Chaplerra | ate Representation ae ~aDarion, Re presenta 9 in eS @ Digital uters process data that 8 in diserefe fom. whereas an og computers press dota 'm conbniais form, Bub, Hybrtel coraputers carr process’ data m babh cliscrele In digital « : q Ont — > represen ya - OFF ——+ “representeel b 0. . @AmpliludsAd-» Marimun cbeplacenant had dhe waver of an lech st he can attam. “ : vanculf)—+ The number. of cycles made by si dn 1 second, eS . measured Jn. note. thede —'4 Piao Feriodie -bme(D-> Time. faken. by signal oo complete one. opcle . ® The process of converting a digital signal Se an simal 42 keno 83, mo. Se Lhe. process werting lack ani signal itlal 43 known a Sou ponig cael * “ i 0 ot | ° ri Gwoup of & bits ustd fo represent a character A wbbler Half byle, Usually a srouping of byes, -- Word —> Two or bye. bids a mee Woe) ae 13 the measne ot te number of bits w oe 3 oo ‘engl of 16 bls 52 ase oh “ @ Number Systems A yume sycten Bow Tepresen valuts derived fone teubg cea — [tele Mambo, System anel hie conversion +8 easy ce oattecth2 ent 1 2 Conglemerts Complernent je a, method. or pechnigut Used. de caleulole eal ani a saben Greneralhy complernents are of two dyges:- ) rs Jornent empire Ww wP ceetiren Tn v's complement we use the formula, rN, ee, N= Giver number | v= pase /radi; j n= ho, ini ae wuinber. In pis complernent we use. the formula, yng, . CR S41. Age he dhe ys and -2!8 comple mend of 2). dt v-1'S complémnent = y'S4 = 498-1 @ Inparhenh tole velabed to 2 mark: Base Radix | vs complement 1-1 complomenk, as "Ss Ty for cinay runbog % complemont | 2° complement | T2410 forcecional monbirs] 42 complemand | $* complement al BS t for wae nunbers, 8 cameplemend 7 * complemered Nunes = 16 \S AS lama 26° complemerk \15" compbemand,[Link] of Si / Numbers. e Ses 1014 —11 => | phe Aghad Sip | number, a 1011 => 11011 W Using ones compltmenk. tr ones. complemart (118) represenbichon we can calculate 2°? Commplerend of given, bingy number by replacing 4 wilt O and O witht tH) Using duos complement: tn Sores tomplerrant representatin we can calulabe 215 complement by adding one we 2° complement, ont aa Re sler Yhe 28 lernont of (21)z9 %8 (0100) and fhe 2S complement 43 0100 “C104 —4M hamumois alhanumenie cao we caw ass a noha abt to alp S Ustyg ASCIZ code. Foreg. 65 4% 46 pall, dd binoy af ee 4000001. & Bin ded Decimal (8CD)- Tn Binony coded. decimal we can use cledmal ‘ontors tw ve Aye uplo9. After 9 we an seperale. ab, bi b wig Se Ope Ly nn For example yo > soar am Binary). Tn BCD the value of 12 48, 4—*r0001 2—7 0010 ' On ee 12=060010010 ‘12 = 10010, Bxed fo a adie oe * ani a fixed poire vepresentehion 8 used. by represent binany number, by usin losing “mebhads: The Salleh Lind poe ye ne ets bor or clecimall numb ‘8 0000.0001 pnd 2 cae ate 43 9999.9993 sin decimal ard Example. 4.901. - eign Fold Beg es since, =. “ve Bn 4s represen sia et pila eae) wpecealteh aly pel 9 Tole] snamplen sas, oa yea a eas SK 1Oe| 3. Overflow Detechin: — . adding tue nbd bin; maybe A womber wrth Ba bid this Example. "oH numbers the resuld ation 45 called overflaw, 3 om binary 45 1001 (n-bit) 3 in binamy ts 48 1002 (n-bity “Tots (ned bit) ovaflos—*> T§ there, 48 Wo end comy thor, m0 overdln> Sang 6 an binary) 48 0110 San binargl a 1002 ~~ TTTA (Ne ~evtheftens 9. Gy. 3Suails i on code. 8 also Linon ag reflected, binany code (R80), le call Frank Gas, and wa teed ak Oia sinc 14 was nasntd, af wide tor tower of Haret moblem, Conver from. &CD to Care ray : ms prt yy Copy the ms6 as th 15 1 Add the most of ort ae nok bh, vride sum and ii>Repead- the anf step not For Example 4044 be w@ 4b, be, we coment Pc arog a ae it psc 1 chen A 7 i SSS 1 | =aaEao= “ rag code of 1011 45 2140, 10. Excess—5 Buess 3 code = “Io known 23 (xs-3) Code. We can calculate excess-3 wcle by ‘adding binaay data wih 3 te Fo cxamglies so.4 F OO i te sepuined exiegllnale of 101 EE 8 He neputredd ercees ee tole of 1014 Comm Oo. bineny.3a Belended Bran Coded, Decivial Tndoschange code (FBCI1C); ’ Relended, Binary. Coded, Decimal, Snterchanige code (Eacorc) ts an erbut characlr=coding scherne. used, primarrtly on 16M comguers, For tal ef 2 (1,056) characters can he coded, using is scheme, St example, the symbolic representation of debler AT using Extended Ri gene: ap 4 "map| Coded Dectmal Interchange cade ts 110000014. i TE 6 a FIL cole , whlch mana trod only 2% (he, 128) c ara clers scan be represented, However mnanufacheres hare added rk bie 3 Bhis. codin scheme which cam nor rvide for 2s racers. The syrnbalie vepresentaction flebler A using His ome 48 10000049. This codes represent Lert in witers Communication equipmend ard Sher lovin Ural use’ dex, @_Rror Detection Coder: fn error delechion wde, 42a binapy code. that debecls digital eons duning data transmission The detected errors cannol be corrected lout their presence. £8 Indicated, the mosh commnore exror defection ude. wall 48 the parity bit, finihy > fonthy us an extea lit added with orignal ness ot do detect ete using the data Se mlacion This Aechnigue 44 brown ag error delecton echnigue. @. Bren panty tn exer porily we count no. of 15 dr bin ay and tf the. count 4% even Atha 3 oO cloud i for example | Gina ig] Pant 401101 oe 410112 [| 4d Od, iy > é OEE NL SAL oot of ok fe we add O od uh Far examples. age opr egy oe | 40%4niaq [OU 44220000 | 4ih, Generator , , AH) 000 4a 004 010 O14 100 401 110 aia Sewree eS _____ Destinahion « z 2 [bs PBrror Pani Generator fanity Checker. fy. Error detection with ode. poly bi. # Compuber Archifectwe:— According to Hayes Compuler, # chibedine 4 Aelined astthe Sh. of the elmuchure Dekasinn, and desi ef compas» Gs tall eral. Brdiileckure, “Inabruchon set, dale, represerdation , 5/9 nechanims and addvecsing Hechniguea ae abs aththutes. Oyganization:— Organi zabine refers to operational urils and heir dnderconmections thal realize the. archidecue specifications Comba tgnals, Peripheral infer, ich mae the atid! phe Thee and monary tech "iy® Weighted codes (3421 code and 2421 code) t : Binany codes can be dassified, trto vivo Ayes, weigitea and unwelyhled code. Tf the wode ios posttional welghtss Bron 3h ta! said do be welghdec, code, Othouotee If 48 i ewelghted code. 24 code and 2421 wde al. digtls ane 28 win the flesog ables fe ce if al dh 8491 |2421 Dectrrall aig an Oo ©000 |o000 4 00012 |0001 2 0010 |0010 Zz 0011 -}0011 4+ “ }0100 [0100 ~ 5 0101 | 1011 6 0110 1100 x O12 | 1102 3 1000 }1110 4 1001 Jaaa4 B421 code! > The welghts of Shis code. ave 84/2. andi. = this code hog alt posthire Wei > The code 46 alo! called ag uafwal [Link] , 2494 oder The weiyhls of fis ode are 2,4, “othis: dle abo Jes all actuals Ht 18m unnabinl” BCD code J > 36 18.0. Self-complomending “ode,