Wondershare
PDFelement
......
Wondershare
PDFelement
digestive system
Digestive system:
a) series of hollow organs joined in a long, twisting tube
(gastointestinal tract) - food passes through them
b) accessory organs – food doesnt pass through them
• Other „helpers“: nerves, hormones, blood, bacteria in GI tract
• Digestive system turns food and drink into nutrients
(carbohydrates, protein, fats and vitamins) which body uses for
energy, cell repair and growth.
Wondershare
PDFelement
digestive system
Gastrointestinal tract:
1.Upper GI tract:
a) Mouth
b) Throat (pharynx)
c) Esophagus
d) Stomach
2. Lower GI tract:
a) Small intestine
b) Large intestine (with
rectum)
c) Anus
Wondershare
PDFelement
digestive system
Six major functions take place in digestive system:
a) Ingestion of food
b) Secretion of fluids and digestyve enzymes
c) Mixing and movement of food and wastes through the
body
d) Digestion of food into smaller pieces
e) Absorption of nutrients
f) Excretion of wastes
Wondershare
PDFelement
digestive system
Mouth (oral cavity):
a) Teeth
b) The tongue
c) Salivary glands
Function:
a) Chewing food: breaks it into
pieces which are more easily
digested.
b) Saliva: mixes food to begin
process of breaking it down
in a form our body can
absorb and use.
Wondershare
PDFelement
digestive system
• Throat (pharynx): epiglottis as a
switch between GI and RI tract
• Esophagus: muscular tube
extending from the pharynx to
stomach.
• Function:
a) Deliveres food to stomach with
series of contractions –
peristalsis.
b) Lower esophageal sphincter:
circular muscle which keeps
food passing backwards into
esophagus.
Wondershare
PDFelement
digestive system
Stomach:
• sac-like organ with strong
muscular walls
• Function:
a) Storage tank: it holds food,
mixes it and grinds it
b) Secrets hydrocloric acid and
powerfull enzymes
• When food leaves the stomach
is the consistency of liquid or
paste
Wondershare
PDFelement
Small intestine:
• long tube loosely coiled in
abdomen, inside surface is full of
many ridges and folds –
maximallization of digestion of
food and absorption of nutrients
• Length: 6.9 m in adult male, 7.1
m in adult female
• Consists of three parts:
a) Dudenum
b) Jejunum
c) ileum
Wondershare
PDFelement
Function:
Food pases through (peristalsis) and mixes with digestive
secretions (enzymes from pancres and bile from liver)
Duodenum: continues proces of breaking food down
Jejunum and ileum: absorbtion of nutrients into the bloodstream
Wondershare
PDFelement
Large intestine (colon):
• muscular tube which is 155 cm
in adult women and 166 cm in
adult male
a) Cekum
b) The ascending (right) colon
c) The descending (left colon)
d) Sigmoid colon
• Removal water from food
leftovers (stool) – 36 hours
• Stool: food debris and bacteria.
Wondershare
PDFelement
Rectum:
connects colon to the anus
Recives stool and holds it
untill evacuation happens
The brain decides if rectal
content can be evacuated or
not
Wondershare
PDFelement
Anus:
• last part of digestive tract
a) Pelvic floor muscles
b) Internal anal sphincter
c) External muscles
• Upper part of anus: specialized to detect rectal conntent (liquid,
gas or solid)
• Pelvic floor muscles: creates angle between rectum and anus that
stops stool from coming out when it is not supposed to.
• Internal anal sphincter: keeps us from going to the bathroom when
asleep, or uthervise unaware of the presence of the stool.
• External sphincter: keeps the stool in until we gwt to the toilet
when we get an urge to go to the bathroom.
Wondershare
PDFelement
Accessory organs:
a) Pancreas: secretes enzymes that
break down protein, fat and
carbohydrates from food we
eat
b) Liver: making and secretion of
bile, clensing and purification of
blood coming from the small
intestine
c) Gallbllader: stores bile
Wondershare
PDFelement
How does food travell through the GI tract?
Hollow organs contain muscles – movement of
organs is called peristalsis (segmentation in
small intestine)
Peristalsis propells food and liquid through GI
tract and mixes the content within each organ
After swallowing, process is involuntary.
Wondershare
PDFelement
• Esophagus: carries food from mouth to stomach (lower esophageal
sphincter)
• Stomach: storess swallowed food and liquid, mixes it with digestive
juices it produces and slowly empties its content (chyme). Storing of
food allows us to est only few times a day.
• Small intestine: mixes food with digestive juices from pancreas, liver
and intestine and then absorbs the digested nutrients into the
bloodstream.
• Large intestine: absorbs water and any remaining nutrients and
changes the waste from liquid into stool
• Rectum: stores stool until disposal
Wondershare
PDFelement
Digestive juices
Contain enyzmes (substances that speed up chemical reactions in
body) that break food down into different nutritiens – digestive
system secrets aprox.7 litres of fluids/day.
Salivary glands: saliva – moistening, enyzmes for breaking down
starches
Glands in stomach lining: stomach acid, enyzmes that digest proteins
Pancreas: several enzymes that digest carbohydrates, fats and protein
Liver: bile for digesting fat
Small intestine: digestive juice which combines with pancreatic juice
and bile – digestion of proteins and starches.
Wondershare
PDFelement
Organ Movement Digestive juices Food particles
used broken down
Mouth Chewing Saliva Starches
Esophagus Swallowing None None
Stomach Upper muscle: Stomach acid Protein
relaxes to let food
enter
Lower muscle:
mixes food with
digestive juices
Small intestine Peristalsis Small intestine Starches, protein,
digestive juices carbohydrates
Pancreas None Pancreatic juice Starches, fats,
proteins
Liver None Bile acids Fats
Wondershare
PDFelement
Controll of digestive system
Hormone regulators: cells in the lining of the stomach
and small intestine produces hormones that controll
the functions of digestive system (stimulation of
production of digestive juices and regulation of apetite)
Nerve regulators:
a) Extrinsic system: brain and spinal cord
b) Intrinsic system: nerves within GI tract
Wondershare
PDFelement
TO REMEMBER…
Digestion:
a) Begins in mouth and ends in the small intestine
b) Works by moving food through the GI tract
c) is important for breaking down food into nutrients which body
uses for cell repair, growth and energy
When food passes through GI tract, it mixes with digestive juices
which contain enyzmes. Enzymes break large molecules down into
small ones – body absorbs them through the wall of small
intestine into bloodstream, which delivers them to the rest of the
body
Wondershare
PDFelement
TO REMEMBER…
Waste products of digestion pass through the large
intestine and out of the body as a solid matter called
stool.
The small intestine absorbs most digested food
molecules, as well as water and minerals, and passes
them on to other parts of the body for storage or
further chemical change.
Hormone and nerve regulators control the digestive
process.
