oe eres]Should Kids Change Their Names? / 11 Does Wealth Affect Ethics? / 13 The Age for Martiage / 15 How Social Media Is Changing the World / 17 Homes Around the World /19 Reading6 BigDataand You /23 Reading7 TheHistory of the Intemet /25 Reading8 3D Printing /27 Reading9 TheHistory of the Smartphone /29 Reading 10 Virtual Reality /31 Reading 11 Climate Change, Sea Changes /35 Reading 12_ Is Earth Running Out of Water? /37 Reading 13 Glaciers /39 Reading 14 TheYellowstone Caldera /41 Reading 15 TheRing of Fire /43 Reading 16 Castles in Europe / 47 Reading 17. ThePig War /49 Reading 18 A Great Deal for the US /51 Reading 19 The Terracotta Army /53 Reading 20 TheBrick Kingdom / 55Reading 21 SupplyandDemand /59 The Minimum Wage /61 Reading 23 How Monopolies Affect Economies / 63 Reading 24 The Job of Banks / 65 ft Reading 25. The Economic Fallacy of Free / 67 Reading 26 Should Books Be Free to Read Online? /71 The Decline of the Printed Word /73 Reading 28 Copyright Laws /75 Reading 29 Banned Books /77 Reading 30 The Language of Shakespeare /79 Reading 31 Earths Moon /83 Reading 32 Our Star, the Sun /85 Reading 33 Living on Mars / 87 Reading 34 AnEyeon Other Planets /89 Reading 35. Water Power for Space Travel / 91 Reading 36 How to Succeed in Surfing / 95 Reading 37 Coming-of-Age Traditions /97 Reading 38. TwinStudies /99 Reading 39 Wonder, Study, and Learn! /101 Reading 40 To Make Her Country Free / 103 Reading Speed Chart” Wate-3Introduction A well-organized language course provides opportunities for learning through communicative activities involving listening, speaking, reading and writing, deliberate study, and fluency development. The fluency development part of a course should take about one-quarter of the course time, and there should be fluency development activities for each of the four skills of listening, speaking, reading, and writing. This series of books focuses on fluency in reading. Fluency involves making the best use of ‘what you already know. That comes from working with familiar vocabulary and grammar, and from practicing using them in a comfortable way without having to struggle. Seven Requirements of Fluency Development: Fs entra Material for fluency development mustbe known and familar. It shouldnot involve unfamiliar language items or Content too far removed from what leamers already know. This is because to become fluent, learnersneed to focus on Using material they already know well, not on learning new vocabulary or grammar. This is why the texts in these books are groupedinto topic areas so that leamers can read several texts about very similar information. Their familiarity with the topic will help them increase their reading speed. Another key requirement of a fluency development course isquantity of practice. Fluency develops by doing plenty of practice with easy matetial Thatis why each book in this, series contains alot of reading texts. When leamers have finished working through one book in the series, itis ‘900d idea if they go back over the texts they have already read, trying to read them faster thanthey did the first time.3. Controlled Vocabulary Leamers do not gat fluent in reading by strugglingthrough difficult textswith lots of unknown words. The books in this series are carefully written within a controlled vocabulary sothat thereis a minimum of unknown words. Words that might be unfamiliar to some leamers are dealt with beforethe reading texts. a od Afluancy development course will ‘work wellif there issome pressure to {go faster when using the language. This seties of books uses timed readings. When the learners read, theymeasure how long it takes them to do the reading, and they keep a record of their reading speed. ‘Their aimis to increase their seed Untilit gets close to.250 words per minute, Book 1 iswiittenwithin a vocabulary of 800 words, Book 2within 1,100 words, Book 3 within 1,500 words, and Book ‘4within 2,000 words. 6. A Focus on Comprehension Fluency in reading not only involves speed of word recognition, but also involves comprehension. Ths is why the tests in thase bocks ate followed by questions. There isno value in reacing fasterif there is a bigdrop in comprehension, ‘At the back of each book there isa graph where leatners shouldenter their reading speed for each text and their ‘comprehension score. The learners’ goal should be to make their reading speed graph keep going up.cy = at bDSSeyo Co toy ass @ Look at the pictures. Circle the right words. 1. The only way to cross the desertin the {average / southern) part of the country was by camel. 2. Mygrandfather built this veehouse when he wasa (census / teenager). 3. Isit accurate to say that marriage is the beginning of (childhood / adulthood)? 4, The birth rate has decreased in some countries, but the worldwide population continues to (increase / decrease). Chapter 1: Sociology 9© wnat do you think isthe right answer? Check (7) it. 1 2. 3. 4, 5. oe Work witha classmate. Try towrite three What do people tend to use more of today? |__| Apps What does a census count? What is knowledge of right and wrong? [] Candy ina bow!) | Ethics Tents Number of people Social media Who is astrong influence during childhood? {| The goverment |_| Friends Whyis the number of marriages declining? Advantages “| Adecrease in importance jeas for each box. An increase in products Disadvantages BB Add a part from the “First” box to a part from the “Last” box to make eight words or phrases. Write the words and phrases below. adult app — child de. em ager crease (K2) in social south __teen hood (x2) store __ media 1 3. 7 2 4. 8. Proper Nouns to Know’ Study these words that you will find in the readings for this chapter. Bagaboa Bedouin Canada Facebook Gobi Desert Greenland Instagram Inuit Middle East Mongolian North Africa Philippines Spain Twitter WhatsApp 10 Chapter 1:ScciologySome people like their names, but others are not happy with them. Children are named by their parents. Many times, these names have an important meaning for their parents. Some parents name their children after a member of their family. For example, children may be named after a grandmother or an unde. Parents may also give children names that will make children feel like they have a certain goal. For example, some children are named after famous kings or queens, Attimes, there are parents who have named theirchildren something unusual. For example, there have been children named Apple or Peace. Since children do not get to pick their names, they may feel bad. They may want to change their names. As children grow up, they may find anew name that seems to fit them better than the one their parents gave them. Should these children be allowed to change their names? », Some people say children should be able to change their names, especially if their names are unusual. This is because children with very unusuel names are sometimes treated badly by others. Other children may makefun ofa child with an unusual name. Some children’s names are spelled very differently from how they sound 7 This also causes problems for such children. They may not lke the & member of the family they are named after, or they may not agree with their parents about cert leas related to their names. Other people say that children should not be able to change their names. This is largely because children change a lot as they grow. One name may seem good during childhood, but then may not seem very good in adulthood. Name changing again as an adult leads to confusion all around. Children may also be easily influenced by their fiends. Children who only listen to their friends do not always make good decisions. Parents, not friends, should be the major influence in a chili’ life. Since parents give their children a lot of love and care, they may feel hurt if the child wants to change his or her name. Ge Wir coint! 3s words Reading 1: Should Kids Change Their Names? 111Ce eu Rey Circle the right answer. 1. This readingis about a. children who have changed their names and why. . why children change their names. . whether children should be able to change their names. 2. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as how parents pick names? a. They want the child's name to sound funny. b. They name a child after a relative, c. They name a child with a special goal in mind, 3, The writer says that children may not like unusual names because a. they know that they will grow up. b. some people will think they are special. c. people sometimes will treat them badly. 4, Some people say chiklren should not be able to change their names because a. people make fun of their unusual names. influenced by thei . some people in the family do not like the name. b. children are easil iends. 5. Parents can feel bad when children want to change their names because a. they want children to have unusual names. b, they love and take care of their children. . they think their children are like adults. Gz=> Pi Pac lati) Choose the word or phrase with a si ilar meaning as the underlined part. A good teacher can influence students to make good choices. guide / pick Certain names can be given to both boysand girls. Better / Some During most of my childhood, Ilived in Canada. vacation / young years Kids look forward to adulthood when they finish schooling. being older / the afternoon My dad goes by a short form of his name since his realname because / if slong. yawn a 12 Chapter1:SociologyWould you lie to get $50? Would you lie to get $50 for a friend, not yourself? These are some quastions that researchers askin ethics studies, Money has always caused problems between people, but researchers wanted to know if money affects a person's ethics. They did different kinds of experiments and studied rich and poor people. Some studies were about how people felt about money, and others were about pretending tobe a ticher person. One interesting study was about people who drove very nice cars and people who did not. Researchers watched how rich people acted when they were driving. They also watched how poorer people acted. Another study was about candy. In this study, researchers told a person that abowl of candy was for children in the next room. The person was allowed to take some candy before the bowl was given to the children. Each person in the study was told to think about being rich or being very poor. Researchers also did a study in which people imagined getting money according to their actions. Researchers told people they could get $50 if they gota certain score in a game. Then they told other people their friends would get $50 if they got a certain score in the game. These studias showed some surprising things about people and ethics. The people with very nice cars tended not to be very careful when they were driving, and they sometimes cut off other drivers. The people who thought about being rich tended to take more candy from the bowl. The richer people also tended to lie about their 29 score in the game to get the money. Researchers found that richer people tended not to lie for friends. Were thefindings any different for poorer people in any of these studies? Poorer drivers tended tobe kinder and more careful drivers. Poorer people tended not to take much candy from the bow. They also tended not to lie 25 about their scores. But poorer people did lie when they were told that their friends would get something good. Gum Word coint! aso wares Reading 2: DoesWealth Affect Ethics? 13Ce eu Rey Circle the right answer. 1. This readingis about a. why richer people are better than poor people in ethics studies. b. how the ethics of rich and poor people tend to be different. . research on the ethics of drivers and how much money they have. 2. Researchers watched people driving to find out a. ifrich people and poor people acted in certain ways. b. ifricher people have nicer cars than poorer people have. «. ifrich people cut off poor drivers more often than other drivers. 3. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as part of a study? a, People were told they could take candy from a bowl. b. Researchers watched rich people and poor people d . People watched researchers pretend they were rich, ing cars. 4. The writer says that a. poorer people tended to be more careful drivers. b. poorer people tended to take more candy from the bowl c. poorer people tended to lie to their friends. 5. Richer peopk tended to a. lie more often about driving nicer cars. b. eat more candy when they are driving. c. not respect others while driving. Gz Extra Practice Write the right word in each blank to complete the summary. candy ethics experiments kindly tended Researchers wanted to see how money affected people's 1. They asked some rich and poor people to help with their 2 in one study, they had people think about being rich or poor and then asked them to take 3 froma bow. It was interesting to find that people 4. to take more candy when they thought about being rich. People who were poor or thought about being poor tended to act more 5. 14 Chapter1:Sociologyas Uw NelsaiereMeleatl (9 Marriage isan old and common custom in all cultures. Most marriages are between twoadults, although some countries allow children to wed. And in the United States, studies show that the average marriage age of adults is changing. In the United States, records of couples getting married have been kept since the country’s beginning. Those records are not complete, but they can give us an idea of how old people were when they got married. People started keeping better records in 1880. In that year, the government began to take a census of families. After that time, the average age of marriage was more clearly understood by researchers and the government. From the information that is available about marriages in the US, some interesting trends have been found. In the 1600s, women usually martied as teenagers or in their early twenties. The average age for men was around 25. By the end of the 1800s, the marriage age for women had increased, but for men, it had stayed about the same. The 1880 census showed that the average age for men was 26.5. The average age for women was 23.0.1n the next census ten years later, the numbers were 23.6 for women and 27.6 for men. Surprisingly, into the 1900s, the average age for marriage began to decrease. The marriage age for men and women decreased to its lowest point in 1960. For men, the typical marriage age was around 23, and for women it was 20. But, since 1960, theaverage marriage age has been rising again. By 1990, the ageat which men typically wed was again around 27 and for women 25. And it is still going up. Recent studies show that men are now getting married at 29 and women at 27. For more than 400 years, the average marriage age in the US has gone up and down. But these latest average ages are the highest ever. And because they are continuing to rise, some people are worried. They are afraid that the numbers mean that martiage is becoming less important. © Word Count 350 words Reading 3:The Agefor Marriage 15,Ce eu Rey Circle the right answer. 1. This readingis about a. the earliest marriage age for American women, b. the average marriage age in the world. c. the average marriage age in the US. 2. Inthe United States, marriage records have been kept a. since before 1800. b. since the mid 1800s. c. since the 1960s. 3. Which of the following is NOT true according to the article? a. Marriage is common to all cultures. b. Child marriages are very common. c. Wecan lear about families through a census. 4, The marriage age was lowest for men and womer a. 1960. b. 1600. c. 2000. 5, Some people are worried about the increasing marriage age today because a. they think governments will stop taking censuses. b. they say records are being taken incorrectly. c. they are afraid marriage is becoming unimportant. Gap Extra Practice Choose the word or phrase with a similar meaning as the underlined part. 1. My mom and dad got married when they were young. wed / separated 2. Marriage is a custom found in nearly every culture. government / tradition 3. Governments record information about families during Teenagers / Leaders each census. 4, The average marriage age in the USis higher than ever. common / unusual 5. The couple plans to marry after they both graduate college. pair / group 16 Chapter 1: SociologyFacebook is a social media app that allows people to connect with each other. Facebook, created in 2004, is by far the most popular social media site so far. In fact, as of 2016, there were over 1.6 billion Facebook users around the world. In total, there are about 2 billion people who use any type of social media, Before 2020, this number is expected to grow to 2.5 billion people. With so many people connecting online around the world, social media has changed our lives a lot inrecent years First, social media brings people closer together. Families whe live far from each other can have conversations and share pictures with each other on social media. Strangers who don't know each other can talk about similar interests. Even people who live in different countries can connect as if they were sitting in the same living room. Second, almost every business uses social media to tell customers about their services or products. The power of social media comes from the fact that so many people use it. In addition, social media sites record a lot of information about a person and the things he or she likes. Facebook is set up in such a way that only the ads that 2 person would be interested in are shown on his or her page. Not only can people see products, but they can also “like” the products and offer reviews on them. The more “likes” a product has, the more likely others are going to buy it. This is why many businesses now consider social media sites as important factors affecting sales. Third, social media has increased the voice of the people. For example, through pictures and video, people can now put their own news and ideas on the internet. No longer is the media in contral of what kind of information is reported. People can now tell millions of others what they think about events in the news. With text, videos, and pictures, social media is ableto influence public opinion on just about any event reported in the news. a Word Count 3s0words Reading 4: How Social Media ls Changing the World 17Ce eu Rey Circle the right answer. 1. This readingis about a. different types of social media. b. how to use social media. . social media's influence today. 2. What is social media? a. Websites and apps that allow us to share information b. Television and radio stations c. News that is made available online 3. The writer thinks social media a, makes people feel more alone. b. brings people closer together. c. is bad for the relationship of friends. 4, The writer says most businesses a, are not interested in social media. b, think social media hurts their business. c. use social media to tell people about products and services. 5. Who can make news available through social media? a. Anyone b. Noone c. Only people working in media Gz Extra Practice Write the right word in each blank to complete the summary. billion connect influencing app products Socal media is changing the way people 1. with each other. In fact, over a(n) 2. people are using Facebook! This makes the 3. a Useful way for people to share ideas. in addition, businesses are able to use social media as away to sell their 4. . When people talk about ideas and products using such apps, social media becomes a powerful tool for 5. public opinion. 18 Chapter 1: SociologyWhen you hear the word "home," you probably think of the place you are living in fight now. Maybe it is an apartment, a single house, ora two-story house. Maybe it is made of wood or stone. You may think houses are rather normal buildings, but some houses around the world are rather unique! The Bedouin people of the Middle East and North Africa live in interesting homes. The Bedouin people live in the desert, and they move around without staying to live in one place very long. So, they live in tents that are made of animal hair. The tents are easy to put up and take down when they move from place to place. na similar way, a group of Mongolian people of the Gobi Desert also live in tents rather than buildings. These homes, called “ger’ homes, are also made of animal hair, but they are round instead of square like Bedouin tents. Before people made the first tents, they lived in caves. Some people in the southem part of Spain livein caves today, too! They call these cave homes “cuebas.” These caves keep the house cool during the summer and warm during the winter. Another type of home is the “igloo” used by the Inuit people of Canada and Greenland. Igloos are normally made ofice and snow. The igloo protects the people from the wind as well as keeps them warm. In fact, the temperature inside an igloo can even reach 16°C just from body heat alone, The Bagabao people of the Philippines used to live in what may be a childhood dream for some—a treehouse! These treehouses were built so that the people could watch for enemies and protect themselves from wild and dangerous animals. In addition, the people could stay cool in their treehouses during the hot summer season. Although the Bagabao people don't live in these treehouses anymore, they still use things like them for resting and for meeting people. 2s Ifyou ever get the chance, be sure to check out different homes of different cultures! © Word Count 3s0words Reading 5: Homes AroundtheWorld 19Ce eu Rey Circle the right answer. 1. This readingis about a, where the best place to live is. b. different types of homes. c. howto build 2 house. 2. Which of the following is what the Bedouin used to make their tents? a. Animal hair b, Parts of plants . Sand 3, The writer says that the “cuebas” in Spain are like a. cold houses. b. underground houses. c. treehouses. 4. Anigloocanbe kept warm by a. aheater. b. afire. c. bodyheat. 5, The writer says that the people who used to live in treehouses are from a. North Africa. b. the Philippines. c. Mongolia. Gap PMc Tato) Choose the word or phrase with a similar meaning as the underlined part. 1. Wind, rain, and snow may influence what type of homes Weather / Culture people live in. 2. Caves are warm in the winter and cool in the summer. Small tents /Big holes 3. Igloos are unique to people living in the far north. Ice houses / Treehouses 4, Living in tents rather than stone buildings makes it easier Inadaition /instead of to move around. 5. Houses protect people from weather, animals, and enemi friends / strangers 20 Chapter 1:Socioloay