1

Gamma function
Gamma function is defined by the improper integral

 ( n ) =  t n −1e − t dt n any number
0

Some properties of Gamma function

1 −  ( n + 1) = n  ( n )

 ( n + 1)
2 − (n) =
n

3 −  (1) =  e − t dt =1
0

4 −  ( 0) = 
2
Gamma function

 ( n ) =  t n −1e − t dt
0

1-For n positive integer (n = 1,2,3,4,5,….)

 (1) = 1  ( n + 1) = n ( n )
Then, we have

 ( 2 ) =  (1 + 1) =1 (1) = 1  ( 3) =  ( 2 + 1) = 2 ( 2 ) = 2  1

 ( 4 ) =  ( 3 + 1) = 3 ( 3) = 3  2  1  ( 5 ) =  ( 4 + 1) = 4 ( 4 ) = 4  3  2  1

 ( n + 1) = n!

 ( 5 ) = 4!,  (10 ) = 9!,  (17 ) =16!

3
Gamma function

 ( n ) =  t n −1e − t dt
0

2-For n negative integer (n = -1,-2,-3,-4,-5,….)

 (1) = 1  ( n + 1)
 ( 0) =   (n) =
n
Then, we have
 ( −1 + 1)  ( 0 )   ( −2 + 1)  ( −1) −
 ( −1) = = = = −  ( −2 ) = = = = +
−1 −1 −1 −2 −2 −2

− if n is odd 
 (n) =  , n  0
  if n is even or zero 

4
 Gamma function

 ( n ) =  t n −1e − t dt
0

 1
3-For  n +  , n = 0,1, 2,3,....
 2

 1  ( 2n ) ! 
  n +  = 2n
 2  2 ( n )!
Then, we have
 1  0!  1
  = 0 = , 0! = 1   = 
 2  2 0! 2

 1  1  8!  105 
4  = 4 +  = 8 =  11.63
 2  2  2 4! 16
5
 Gamma function

 ( n ) =  t n −1e − t dt ‫هذا الجدول للعلم فقط وليس للحفظ‬
0

4-For any fraction positive number

Example 1: Calculate  ( 5.2 ) where  (1.2 ) = 0.9182

Solution: by using the formula  ( n + 1) = n  ( n )

 ( 5.2 ) =  ( 4.2 + 1) = ( 4.2 )  ( 4.2 )

 ( 4.2 ) = ( 3.2 )  ( 3.2 ) ,  ( 3.2 ) = ( 2.2 )  ( 2.2 ) ,  ( 2.2 ) = (1.2 )  (1.2 )

Finally, we have (do it with one step)

 ( 5.2 ) = ( 4.2 )( 3.2 )( 2.2 )(1.2 )  (1.2 ) = 34.81

6
 Gamma function

 ( n ) =  t n −1e − t dt
0

5-For any fraction negative number

Example 2: Calculate  ( −4.2 ) where  (1.8 ) = 0.9314
 ( n + 1) ‫هذا الجدول للعلم فقط وليس للحفظ‬
Solution: by using the formula  (n) =
n
 ( −3.2 )  ( −2.2 )  ( −1.2 )
 ( −4.2 ) =  ( −3.2 ) =  ( −2.2 ) =
( −4.2 ) ( −3.2 ) ( −2.2 )

 ( −0.2 )  ( 0.8 )  (1.8 )

 ( −1.2 ) =  ( −0.2 ) =  ( 0.8 ) =
( −1.2 ) ( −0.2 ) ( 0.8)

Finally, we have (do it with one step)

 (1.8 )
 ( −4.2 ) = = −0.164
( )( )( )( )( )( )
−4.2 −3.2 −2.2 − 1.2 −0.2 0.8
7
 Gamma function
Example 3: Solve the following improper integrals

I =  t 5e − t dt
0

Solution:

I =  t 5e − t dt =  ( 6 ) = 5! = 120
0

Example 4: Solve the following improper integrals


I= t e − t dt
0

Solution:
   1  1 1 1 
I= t e − t dt =  t1/2 e − t dt =  1  =  1 +  =    =
0 0
 2  2 2 2 2

8
Gamma function
Example 5: Solve the following improper integrals

I= xe − x3
dx
0

Solution:

I= xe − x3
dx put x = t → x = t
3 1/3
x =x 1/2
= (t )
1/3 1/2
→ x = t1/6
0

1 13 −1 1 − 23 x = 0 → t = 0, x= → t=
dx = t dt = t dt
3 3
   
1 − 23 1 16 − 23 − t 1 16 − 23 − t 1 − 12 − t
I =  t 1/6
e−t
t dt =  t t e dt =  t e dt =  t e dt
0
3 30 30 30

1 − 12 − t 1 1 
 I =  t e dt =    =
30 3 2 3

I=
3
9
Gamma function
Example 6: Solve the following improper integrals


( )e
2
I =  1+ t −t
dt
0

Solution:
 

( )e ( )
2
I =  1+ t −t
dt =  1 + 2 t + t e − t dt
0 0
   

0
( )
I =  1 + 2 t + t e dt =  1e dt + 2  t e dt +  t e − t dt
−t

0
−t

0
−t

  
 1
I =  t 0 e − t dt + 2 t1/2 e − t dt +  t1 e − t dt =  (1) + 2 1  +  ( 2 )
0 0 0  2
 1  1 
I = 1 + 2      + 1! = 1 +  + 1 = 2 + 
 2  2 

I = 2+  10
Gamma function
Example 7: Solve the following improper integrals

I =  2 x10 cosh x e −2x dx
0
Solution:
 
(e x
+ e− x )  
I =  2 x cosh x e
10 −2x
dx =  2 x 10

2
e −2x
dx =  x 10
(e x
+e −x
)e −2x
dx =  x10 ( e − x + e −3x ) dx
0 0 0 0

 
I= x e 10 − x
dx +  x10e −3x dx = 10!+ II
0 0


t dt
II =  x10 e −3x dx put 3x = t → x = and dx =
0
3 3

x =0→t =0 and x=→t=

 10 11 
t dt  1  1 1
II =    e − t =   t10 e − t dt =  (11) = 10!
0  3  3 3 0
311 311

1
I = 10!+ II = 10!+ 11
10!
3
11
Gamma function
Example 8: Solve the following improper integrals
1
1
I =  ln   dx
0 x
1
put : ln = t → ln x = − t → x = e − t
Solution: x

1
1 1
1
I= ln   dx dx = −e dt , −t
ln = t 2
0 x x
1
x=0 → t = ln = ln  =  and x = 1 → t = ln1 = 0
0
0 1 1 1

( −e ) dt = −
0 
I = t 2 −t
t e dt =  t e dt
2 −t 2 −t
 0


 1 1 1 
I =  1  =    =
 2 2 2 2


I=
2 12
Gamma function
Example 9: Solve the following improper integrals

I = e 6x − x 2
dx
3

Solution:
‫إكمال مربع‬
6x − x 2 = −  x 2 − 6x  = −  x 2 − 6x + 9 − 9  = − ( x 2 − 6x + 9 ) − 9 

= − ( x − 3 ) − 9  = 9 − ( x − 3 )
2 2
 
  
9 − ( x − 3) − ( x − 3) − ( x − 3)
I = e dx =  e e 
2 2 2
9
dx = e 9
e dx
3 3 3
1
1 − 12
put : ( x − 3) = t → ( x − 3) = t → dx = t dt
2
2
2
x = 3 → t = 0 and x =  → t = 

 
1 − 12 e9 − 12 − t e9  1 
I = e e9 −t
t dt =  t e dt =   
0
2 2 0 2 2
e9
I= 
2
13
Beta function
Beta function is defined by the improper integral

 ( m,n ) =  t (1 − t )
1
m −1 n −1
dt
0
Some properties of Beta function

1 −  ( m,n ) =  ( n,m )

(m)(n )
2 −  ( m,n ) =
(m + n)

1  a +1 b +1
3−  sin  cos  d=  
a b

2
,
0 2  2 2 
14
Beta function
Example 1: Solve the following improper integrals
1
I =  x 4 (1 − x ) dx
8

Solution:
1
I =  x 4 (1 − x ) dx =  ( 5,9 )
8

 ( 5)  ( 9 )
 ( 5,9 ) =
 (14 )
4! 8!
I= = 1.55 10−4
13!

15
Beta function
Example 2: Solve the following improper integrals

( )
1

(1 − x ) dx
2
I= x+ x
0

Solution:
( ) (1 − x ) dx =  ( x 2 + 2x )
1 1
x + x (1 − x ) dx
2
I= x+ x
1/2

0 0
1 1 1
I =  x (1 − x ) dx + 2  x (1 − x ) dx +  x (1 − x ) dx
2 1/2 3/2 1/2 1/2

 ( 3) = 2! = 2,
0 0 0

 1  1  1  1
 ( 3)   1    2   1   ( 2 )  1 
 1  1 1  1  2 +2  2  2 +  2  1 3 1
I =   3,1  + 2  2 ,1  +   2,1  =  1  =    = 
 2  2 2  2  1  ( 4)  1  2 2 2
4  3 
 2  2  1 5 3 1
2  =   = 
1 3 1 1 1  2 2 2 2
2   2        1  
I= 2 + 2 2 2 + 2 =  ( 2 ) = 1! = 1
7 5 3 1 3 1
 ( 4 ) = 3! = 6
     6   
2 2 2 2 2 2
 1 7 5 3 1
8  2 3  =   = 
I= + + = 1.1356  2 2 2 2 2
105 8 3
 1 9 7 5 3 1
4  =   = 
 2 2 2 2 2 2

16
Beta function
Example 3: Solve the following improper integrals
1 
1
I=  − 1 dx
0 x 
Solution:
1   1− x  1− x
1 1 1
I=  − 1 dx =    dx =  dx
0 x  0  x  0 x
1 1
1
I =  x −1/2 (1 − x ) dx =   ,1 
1/2

0 2 2
1  1 1
    1    
I=     =
2 2 2
 ( 2) 1

I=
2

17
Beta function
Example 4: Solve the following improper integrals
4
I =  x3 ( 4 − x ) dx
0

Solution:
 x  x
4 4 4
I= x 3
( 4 − x ) dx =  x 3
4 1 −  dx = 2  x 3 1 −  dx
0 0  4 0  4
x
Put : = t → x = 4t and dx = 4 dt
4
x = 0 → t = 0 and x = 4 → t = 1

 1
1 1
I = 2  ( 4t ) (1 − t ) 4 dt = 2  4  t 3 (1 − t ) dt = 2  4 4   4,1 
3 1/2 4 1/2

0 0  2
 1
 ( 4 )  1  1
3!   
 2  = 2  44  2  1  11  9 7 5 3 1
I = 2  44  , 5  =  =      
 1 9 7 5 3 1
       2 2 2 2 2 2 2
5 
 2 2 2 2 2 2
32
I = 2  44  = 52.01
9 75

18
Beta function
Example 5: Solve the following improper integrals
 /2
I= 
0
cos19  sin 3  d

Solution:
 /2
1  19 + 1 3 + 1 
I= 
0
cos19  sin 3  d =  
2  2
,
2 


1 1  (10 )  ( 2 ) 1 9! 1!
I =  (10, 2 ) = = 
2 2  (12 ) 2 11!

1 9!
I= 
2 1110  9!
1 1 1
I=  =
2 10 11 220

19
Beta function
Example 6: Solve the following improper integrals
 /2  /2
I=  cos  d or  sin 5  d
5

0 0

Solution:
 /2
1  5 +1 0 +1 
I= 
0
cos5  sin 0  d =  
2  2
,
2 


1
 ( 3)   
1  1 1  2 1 2!  
I =   3,  =  = 
2  2 2  1 2 531 
3 
 2 2 2 2

8
I=
15

20
Beta function
Example 7: Solve the following improper integrals
 /2
I= 
0
tan 9  cos12  d

Solution:
 /2  /2
sin 9 
I=  tan 9  cos12  d =   d
12
cos
0 0
cos 
9

 /2
1  9 +1 3 +1 
I= 
0
sin 9  cos3  d =  
2  2
,
2 


1 1  ( 5 )  ( 2 ) 1 4! 2!
I =  ( 5, 2 ) =  = 
2 2  (7) 2 6!

1
I=
30

21
 Sheet
1- Calculate  ( 6.3) where  (1.3) = 0.8975
2- Calculate  ( −5.4 ) where  (1.6 ) = 0.8935

3- Solve the following improper integrals I =  t t e − t dt
0


4- Solve the following improper integrals I =  ( t − t ) e− t dt

2

0


5- Solve the following improper integrals I =  2 x 5 sinh x e −2x dx

0

6- Solve the following improper integrals I =  (1 − x )

1

(1 − x ) dx
2

 /2

7- Solve the following improper integrals I = 

0
cos11  sin 5  d

 /2

8- Solve the following improper integrals I = 

0
tan 5  cos12  d

22