjr] jktLFkku ns”k] jkT; fo/kok oS/kO;
jkepUnz “kqDy] bfrgkldkj] dfo ew[kZ ew[kZrk
egkohj f}osnh pkykd pkykdh
fuiq.k [Link]
jkek;.k] _Xosn xazFk] osn
f”k’V f”k"Vrk
vt; dh HkSal Hknkojh] eqjkZ xeZ xehZ
guqekux<] uksgj ftyk] mi[k.M Å¡pk Å¡pkbZ
xzk.M Vªad jksM+ jksM+] lM+d vkylh vkyL;
1
 uez uezrk 1- leqnk;okpd laKk & ,sls laKk “kCn tks fdlh
lgk;d lgk;rk lewg dh fLFkfr dks crkrs gaSA leqnk; okpd laKk
cqjk cqjkbZ dgykrs gSaA tSls & lHkk] HkhM+] <sj] [Link]] lsuk]
prqj prqjkbZ d{kk] tqywl] ifjokj] xqPNk] tRFkk] ny vkfnA
eksVk eksVkik
“kwj “kkS;Z@”kwjr 2- nzO; okpd laKk & fdlh nzO; ;k inkFkZ dk cks/k
LoLFk LokLF; djkus okys “kCnksa dks nzO;okpd laKk dgrs gSaA
ljy ljyrk tSls & nw/k] ?kh] rsy] yksgk] lksuk] iRFkj]
ehBk feBkl vkWDlhtu] ikjk] pk¡nh] ikuh vkfnA
vko”;d vko”;drk uksV & tkfrokpd laKk dk dksbZ “kCn ;fn okD;
fucZy fucZyrk iz;ksx esa fdlh O;fDr ds uke dks izdV djus yxs
gjk gfj;kyh rks ogk¡ O;fDrokpd laKk ekuh tkrh gSA
dkyk dkykiu@dkfyek
vktkn & Hkkjr dh Lora=rk esa pUnz”ks[kj vktkn us
NksVk NqViu
nq’V nq’Vrk egÙk ;ksxnku fn;k FkkA
ljnkj & ljnkj oYyHk HkkbZ iVsy us Hkkjr dks
fØ;k ls cusa Hkkookpd laKk “kCn tksM+usa dh [Link] Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ FkhA
fØ;k Hkkookpd laKk xk¡/kh & xk¡/khth us vlg;ksx vkanksyu dks “kq:
fcduk fcØh fd;k FkkA
fxjuk fxjkoV
Fkduk FkdkoV  vksdkjkUr cgqopu esa fy[kk fo”ks’k.k “kCn
gkjuk gkj fo”ks’k.k u ekudj tkfrokpd laKk “kCn ekuk
Hkwyuk Hkwy tkrk gSA
igpkuuk igpku tSls &
[ksyuk [ksy xjhc xjhcksa
ltkuk ltkoV cM+k cM+ksa
fy[kuk fy[kkoV vehj vehjksa
teuk teko
i<+uk i<+kbZ
galuk g¡lh
Hkwyuk Hkwy
mM+uk ÅM+ku
vO;; ls cusa Hkkookpd laKk “kCn
vO;; Hkkookpd laKk
mij mijh
lehi lkehI;
nwj nwjh
f/kd~ f/kDdkj
fudV fudVrk
“kh?kz “kh?kzrk
euk eukgh
 ^vu^ izR;; ls tqMa+s “kCn Hkkoopkd laKk “kCn
ekus tkrs gSaA
tSls & O;kdj.k fo $ vk $ d` $ vu
dkj.k d` $ vu
 dqN fo}kukas us laKk ds nks vU; Hksn Hkh Lohdkj
fd;s gaSA

2
 tSls & dksbZ
loZuke  lthork ds fy, & ^dksbZ^ dk iz;ksx
ifjHkk’kk & Hkk’kk essa lqanjrk] laf{kIrrk] ,oa iqu#fDr nks’k futhZork ds fy, & ^dqN^ dk iz;ksx
ls cpus ds fy, laKk ds LFkku ij ftl “kCn dk iz;ksx  jeu dks dksbZ cqyk jgk gSA
fd;k tkrk gS] og loZuke dgykrk gSA  nw/k es dqN fxjk gSA
 loZuke “kCn loZ $ uke ds ;ksx ls cuk gS ftldk
vFkZ gS & lc dk ukeA 4- laca/kokpd loZuke & nks miokD;kas ds chp vkdj
 lHkh laKkvksa ds LFkku ij iz;qDr gksus okys “kCn loZuke dk laca/k nwljs miokD; ds lkFk n”kkZus
loZuke dgykrs gSaA loZuke ds iz;ksx ls okD; esa okys loZuke laca/kokpd loZuke dgykrs gSaA
lgtrk vk tkrh gSA tSls & ftldh ykBh mldh HkSalA
tSls & vej vkt fo|ky; ugha vk;k D;ksfa d og tks esgur djsxk oks lQy gksxkA
vtesj x;k gSA 5- iz'uokpd loZuke & ftl loZuke “kCn dk iz;ksx
 laKk ds LFkku ij iz;qDr gksus okys “kCn loZuke iz”u iwNus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSa og iz”uokpd
dgykrs gSaA loZuke dgykrk gSA
tSls & ogk¡ xfy;kjs ls gksdj dkSu tk jgk Fkk \
loZuke ds Hksn & loZuke ds dqy 06 Hksn gSa dy rqEgkjs ikl fdldk i= vk;k Fkk \
1- iq#’kokpd
2- fu”p; okpd 6- futokpd loZuke & ,sls loZuke 'kCn ftldk iz;ksx
3- vfu”p; okpd Lo;a ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS] futokpd loZuke
4- lac/a k okpd dgykrs gSaA
5- iz”u okpd tSls & vki] Lo;a] [kqnA
6- futokpd tSls & eSa vius vki pyk tkšxkA
1- iq#’kokpd loZuke & os loZuke “kCn ftldk iz;ksx loZuke esa vki “kCn dk iz;ksx fofHkUu loZukeksa esa
oDrk] Jksrk] vU; rhljk ¼dgusa okyk] lquus okyk] fd;k tkrk gS ftldk lgh iz;ksx fuEu rjhdkas ls
vU;½ ftlds fy, dgk tk,] ds fy, iz;qDr gksus tkuk tk ldrk gSA
okys “kCn iq#’kokpd loZuke dgykrs gSaA (i) vxj ^vki^ “kCn dk iz;ksx ^rqe^ “kCn ds :i esa
fd;k tkrk gS rks & e/;e iq#’k okpd loZuke
iq#’kokpd loZuke dks Hkh rhu Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gS
gksxkA
iq#’kokpd loZuke (ii) ^vki^ “kCn dk iz;ksx Lo;a ds vFkZ esa gksus ij
& futokpd loZuke gksxkA
(iii) vki “kCn dk iz;ksx fdlh vU; O;fDr esa ifjp;
djokus ds fy, iz;qDr gks rks okD; esa vU;
mÙke iq#’k e/;e iq#’k vU; iq#’k iq#’k okpd loZuke gksxkA

(i) mÙke iq#’k & cksyus okyk @ fy[kus okyk

tSls & eSa] ge] ge lcA
(ii) e/;e iq#’k & Jksrk@lqquus okyk
tSls & rw] rqe] vki] vki lcA
(iii) vU; iq#’k & cksyus okyk o lquus okyk ftl
O;fDr ;k rhljs ds ckjsa esa ckr djsa og vU;
iq#’kokpd loZuke dgykrk gSA
tSls & ;g] og] ;s] os] vkiA
2- fu'p; okpd loZuke & os loZuke “kCn tks ikl ;k
nwj fLFkr O;fDr ;k inkFkZ dh vksj fuf”prrk dk
cks/k djkrs gSaA os fu”p; okpd loZuke dgykrs gSaA
ikl dh oLrq ds fy, & ;g
nwj dh oLrq ds fy, & og
3- vfu'p;okpd loZuke & os loZuke “kCn ftlls
fdlh O;fDr ;k oLrq ds ckjas esa fu”prrk dk cks/k
ugha gksrk gSaA vfu”p;okpd loZuke dgykrs gSaA
3
 fd'kksjhnkl oktis;h ds vuqlkj
laf/k tc nks ;k nks ls vf/kd [Link] ikl&ikl vkrs gSa rks
laf/k dk vFkZ&feyku dHkh&dHkh mlesa :ikUrj vk tkrk gS og laf/k dgykrh
gSA
laf/k dh ifjHkk"kk
laf/k foPNsn
 nks ;k nks ls vf/kd [Link] ds esy ls tks fodkj mRiUu
gksrk gS og laf/k dgykrk gS vFkkZr~ tc nks /ofu;k¡  [Link] ds esy ls mRiUu /ofu ifjorZu dks gh laf/k
vkil esa feyrh gS rks mlesa :ikUrj vk tkrk gS] dgrs gSA [Link]:i mPpkj.k ,oa ys[ku nksuksa gh
rc laf/k dgykrh gSA Lrjksa ij vius ewy :i ls fHkUurk vk tkrh gSA vr%
tSls & [Link]@/ofu dks iqu% ewy :i esa ykuk gh laf/k foPNsn
izR;sd & izfr $ ,d dgykrk gSA
fo|ky; & fo|k $ vky; tSls&
txnh”k & txr $ bZ”k [Link] $ esy = laf/k ;qDr “kCn
vk”khokZn & vk”kh% $ okn jek $ bZ”k = jes”k
vk $ bZ = ,
laf/k dh ifjHkk"kk  ;gk¡ ¼vk $ bZ½ nks [Link] ds esy ls fodkj Lo:i ^,*
dkerk izlkn ds vuqlkj /ofu mRiUu gqbZ vkSj laf/k dk tUe gqvkA
nks fufnZ"V v{kjkas ds ikl&ikl vkus ds dkj.k muds esy laf/k foPNsn ds fy, iqu% ewy :i esa fy[kuk pkfg,A
ls fodkj gksrk gS] mls laf/k dgrs gSA tSls&
“kqHk $ vkxeu & “kqHkkxeu
lr~ $ vkpj.k & lnkpj.k
fu% $ bZ”oj & fujh”oj

laf/k ds Hksn
Loj laf/k O;atu laf/k folxZ laf/k
¼Loj $ Loj dk esy½ Loj $ O;atu  ifj $ Nsn ¼b $ N½ folxZ $ Loj  eu% $ vfojke ¼% $ v½
egk $ vkRek ¼vk $ vk½ O;atu $ Loj  fnd~ $ vEcj ¼d~ $ v½ folxZ $ O;atu  ri% $ ou ¼% $ o~½
O;atu $ O;atu  lr~ $ [Link] ¼r~ $ o~½

1- Loj laf/k
Loj ls Loj dk tc esy gksrk gS rks mlesa fo”ks"k
(i) nh?kZ laf/k
fodkj dh fLFkfr ds mRiUu gksusa dks gh Loj laf/k  bl laf/k esa nks leku Loj feydj nh?kZ gks tkrs
dgk tkrk gSA gSA
tSls& fo|kFkhZ & fo|k $ vFkhZ  ;fn v] vk] b] bZ] m] Å] _] ds ckn os gh
vk $ v = vk ¼vFkkZr~ leku½ y?kq ;k nh?kZ Loj vk tk;sa rks
nksuksa feydj vk] bZ] Å] _` gks tkrs gSaA
Loj laf/k ds eq[;r% ik¡p Hksn gksrs gS& ¼v $ v = vk½
Loj laf/k ds Hksn

nh?kZ laf/k xq.k laf/k o`f) laf/k ;.k laf/k v;kfn laf/k

4
v $ v = vk ¼i½ ;qx $ vUrj = ;qxkUrj ¼ii½ Lo $ vFkZ = LokFkZ
;qx~ v $ vUrj Lo~ v $ vFkZ
;qxkUrj
;qx~ vk Urj vk
;qx~ v $ vUrj Lo~ vk FkZ
;qx $ vUrj LokFkZ
v $ vk = vk ¼i½ fge $ vky; = fgeky; ¼ii½ xeu $ vkxeu = xeukxeu
fge~ v $ vk y; xeu~ v $ vkxeu

vk vk
fge~ vk y; xeu~ vk xeu
fgeky; xeuk xeu
vk $ v = vk ¼i½ rFkk $ vfi = rFkkfi ¼ii½ egk $ vekR; = egkekR;
rFk~ vk $ v fi eg~ vk $ vekR;

vk vk
r Fk~ vk fi e g~ vk ekR;
rFkkfi egkekR;
vk $ vk = vk ¼i½ izj.s kk $ vkLin = [Link] ¼ii½ fpfdRlk $ vky; = fpfdRlky;
iszj.k~ vk $ vk Lin fpfdRl~ vk $ vky;

vk vk
iszj.k~ vk Lin fpfdRl~ vk y;
[Link] fpfdRlky;
b $ b = bZ ¼i½ vfr $ bo = vrho ¼ii½ dfo $ bUnz = dohUnz
vr~ $ bo d o~ b $ bUnz

bZ bZ
vr~ $ bZ o d o~ bZ Unz
vrho dohUnz
b $ bZ = bZ izfr $ bZ{kk = izrh{kk
izr~ b $ bZ{kk

bZ
iz r~ bZ {kk
izrh{kk (PSI - 2018)
bZ $ b = bZ egh $ bZUnz = eghUnz
eg~ bZ $ bZUnz

bZ
eg~ bZ Unz
eghUnz
bZ $ bZ = bZ ukjh $ bZ”oj = ukjh”oj
uk j~ bZ $ bZ”oj

ukj~ bZ “oj
ukjh”oj
m$m=Å xq: $ mins”k = xq:ins”k
xqj~ m $ mins”k

5
 xqj~ $ Å ins”k
xq:ins”k (1st grade – 2020)
m$Å=Å y?kq $ ÅfeZ = y?kwfeZ
y ?k~ m $ ÅfeZ

Å
y?k~ Å feZ
y?kwfeZ
Å$Å=Å lj;w $ ÅfeZ = lj;wfeZ
lj;~ Å $ ÅfeZ

Å
lj;~ m feZ
lj;wfeZ
_ $ _ = _` fir` $ _.k = fir`.k
fir~ _` $ _.k

_`
fir~ _` .k
fir``.k

uksV & ,sls _ okyh laf/k;ks ls cus nh?kZ _` okys “kCn fgUnh esa izpfyr ugh gSA
nh?kZ laf/k ds mnkgj.k
vUukHkko & vUu $ vHkko v $ v = vk ije $ vFkZ = ijekFkZ (RAS - 1994)
Hkkstuky; & Hkkstu $ vky; v $ vk = vk
fo|kFkhZ & fo|k $ vFkhZ vk $ v = vk
egkRek & egk $ vkRek vk $ vk = vk (REET – 2018)
fxjhUnz & fxfj $ bUnz b $ b = bZ
eghUnz & egh $ bUnz bZ $ b = bZ
fxjh”k & fxfj $ bZ”k b $ bZ = bZ
jtuh”k & jtuh $ bZ”k bZ $ bZ = bZ jfo $ bUnz = johUnz (RAS ijh{kk)
Hkkuwn; & Hkkuq $ mn; m$m=Å equh $ bUnz = equhUnz (RAS ijh{kk)
o/kwRlo & o/kw $ mRlo Å$m=Å vfHkIlk = vfHk $ bZIlk (SI ijh{kk)
jkekorkj & jke $ vorkj v $ v = vk Hk; $ vkØkar = Hk;Økar (SI-2018)
lR;kFkhZ & lR; $ vFkhZ v $ v = vk Lusg $ vkfo’V = Lusgkfo’V (SI ijh{kk)
jkek;.k & jke $ v;u v $ v = vk
/kekZ/keZ & /keZ $ v/keZ v $ v = vk
ijk/khu & ij $ v/khu v $ v = vk
[Link]{k & [Link] $ v{k v $ v = vk
nSR;kfj & nSR; $ vfj v $ v = vk
“krkCnh & “kr $ vCnh v $ v = vk
/kekZFkZ & /keZ $ vFkZ v $ v = vk
eqjkfj & eqj $ vfj v $ v = vk

6
uhykEcj & uhy $ vEcj v $ v = vk
ijekFkZ & ije $ vFkZ v $ v = vk
:nzk{k & #nz $ v{k v $ v = vk
Lok/khu & Lo $ v/khu v $ v = vk
xhrktayh & xhr $ vatyh v $ v = vk (RAS ijh{kk)
nhikoyh & nhi $ voyh v $ v = vk
izkFkhZ & iz $ vFkhZ v $ v = vk
fNnzkUos"kh & fNnz $ vUos"kh v $ v = vk
ewY;kadu & ewY; $ vadu v $ v = vk
vUR;k{kjh & vaR; $ v{kjh v $ v = vk
lkis{k & l $ vis{k v $ v = vk
vHk;kj.; & vHk; $ vj.; v $ v = vk
lR;kFkhZ & lR; $ vFkhZ v $ v = vk
ukjk;.k & ukj $ v;u v $ v = vk daVd $ [Link] = [Link] (SI-2018)
ijekRek & ije $ vkREkk v $ vk = vk
inkofy & in $ vofy v $ vk = vk
jRukdj & jRu $ vkdj v $ vk = vk
fuxekxeu & fuxe $ vkxeu v $ vk = vk
in~ekdj & in~e $ vkdj v $ vk = vk
“[Link] & “kj.k $ vkxr v $ vk = vk
lR;kxzg & lR; $ vkxzg v $ vk = vk
fo|k/;;u & fo|k $ v/;;u vk $ v = vk
ijh{kkFkhZ & ijh{kk $ vFkhZ vk $ v = vk
js[kkafdr & js[kk $ vafdr vk $ v = vk
eqDrkoyh & eqDrk $ voyh vk $ v = vk
nkokuy & nkok $ vuy vk $ v = vk
rFkkfi & rFkk $ vfi vk $ v = vk
egk”k; & egk $ vk”k; vk $ vk = vk (RAS ijh{kk)
nzk{kklo & nzk{kk $ vklo vk $ vk = vk
fo|ky; & fo|k $ vky; vk $ vk = vk
egkRek & egk $ vkRek vk $ vk = vk (REET-2018)
[Link] & [Link] $ vkLin vk $ vk = vk nd
(2 grade - 2016)
dohUnz & dfo $ bUnz b $ b = bZ
vfro & vfr $ bo b $ b = bZ
vHkh"V & vfHk $ b"V b $ b = bZ
vrhr & vfr $ br b $ bZ = bZ
eghUnz & egh $ bUnz bZ $ b = bZ
egrhPNk & egrh $ bPNk bZ $ b = bZ

7
 dih”k & dfi $ bZ”k bZ $ b = bZ
izrh{kk & izfr $ bZ{kk bZ $ b = bZ
v/kh{k.k & vf/k $ b{k.k bZ $ b = bZ
vHkhIlk & vfHk $ bIlk bZ $ b = bZ
ukjh”oj & ukjh $ bZ”oj bZ $ bZ = bZ izfr $ bZ{kk = izrh{kk (SI ijh{kk)
lrh”k & lrh $ bZ”k bZ $ bZ = bZ
y?kwÙke & y?kq $ mÙke m$m=Å
lwfDr & lq $ mfDr m$m=Å
vuwfnr & vuq $ mfnr m$m=Å
xq:ins”k & xq# $ mins”k m$m=Å (1st Grade 2020)
Hkkuwn; & Hkkuq $ mn; m$m=Å (SI ijh{kk 1996)
fla/kwfeZ & fla/kq $ ÅfeZ m$Å=Å
HkkuwtkZ & Hkkuq $ ÅtkZ m$Å=Å
o/kwRlo & o/kw $ mRlo Å$m=Å
pewÙke & pew $ mÙke Å$m=Å
ekr`.k & ekr` $ _.k _ $ _ = _`
& gksr` $ _dkj _ $ _ = _`

nh?kZ laf/k dh igpku xq.k laf/k dks le>kus dk rjhdk

nh?kZ laf/k ;qDr “kCnksa esa vf/kdka”kr vk] bZ] Å dh ek=k,¡
¼k] h] w ½ vkrh gS vkSj budk foPNsn bUgh ek=kvksa ls fd;k v$b=, xt $ bUnz = xtsUnz
tkrk gSA tSls & fo|ky; & fo|k $ vky; xt~ v $ bUnz

viokn ,
“kd $ vU/kq = “kdU/kq ewly $ /kkj = ewlyk/kkj xt~ ,s Unz
ddZ $ vU/kq = ddZU/kq eul~ $ bZ’kk = euh’kk xtsUnz
fo”o $ fe= = fo”okfe= ;qou~ $ voLFkk = ;qokoLFkk
uj $ bUnz = ujsUnz
(ii) xq.k laf/k
uj~ v b Unz
 tc v] vk ds ckn b] bZ vk, rc nksuksa feydj
^,* gks tkrs gSA
,
tSls& nsoUs nz & nso $ bUnz ¼v $ b = ,½
Ukj~ , Unz
 v] vk ds ckn m] Å vk, rks nksuksa feydj *vks* ujsUnz
gks tkrs gSaA
v $ m = vks ij $ midkj = ijksidkj
tSls& ohjksfpr & ohj $ mfpr ¼v $ m = vks½
ij~ v $ midkj
 v] vk ds ckn _] _` vk, rks nksuksa feydj
vj~ gks tkrs gSaA
vks
tSls&egÆ"k&egk $ _f"k ¼vk $ _ = vj½
ij~ vks i dkj
xq.k laf/k dh igpku ijksidkj
xq.k laf/k ;qDr “kCnksa esa vf/kdka”kr ,] vks dh ek=k,¡ vk $ Å = vks xaxk $ ÅfeZ = xaxksfeZ
¼ s] ks½ ;k j~ vkrk gS ¼ Z ½ vkSj budk foPNsn bUgha xax~ vk $ mfeZ
ek=kvksa ls fd;k tkrk gSA
vks

8
vaxzsth
 3. dqN ‘kCn tSls& Committee, Audience,
NOUN (laKk) Police, team, mob (HkhM) ns[kus esa Singular
 fdlh O;fDr] oLrq] LFkku] xq.k] dk;Z ;k voLFkk yxrs gS but vFkZ esa Plural gksrs gS A
ds uke dks Noun dgrs gSS A 4. dqN Noun dk Use Singular form esa fd;k
 ;g ik¡p izdkj dh gksrh gS %& tkrk gS] ;s Uncountable Noun gksrs gS A
1. Proper Noun ¼O;fDRkokpd laKk½  tc Such as - Scenery, Furniture, information,
O;fDRk] oLrq ;k LFkku ds uke dk cks/k gks A advice, poetry, luggage, luck, language,
Eg:- Ram, Delhi, Gita etc. business, knowledge, money, Jewelry.
Eg:-
2. Common Noun ¼tkfrokpd laKk½  tc
He gave me information’s (information).
,d oxZ vFkok tkfr ds O;fDRk ;k oLrq dk
I like Shakespeare’s poetries (Poetry).
cks/k gks A
Eg:- King, Boy, City, Girl etc. 5. dqN Noun Singular o Plural nksuksa esa Use gksrs
gS A
3. Collective Noun ¼lewgokpd laKk½  tc Such as –
lewg dk cks/k gks gS A Dear, Fish, Crew, Family, team, counsel
Eg:- (ijke’kZ)
Team, Herd, Committee, Army etc.
6. ;fn fdlh Noun ls iwoZ Preposition vkrk gS rks
4. Material Noun ¼nzO;okpd laKk½  tc og Singular noun gksrk gS A
,sls inkFkZ dk cks/k gks ftlls nwljh oLrq,a Eg:- Ship after ship is coming.
cuk;h tk lds A
7. dqN noun ,sls gksrs gS ftuesa ‘S’ yxkus ls mukdk
Eg:- Gold, Silver, iron, wood etc.
vFkZ cny tkrk gS A
5. Abstract Noun ¼Hkkookpd laKk½  tc ,sls Such as -
xq.k] Hkko] fØ;k ,oa voLFkk dk cks/k gks Water – Waters (leqnz)
ftUgs ns[kk o Nqvk ugha tk lds] dsoy People – Peoples (cgqr ls jk”Vª ds yksx)
eglwl fd;k tk ldrk gS A Iron – irons (csfM+;k)
Eg:- Physic (nok) – Physics (HkkSfrdh)
Honesty, Virtue, Kindness, Jealous etc. Eg:- your physics is (are) poor.
Important Point 8. Dozen (ntZu), Gross, score, hundred,
thousand, Million (10 Lac), Billion (100
1. dqN Noun ,sls gksrs gS tks ns[kus esa Plural yxrs
Lac), Weight, stone, pair, units esa ,d tSlk
gS] ijarq vFkZ esa Singular gksrs gS A
iz;ksx gksrk gS vFkkZr~ Singular or Plural nksuks esa
Such as - Civics, Mathematics, Ethics,
iz;ksx gksrk gS A
Politics, Economics, Mumps, Billiards,
Eg:-
Athletics etc.
I have bought two dozens (Dozen)
Eg:- Civics is a good subject.
pencils.
2. dqN Noun ns[kus esa singular yxrs gS] ysfdu I have bought dozens of Bananas.
vFkZ esa Plural gksrs gS A
9. ‘ICS’ ending noun ds igys ‘The’ vFkok
Such as - Cattle, Gentry, Peasantry
possessive, adjective, my, your, our dk
¼fdlkuh½, Poultry ¼eqxhZQkWeZ½, Clergy ¼iknjh iz;ksx gksus ij budk vFkZ cny tkrk gS vr% ;s
yksx½ etc. plural noun ds :Ik esa cny tkrs gS A
Eg:- Cattle are grazing in the field. Eg.:- My mathematics are not very good.

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10. (i) Cloths – fcuk flys gq, buds lkFk lkekU; rFkk he/his/him iz;ksx
Clothes – flys gq, djrs gS A
(ii) Cost - dher Eg :- Every leader should perform his
Price – dher duty.
 Cost dk use amount of paid by the A teacher should perform his duty
shopkeeper ds vFkZ esa gksrk gS A sincerely.
 tcfd price dk vFkZ Amount Paid by 15. dqN ‘kCnksa dk lgh iz;ksx&
customer ds :Ik esa gksrk gS A
xyr iz;ksx lgh iz;ksx
Eg :- The price of production of
automobile items has gone up. Cousin brother/sister Cousin
(The cost of) Pick pocketer Pickpocket
Eg :- Sometimes buyers ([kjhnus okyk) Good name Name
have to pay higher costs for Big/small blunder Blunder
items. (Higher price)
Strong breeze Strong wind
11. ‘House’ dk iz;ksx A building to live in ds Bad dream Night mare
vFkZ esa djrs gS A
Eg :- Quarters are homes allotted for a Some Important Collective Noun :-
definite period. () cky dk lewg - Turp of hair
Quarters are houses allotted for a
definite period. () xqFks ckyksa dk lewg - Shock of hair
L=ksrkvksa dh [Link] - An assembly of
12. dqN Nouns dk iz;ksx Plural form esa gh
gksrk gS A buds vafre esa yxs ‘S’ dks gVkdj listeners
singular ugha cuk;k tk ldrk gS A U;k;k/kh’kks dh [Link] - A bench of
Scissors, tongs, pliers, trousers, plants, Judges
pajamas, shorts, gallus, Spectacles, dwMs&dpjs dk <sj - heap of rubbish
binoculars, alms, amends, fireworks,
eqxhZ ds cPpksa dk lewg - flock of chickens
outskirts, particulars etc.
Eg:- All his assets were seized. lksus dk <sj - hoard of gold
Alms are given to the beggars. jkT;ksa dk laxBu - league of states
13. Hyphenated noun dk iz;ksx dHkh Hkh plural vuktksa dk <sj - A sheaf of corn
noun esa ugha gskrk gS A gfFk;kjksa dk <sj - Piles of arms
Eg :- He gave me two hundred rupees v/;;u dk ikB~;Øe - A syllabus of
notes. ()
studies
He gave me two hundred
rupee notes. () lSfudksa dk lewg - Regiment of
He stays in five stars hotels. () soldiers
He stays in five star hotels. () nhedksa dk >qaM - A colony of
14. Common Gender Nouns termites
tSls& teacher, student, child, clerk,
advocate, worker, writer, leader,
musician etc. dual gender noun gksrs gS A

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 Some Important Abstract Noun
Adjective Abstract Noun Verb Abstract Noun
Able Ability Belong Belongings
Brief Brevity Allow Allowance
Careful Carefulness Accede Access
Capable Capability Admit Admission
Efficient Efficiency Attend Attendance
Faithful Faithfulness Choose Choice
Hard Hardship Carry Carriage
Excellent Excellence Consume Consumption
Curious Curiosity Deceive Deceit
Careless Carelessness Practice Practice
Busy Business Behave Behavior
Active Activity Arrive Arrival

Words Denoting Group :- Noun and Gender:-

Lions - Pride (Female), Gender –
Coalition (male) Masculine – Poet, horse, fox
Dogs - Kennel, Pack Feminine – Poetess/ Mare/ Vixen
(vkokjk] f’kdkjh dqRrsa) Neuter – Chair, Pen
Trees - Woodland, Common – Friend/ Student
Grove (cMs o`{kkas]
Masculine Feminine
NksVs ikS/kksa)
Tutor (uhfr f’k{kd) Governess (uhfr f’kf{kdk)
Tigers - Ambush, Streak
Nephew (Hkrhtk) Niece (Hkrhth)
Ships - Fleet, Armada
Groom (nqYgk) Bride (nqYgu)
(Normal ships, war
Wizard (tknwxj) Witch (tknqxjuh)
ships)
Lover (izseh) Beloved (izsehdk)
Sheep’s - Flock, Herd, Mob
Lord (Lokeh) Lady
Fish - School, Shoal
Gander (gal) Goose (galhuh)
(cgqr lkjs shoal ,d line esa
vk tk;s)  dqN ‘kCnksa dks Feminine ekurs gS vr% buds
Magicians - Wizard, Warlock lkFk Pronoun Her, Hers, She ;k herself
(+ve effects, -ve yxkrs gSA
effects) Such as - The moon, The earth, Nature,
People - Crowd, Mob Spring, Virtue, Charity, mercy, peace,
(disarrange group, mxz ship, river, nation, fame, city, liberty.
HkhM) Eg :-
Puppy - Litter of puppies The moon shed its (her) light on the
bank.
Love virtue it (she) is alone free.

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 The Sun, time, death, wind, Summer, 3. ‘Six boys’ is the noun-
thunder, Ocean, love, war, wine dks a. Countable noun
masculine ekuk tkrk gS A buds lkFk He, his, b. Uncountable noun
him, himself dk Use djrs gSA c. Neither countable nor uncountable
Eg :- noun
d. None of these
Death lays her (his) icy hand or king.
 Everything, something, anything, 4. Countable nouns include the nouns-
nothing, indefinite pronoun gS] ;s neuter a. Common noun
gender dks izdV djrs gS A b. Collective noun
Eg :- c. Both the common and collective
nouns
Everything should be kept in his () /its
d. None of these
() order.
This is Mohan’s Pen. ¼;g eksgu dk isu
5. ‘Man’ is the kind of noun-
gS A½ a. Proper noun
This is the door of the house. ¼;g ?kj dk b. Collective noun
njoktk gS A½ c. Abstract noun
This is Girl’s college. ¼;g yMfd;ksa dk d. Common noun
fo|ky; gS A½
 ;fn nks noun and ls tqMs gks rks muds chp 6. Uncountable noun consist of-
close relation uk gks rks nksuksa nouns ds a. common and material nouns
(vyx&vyx vf/kdkj ds vFkZ esa) lkFk b. Material and abstract nouns
c. Abstract and collective nouns
Apostrophe’s dk iz;ksx djrs gSA
d. Collective and material nouns
Eg:-
Mohan’s and Sohan’s house. ¼eksgu dk ?kj 7. ‘Abstract noun’ is the name of-
vkSj lksgu dk ?kj A½ a. Action b. Quality
Note :- ;fn lfEefyr vf/kdkj dh ckr gS rks c. State d. All of these
last noun ds lkFk Apostrophe’s yxkrs gS A
8. Countable noun is-
Eg:- Mohan and Sohan’s house. a. Book b. Sugar
c. Milk d. Information
Exercise Noun
1. ‘Gold’ is the kind of noun- 9. Uncountable noun are-
a. Proper noun a. Furniture b. Information
b. collective noun c. Sugar d. All of these
c. Abstract noun
d. Material noun Find out the part which has an error in the
following sentences -
2. ‘Army’ is the kind of noun- 10. Six hours(a)/ are (b)/ a long(c)/ period
a. Proper noun
(d).
b. Collective noun
c. Common noun 11. Neither of (a)/ the Woman (b)/ is (c)/
d. Abstract noun Present (d).

141
12. A set of (a)/ questions (b)/ have been Answers
(c)/ given (d). 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
13. Many a students (a)/ has (b)/ decided d b a c d b d a d b
to (c)/ Study minutely (d). 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
14. One of they best (a)/ friend is (b)/ both
b c a b b b a a c a
a novelist (c)/ and poet of repute (d).
21. 22. 23. 24. 25.
15. My politics (a)/ is not your’s (b)/ but I
like (c)/ what you say (d). c a c b c
16. A number of (a)/ students is going to
(b)/ the classic (c)/ Picnic (d). Explanations
17. All the Chief Minister (a)/ are
1. ‘Gold’ material noun gS D;ksafd ftu oLrqvksa
responsible for the (b)/ Pitiable
;k inkFkksZ ls dksbZ pht cuk;h tkrh gS os
condition (c)/ of their states (d).
material noun dgykrs gS A
18. Two dozens (a)/ egg have (b)/ been
2. ‘Army’ collective noun gS D;ksafd izkf.k;ksa
(c)/ bought (d). ;k oLrqvksa ds lewgksa ds uke dks collective
19. The teacher was (a)/ specially pleased noun dgrs gS vkSj ‘Army’ ls lSfudksa dk cks/k
that (b)/ one of her student was (c)/ a gksrk gS A
topper of the university (d). 3. ‘Six boys’ countable noun gS D;ksafd ltho
20. Some phenomenon (a)/ of nature (b)/ ;k futhZo oLrq;sa ftudh fxurh dh tk ldrh gS
are difficult (c)/ to explain (d). countable noun dgykrh gS A
Fill in the blanks with suitable 4. Countable nouns ds vUrxZr common
pronoun- nouns vkSj collective nouns nksuksa gh vkrs gS
21. This book is mind and that is …… D;ksafd ;s nksuksa fxus tk ldrs gS A
a. your b. your’s 5. ‘Man’ common noun gS D;ksafd ftl ‘kCn
c. your d. you ls [Link] ;k oLrq dh iwjh tkfr dk cks/k gksrk gS
og common noun dgykrk gS vkSj ;gk
22. Sakshi is more intelligent and
beautiful than …… Man ls euq”; tkfr dk cks/k gksrk gS vr% ;g
a. I b. me common noun gS A
c. my self d. mine 6. Uncountable nouns ds vUrxZr material
23. It is …… who is severely punished. nouns vkSj abstract nouns vkrs gS D;ksafd
a. him b. his budh fxurh ugha dh tk ldrh gS A
c. he d. them 7. [Link] ;k oLrq ds dk;Z (action) ;k xq.k
(quality) vkfn dks O;Dr djus okys ‘kCn
24. Have you any objection to …… going
to your house? Abstract noun dgykrk gS A
a. I b. my 8. ‘A book’ countable noun gS D;ksafd bls
c. mine d. me fxuk tk ldrk gSa A
25. I was unable to say whether …… was a 9. Furniture, information ,oa Sugar rhuksa gh
boy or not- uncountable noun gS D;ksafd bUgsa fxuk ugha
a. he b. she tk ldrk gS vr% fodYi (d) lgh gS A
c. it d. that

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10. are dh txg is dk iz;ksx gksxk D;ksafd
distance, time rFkk weight dks ,d unit
eku fy;k tk;s rks mlds lkFk singular verb
dk iz;ksx gksrk gS A
11. Woman dh txg women dk iz;ksx gksxk
D;ksafd neither of ds ckn plural noun dk
iz;ksx gksrk gSa A
12. Have dh txg has dk iz;ksx gksxk D;kafd of
ls cus collective noun (a set of…) ds ckn
singular verb dk iz;ksx gksrk gS A
13. Students dh txg student dk iz;ksx gksxk
D;ksafd many taken ds ckn singular noun
dk iz;ksx gksrk gS A
14. Friend dh txg friends dk iz;ksx gksxk
D;ksafd One of ds ckn plural noun dk iz;ksx
gksrk gS A
15. Is dh txg are dk iz;ksx gksxk D;ksafd
politics dks particularise djus ij blds
lkFk plural verb dk iz;ksx gksrk gS A
16. Is dh txg are dk iz;kx gksxk D;kafd a
number of ds ckn plural verb dk iz;ksx
gksrk gS A
17. Chief Minister dh txg chief ministers
dk iz;ksx gksxk D;ksafd compound noun ds
eq[; Hkkx dk plural cukdj iwjs Hkkx dh
plural cuk;k tkrk gS A
18. Dozens dh txg Dozen dk iz;ksx gksxk
D;ksafd dozen, hundred, thousand ds var
esa ‘s’ dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk gS A
19. Student dh txg students dk iz;ksx gksxk
D;ksafd One of ds ckn plural noun dk iz;ksx
gksrk gS A
20. Phenomenon dh txg phenomena gksxk
D;ksafd some ds ckn plural countable
noun dk iz;ksx gksrk gS A

143
 PRONOUN Persons Subjective Objective
Case Case
 Noun ds cnys iz;qDr gksus okys ‘kCn dks I Me
Pronoun dgrs gS A 1st person
We Us
 Noun ds repetition ls cpus ds fy, gh 2nd person You You
pronoun dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS A He Him
She Her
Pronoun ds izdkj 3rd person
It It
1. Personal Pronoun ¼iq:”kokpd loZuke½ - They Them
I, me, we, us, you, he, him, she, etc.
2. Relative Pronoun ¼laca/kokpd loZuke½ -  Relative Pronoun :- os pronoun tks
Who, whom, whose, which, that etc. vius igys iz;qDr nouns ;k noun
3. Interrogative Pronoun ¼iz’uokpd loZuke½ - equivalent words ls laca/k crkrs gS rFkk nks
Who, what, whom, whose, where, etc. sentences dks tksMus dk dk;Z djrs gS]
4. Reflexive Pronoun ¼futokpd loZuke½ - Relative Pronoun dgykrs gS A (Who,
which, that, whom, whose etc.)
Myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves,
etc. Ex :-
5. Emphatic Pronoun ¼n`<rk okpd loZuke½ - I met Veena, who was returning from
school.
Myself, yourself, himself, herself etc.
(R.P.)
6. Demonstrative Pronoun ¼ladsrokpd
The pen that my father gave writes well.
loZuke½ - This, that, these, those etc.
7. Reciprocal Pronoun ¼ijLij lwpd loZuke½  Interrogative Pronoun :- os pronoun
tks iz’u iwNus ds fy, iz;qDRk gksrs gS A
- Each other, one another etc.
tSls& (What, who, where, whose, which)
8. Distributive Pronoun ¼foHkkxcks/kd loZuke½
- Each, either, neither, every, none etc.  Reflexive Pronoun:- tc okD; esa ^Lo;a*]
[kqn gh] [kqn dks] vius vki tSls ‘kCnksa dk
9. Indefinite Pronoun ¼vfuf’pr loZuke½ -
iz;ksx gks rc Reflexive Pronoun dk use
Everybody, somebody, someone, no
gksrk gSS A
one, much, few, little etc.
Ex :- The poor man poisoned himself and
10. Exclamatory Pronoun ¼foLe;kfncks/kd his children.
loZuke½ - What! etc.
 Emphatic Pronoun :- ;fn sentence esa
11. Possessive Pronoun ¼vf/kdkjokpd loZuke½
iz;qDr verb ls iwoZ Myself, himself,
- Mine, ours, yours, his, hers etc.
yourself, itself vk;s rks Emphatic gksrk gS
vkSj ckn esa vk;s rks Reflexive Pronoun gksrk
 Personal Pronoun :- os pronoun tks
gS A
rhuksa persons (1,2,3) essa gksrs gS A
Ex :- I myself did it. (Emphatic)
I did it myself. (Reflexive)

144
 Demonstrative Pronoun:- nks objective ds chp rqyuk gks rks
This/that/these/those, such, the same. As/than ds ckn objective case
pronoun dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS A
 Reciprocal Pronoun :- Each other/one
Ex:- I know you as much as him.
another.
nks ds chp ijLij ‘kCn dh vaxzsth & Each 2. Possessive Pronoun
other (i) budk iz;ksx noun ds igys ugha gksrk gSA
nks ls vf/kd ds fy;s & One Another Eg:-
Ex:- Ours school was closed for four
Ram and Sohan quarrel each other. () days. ()
Four sons quarrel one another. () Our school was closed for four days.
()
 Distributive Pronoun:- Each, either,
(ii) sentence esa verb ds subject ds :Ik esa&
neither
Ex:- Yours is a new car.
 Indefinite Pronoun :- Somebody, Hers is a beautiful house.
anybody, everybody, nobody, anyone, (iii) sentence esa verb ds object ds :Ik esa&
all. Ex:- Save your time and mine too.
 Exclamatory Pronoun: - What! (iv) Preposition ds object ds :Ik esa&
Ex:- I prefer your help to hers.
Uses of Pronouns (v) Separation, leave, excuse, mention,
1. Personal Pronoun report, pardon, sight, favor ds lkFk
possessive case &
(i) tc fofHkUUk Pronoun ,d gh
Ex:- At his sight the robbers fled. ()
sentence esa iz;qDRk gks rc&
cqjh ckr dk vkHkkl u gks → 2 3 1 At the sight of him the robbers
cqjh ckr dgh x;h gks → 1 2 3 fled. ()
Ex:- You, he and I shall study for the (vi) Gerund (V1 + ing) ds igys possessive
exam. (Good sense) adjective dk iz;ksx &
I, you and he have made a Ex.:- I was confident of my winning
blunder. (Bad sense) the match.
(ii) Let, like, between, but, except ,oa She was not confident of her
preposition ds ckn objective case dk doing well in the examination.
iz;ksx gksrk gS A 3. Reflexive Pronoun
Ex:- Let me do this work. (i) Acquit, avail, reconcile, amuse,
My daughter looks like me. resign, avenge, except, apply, adapt,
adjust, pride, absent ,oa enjoy ds ckn
(iii) nks Nominative ds chp rqyuk gks rks
Reflexive &
As/than ds ckn Nominative case dk
Ex:- You should avail yourself of this
iz;ksx
opportunity.
Ex:- He is as fast as I.
The officers acquitted themselves
I run faster than he.
well during the crisis.
145