EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Test for Acidic Radicals (ANIONS)
Dil. H2SO4 GROUP
CO3-2 ( CARBONATE)
Salt + Dil H2SO4 ―» Effervescence of CO2 CO32- may be
gas evolves present
(1) Collect CO2 gas and Lime Water Turns CO32-confirmed
add Lime Water Milky
(2)Salt + water+ MgSO4 White ppt of Mg CO3 CO32- confirmed
CO32- + 2H2SO4 →CO2+ 2H2O +2SO4 2-
Ca(OH) 2 + CO2 → CaCO3 (milky)+ H2O
Na2CO 3+ MgSO4 →MgCO3 + Na2SO4
S-2(SULPHIDE)
(1)Salt+ Dil. H2SO4 Smell of rotten egg S2- may be present
due to formation of
H2S gas
(2)Salt + Dil. H2SO4 Violet colour of S2- confirmed
+ Sodium nitroprusside Na 4 [Fe(CN)5NOS]
Na2 [Fe(CN)5NO]
(3)Salt + Acetic acid Black ppt. of PbS S2- confirmed
+Lead Acetate
Na2S + Na2 [Fe(CN)5NO] → Na4 [Fe(CN)5NOS](violet)
Pb(CH3COO)2 + Na2S → PbS( Black ppt) + 2CH3COONa
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
SO32- (SULPHITE)
(1)Salt + Dil H2SO4 Suffocating smell due SO32-may be present
to evolution of SO2
gas.
(2)Add K2Cr2O7 Solution Orange colour turns SO32- Confirmed
to the above solution green
(3)Salt +Dil HCl + BaCl2 White ppt. of BaSO4 SO32- Confirmed
Na2SO3 + H2SO4 →Na2SO4 + H2O + SO2(gas)
K2Cr2O7(orange)+ H2SO4+3SO2 → K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 (green)+ H2O
CONC. H2SO4 GROUP
Chloride Cl-
(1) Salt + Conc. White fumes of HCl Cl- may be present
H2SO4 with pungent smell
(2)Add solid MnO2 in Greenish yellow Cl2 Cl- Confirmed
the above solution gas evolved
(3) Salt + Dil. HNO3 White Ppt. of AgCl Cl- Confirmed
+AgNO3 Soluble in NH4OH
Cl- + H2SO4 → HCl + HSO4-
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
2 NaCl + MnO2 + 3H2SO4 →2 NaHSO4 + MnSO4 + 2H2O + Cl2
Cl- + AgNO3 → AgCl + NO3-
Bromide Br-
(1)Salt + Conc. H2SO4 Yellow fumes Br- may be present
+ heat
(2) Add MnO2 to Dense Yellow fumes Br- Confirmed
above solution
(3)Salt + Dil. HNO3 + Pale yellow/cream ppt. Br- Confirmed
AgNO3 Partially Soluble in
NH4OH
2NaBr + 2H2SO4 → 2NaHSO4 + H2O + Br2
NaBr + AgNO3 → NaNO3 + AgBr
2NaBr + MnO2 + 3H2SO4→ NaHSO4 + MnSO4 + 2H2O + Br2
(NITRATE) NO3-
(1)Salt + Conc. H2SO4 Dark brown gas NO3- may be present
+ Cu turning & heat evolved
(2)Ring test:- NO3- confirmed
Take salt and water in Brown ring of
one test tube + Take [Fe(H2O)5NO]SO4 NO3- confirmed
FeSO4 and water in formed
another test tube +
add conc H2SO4 along
the side of the test tube.
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
(3)Salt + Diphenylamine Dark blue colour
reagent NO3- confirmed
KNO3 + H2SO4 + Cu(turning)→ Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O +K2SO4
KNO3 + 3H2SO4 + 2HNO3 → 3Fe2(SO4)3 + 4H2O + 2NO
FeSO4 + NO + 5H2O → [Fe(NO)(H2O)5]SO4( Brown ring)
C2O42- (Oxalate)
(1) Salt + conc H2SO4 CO2 & CO gas C2O42- may be
evolved(CO2 turns present
lime water milky)
(2) Salt + Dil H2SO4 + Pink colour of C2O42- Confirmed
KMnO4 KMnO4 will
decolourises
(3) Salt + acetic acid + White ppt C2O42- Confirmed
(boil) + Calcium
Chloride
5(COOH)2 + 3H2SO4 + 2KMnO4 K2SO4 + MnSO4 + 8H2O +
10CO2
(NH4)2C2O4 + CaCl2 CaC2O4 + NH4Cl
CH3COO - (ACETATE
ion)
(1)Salt + con. H2SO4 & Vinegar smell CH3COO-
warm may be present
Vinegar smell CH3COO-
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
(2) On a watch glass may be present
take Salt + Oxalic
acid(s) + one drop
water. Rub & smell Red colour of CH3COO-
(3)Salt + FeCl3+ warm (CH3COO) 3Fe confirmed
(4)Ester Test- Fruity smell CH3COO-
Salt + ethyl alcohol + confirmed
Conc. H2SO4 (Warm in
water bath)
Pour the mixture in a
beaker half filled with
water.
FeCl
3 +3CH3COONa 3NaCl +(CH3COO)3Fe
CH3COONa + CH3CH2OH H+ CH3COO CH2 CH3
SPECIAL GROUP
SO42- (SULPHATE)
(1)Salt + Dil HCl + white ppt SO42- confirmed
BaCl2 Insoluble in conc. HNO3
White ppt. SO42- confirmed
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
(2) Salt + acetic acid +
lead acetate
Na2SO4 + BaCl2 → BaSO4 +2NaCl
Na2SO4 + Pb(CH3COO)2 →PbSO4 +2CH3COONa
(PHOSPHATE) PO4 3-
(1)Salt + Conc. HNO3 + Canary Yellow ppt PO4 3- confirmed
Ammonium molybdate
+ Boil
(2) Salt+ Water + Cobalt Violet ppt PO4 3- confirmed
Nitrate & add Acetic Violet ppt soluble
acid or dil H2SO4
K3PO4 + 3(NH4)2MoO4 → 2(NH4)3PO4.12MoO3
PO4 3- Co(NO3)2 → Co(PO4)2 +6NO3-
Co(PO4)2 + 6CH3COOH → (CH3COO)2CO + 2H3PO4
