GC University Lahore

Submitted by:
Muhammad ABUBAKAR ABBAS
Submitted To:
Sir Imran
Roll Number:
0623-BS-ELEC-22
Subject:
Circuit Lab Experiments
Semester:
1st Semester (BS-Electronics)
Department:

[BS-Electronics] Page 1
 Electronics
Experiment: 1
Perform Familiarization with the multimeter, CRO and
color coding on resistors Experiment.
Objective:
The objective of this experiment is to familiarize the students with the
use of a multimeter, CRO and understand the color coding on resistors.

Apparatus:
 Multimeter
 CRO (Cathode Ray Oscilloscope)
 Resistor (of different values)
 Connecting wires
 Power supply

Working principle:
A multimeter is an electronic measuring instrument that combines
several measurement functions in one unit. A CRO is an oscilloscope that
displays voltage waveforms. The color coding on resistors is used to
indicate the resistance value and tolerance of the resistor.

Procedure:
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  Connect the multimeter in the resistance (ohms) mode and measure
the resistance of different resistors.
 Connect the CRO to the power supply and observe the waveform of
the output voltage.
 Record the readings obtained from both the multimeter and CRO.

Circuit Diagram:
Pending

Readings:
Pending

Table:
[Table Diagram]

Results:
The experiment helps in understanding the use of a multimeter and CRO,
and how to determine the resistance values of resistors using color
coding.

Experiment: 2
Performing OHMs Law
Objective:
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The objective of Ohm's law is to study the relationship between voltage
(V), current (I) and resistance (R) in a electrical circuit.

Apparatus:
 A DC power supply
 A variable resistor (or potentiometer)
 Two connecting wires
 A multi-meter (to measure voltage, current, and resistance)

Working principle:
Ohm's law states that the current passing through a conductor between
two points is directly proportional to the voltage across the two points
and inversely proportional to the resistance between them. The equation
for Ohm's law is:
V = IR, where V is voltage, I is current, and R is resistance.

Procedure:
 Connect the DC power supply to the variable resistor.
 Connect the multi-meter in series to measure the current and
voltage.
 Set the voltage on the power supply and adjust the resistance to get
different current readings.
 Record the voltage, current, and resistance readings.
 Repeat the steps 3 and 4 to get multiple readings at different
resistance levels.

[BS-Electronics] Page 4
Circuit diagram:
[Circuit diagram here]

Readings:
[Readings here]

Table:
[Table here]

Results:
The results from the Ohm's law experiment should show the direct
relationship between voltage, current, and resistance. The slope of the
graph should be equal to the resistance value, which confirms the validity
of Ohm's law.

Experiment: 3
Parallel Combination of Resistor
Objective:
The objective of this experiment is to understand the concept of parallel
combination of resistors and to calculate the equivalent resistance of a
given parallel circuit.

Apparatus:
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  Resistors
 Multimeter
 Connecting wires

Working Principle:
In a parallel combination, the resistors are connected in such a way that
they have the same voltage across them and the total current is the sum
of the current flowing through each resistor. The equivalent resistance of
a parallel circuit can be calculated using the formula:
1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 +...

Procedure:
 Connect the resistors in a parallel combination as shown in the
circuit diagram.
 Measure the resistance of each resistor using a multimeter.
 Calculate the equivalent resistance of the parallel circuit using the
formula:
1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + ...
 Measure the total current flowing through the circuit using a
multimeter.
 Calculate the current flowing through each resistor using Ohm's law
(I = V/R).

Circuit Diagram:
[circuit diagram here]
[BS-Electronics] Page 6
Readings:
Table to record the readings of resistance and current for each resistor:
Resistor Resistance (Ω) Current (A)
Resistor Resistance Current
R1

R2

R3….

Results:
The equivalent resistance of the parallel circuit can be calculated from
the readings taken. The current flowing through each resistor can also be
calculated from the readings. The results can be tabulated and compared
with the expected values to verify the accuracy of the experiment.

Experiment: 4
Series Combination of Resistor
Objective:

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To perform the series combination of resistors and measure the total
resistance of the circuit.

Apparatus:
 Resistor kit
 Multimeter
 Connecting wires
 Breadboard

Working principle:
In a series combination, the resistors are connected end-to-end such that
the current flows through each resistor in a sequential manner. The total
resistance of the circuit is equal to the sum of individual resistances.

Procedure:
 Connect the resistors end-to-end on the breadboard.
 Connect the multimeter in the series combination to measure the
total resistance.
 Measure the resistance of each resistor individually.
 Record the readings in a table.
 Calculate the total resistance of the circuit by adding the resistance
of each resistor.

Circuit diagram:
[BS-Electronics] Page 8
[diagram of the series combination circuit]

Readings:
Resistance of Resistor 1 = R1 = [value] ohms
Resistance of Resistor 2 = R2 = [value] ohms
Total resistance of the circuit = R = R1 + R2 = [value] ohms

Table:
Resistor Number Resistance (ohms)
R1:
R2:
R3:

Results:
The total resistance of the circuit in a series combination is equal to the
sum of individual resistances. In this experiment, the total resistance of
the circuit was [value] ohms.

Experiment: 5
Performing Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL)
KCL, which stands for Kirchhoff's Current Law, is a fundamental concept
in electrical engineering that states the total current entering a junction
[BS-Electronics] Page 9
must equal the total current leaving the junction. This law helps to
understand the behavior of current in a circuit and is used to solve
complex circuit problems.

Objective:
To verify the Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) in a simple circuit.

Apparatus:
 2 resistors
 Power supply
 Ammeter
 Voltmeter
 Wires

Working Principle:
KCL states that the sum of the current entering a junction must equal the
sum of the current leaving the junction. This means that the total current
flowing into a junction is equal to the total current flowing out of it.

Procedure:
 Connect the resistors in a series and connect them to the power
supply.
 Connect the ammeter in series with one of the resistors to measure
the current flowing through it.
 Connect the voltmeter across the same resistor to measure the
voltage across it.
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  Repeat steps 2 and 3 for the other resistor.
 Record the readings for each resistor.

Circuit Diagram:
[Circuit Diagram]

Readings:
Resistor 1: I1 = x A, V1 = y V
Resistor 2: I2 = z A, V2 = w V

Table:
Resistor Current Voltage
R1:
R2:

Results:
The results of the experiment should show that the sum of the current
flowing through the resistors is equal to the total current supplied by the
power supply.
I1 + I2 = Total current supplied by the power supply
This experiment verifies the Kirchhoff's Current Law, which is a
fundamental concept in electrical engineering. It helps to understand the
behavior of current in a circuit and is used to solve complex circuit
problems.
[BS-Electronics] Page 11
Experiment: 6
Performing Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL)
Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) is a fundamental principle in electrical
circuits that states the total voltage around a closed loop must be equal
to zero.

Objective:
The objective of KVL is to determine the voltage drops in a circuit and to
verify the validity of the circuit.

Apparatus:
 Power Supply
 Multi-meter
 Resistor
 Wires

Working principle:
KVL states that the sum of all voltage drops around a closed loop must be
equal to the total voltage supplied. The voltage drops in a circuit occur
across resistors and other components. The total voltage supplied by the
power source is equal to the sum of the voltage drops in the circuit.

Procedure:
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  Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram.
 Turn on the power supply and measure the voltage across each
resistor using a multimeter.
 Record the voltage readings for each resistor.
 Calculate the sum of the voltage drops.
 Compare the sum of the voltage drops to the total voltage supplied
by the power source. If the two values are equal, the circuit is valid.

Circuit Diagram:
[Circuit Diagram Here]

Readings:
[Readings Table Here]

Table:
[Table Here]

Results:
The results of the KVL analysis show that the total voltage around the
circuit is equal to zero. This confirms that the circuit is valid and satisfies
the principle of KVL.

Experiment: 7

[BS-Electronics] Page 13
 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

Objective:
The objective of this experiment is to verify the Maximum Power Transfer
Theorem, which states that maximum power is delivered to the load
when the load resistance is equal to the Thevenin equivalent resistance
of the source.

Apparatus:
 Power supply
 Digital multimeter
 Resistor set
 Breadboard
 Wires

Working Principle:
The Maximum Power Transfer Theorem states that the maximum power
is delivered to the load when the load resistance is equal to the Thevenin
equivalent resistance of the source. The Thevenin equivalent resistance is
the resistance seen by the load when all other components in the circuit
are replaced by their equivalent impedances.

Procedure:
 Connect the power supply and digital multimeter to the breadboard.
[BS-Electronics] Page 14
  Connect a resistor in series with the load.
 Measure the voltage across the load and the current flowing
through the load using the digital multimeter.
 Repeat steps 2 and 3 for different values of load resistance.
 Plot a graph of power delivered to the load versus load resistance.

Circuit Diagram:
[Diagram of a circuit to perform Maximum Power Transfer Theorem]

Readings:
 Voltage across the load (V)= ?
 Current flowing through the load (I)= ?
 Load resistance (R)= ?
 Power delivered to the load (P = V * I)= ?

Table:
[Draw Table here]

Results:
The results of the experiment should show that the maximum power is
delivered to the load when the load resistance is equal to the Thevenin
equivalent resistance of the source, verifying the Maximum Power
Transfer Theorem.

Experiment: 8
[BS-Electronics] Page 15
 Familiarization with capacitor, Inductor and
their Measurements
Objective:
The objective of this experiment is to familiarize with the capacitor and
inductor and their measurements using a multimeter.

Apparatus:
 Multimeter
 Capacitor (of various values)
 Inductor (of various values)
 Breadboard
 Wires
 DC power supply

Working principle:
A capacitor stores electrical energy in the form of an electric field
between two conductive plates. The capacitance value is determined by
the size and distance between the plates, and the dielectric material
between the plates.
An inductor stores electrical energy in the form of a magnetic field
generated by a current flowing through a wire coil. The inductance value
is determined by the number of turns of wire, the size of the wire, and
the magnetic material around the wire.

[BS-Electronics] Page 16
Procedure:
 Measurement of Capacitance
 Connect the capacitor to the multimeter using the breadboard and
wires.
 Set the multimeter to measure capacitance (usually indicated by the
symbol “uF”).
 Read the capacitance value and record it.
 Repeat the procedure for various capacitors of different values.
 Measurement of Inductance
 Connect the inductor to the multimeter using the breadboard and
wires.
 Set the multimeter to measure inductance (usually indicated by the
symbol “mH”).
 Read the inductance value and record it.
 Repeat the procedure for various inductors of different values.

Circuit diagram:
Circuit Diagram for Familiarization with Capacitor and Inductor
Measurements
[Circuit diagram here]

Readings:
The readings for capacitance and inductance can be recorded in a table
for each capacitor and inductor.

[BS-Electronics] Page 17
Table:
Component Value Measured Value
Capacitor 1
Capacitor 2
Inductor 1
Inductor 2

Results:
The experiment should demonstrate the measurement of capacitance
and inductance values of various capacitors and inductors.
The results should show the accuracy of the multimeter in measuring the
values of capacitance and inductance.
The results can be compared to the stated values of the capacitors and
inductors to determine the precision of the measurement.

Experiment: 8
RLC Series (Acceptor)
Objective:
To study the behavior of RLC series acceptor circuit under different loads
and to find its impedance, phase angle, and resonance frequency.

Apparatus:
 Function generator

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  Oscilloscope
 AC power supply
 Resistor
 Capacitor
 Inductor
 Breadboard

Working principle:
The RLC series acceptor circuit consists of a resistor, an inductor, and a
capacitor connected in series. When an AC voltage source is applied to
the circuit, the inductor stores energy in the form of magnetic field, the
capacitor stores energy in the form of an electric field, and the resistor
opposes the flow of current.

Procedure:
 Connect the components as shown in the circuit diagram.
 Connect the function generator to the input and measure the
voltage across the circuit using an oscilloscope.
 Vary the frequency of the function generator and record the
readings for impedance, phase angle, and current.
 Repeat the procedure for different values of resistance, capacitance,
and inductance.
 Plot the graph of impedance versus frequency.

Circuit diagram:
[Draw diagram here]
[BS-Electronics] Page 19
Readings:
[Readings here]

Table:
Frequency (Hz) | Impedance (Ω) | Phase Angle (°) | Current (A)

Results:
 The impedance of the circuit decreases as the frequency increases
and reaches a minimum value at the resonance frequency.
 The phase angle of the circuit is zero at the resonance frequency,
which indicates that the current and voltage are in phase.
 The current through the circuit is maximum at the resonance
frequency, which indicates that the circuit is resonating.

Conclusion:
The study of RLC series acceptor circuit helps in understanding the
behavior of the circuit under different loads and how the frequency
affects its impedance, phase angle, and current.

Experiment: 9
RC Time Constant
Objective:

[BS-Electronics] Page 20
To find the time constant of a RC circuit and to verify the RC time
constant formula.

Apparatus:
 DC Power Supply
 Resistor (R)
 Capacitor (C)
 Oscilloscope
 Voltmeter

Working Principle:
The time constant of a RC circuit is defined as the time taken for the
voltage across the capacitor to reach 63.2% of its final value when a
constant voltage is applied across it. It is represented by the formula, RC,
where R is the resistance in ohms and C is the capacitance in farads. The
time constant indicates how fast or slow the voltage across the capacitor
changes with time.

Procedure:
 Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram below.
 Set the DC power supply to a constant voltage of 10V.
 Turn on the oscilloscope and observe the voltage across the
capacitor.
 Record the voltage across the capacitor at regular intervals of time.
 Plot the voltage vs. time graph to find the time constant.

[BS-Electronics] Page 21
Circuit Diagram:
[Draw circuit diagram here]

Readings:
Record the voltage across the capacitor at regular intervals of time.
(Write readings here)

Table:
Time(T) Voltage(V)
0 sec 0V
0.5 sec 3.16 V
1 sec 6.32 V
1.5 sec 9.48 V
2 sec 12.6 V

Results:
 The time constant of the RC circuit can be calculated from the slope
of the voltage vs. time graph.
 The time constant can be found using the formula, RC = t / ln(V/V0),
where t is the time taken for the voltage to reach 63.2% of its final
value, V is the final voltage, and V0 is the initial voltage.
 The time constant can be verified by comparing it with the
calculated value of R x C.

[BS-Electronics] Page 22
 Experiment: 10
Thevenin Theorem
Thevenin Theorem is a method used to simplify complex circuits and find
the equivalent resistance and voltage. The objective of Thevenin
Theorem is to find the equivalent circuit that behaves in the same way as
the original circuit.

Apparatus:
 Power supply
 Digital multimeter
 Resistors
 Connecting wires
 Circuit diagram

Working Principle:
Thevenin Theorem states that any linear, bilateral circuit can be reduced
to an equivalent circuit consisting of a single voltage source and a single
impedance (resistor) in series. The voltage source represents the open-
circuit voltage across the load terminals and the impedance represents
the equivalent resistance seen between the load terminals when all
independent sources are replaced by their internal impedances.

Procedure:
[BS-Electronics] Page 23
  Draw the circuit diagram.
 Identify the load terminals.
 Remove the load terminals and open all independent sources.
 Find the equivalent resistance (Rth) by finding the resistance
between the load terminals.
 Find the open-circuit voltage (Vth) by measuring the voltage
between the load terminals.
 Draw the equivalent circuit by replacing the original circuit with a
voltage source (Vth) and a resistor (Rth) in series.

Circuit Diagram:
[Draw circuit diagram here]

Readings:
 The open-circuit voltage (Vth) can be measured by a digital
multimeter.
 The equivalent resistance (Rth) can be found by measuring the
resistance between the load terminals.

Table:
[Make table here]

Readings:
Vth (V) Rth (Ω) [Readings]

[BS-Electronics] Page 24
Results:
The equivalent circuit can be represented by a voltage source (Vth) and a
resistor (Rth) in series. The equivalent resistance (Rth) represents the
total resistance seen by the load and the open-circuit voltage (Vth)
represents the voltage across the load terminals when no current is
flowing.

[BS-Electronics] Page 25