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DECOLONIZING SEXUALITIES
Decolonizing Sexualities

Edited by

Sandeep Bakshi, Suhraiya Jivraj,

and Silvia Posocco

Counterpress
Oxford
First published 2016
Counterpress, Oxford
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© 2016 Sandeep Bakshi, Suhraiya Jivraj, and Silvia Posocco

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to all
intersectional/insurrectional
interventions
living and silenced
we stand together
in love
 FOREWORD

Decolonial Body-Geo-Politics at Large

Walter D. Mignolo

Colonialism is not satisfied merely with holding a people in its grip and emptying
the native’s brain of all form and content. By a kind of perverted logic it turns
to the past of the oppressed people, and distorts, disfigures and destroys it. This
work of devaluing pre-colonial history takes on a dialectical significance today.

— Frantz Fanon (The Wretched of the Earth)

‘Transnational queers of colors’ is a recurrent expression in the

introduction and in the rest of the volume. For Sandeep Bakshi,
Suhraiya Jivraj, and Silvia Posocco ‘transnational’ means building
the communal beyond the lack of complacencies that nation-states
show towards queers of color. Playing the legal aspect of the State but
disobeying (epistemic and aesthesic disobediences within legality) the
State concept of Nation. ‘The transnational communal’ is formulated
at the same time as decolonial. It makes sense: the nation-state is a
constructed modern/colonial institution. It is embedded in the Spirit of
modernity that unavoidably carries the Evil of coloniality. You see and
feel modernity, it is announced, it is promoted, it is celebrated, it is full
of promises. Coloniality is more difficult to see. Modernity’s storytelling
hides it. But it is felt, it is felt by people who do not fit the celebratory
frames and expectations of modernity.
When you felt coloniality, you felt the colonial wound. Then the
question is what to do: to live with it in silence or to find ways to heal
colonial wounds. Decoloniality is a path to heal the wounds of colo-
niality. And since colonial wounds are not physical but mental (which
Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o clearly understood in the expression ‘decolonizing
the mind,’ as well as Frantz Fanon in the epigraph), and mental wounds
are inflicted by words and assumptions that sustain the words, colonial
wounds are perpetrated by epistemic weapons. In the imaginary of the
modern/colonial world (1500 to now), the two basic epistemic weapons
viii Decolonizing Sexualities

are racism and sexism. Racism and sexism always work together for
‘people of color,’ whether they/we are or are not queers.
However, the racist and sexist perverted logic of coloniality ontolo-
gizes both in such a way that it is not unusual to find hetero-normative
beliefs among men of color and among white woman. And I mean
hetero-normative belief not to be confused with heterosexual conducts.
Hetero-normative beliefs transcend gender differences and the racial
color spectrum. That is the power of social classifications: a method
by which actors installed in specific institutions create and preserve
knowledge imbedded in the narratives of modernity, in the very act
of building the idea of modernity as an inescapable march of history,
social progress, and economic development.
Coloniality you do not see; it is felt by many people who do not fit
the Spirit of modernity as perpetrations of wounds inflicted by invis-
ible (until decoloniality made visible) colonial differences. Decolonial
healing requires building to re-exist rather than energy to only resist.
Resistance implies that you accept the rules of the game imposed upon
you, and you resist. Re-existence means that you delink from the rules
imposed upon you, you create your own rules communally and, there-
fore you re-exist affirming yourself as a human being who does not
want to be Man/Human (see below my reflections on Sylvia Wynter).
This is what I understand is being proposed in these sentences:
Developing the transnational decolonial critique of existing relations
in the domain of sexualities can bring to the surface the possibility of
our imagined, collective ‘different’ worlds. And yet, we do not know in
advance what these communities, these multiple worlds will encompass.
(Bakshi, Jivraj, and Posocco in the introduction to this volume; italics
mine)

Transnational queers of color march parallel to transnational deco-

lonial critique for the simple reason that, decolonially speaking, the
modern distinction between theory and praxis is gone. Being (assuming
oneself) transnational queer of color means to engage in transnational
decolonial critique. That is living queer/thinking queer or vice-versa,
thinking queer/living queer. Thinking is living/doing and doing/living
is thinking.

II

At this point, I need to sincerely and openly express my thanks to

Sandeep Bakshi and the editorial team for their invitation to write this
foreword. I often said on occasions like this that I am a heterosexual
 Foreword ix

man, born and educated in Argentina, of Italian descent and, therefore,

off-white. My encounter and embracing of coloniality/decoloniality
comes from sensing what being a Third World person means (par-
ticularly when you went to Paris in the early seventies and then to the
United Sates in the mid-seventies). Even if you have white skin you are
seen as a person of color, both in France and the US, because of your
accent, because in Europe you are a Sudaka, because in the US you are,
in Anglo-eyes, a Hispanic or Latino (often confused if you have not
been made to belong, by dominant discourses, to the said category).
Thus, I am writing the foreword from my experience of coloniality
as a Third World, heterosexual male and off-white person. Once in the
US, in a workshop, I identified myself as off-white. A young African
American lady addressed me asking not without discomfort and lack of
politeness (as I remember her words and tone): ‘What do you mean by
off-white? There is only White and Black, Black and White!’ Dialogue
was cut-off. I remembered at that moment Frantz Fanon’s sociogenesis.
I remembered also an anecdote told often by my Haitian friend Jean
Casimir. Jean’s story is the following: ‘If a person like Walter knocks
at my house door looking for me, and it is not me who opens the
door, the person opening the door would come into the house and
say: Jean, someone is looking for you. Who? I would ask. The person
would say, “I do not know, a black guy.”’ As we know, according to the
Haitian Constitution, in Haiti everyone is Black. Madina Tlostanova
also frequently tells her story. She has white skin and blonde-red hair.
In Moscow she is considered Black because she is from Caucasus and
also a Cherkessian.
Blackness in Russia and Haiti mean different things than in the US.
In Haiti, everybody is Black, your skin color doesn’t matter because
Black means ‘person.’ In Russia white Caucasians (an oxymoron indeed,
for Caucasians are supposed to be the ‘essence’ of whiteness) are Black.
You cannot explain this ontologically. What accounts for it is: a) that
there is a racial classification made by Man1 and Man2 assuming their
whiteness and their Christianity, and b) and that the enactment of the
classification depends on local histories. Often ontology is confused
with epistemology. Particular racial distributions in one place or
another are responses to a belief in racial and sexual ontologies. But
what is ontological is not the ‘implementations’ but the categories of
fictional classifications (I sustain the oxymoron—ontology refers to
existing entities while fictional refers to invented entities here to break
away from racial naturalized ontologies). The enactment of classifica-
tion depends on circumstantial local histories, as the examples above
illustrate.
I understand that many of us are living our lives re-existing, although
x Decolonizing Sexualities

we (the many of us) do it following different paths; paths each of us

found by reflecting both on living our lives enduring the system of
classification (foundational of the colonial matrix of power) and from/
on our disciplines. Even when each of us does, thinks, and acts beyond
the academy, the common ground of our doing is disciplinary, epistemic,
and aesthesic (sensing, emotioning) disobedience. That is, decolonial.

III

Storytelling of how this book came about, together with personal

narratives inserted in different chapters and re-stated in the prologue,
makes us (readers) reflect on what has been done before the book, what
will continue to be done after the book, and the doing of the book
itself. The book itself is just one moment in a march of non-return:
what matters is not only the struggle of ‘anti-’ racism and sexism (two
aspects of Patriarchal Christianity and White Masculinity, encapsulated
in the concept of Man/Human) but, above all, the celebratory work
‘for, towards’ the affirmation of what Man/Human imaginary and
epistemic management devalued, demonized, disavowed, marginalized,
downplayed. I, and many others, owe to Sylvia Wynter her power-
ful argument undraping the perverse logic of coloniality that traps
all of us on the planet in the racial/sexual cage (whether you are in
the racialized/sexualized side of the line or you are in the racializing/
sexualizing space).11 Wynter’s argument in a nutshell is the following:
Human is an overrepresentation of Man invented in the European
Renaissance and established during the European Enlightenment. She
calls Man1 the Renaissance overrepresentation of Man as Human;
Man2 the Enlightenment version. The first is weaved in the theolog-
ical imaginary, even when Man/Human was the first effort toward
secularization. Heretofore, Man1 is akin to Patriarchy. Man2 was
born when secularization moved away from theology by de-goding
reason. Reason moved from Man1 (Patriarchy) to Man2 (Masculinity).
Both share Man overrepresentation as Human. Therefore, I write Man/
Human. He is the one who classifies racially and sexually. And He
is the one who embedded in Christianity, whiteness, and heterosex-
uality sees His ‘imagination’ of the world as ‘representations’ of the
world. ‘Representation’ is a deadly concept of modernity for it makes
one believe that the world is there and what Man/Human does is to
represent it. Coloniality of knowledge established once the rhetoric
of modernity managed to impose the idea that signs represent the
world and that modern knowledge (with all its internal skirmish in
Christian theology, science, and philosophy), ‘represent’ what there is.
 Foreword xi

So that racial and sexual classifications are not fictions, in this view,
but ‘representations’ of what there is.
We, and I mean all of us, queer or not, of color or not, are trapped.
The difference is that the creative energy for transformation is coming
and will continue to grow, from people racialized/sexualized, not from
the side of racializing/sexualizing. And even when it comes, when white
and heterosexual (men and women) of consciousness, from and in
the former First World, realize that their thoughts, behavior, belief,
knowledge has been imposed upon them and they further realize the
injustices that such classificatory social fictions have caused, still they
cannot sense, know, and experience the colonial wound. And that
is fine because there is no, cannot be, universal experiences. When
Wittgenstein referred to ‘living experiences,’ he did not have in mind
the experiences either of an African from Zimbabwe or the experience
of a lesbian Latina in the US. The reverse also obtains, of course. No
African from Zimbabwe and a lesbian Latina could experience what
Wittgenstein was experiencing in Austria.
‘People of non-white color’ cannot feel, sense and know what ‘people
of white color’ feel, sense, and know. I am intentionally talking about
‘feeling and sensing what you know,’ which alerts you to the inverse:
you feel and sense in relation to what you know and your knowing
is a different dimension of your sensing. ‘People of white color and
heterosexual people’ can know and understand colonial wounds, but
cannot experience them. That is what experience means: experience is
constituted by your reflections on what you remember or acknowledge
in your own course of living. At stake here is not only the racial/sexual
bio-political (canonical knowledge, the State, the main-stream media),
but also the geo-political racialization of regions and areas of the world
(e.g. Asia, Africa, Europe, and America; First, Second and Third World;
Western and Eastern Hemisphere; Global South and Global North).
The responses to these compound classifications are decolonial geo-
politics confronting imperial geopolitics, and decolonial body-politics
responding to imperial bio-politics. All of these come together in the
felicitous formula ‘transnational queers of color.’
Therefore, white, heterosexual sensibilities from the former First
World, can accompany decolonial healings, support them, but whom-
ever did not experience the colonial wound cannot heal others even
when becoming aware and cognizant of how colonial wounds are
inflicted. But they can of course heal themselves, reducing to size the
privileges that whiteness, heterosexuality, and First Worldness bestowed
upon them. Briefly, we are all involved in the messy situations provoked
by imperial (cf. modern/colonial) racial/sexual classification. However,
the fact remains that the strong belief of white supremacy, heterosexual
xii Decolonizing Sexualities

normativity (that is, the moment in which heterosexuality equals hete-

ro-normativity) and First Worldness are well entrenched in institutions
and actors who run such institutions, from universities to mainstream
media. However, it is important to remember that people of color are
not excluded from confusing heterosexuality with hetero-normativity
and assimilating to First World beliefs and behavior living behind their
former Third or Second Worldness.
For all these reasons, there is no safe place when it comes to racism
and sexism: it is a constant struggle between forces of regulations and
energies of liberation. This volume is a single case of the latter, not only
for what is said in the volume but for what is being done beyond the
volume by all contributors and editors involved.
The hope of the present towards the future is the growing decolonial
Spirit of delinking to re-exist (a basic decolonial move), accepting that
Eurocentric fictions in all spheres of life, but above all, racial and
sexual fictions embedded in the economy (capitalism), politics (the
State), epistemology (the university, museums, schools, the church),
and authority (the army and the police) manage and control emotions
and sensing of the world.

IV

The volume invites reflections on the concept of ‘politics’ if not

‘the political.’ If politics in Western traditions refers to engaging with
issues of the ‘polis,’ it has been restricted to engaging with issues of
government and its institutions, the various State-forms. ‘The political’
in Carl Schmitt’s formulation, divides the camp between friends and
enemies. Although he restricted his formulation to the sphere of the
State and of inter-state law, currently politics and the political needs
to be understood in all spheres of living: religious, economic, political,
epistemic, artistic, racial, sexual, aesthetic, pedagogical, scientific,
disciplinary, philosophical. More than friends/enemies ‘the political’
emerges in the entangled forces of regulation and liberation: controlling
and managing on the one hand, and the refusal to be controlled and
manage by the arrogance of Man1 and Man2.
The political is at stake in racial/sexual energies of liberation from
the forces of regulation. Connecting scholarly arguments with current
events that request both politics and the political, the essays in the
volume make singular calls to secular State racism confronting religious
anti-racism (Charlie Hebdo); to sexual/racial civil society violence
against gay people (Latinx Gay Club in Orlando Florida); to, what
could be added, the police ‘serial killing’ of Black People in the US,
 Foreword xiii

and many others. Notice, however, that all these events, and several
others, are taking place in the former First World. Engaging with
friends-enemies in these spheres of life means to engage the political
but also the ethics of racial and sexual decolonial liberation.
The nation-state is a form and structure of governance created by
Man/Human in the sense Sylvia Wynter defines the term; and Man/
Human who created the nation-state form of governance in former
Western Europe (now the heart of the European Union), during the
historical process that went from the Treaty of Westphalia till—grosso
modo—the end of the nineteenth century, were just that: Man/Human.
It is all condensed in one expression: ‘Declaration of the Rights of Man
and of Citizen.’ After Wynter’s argument we know who is Man/Human
and who can be Citizen. Notice also that the declaration is ‘of the rights
of Man,’ in singular: Man as overrepresentation of Human. This was
Man2. Man2 was/is heterosexual, and because He was heterosexual He
assumed that it was the way it is and it should be. He continued, with
modification, the racial/sexual classification initiated by Man1. They
both belong to a monotheistic cosmology in which God is conceived
in the image of Man and, during the Renaissance, updated to fit the
needs of Man1. It was not, and it is not like that in many co-existing,
non-modern cosmologies.

Let’s take one example—Nahuatl speaker’s cosmology, also known

as Aztec cosmology. In it, Ometeotl was understood by Spanish mis-
sionaries and described as God, as if Ometeotl was a second-class
equivalent of Christian’s God. Well, it so happened that for Nahuatl
speakers, Ometeotl was not a God as Spanish missionaries thought.
Ometeotl was conceived as Energy, the Energy that created all that
exists, including Tlacatl and Cihuatl. The Energy that created the world
was the energy that implanted in the world the feature of both Tlacatl
and Cihuatl. One could say that Tlacatl and Cihuatl are not entities
defined by their features, but words that indicate distinction between
features that are embedded in everything that was created by Ometeotl.
Thus Tlacatl and Cihuatl. Are not two distinctive and opposed entities,
but fluid moieties that invade all of what exists, all entities in their
constant movements (ollin, in Nahuatl)? The logic of moieties and the
experience of living in a world of moieties and fluidity is that day is
not the opposite of night, but that there is no night without day and
no day without night. Tlacatl and Cihuatl more than entities, material
entities, were two types of energies dispersed and embedded in any
xiv Decolonizing Sexualities

existing entity in the universe created by Ometeotl. Ometeotl’s energy

was Tlacatl and Cihuatl’s energies.
The Spaniards translated Tlacatl as man and Cihuatl as woman.
By so doing they shattered the fluidity between, and complementarity
of, moieties, the movement (ollin) and harmony between moieties,
and ontologized each moiety into the rigidity of the body. Spaniards,
contributed to the affirmation of Western cosmology by putting entities
(bodies) before features, fluidity, and movement. They needed to do
so because they believed that man and woman are two distinct and
opposed entities, each of them defined by well-established ontological
features. Briefly, Spaniards did not understand Nahuatl’s way of living
and understanding. After the Spaniards came the French and British,
and Western cosmology was grounded in the epistemic, economic,
political, and military Westernization of the world. One of the major
difficulties of Western mentalities to understand many non-Western
cosmologies is the privilege of the Noun over the Verb. In many cosmo-
logies it would be impossible to reflect on Being and Time (the time of
entities), as Martin Heidegger did. If you start from the Verb instead of
Noun, you would easily understand fluidity and energies flowing and
inhabiting different entities.
By so doing Spaniards, and all who came after them in the relentless
Westernization of the world, managed to impose structures of gov-
ernance and knowledge that demonized fluidity and complementarity
overall. In gender/sexual matters the result was the uncontroversial
‘reality’: a man is a man and a woman is a woman, and that is that.
Who was successful in establishing His narrow conception of reality
and the world was Man/Human (Man1 and Man2). For this reason
Man/Human consolidated His conception of the world not only in
the sphere of ethnicities and sexualities but in all spheres of social
organization. Man/Human was (and still is) the Christian and White
heterosexual, who inhabits the West and later on the First World. Man
modeled the State; Man/Human was the supreme epistemic authority
manifested in theology and secular sciences (including social sciences)
and philosophy (including all the humanities and Western poetic/
artistic expressions). Man/Human was and is the one who assumes
the privileges and the rights to manage and exploit the living planet
to His benefit and for that reason invented the concept of ‘nature’ and
of ‘natural resources,’ which spilled out to ‘human resources.’ Man/
Human is the master of ‘human resources’ of which He is excluded.
Nahuatl’s cosmology is similar to many cosmologies of indigenous
people in what came to be known as the Americas and the Caribbean.
Indigenous people from Europe inhabiting Christian cosmology
invented these names. Indigenous cosmologies of the Americas have
 Foreword xv

not been lost. Today they are re-emerging, resurging. Two-spirits or

two-spirited (as the contributors to this volume very well know) are the
expressions used by Native Americans to refer to and describe a person
who feels simultaneously in their body the energy of, in Nahuatl ter-
minology, Tlacatl and Cihuatl. When translated into Western imperial
languages, the limitations are obvious: imperial language speakers have
only two words to indicate closed circuits (man or woman; masculine
or feminine). But it is not only the limitations of the nouns. It is the
syntax: man or woman; masculine or feminine. If instead it were written
man and woman, masculine and feminine, the translation would get
closer to two-spirits.2 However, we are all experiencing racist and sexist
imperial geopolitics.

VI

The nation-state is the overall and dominant structure of governance

today on the planet. There are differences however between secular
nation-states founded in Western Europe, and the monarchic states
before the French Revolution. There are also differences between the
nation-state founded by the Founding Fathers (the United Nation-States
of America), the European nation-states, and the nation-states that
emerged in the rest of the Americas and the Caribbean, in the nineteenth
and twentieth centuries, on the one hand, and the nation-states that
emerged in Asia and Africa from the process of decolonization during
the Cold War, on the other. European nation-states were found by the
emerging ethno-class known as bourgeoisie. The Founding Fathers were
not bourgeois like in Europe. The European bourgeoisie detached itself
from the monarchic state and the church. There was no monarchic state
and church to detach from in the foundation of the US. The forces to
vanquish were the ‘wilderness,’ the land, the Indians and the existing
African enslaved population.
Moreover, Western European nation-states and those formed after
independence from European colonialisms are linked and divided
by geo-body colonial differences. Colonial differences make visible
power differentials hidden under the idea that the nation-state form is
a global institution that secures democracy and brings into shining light
power differentials between imperial state-forms and modern/colonial
state-forms that emerged after independences. Colonial differences is
a decolonial concept highlighting the irreducible cultural, political,
and economic dependencies in the inter-state system and, therefore,
between nation and nationalities. The point is that geo-political power
differentials are not unrelated to bio-political power differentials:
xvi Decolonizing Sexualities

that is of racism and sexism. Bio-politics is, in the last analysis, the
mutation of a system of classification from monarchic-theological states
(sixteenth to eighteenth century in Europe) to secular-bourgeois states
(from eighteenth century on). Bio-politics, in short, is the secular face of
theo-politics: the classification of people by blood and religions instead
of by biology and skin color. All the furniture in the basement comes to
light when one considers the magic illusion that the nation-state form
of governance created. The illusion is that to each state corresponds
one nation. It so then happens that ‘nations’ were imagined as a homo-
geneous Man/Human, an imagined community in which Woman was
a surrogate of Man/Human although, at the same time, differentiated
from non-European women of color. It was also assumed, non-dit,
that Man/Human and Woman were heterosexual. States are legal-ad-
ministrative institutions. Nations are indeed a heterogeneous mix of
‘proper’ nationals and ‘quasi’ nationals because of how the ‘nation-
state’ classifies them/us, by gender, sexuality, ethno-racial, and other
nations and languages and religions (thus, the conflicts with immigrants
and refugees from the former Third and Second Worlds migrating to the
former First World.) In other words, each State ‘represents’ one nation
among the pluri-nationalities under a given state.
I bring these considerations forward for several reasons—one of them
prompted by Nawo C. Crawford’s Prologue. The Prologue captures
from the first paragraph the spinal column of the entire volume: the
question of Man/Humanity, that is, the normative fiction of Humanity
grounded on the overrepresented image of Man as Human, which is
precisely Sylvia Wynter’s groundbreaking argument. Groundbreaking
because Eurocentrism is grounded in the colonial matrix of power, an
overarching conceptual imaginary upon which knowledge, understand-
ing, politics, economy, religion, art, and the very fictional concept of
‘nature’ and ‘natural resources’ has been established. And the master-
mind of the colonial matrix of power was and is Man/Human—His
knowledge, His political and economic organizations, His educational
regulations; His values and expectations of what humans have to be
or become if they are not. All of that (e.g. the colonial matrix of
power) was built up by Man/Human, the powerful fictional world of
modernity, progress, civilization and development that has done more
damaged than good. What are the tasks then?
It is of a great importance to challenge all the walls and barriers that
society has built to keep us in the same mental/ emotional space then
when they colonized our ancestors. The construction of who we are as
LGBT people of color in France is very problematic because we are stuck
in the frame of assimilation. Assimilation is the form of oppression that
considers ‘whiteness’ as the model, the universal model of humanity.
 Foreword xvii

In order to be considered civilized and not ‘racaille,’ to be seen as their

equals and not barbarians, we have to adopt their notion of humanity,
of universality, and since we are living and/or born in France, we have
to adopt their unique notion of ‘Frenchness.’ Which means accepting
to be silenced and to never ever question the unique model, the unique
standard of values, identity, etc. (Prologue, bold letters mine)

‘Assimilation’ is one keyword. Whoever doesn’t fit the fictional

edifice built in the image of Man/Human by Man/Human, has either to
assimilate or to pay the consequences: humiliations of all sort, colonial
wounds of all sort. These are cases in which colonial wounds are the
consequences of the invisible work of ‘colonial differences.’ Colonial
differences are not ontological; they are not the outcome of ‘natural’
eruptions of the living. It is the work of actors, institutions, and
languages. Colonial differences are fictional ontologies epistemically
invented. That is, fictions that become ontological appear as having
nothing to do with actors and institutions, knowledges, and languages
creating them. Man/Human is the fiction upon which normalcy is
established and defended, even when ‘change’ appears as a key word
reproducing the normalcy of Man/Human. And that is the decolonial
struggle at hand: to delink from the fictional categories and classifi-
cations installed and instilled in the narratives of modernity and the
violence of coloniality. And that is what this volume attempts to do;
not by itself of course, but as a single moment in the large march of
decolonial liberations.
Two major problems, visible today, emerge from the nation-state
form. One that is being explored in this book addresses here Nationals
modeled on Human/Man. Therefore, humans (with small letters) are
less nationals, quasi nationals or non-nationals (illegal immigrants and
displaced refugees). Nationals are accepted in the sphere of the Man/
Human imaginary. Queers of color, refugees, immigrants, ‘terrorists’
(yesterday’s communists), are all kept at bay by material and mental
borderlines that justify police (domestic) military (inter-state) forces
when ‘necessary.’ The other problem with the nation-state has been
that it has increasingly neglected the nation in its heterogeneity, in
favor of inter-state relations. States struggle to survive in the increasing
conflictive power struggles in the inter-state system. Cutting health and
education budgets, supporting banks and corporations, increasing
military budgets are all measures that are making the ‘nation’ (even in
the former First World or developed countries) increasingly dispensable.
The target enemy, to use Schmitt’s conception of the political, is Man/
Human. And this is not a material and physical giant to be destroyed
with bombs. No, Man/Human is an epistemic and fictional construct
that can only be dismantled with research and argumentations, creating
xviii Decolonizing Sexualities

institutions (as most of the contributors here are doing), working

towards rebuilding the communal, engaging decolonial love, and
turning our backs (delinking) from the radiations of Man/Human.
All these issues are addressed in the volume at hand with clarity,
scholarly poise, conceptual insights, dignified anger, and majestic
dignity.

Notes
1 Sylvia Wynter, ‘Unsettling the Coloniality of Being/Power/Truth/Freedom.
Towards the Human, After Man, Its Overrepresentation—An Argument,’
New Centennial Review 3/3 (2003), 257–337.
2 For a list of terms in Native American languages and translation into
English, see NativeOUT, accessed 11 November 2016, [Link]
com/twospirit-rc/two-spirit-101/two-spirit-terms-in-tribal-languages/. The
translations cannot get out of the English semantic and syntactic trap. If you
worked in the etymology of each Native America language, you would find
out how different it is. And if you go into the syntax, you would become
more acquainted with the limitations of imperial languages as well as their
arrogance and pretended universality.
 PROLOGUE

Paris Black Pride 2016

Nawo C Crawford

I have been a Black lesbian activist for many years in different

organizations: feminist, lesbians of color, pan African. I have fought
against sexism, homo and lesbophobia, against racism but also for
the freedom to express ourselves, to be completely visible as we are as
women, lesbians, black women, and black lesbians, in the white, black
or LGBT community, etc. So when a friend asked me to be part of the
first Paris Black Pride (PBP) project, I saw it as a continuity but also as
something different that was missing.
It is of a great importance to challenge all the walls and barriers that
society has built to keep us in the same mental/ emotional space than
when they colonized our ancestors. The construction of who we are as
LGBT of color in France is very problematic because we are stuck in
the frame of assimilation. Assimilation is the form of oppression that
considers ‘whiteness’ as the model, the universal model of humanity. In
order to be considered civilized and not ‘racaille,’1 to be seen as their
equals and not barbarians, we have to adopt their notion of humanity,
of universality, and since we are living and/or born in France, we have
to adopt their unique notion of ‘Frenchness.’ Which means accepting
to be silenced and to never ever question the unique model, the unique
standard of values, identity, etc.
That’s why LGBT people of color are not meant to question the
Eurocentric notions of sexualities. And when we do, we are seen as the
enemy from within who are ‘communitarists,’ against the Republican
ideal of equality.
Those are some of the critiques the team (three gay men and one
lesbian) heard when we decided to build PBP.2 We also heard that we
were being racist, etc. The usual stuff, heard it before and will hear it
again, and so on. But even so, that didn’t stop us from organizing in
only two months the first Fierté des LGBT people of color in Paris. It
was quite challenging. We wanted a Pride that would be more than just
about partying. Though it is important to party and some did party
every night during the weekend, we know how important it is to have
fun and be very loud and proud of who we are. Nonetheless, we also
xx Decolonizing Sexualities

wanted moments of reflection, activities that would allow us to question

the system, society, ourselves, etc. We wanted a space where all LGBT
of color could feel safe to exchange on certain issues and also a space
where we could imagine OUR future.
The event lasted three days, during which there were workshops such
as the one with videos of Black French or Africans followed by discus-
sions about our sexualities in France, the Overseas Departments, and
in Africa; activism, community, family, and solidarity; the Eurocentric
vision of our reality which tends to see us as victims, though our
realities are much more positive and empowering than that. We also
held round tables on the second day. We had activists and scholars
from different backgrounds and countries talking about the situation
in France, UK, and in Europe concerning the rights of LGBT people of
color. They also shared their views about identity or identities, solidarity
local/ transnational, what kind of network, what kind of partnership.
The third and last day was a picnic in a park, organized by another
Black LGBT group. The artists were also present such as painters,
interdisciplinary artists, and other performers.
The major challenge to realize such an event came from inside. We
were a team of four who didn’t know each other that well. Since we
had a very short time to get things done, we were more in a ‘doing
mode’ than in a ‘reflective mode’ which was really frustrating because I
noticed quite quickly that there were in the team two different attitudes
as activists which would impact the choice of our strategies but also
our goals. The three other members considered that reforming society
would be enough to bring the major changes we need to deconstruct
the European concepts of sexuality and sexual identities; and myself
who wanted a more radical approach, a decolonial approach freeing
ourselves from the need of being recognized by Europeans in order to
empower our communities.
I wanted to build a Paris Black Pride in a way that would transcend
the LGBT Eurocentric standard of activism and solidarity. I don’t
believe that fighting for acceptance from the dominant part of society or
the LGBT community will solve our issues of the multiple exclusions we
experience whether socio-economic, political, concerning citizenship,
etc.
I do believe that we can be more imaginative and build a PBP that
can revolutionize the model of activism, that can decolonize activism.
Build an organization, build local and transnational networks with a
broader perspective based on radical decolonial theories or inspired
by radical actions from the LGBT of color in Europe, the Americas, or
Africa. To use these perspectives to question, through different sorts
of activities during the weekend, the ‘modern/colonial’ system, model
 Prologue xxi

of knowledge or activism. To question the world wide capitalist/patri-

archal system and see how it affects our lives and our experiences as
LGBT people of color. I wanted this first PBP to lay the foundations of
a new frame of knowledge, activism, solidarity, to allow ourselves to
be more creative in the desire to decolonize our minds, our bodies and
alliances, our frame of references.
Though the four members of this PBP team are from the oppressed
side of power, three of us thought that the best strategy was to focus
on the politicians and the institutions in order to become an essential
organization they would have to deal with in the future. What is
important and essential for me is to detach ourselves from those who
represent the colonial/Eurocentric power. I want us to use decolonial
strategies, to rethink our alliances, etc. which doesn’t mean that we
must ignore the institutions and those who represent them but it has to
be only after we acknowledged our need to decolonize our minds. Our
struggle is not about gaining a few reforms of the modern/ colonial,
western/ Christian centric system but to be part of this larger network
of LGBT of color who are fighting for a broader transformation of
sexual, gender, race, spiritual, economic, political, and linguistic hier-
archy of power.
The team would take into account the postcolonial theories as
such as intersectionality which is absolutely necessary to have a better
understanding of how the different hierarchies are connected. But from
my point of view, the first organization of its sort in France had to be
built on ‘decolonial’ foundations. Changing laws in France to make
the situation for LGBT people of color a bit more viable can be of
some use in the short term. Nevertheless, the PBP must be a network
uniting LGBT of color as individuals or representing organizations or
associations and whose long term goal should/will be to decolonize our
practices, deconstruct identities, sexualities, create new strategies and
struggles by building transnational networks, local and transnational
solidarity through which we can re-imagine and work on a world in
which we, LGBT of color, would want to live.
Though my experience of this first PBP was very challenging, it
was, in many ways, also a very enriching experience, but since this
contribution is meant to be a prologue I will not elaborate on all the
great and empowering moments for myself and those who came to the
event. I will only say that it has given me the will to stay and continue
to fight for the LGBT people of color from within this organization.
We had our major differences, but this didn’t stop us from listening,
understanding, and respecting each other. I do see all the potential and
where change is possible in the very near future. It was a very small
team and we only had two months but we did wonders for this first PBP
xxii Decolonizing Sexualities

weekend in July 2016. I am very happy and proud of what we’ve done.
The team will grow larger (new members are already joining us) with
different political views: reformists, revolutionaries, those who will
want to use postcolonial strategies and others decolonial strategies. We
will take time to reflect, understand, and mostly question knowledge,
actions, allies, theories and step by step in the year to come and the
following years build a PBP that will be a space where all LGBT people
of color can imagine and work towards a world that would not be
universal but, as many have said before me, pluriversal; where we can
all be accepted with our own uniquenesses.

Notes

1 Racaille is the French word for thug, usually used against Arabs or Africans.
2 Paris Black Pride (PBP) is not only for LGBT people of African descent.
In French, it’s called La Fierté des LGBT de couleurs en France. The name
can and should evolve with the development of the organization.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The origins of this project loosely began in 2008 as a response to a

series of crises and events linked to Islamophobia, homonationalism,
and racism that deeply concerned us and that called for collective
analysis and responses, leading to the first event in Berlin in 2010. The
Berlin workshop was collectively organized by Decolonize Queer, with
no budget, but with the incredible commitment and generosity of many
individuals and organizations. For their commitment to the activities
in Berlin, we thank Jennifer Petzen, Sarah Bracke, Jin Haritaworn,
Johanna Rothe, Rasha Moumneh, and Tiziana Mancinelli: their vision
and dedication made this event a reality. Thank you specifically to El
Meral, who hosted us so warmly in the freezing Berlin winter in the
offices of GLADT, and to those who so kindly put us up in their homes.
The meeting could not have taken place without their generosity and
trust.
We also gratefully acknowledge the UK Arts and Humanities
Research Council for funding a three-year Networking Grant which
enabled us to continue to work together, culminating in an international
conference at the University of Kent in July 2013. Thank you to the
Kent Law School for funding our activities and to the research support
office, particularly Sarah Slowe and also Sarah Gilkes for working on
the Decolonizing Sexualities Network website. The Birkbeck Institute
for the Humanities (BIH) generously supported a Safra Project con-
ference in London in July 2013 and the roundtable and book launch
of the Queer African Reader, also in London, in December 2013. The
latter also benefitted from the support offered by the Department of
Psychosocial Studies, Birkbeck, University of London. We are very
grateful to Sarah Lamble and Eddie Bruce-Jones for their invaluable col-
laboration in the organization of these London-based activities. Thank
you to Sarah Keenan for input into the AHRC funding application,
co-organizing and chairing the event at Birkbeck and for accompanying
us along the way. Thank you to Against Equality for coming to the UK
to be part of these events, and to Yasmin Nair for participating via a
Skype podcast. We thank Nila Kamol Krishan Gupta, who spoke so
movingly at the roundtable with the Against Equality collective. For
the Paris-based activities, we thank Sabreen and Lesbiennes of Color,
the LOCs.
xxiv Decolonizing Sexualities

Thank you to Counterpress—our fantastic publishers—particularly

Gilbert Leung and Illan rua Wall, for taking on this unorthodox project
and for all their support in bringing it to completion. We admire their
commitment to setting up a new, not-for-profit, open access publisher
of critical scholarship. Thank you also to Cathryn Winn-Jones for such
speedy help with copy-editing.
Others that we would like to thank include Humaira Saeed, for
helping to organize the workshop at the University of Kent in July 2013
and for writing up the report and compiling the DSN bibliography. We
hope these materials may be useful to others.
Silvia and Suhraiya would like to acknowledge Sandeep Bakshi’s
amazing translations of the contributions by LOCs and João Gabriell
into English. We are grateful to Walter Mignolo, Ani Dutta and Nawo
Crawford for their generous engagement and to Raju Rage for granting
permission to use the artwork that is now the cover of the book. Paola
Bacchetta has also been a huge source of support in the completion of
this project.
Sandeep Bakshi would like to thank Amandeep S. Malhi, Anouk
Guiné, Faell Guitteaud, Huma Dar, Nishant Upadhyay and Tarek
Lakhrissi for their support, love and thought-inspiring exchange in
person and on social media.
We would like to thank the contributors for coming on this long
journey with us, and for bearing with us, for inspiring us with their
wonderful work and enduring activism and engagement, against all
odds. We would also like to personally thank our close friends, partners
and families as well as mentors for sustaining us and providing much
needed impetus in hard times. A special mention goes out to Nuri
and Ayaan Jivraj de Jong for keeping the three of us and many of the
contributors entertained throughout the course of the DSN project
and reminding us of the importance of the work for young people and
future generations.
Compiling this book has also been a wonderful opportunity for joint
thinking and co-writing that has extended over time, as a process that
has therefore unfolded alongside a myriad of mundane activities and
life-events: we are grateful to each other for the friendship that has
enabled us to envision a connection and hold on to the promise of a
writing project with conviction and passion. Undoubtedly, there have
been some very difficult times. Such work draws on the labour of many.
Whilst we have not named everyone, we are nevertheless profoundly
grateful to all who have been involved, at different junctures. Any
omissions or errors are our own.

Sandeep, Suhraiya, and Silvia

 CONTENTS

Foreword: Decolonial Body-Geo-Politics at Large .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. vii

Walter D. Mignolo

Prologue: Paris Black Pride 2016 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. xix

Nawo C Crawford

Acknowledgements .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . xxiii

Contributors . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. xxviii

Introduction . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1
Sandeep Bakshi, Suhraiya Jivraj, and Silvia Posocco

CHALLENGE . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 17

1. Beyond Anti-LGBTI Legislation:

Criminalization and the Denial of Citizenship .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 19
Sokari Ekine

2. Post-colonial Perspective / Neocolo Chop Chop /

Speak Out! / The Rabid Virus / The Oh My God Farce! /
As If I needed a Reason / Nollywood What? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 32
Mia Nikasimo

3. Recounting and Reflecting on Resistance:

The Dilemma of the Diaspora to Define . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 47
Raju Rage

4. In Defence of a Radical Trans Perspective

in the French Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 60
João Gabriell

5. On Doing Work, or, Notes from the Classroom .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 71

Humaira Saeed
 CREATE . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 79

6. Decoloniality, Queerness, and Giddha .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 81

Sandeep Bakshi

7. To Be Young, Gay, and African .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 100

Diriye Osman

8. This Is How We Soften Our Hearts . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 103

Diriye Osman

9. Femininty in Men Is a Source of Power . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 105

Diriye Osman

10. Theoretical Coalitions and Multi-Issue Activism:

‘Our Struggles Will Be Intersectional
or They Will Be Bullshit!’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. . 108
Sirma Bilge

ALL POWER ACTIVISM . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 123

11. Dismantling the Image of the Palestinian Homosexual:

Exploring the Role of alQaws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . 125
Wala AlQaisiya, Ghaith Hilal, and Haneen Maikey

12. Decolonial Activism in White French Feminist Land . . .. .. .. . 141

Lesbiennes of Color (Sabreen, Moruni, and Aria)

13. Lesbian of Colour Activism and

Racist Violence in Contemporary Europe . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 154
Fatima El-Tayeb

14. ‘Guarding Against Terrorism’:

Testimony of a Singaporean Muslim Lesbian . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 170
Jun Zubillaga-Pow

15. Stopping a Racist March—Activism Beyond the

Incommensurability of (Homo)Sexuality and Religion . .. .. . 178
Suhraiya Jivraj
 NOW . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 195

16. Building an Inclusive Mosque: A Case Study . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 197

Dervla Zaynab Shannahan and Tamsila Tauqir

17. Against Equality, Against Inclusion . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 215

Karma R. Chávez, Ryan Conrad,
and Yasmin Nair for Against Equality

18. Reasons For Optimism:

Same Sex Marriage in Mexico City . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 231
Arturo Sánchez García

19. (Decolonizing) The Ear of the Other:

Subjectivity, Ethics and Politics in Question .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 249
Silvia Posocco

20. QTPOC Critiques of ‘Post-Raciality,’

Segregationality, Coloniality and
Capitalism in France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 264
Paola Bacchetta

Afterword: Interrogating QTPOC Critique,

Imagining North-South Solidarities . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 282
Aniruddha Dutta

Index . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 288
 CONTRIBUTORS

Against Equality is an online archive, publishing, and arts collective

focused on critiquing mainstream gay and lesbian politics. As a
transnational collective of queer thinkers, writers and artists, we
are committed to dislodging the centrality of equality rhetoric and
challenging the demand for inclusion in the institutions of marriage, the
military, and the prison industrial complex via hate crime legislation.
Against Equality has produced three widely circulated anthologies on
these topics, and our archive can be found at [Link].
We want to reinvigorate the queer political imagination with fantastic
possibility.

Karma Chávez is a queer Chicana feminist teacher who grew up

in rural Nebraska. She currently lives in Austin, Texas and teaches
in the Department of Mexican American and Latina/o Studies
at UT-Austin. She is author of Queer Migration Politics: Activist
Rhetoric and Coalitional Possibilities (University of Illinois Press,
2013)

Ryan Conrad is an outlaw artist, terrorist academic, and petty thief

from a mill town in central Maine. He is the co-founder of Against
Equality. Conrad is currently a Sexuality Studies PhD candidate
at Concordia University in Montréal. His work and record of
community organizing is archived on [Link]

Yasmin Nair is a writer in Uptown, Chicago and the co-founder

of Against Equality. Nair has been an activist and organizer in
Chicago since she moved there in 1997. Her activist work includes
gentrification, immigration, public education, and youth at risk. Her
written work can be found at [Link].

alQaws for Sexual & Gender Diversity in Palestinian Society is a

civil society organization founded in grassroots activism that works
toward social change with regard to sexuality, sexual orientation, and
gender identity, and aspires to create a more vibrant and just society. At
individual, community, and societal levels, alQaws disrupts sexual and
gender-based oppression, and challenges regulation of our sexualities
 Contributors xxix

and bodies, whether patriarchal, capitalist, or colonial. See: [Link]

[Link]

Walaa AlQaisiya is a doctoral student at Durham University,

Department of Human Geography, whose research raises the
question on meanings of queer(ying) spaces within the current
Palestinian context and their relevance in relation to de-colonial
geographies and imaginaries.

Ghaith Hilal is an architect, designer, and Palestinian queer activist,

based in Ramallah, Palestine. Ghaith has been an active member of
alQaws’ West Bank leadership since 2007, and a board member since
2009, during which he wrote a few articles on queer organizing in
Palestine in both Arabic and English.

Haneen Maikey is a Palestinian queer community organizer,

co-founder and the executive director of ‘alQaws.’ Haneen is author
of ‘The History and Contemporary State of Palestinian Sexual
Liberation Struggle’ (The Case for Sanctions Against Israel, ed. Lim
A., 2012); along with different articles about queer organizing in
Palestine and Pinkwashing.

Paola Bacchetta is Associate Professor in the Department of Gender

and Women’s Studies at University of California, Berkeley. Her recent
publications include: Co-Motion: Situated Planetarities, Co-Formations
and Co-Productions in Feminist and Queer Alliances (Duke University
Press, forthcoming); Femminismi Queer Postcoloniali (co-edited with
Laura Fantone [Ombre Corte, 2015]); and articles on queer decolonial
analytics of power, social movements and space.

Sandeep Bakshi is a queer academic researching on postcolonial

Anglophone and Francophone literatures and transnational decolonial
enunciation of knowledge. He received his PhD from the School of
English, University of Leicester, UK and is currently employed as
Lecturer in English at the University of Le Havre, France.

Sirma Bilge is Associate Professor of Sociology at Université de Montréal.

Recent publications: (co-author Patricia Hill Collins) Intersectionality
(Polity Press, 2016), ‘Le blanchiment de l’intersectionnalité,’
Recherches féministes (2015), ‘La pertinence de Hall pour l’étude de
l’intersectionnalité,’ Nouvelles pratiques sociales (2014), ‘Whitening
Intersectionality. Evanescence of Race in Intersectionality Scholarship,’
in Racism and Sociology, eds. W. Hund & A. Lentin (2014).
xxx Decolonizing Sexualities

Nawo Carole Crawford is a life long activist who has fought for the
rights of women, lesbians, LGBTQ of color and also, as a pan African
activist, she has fought for the empowerment of the African Diaspora.
As a member of the Paris Black Pride, Nawo is now fighting for a
greater visibility of the QPOC in France.

Aniruddha Dutta is an assistant professor of Gender, Women’s and

Sexuality Studies and Asian and Slavic Languages and Literatures at
the University of Iowa, and also works with queer-trans community
organisations in eastern India. Their book manuscript, Globalizing
through the Vernacular: The Making of Gender and Sexual Minorities
in Eastern India, is in progress

Fatima El-Tayeb is Professor of Literature and Ethnic Studies at the

University of California, San Diego. She is the author of three books
and numerous articles on the interactions of race, gender, sexuality,
and nation. Before coming to the US, she lived in Germany and the
Netherlands, where she was active in black feminist, migrant, and queer
of color organizations.

Sokari Ekine is a Nigerian British queer feminist writer, photographer,

researcher and activist. She is founder of Black Looks Blog which
includes a ten year archive of LGBTIQ in Africa from 2004–2014. She
is co-editor with Firoze Manji of African Awakenings: The Emerging
Revolutions [2012] and with Hakima Abbas Queer African Reader
[2013]. Ekine currently lives between the US and Haiti where she is in
the process of creating a visual & textual archive on African Diaporic
Spiritual Practices.

João Gabriell is an Afro-Caribbean trans blogger and writer based in

South of France. He grew up in the Caribbean and came to Europe nine
years ago. He is involved in local anticolonial struggles in Marseille and
writes mainly on race, colonialism and their intersection with working
class queer and trans people of color.

Inclusive Mosque Initiative began in 2012, in London and now has

international branches (in Pakistan, Malaysia and Switzerland). It is a
grassroots activist organization working toward ‘Establishing places
of worship for the promotion and practice of inclusive Islam.’ IMI is
characterised by female-leadership, inclusion and a justice-based ethos.

Tamsila Tauqir is a freelance policy consultant on issues of

intersectionality and a professional materials engineer. She has held
 Contributors xxxi

a number of professional and voluntary roles including at Interfaith

Alliance UK, Women Living Under Muslim Laws, Safra Project and
is also currently a trustee of Inclusive Mosque Initiative.

Suhraiya Jivraj is an activist academic and author of ‘Interrogating

Law’s Religion: Race, Citizenship and Children’s Belonging’ (Social
and Legal Studies Series, Palgrave Macmillan, 2013). Her work draws
inspiration from and contributes to critical race/religion studies; gender,
sexuality (and Islam) and de-colonial (queer) theory.

Lesbiennes of Color (LOCs) are a group of lesbians of color identified

as political activists fighting against multiple oppressions: lesbophobia,
sexism, racism, neoliberalism and neocolonial policies. Their struggle
takes place in different spaces: streets, debates, cultural events, parties,
public statements, filming archives, gathering solidarity.

Moruni is the co-founder of the LOCs. She is an Indian-origin lesbian

feminist, based in France. Her activism is centred on anti-fascism
and anti-racism. Connected to her country of origin, she is fighting
the caste system, feminicidal oppression, danger of fundamentalism
and LGBTQI discrimination by supporting movements of minorities.

Sabreen is the co-founder of the LOCs. She is from Djibouti and

lives in exile for political reasons. Based in France, she is a lesbian
feminist fighting colonial policy in terms of asylum and immigration
restrictions imposed by the French authorities. Mutilated in her
childhood, she draws strength from her activism and works as a
documentary filmmaker.

Walter D. Mignolo is William H. Wannamaker Professor and Director

of the Center for Global Studies and the Humanities at Duke University.
He is associated researcher at Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar, Quito,
and an Honorary Research Associate for CISA (Center for Indian Studies
in South Africa), Wits University at Johannesburg. His books include
Local Histories/Global Designs: Coloniality, Subaltern Knowledges and
Border Thinking (2000) and Delinking: The Rhetoric of Modernity,
the Logic of Coloniality and the Grammar of Decoloniality (2007).

Mia Nikasimo is a creative writer, essayist, poet and playwright

currently working on a novella and other stories entitled Trans..She has
also contributed to Queer Africa and the blog, Blacklooks. Mia’s work
explores issues relating to transgendered experience, gender politics
and disability as seen through a mental health lens.
xxxii Decolonizing Sexualities

Diriye Osman is a British-Somali author and visual artist. His writing

has appeared in numerous publications, including ‘The Guardian,’
‘Time Out,’ ‘Vice,’ ‘The Huffington Post,’ ‘Attitude,’ ‘Prospect,’ ‘Poetry
Review’ and ‘AfroPunk.’ His critically-acclaimed short story collection,
Fairytales For Lost Children (Team Angelica Press) won the 2014 Polari
First Book Prize and was named one of the best books of the year by
‘The Guardian.’ In 2015, ‘Dazed & Confused’ named him one of the
top ten LGBT writers to watch.

Silvia Posocco is an anthropologist and the author of Secrecy and

Insurgency: Socialities and Knowledge Practices in Guatemala (AUP,
2014). Co-edited projects include Queer Necropolitics (Routledge 2014)
and ‘Murderous Inclusions’ (IFJP 2015), both with Jin Haritaworn and
Adi Kuntsman, and Queering Knowledge (Routledge, forthcoming),
with EJ Gonzalez-Polledo and Paul Boyce.

Raju Rage is an interdisciplinary artist working with sculpture,

performance, soundscapes and moving image. Their work interrogates
the ways in which history and memory, in/visibility and the affect of
politics, space, symbolism, stereotypes, ethnic codes, ideology and gazes
impact the body, with a focus on race, class and gender.

Humaira Saeed is a Lecturer in English Lit. Her research is focused on

dissident desire in postcolonial fiction, and she is currently co-editing
a journal special issue on fiction and postcolonial sexualities. She
maintains a passion for fiction and film from Pakistan, and was editor
of Race Revolt: a zine on queer-feminist race politics.

Arturo Sanchéz García started in the human rights field as a young

activist in a feminist organization. Sanchéz García’s last research focused
on abortion, same sex marriage, and judicialization in the Mexican legal
culture. Sanchéz García is interested in theories of optimism and the
notions of progress (and history) that emanate from sexual movements.

Jun Zubillaga-Pow is a cultural historian and musicologist specializing

in Germanic and Singapore cultures of the twentieth century. He is
the co-editor of Queer Singapore: Illiberal Citizenship and Mediated
Cultures (Hong Kong University Press, 2012) and Singapore
Soundscape: Musical Renaissance of a Global City (National Library
Board, 2014). Currently, he is co-editing two separate volumes on
Schoenberg studies and Islamicate sexualities.
 INTRODUCTION

Sandeep Bakshi, Suhraiya Jivraj,

and Silvia Posocco

The long processes of decolonization from imperial powers in

the 20th century in the Global South have been accompanied by the
insidious appearance of neocolonial and neo-imperial geopolitical
strategies in the 20th and 21st centuries. An ongoing critical reflection
on decolonial readings of queerness is necessary since heteronormativity
is sustained upon epistemic categories, among others, of race, gender,
and sexuality.1 Decolonial queerness entails querying the workings of
neo-colonial epistemic categories, systems of classification and tax-
onomies that classify people. Queering coloniality and the epistemic
categories that classify people according to their body configuration—
skin colour and biological molecular composition for the regeneration
of the species—means to disobey and delink from the coloniality of
knowledge and of being. At this intersection, decolonial queerness is
necessary not only to resist coloniality but, above all, to re-exist and
re-emerge decolonially.2 As such, decolonial queerness speaks directly
to the larger spectrum of decolonial thinking and doing. Whereas today
decolonization and decoloniality are invoked in many contexts, one
particular frame—modernity/coloniality/decoloniality—is especially
apposite for delineating the field of decolonial queerness. Walter
Mignolo, Anibal Quijano, Prasenjit Duara, María Lugones, Enrique
Dussel, and Arturo Escobar, among several others, have signalled the
emergence of the critical category of decolonial analysis that interro-
gates systems of dominance and their authority to produce a ‘coloniality
of power.’3 The singular force of such coloniality that follows from
western colonial encounters regulates the inegalitarian worlds that we
inhabit through a mono-epistemic organization around the modern
west and its capitalist/heteropatriarchal/Christianized productions.4
An examination of the impact of the erasure of diverse ways of
being becomes crucial in queer contexts, since the west is construed
as the progressive champion of queer subcultures globally. Cultural
racism within queer circuits functions in tandem with the cultural
imaginary of the Global South as a necessary homophobic site and
produces hegemonic codes of coloniality that garner support for
2 Decolonizing Sexualities

neo-colonial and neo-imperial ventures by positing the Global North

as the sole guarantor of human rights for all peoples including women
and queer subjects. Although a burgeoning body of rigorous critical
work is gaining momentum in various strands of decolonial scholar-
ship, a comprehensive study with particular reference to transnational
non-normative sexualities is still largely unavailable. Within the
wider context, the works of María Lugones, Gloria Anzaldúa, Walter
Mignolo, and Fatima El-Tayeb among others have placed ‘race,’ gender
and sexuality—and their intersections—as pillars of the colonial matrix
of power. Decolonial queerness is therefore gradually being placed at
the centre of scholarly critique of western conceptions of sexuality,
and the chapters in this book are a further important contribution
towards this.5 Also relevant for our project is the work of María
Lugones, especially the essays titled ‘Heterosexualism and the Colonial/
Modern Gender System’ (2007) and ‘Toward a Decolonial Feminism’
(2010),6 where Lugones builds from both Peruvian sociologist and
activist Anibal Quijano’s seminal article introducing the concept
of coloniality as the darker side of modernity and from the lesbian
Chicana thinker and activist Gloria Anzaldúa.7 Lugones elaborates on,
and revises, Quijano’s rendering of sexuality within the colonial matrix
of power. From Anzaldúa, Lugones takes the concept of ‘borderland,’
which is at once geopolitical border (between Mexico and the US), a
sexual border (between heteronormativity and homosexuality), a racial
border (between whiteness and people of colour), a linguistic border
(between Spanish and English), and a cosmological distinction (between
Aztec cosmology and Western cosmology). These critiques unsettle the
longstanding assumption about the European origin of modernity,
knowledge, and knowledge production. The discussion that we wish
to develop within this collection is premised on an informative critique
of western queer formations and the need for a critical inquiry into
alternative and, more importantly, radical forms of existence, which
aim to destabilize entrenched hierarchies of our times. A decolonial
perspective interlinked to our queerness should, in our view, inform our
own orientations such that the beginning of a transformative process
can be imagined.
It was from these positionalities that ‘Decolonize Queer,’ as it
was then, was loosely formed. In the usual way we were a bunch
of queer/trans people of colour and allies already involved in local
anti-racism work, brain storming around a kitchen table in an inner
city overfilled co-operative house.8 From there our connections grew
bringing other like-minded people together to share their experiences
of working on the diverse ways in which sexualities can converge
with religious and racial identities to produce multiple exclusions and
 Introduction 3

socio-economic disadvantage as well as political marginalization. Our

solidarity with each other, transcending national boundaries, became
increasingly important in struggling and in creating activism to respond
to the similar issues we were experiencing. Thanks to stray bits of
funding we were able to obtain, we were first able to come together
as ‘Decolonize Queer’ at a transnational workshop held in Berlin in
December 2010. The aim of the workshop was to develop links and
conversations between ourselves as various constituencies working
across similar issues. At that workshop, we continued the online discus-
sions we had been having, doing the essential work of re-mapping some
of the specifically local issues as well as the common ones affecting
us all transnationally; producing and contributing knowledge on how
sexuality, race and religion intersect within state law and policy, as well
as within civil society developments in different transnational settings.
Since 2010, we have continued to share knowledge and experience
from our different localities with each other primarily to support each
other and inform our own work, but also for wider policy and public
dissemination. We have done this through a number of online activities
and with the aid of an Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC)
Networking grant and other funding were able to formalize the project
as the Decolonizing Sexualities Network. This enabled us to organize a
further set of events including an international workshop, a roundtable
panel, an activist event (Safra Project conference) and guest lecture
panel as well as another separate roundtable and book launch that
took place in the UK between July and December 2013.9 The two broad
thematic priorities have continued to revolve around re-mapping the
urgent questions in our local contexts and facilitating transnational
queer people of colour (QPOC) conversations across the Global South
and Europe. This edited collection is a result of this collaborative work
together taking place since 2008. We would like to acknowledge the
efforts of those who have been part of the network and whose work is
not represented in this collection.10 The contribution of these scholars
and activists’ work has been critical to the emergence of what is now a
field on decolonial sexualities that did not previously exist particularly
in Europe. The relatively new field of decolonial queer studies has
gradually materialized over the last decade in Europe. Activist and
academic conversations have enabled a unique critical dialogue that
defines what it means to think decolonially in queer and transnational
contexts. Parallel to the articulation of queer of colour critique specific
to Europe, such as the works by Stacy Douglas, Suhraiya Jivraj and
Sarah Lamble (UK), Paola Bacchetta (France) and Fatima El Tayeb
and Jin Haritaworn (Germany), various grassroots movements in
Europe have developed a particularized version of decolonial queerness
4 Decolonizing Sexualities

to which our work is indebted. These activist organizations include

the Safra Project (UK), the Lesbiennes of Color (LOCs) (France) and
Suspect (Germany). This collection finds its locus in these ongoing and
overlapping decolonial exchanges that extend beyond the constraints
of queerness as the key signifier of our experience.11
The trajectory of this collection has been an intersecting collage of
three erstwhile colonial centres: Berlin (2010), London (2013), and
Paris (2015). As stated above the completion of the book has been sub-
jected to a view from the borders/borderlands, in the Anzaldúan sense.12
Our contributors from Palestine and other diasporic, disenfranchised
communities in Western Europe and North America experience the
reality of physical and imaginary borders in specific ways that give the
concept of ‘border thinking’ its contours. They write, to use Mignolo’s
perceptive observation, ‘think and do decolonially, dwelling and think-
ing in the borders of local histories confronting global designs.’13 In
Berlin, communities of colour hosted our event and their participation
and sustenance of our joint efforts attested to the decolonial connec-
tions that transform collective experience positively. One such example
was the groups’ support for Professor Jasbir Puar, invited to speak
at Humboldt University, and yet accused of being anti-Semitic in the
German academy when talking about pinkwashing.14 Yet this was one
instance of the warmth of queer communities of colour being together
becoming a decolonial moment of connection, solidarity, and alliance.
The claims to production of knowledge through apparatuses of
formal and institutional education, writing, critical thinking, research,
universities, and other forms of normative and normalizing reflective
inquiries have long-standing narratives of Euro-American domination
that are co-imbricated with violent histories of colonization, territorial
aggrandizement, and military occupation of non-Euro-American spaces.
These hyperbolic proclamations operate through persistent repeti-
tions—reproduction, perhaps—of carefully articulated discourses that
present occidental epistemological practices as scientific, detached from
objects of inquiry and thus bearing ‘objective’ gravitas, and, as inex-
tricably tied to the advancement of humane and philosophical inquiry.
Coloniality, or the colonial matrix of power, is constitutive and not
derivate of modernity. For this reason, we write ‘modernity/coloniality.’
The slash (/) that divides and unites modernity with coloniality means
that coloniality is constitutive of modernity: ‘there is no modernity
without coloniality.’15 In this regard, decoloniality constitutes the
de-linking from discourses of knowledge that Euro-American-centric
thinking proliferates. In Berlin, the delinking from the site of production
of knowledge that the university represents transformed the way in
which our transnational group related to ideas of space, time and more
 Introduction 5

importantly, community organization, particularly in the face of the

racism apparent in white queer organizations which was surfacing as
one of the key aspects of queer of colour experience.16 The larger chal-
lenge that our collective organizing represented in Berlin was spurred
by non-academic discussions that proliferated after the Pride events.
In Berlin, London, or Paris, the food, community care of children, and
our relation with the political-activist context of the hosts participated
in defining the decolonial moments that (are) separate(d) from Euro-
American concepts of knowledge. The transnational organization that
our network has evolved into incorporates the falling in and out of
institutional academic spaces that willingly obfuscates knowledge
production and the consistent calls to knowledge production.
The collection is divided into four sections: ‘Challenge,’ ‘Create,’
‘All Power Activism,’ and ‘Now.’ These sections are merely to denote
some key thematics, tensions, and potentialities as these emerge in
the writings and artwork. The contributions are not delimited by
traditional academic style but rather draw on creative inspiration to
produce knowledge and insight through various styles and formats,
including poetry, essays, statements, manifestos, as well as academic
mash-ups. The first section of the collection, ‘Challenge,’ opens with
Ekine’s discussion of anti-LGBTQI legislation in Africa, the processes
of criminalization and the resulting denial of citizenship. In particu-
lar, Ekine argues Africa is a place ‘where queers are caught in the
inbetweens.’ These include western imperialism, patriarchy, religious
fascism, western aid conditionality; what she summarizes as ‘a spec-
tacular homosexuality and a spectacular homophobia.’17 In turn, Mia
Nikasimo’s poetry makes a strong case for decolonizing the domain
language and its neocolonial hegemonic functions. She continues the
discussion of the theme of neocolonialism and gender identity, moving
from Africa to the African diaspora. In her prose and poetry, Nikasimo
asks what role can the LGBTIQ African diaspora play in grappling
with the historical shifts in the queerness moves and shifts between
and across continents. Nikasimo eloquently articulates her experiences
in both the imperial language as well as the language of the everyday.
Her language mirrors the fluctuations and mutability of gender and
queerness and the ways these are perceived by others, especially our
families and our neighbours. To all of this she demonstrates a moving
defiance.
Raju Rage’s contribution discusses two artworks, also included here,
namely, ‘Monster, terrorist, fag’ and a still of a performative installation.
This work was part of an exhibition staged in Berlin, ‘What is Queer
Today, is not Queer Tomorrow.’ Rage’s intervention, ‘Dilemma of the
Diaspora to Define,’ speaks to the theme of shifting and mutability
6 Decolonizing Sexualities

of identity also present in Nikasimo’s work and echoed in other con-

tributions in the book. Raju Rage focuses specifically on South Asian
transgender queer identity as coming together in the persona ‘Monster
Terrorist Fag,’ inspired by a range of critical race/subaltern/queer theo-
rists. In seeking to disrupt fixed essentialized categorizations of identity,
through the installation Raju Rage creates an anti-performance. In
doing so, fixed binaries like male or female or racial categories are
highlighted as objectified and fetishized through the dominant western
gaze.
In the next chapter, João Gabriell emphasizes the specificities of
having a genealogy of French community of colour struggles that are
erased by the overarching reference to the US context. What emerges
from Gabriell’s piece are the differences between the state actors in
France and the US when thinking about trans marginalization. Colonial
and imperial histories in the two settings have markedly different
implications. Gabriell shifts the focus of race theorizing to the French
context by looking at the erasures of transwomen and transmen in
queer activist circuits. For Gabriell, the ‘overkill’ of transwomen of
colour in France does not register as spectacular or worthy of media
attention.18 Locating their discussion in the Transgender Day of
Remembrance event, Gabriell centres their reflections on developing a
trans perspective in order to critique the marginalization of transgender
bodies (Gabriell terms this ‘transmarginalization’) and the silencing of
transwomen and transmen in allegedly radical queer spaces.
The politics of knowledge production within an ‘imperial univer-
sity’19 emerges in Humaira Saeed’s essay. Saeed critiques the structural
frame of this space as being saturated by whiteness. This saturation
encompasses unequal division of labour, representational excess, and
more invisibilized harassments that burden queer scholars of colour.
Postcolonial scholarship by white scholars is often read as an expression
of commitment to social justice. This is not, however, validated by the
hiring practices in the academy. At the same time, Saeed courageously
notes the collusion of certain people of colour with systems of power.
This important piece not only challenges pedagogical norms, it also
reminds us of the uneven distribution of risk and liability which is
highlighted in relation to other contexts by other contributors to this
volume, but here it forcefully emerges in relation to the academic
industrial complex.
The next section, ‘Create,’ focuses on imaginative decolonial
interventions in theory, analysis, critique, ways of being in the world,
and modes of existence. Sandeep Bakshi’s piece focuses on the re-ar-
ticulation of gender performance, as it intersects with narratives of
modernity and the re-signification of the field that is already marked by
 Introduction 7

the coloniality of power. Within this context, Bakshi refuses to take an

oppositional stance and negative labour, but rather, asks how can we
create an option—an availability— rather than the labour of critique
of the dominant formation. Instead of critiquing the dominant, Bakshi
stresses the labour of creation, of relation, of kinning, and love.
Similarly, Diriye Osman beautifully and poetically explores these
themes and the need to create connections with one another. In ‘This
is How We Soften our Hearts,’ Osman calls for creating intimate
connections within a frame that foregrounds significant transitions.
In ‘Femininity in Men is a Source of Power,’ Osman seeks to reartic-
ulate femininity through a daringly cross-gender re-appropriation of
European sartorial practices that work to accentuate/highlight effemi-
phobia. Osman’s dialogues with young gay Africans show how these
conversations take place with different audiences, constituting new
publics and networks.
The need for connections is equally important in Sirma Bilge’s piece,
‘Theoretical Coalitions and multi-issue activism: “Our Struggles will
be intersectional or they will be bullshit”.’ Bilge seeks to establish a
conversation between feminists working on intersectionality, indigenous
resistance, and trans activism to reimagine alliances and the constitution
of communities of struggle. To imagine alliances and ‘deep coalitions,’
Bilge returns to Black, Chicana, and Indigenous feminisms, recovering/
reconstituting the political impetus and affective thrust beyond the
processes of abstraction that have engulfed these theorizations as they
have been restaged. Bilge re-centers the relevance and the importance
of violences of colonial domination upon ‘interpersonal and communal
governance and land-based epistemologies and pedagogies.’20 Bilge calls
for an ethics that is deeply embedded within ‘social politics.’ Ignoring
the colonial domination and its proliferation through knowledges chips
away at how we can sustain and nurture ourselves.
Creating connections through theoretical conversations and sto-
ry-telling gives rise to conversations and actions. Contributions in the
next section, ‘All Power Activism,’ are examples of these processes in
different locations. Alqaisiah, Hilal Nassar, and Maikey, in their piece
‘Dismantling the Image of the Palestinian Homosexual,’ explore the role
of AlQaws, a civil society organization founded in grassroots activism
that works towards social change with regard to sexuality, sexual ori-
entation, and gender.21 The critique of settler colonialism by Indigenous
Studies scholars/activists noted above resonates with the AlQaws piece,
which highlights how Zionist colonization of Palestine is underpinned
by racial, sexual, and gendered discourses. AlQaws seeks to dismantle
the image of ‘the Palestinian homosexual’ and the rescue narratives
associated with it. In order to challenge these narratives, they call for
8 Decolonizing Sexualities

unpacking ‘pinkwashing logics’ and imagine a decolonized Palestinian

identity within the Palestinian queer community and a decolonized
Palestine’—decolonizing the self and the territory simultaneously.
The organization Lesbiennes of Color (LOCs) reflect upon the
political context in France with a view to organizing resistance and
mobilization against what they view as a racist state and hegemonic
feminism. Similarly to Alqaws, LOCs’ emphasis on ‘building actions’
is a crucial and daring standing up to continuities between colonial
and neocolonial processes and practices in a diasporic context where
FranceAfrique is an enduring reality. The implications of this for those
construed as ‘migrants’ are that they become the focus of racist violence
in contemporary Europe. El-Tayeb shows how racism as an analytical
category is not only virtually absent, but constructs ‘race’ as some-
thing that is imported, is ‘foreign’ and located in ‘Europe’s non-white
outside.’22 Therefore, following on from Sirma Bilge’s piece, El-Tayeb
calls for scholars, particular the ‘European left,’ to engage in theorizing
racialization, drawing out the nuances of theories of class as deeply
racialized in Europe.
The exaggerated display of solidarity in the aftermath of the Charlie
Hebdo attacks unleashed a new wave of Islamophobia in France in
particular and in Europe more generally. By refusing to endorse the
nationalist position, the LOCs expose the pretense of an international
alliance which in fact extends the circulation of neo-imperialist and
neocolonial frames and sentiments. This rotten and pernicious con-
junction has resulted in heavy militarization of public spaces, violent
policing and the heighted surveillance of Muslim bodies. Jun Zubillaga-
Pow’s piece on guarding against terrorism in the Singaporean context
also highlights the global reverberations of the response to terrorism.
Zubillaga-Pow explores how these global processes play out for indi-
viduals, in this case, a middle-aged Malay-Muslim lesbian in Singapore.
Zubillaga-Pow also points to the impact of decolonization and the
insufficiency of western theoretical models to address self-configuration
through a moving testimonial account of working within LGBT organ-
izing in Singapore. Organizations often lack the critical vocabulary
to describe the complexity of lived experience. The experience of the
Malay-Muslim woman is both made exceptional and marginal.
In turn, Jivraj takes on the theme of Muslim queers having to carry
this heavy burden: having to unpack the complexities of the QPOC
conjunction, the racist logics and practices of state actors, as well as sur-
rounding LGBT movements. It often feels like there is very little space
or hope. Jivraj argues that the invisibilization of ‘race’ and its material
realities also often produces a sense of suffocation. This affective impact
is spatial, but also dislocates activism. However, drawing from an
 Introduction 9

example of activists from disparate backgrounds and groups coming

together to respond to and stop a far right march in London’s East End,
Jivraj highlights the enduring capacity and potential of spontaneous
action from liminal positionalities. Clearly, there is crucial engagement
at both the individual and collective levels, in the face of complex,
adverse transnational, and local backlash against activist enunciation.
The first piece in the next section, ‘Now,’ by Shannahan and Tauqir
is an exemplary case of such enunciation on a number of levels. The
Inclusive Mosque Initiative is a collective action that facilitates an
individual experience. It simultaneously provides an inclusive space
within the context of the effects of exclusionary practices and policies
of some mosque establishments. As with the contributions above, the
authors highlight the importance of feminist and liberationist scholars
such as Amina Wadud, as excellent examples of how theorizations have
been so important to increasingly embracing and developing activist
and spiritual practice.
The intervention by Against Equality takes issue with what they
refer to as ‘the holy trinity of gay and lesbian politics: gay marriage,
gays in the military, and hate crimes legislation.’23 As an anti-capitalist
collective, they draw out the need for a theory and praxis that intersect
class and ‘race.’ Their analysis highlights the detrimental effects of the
neoliberal logics underpinning its institutional structures. Like all the
other pieces, Against Equality call for a rounded analysis of how these
institutions are ‘embedded in a long history of sexism, misogyny, and
racism.’24 The issues that they raise speak to current debates around
capitalism and the effects of neoliberalism.
Sánchez García offers another perspective on the issue of gay
marriage, focusing on the 2010 legislative assembly of Mexico City’s
approval of extending the right to marry to lesbian and gay couples.
He explores the challenges to the constitutionality of this marriage
reform to explore the utopian potential of ‘thinking about the world
we want’ and particularly in grassroot activists’ imaginaries.25 This
provides an interesting interjection into currents debates among queer
scholars on the anti-social turn in queer studies and key responses by
José Esteban Muñoz.26 Within a shared critique of equality paradigms,
there is nevertheless a contrast here between utopian visions and the
everyday material costs and violence of allegedly progressive politics.
Following on the theme of the circulation of different types of pro-
gressive politics, Silvia Posocco addresses dynamics within academic/
activist assemblages. Posocco draws on Silvia Rivera Cusicanqui’s work
as an Aymara intellectual committed to challenging how epistemic
appropriation often works in conjunction with a disregard for the
specific political contexts, relationalities, and ontologies of action that
10 Decolonizing Sexualities

produce resistant knowledge. What emerges for Posocco is the way

this analysis speaks to how leaking wounded whiteness occupies space,
while displacing the efforts of those precariously positioned individuals
and collectives who bear the brunt of backlash. Posocco calls for a
renewed relational attentiveness as a strategy to counteract the uneven
fallout that the pieces above have also painstakingly described and
documented. The final chapter in the collection by Paola Bacchetta
does the important work of mapping the history and trajectories of
QTPOC activism and theory in France, which are all too often sidelined
in mainstream literature. This archival work critically demonstrates the
creative ways in which QTPOC come together with others to struggle
against different cross cutting issues arising from race, forms of segre-
gation and capitalism. It expands the theoretical horizon of decolonial
sexuality studies by foregrounding critical and analytical interventions,
most notably that of queer women of colour in the French context.
The work featured in the four sections of the book marks many
conversations that have taken place over a number of years. It extends
and re-stages some of these exchanges with novel mutuality and jux-
taposition. And yet, as we bring the book to completion in the UK
in July 2016, a mere ten days after the reality of Brexit (23rd June
2016), it is dawning on us how tenuous the connections between us and
our localities (Berlin, Paris and London) are becoming. Our editorial
meeting in Paris was held in the morose atmosphere of demands to
hypernationalism in France following the attacks on Charlie Hebdo
(December 2015). Even though our meeting focused productively on the
reading and selection of the drafts of our contributors, the immediate
context attested to the ephemeral stature of collective organizing that
could be comfortably displaced by erecting national(-ist) boundaries
of allegiance.
A subsequent meeting in Canterbury, in the United Kingdom, took
place in the aftermath of the shooting in a Latinx gay nightclub in
Orlando, Florida, in which forty-nine people were killed. As Che
Gossett argues,27 the Orlando shooting event enacts visibility of the
lives of those whose existence is already survival, alongside the complex
invisibilization of routine and spectacular violence inflicted against these
same queer of colour subjects and communities. In turn, the shooter
is characterized by racist and Islamophobic coding that participate
in rendering Muslim and people of colour into suspects that can be
swiftly and extra-judicially dispatched. Further, a deviant sexuality
or repressed desire is also imputed to the shooter, firmly within the
Orientalist fantasies through which communities of colour, immigrants,
and Muslims have been framed.28
Similar frames of representation were echoed in the wake of the
 Introduction 11

Nice attack, where the man who killed eighty-four people driving a
truck into crowded streets on the day of national celebration that is
Bastille Day in France, was also marked as sexually deviant.29 We have
worked on the manuscript in such contexts deeply marked by these and
similar ongoing events, spurring each other on to establish a sense of
critical distance and reminding ourselves of the problems of appealing
to a sense of ‘new’ vulnerabilities. This is occurring in the face of the
all too often erased backlash of such events that are entrenched in
the racialized workings of structural violence that occur routinely
particularly on bodies perceived ‘foreign.’
As in this entire collection, then, our reflection centred on narratives
of solidarity and alliance and these connections appear newly vulnera-
ble today. In other words, we wonder how terms such as solidarity can
gain meaning, when demands to national solidarity stand in explicit
contrast to solidarity and alliances of queer of colour and other migrant
communities. Not defining these terms is perhaps, from our perspective,
a form of decolonial disobedience that is worth developing.30 What
these terms may look like, sound like, or even smell like in the pieces
collected here, perhaps brings forth a fragment of the ‘different’ worlds,
a renewed sense of precarious and yet constitutive emergence. As these
worlds are constantly being made and re-made, we have taken this
decolonial turn to reflect, deconstruct, and reconstruct. Developing the
transnational decolonial critique of existing relations in the domain
of sexualities can bring to the surface the possibility of our imagined,
collective ‘different’ worlds. And yet, we do not know in advance what
these communities, these multiple worlds will encompass. Neither do
we know the outcome of such a critique. Rather, what events all over
the world like the Orlando mass shootings in June 2016 make us realize
is that we are living on shifting grounds. The pieces in this collection
speak to such displacements and will inevitably continue to have endur-
ing resonance nonetheless. This collection gestures towards their/stories,
accounts, and knowledges of those others whose narratives remain
unattended in the escalation of ultra-violence of our times. These are
our stories, our fictions, our meanings despite the measure of difference
between all of us.

Notes

1 We are grateful to Walter Mignolo for his generous engagement with our
ideas and for actively steering us in the framing of decolonial queerness
12 Decolonizing Sexualities

offered here (personal communication with Walter Mignolo, August 2016).

2 Within the context of Indigenous studies, Sarah Hunt and Cindy Holmes
consider decolonial queer praxis as an engagement in the ‘complexities of
re-orienting ourselves away from White supremacist logics and systems
and toward more respectful and accountable ways of being in relation to
one another and the lands we live on, while not appropriating Indigenous
Knowledge.’ Sarah Hunt and Cindy Holmes, ‘Everyday Decolonization:
Living a Decolonizing Queer Politics,’ Journal of Lesbian Studies 19/2
(2015), 154–72, 168. In 2010, María Lugones had already considered the
significance of land in the framework of coloniality of gender. See, note 6.
3 See the extensive bibliographical review available here: ‘Oxford
Bibliographies,’ accessed 18 August 2016, [Link]
com/view/document/obo-9780199766581/obo-9780199766581-0017.
xml?rskey=s3JPCf&result=1&q=mignolo#firstMatch.
4 We use ‘the west’ as shorthand for different geo-political configurations
and are conscious that other terminology such as Euro-America and Euro-
Atlantic might be more appropriate in some instances.
5 See DSN bibliography, accessed 18 August 2016, [Link]
law/dsn.
6 María Lugones, ‘Heterosexualism and the Colonial / Modern Gender
System,’ Hypatia 22/1 (2007), 186–209; María Lugones, ‘Toward a
Decolonial Feminism.’ Hypatia 25/4 (2010), 742–59.
7 Anibal Quijano, ‘Coloniality and Modernity/Rationality,’ in Globalization
and the Decolonial Option, eds. Walter D. Mignolo and Arturo Escobar
(Abingdon and New York: Routlege, 2010); Gloria Anzaldúa, Borderland/
La Frontera: The New Mestiza (USA: Aunt Lute, 1987).
8 Jin Haritaworn, Queer Lovers and Hateful Others: Regenerating Violent
Times and Places (London: Pluto Press, 2015), ch. 1.
9 See ‘Decolonizing Sexualities Network (DSN)’, University of Kent, accessed
18 August 2016, [Link]
10 Works by people present at Berlin include: Paola Bacchetta and Jin
Haritaworn, ‘There are Many Transatlantics: Homonationalism,
Homotransnationalism and Feminist-Queer-Trans of Color Theories and
Practices,’ in Transatlantic Conversations: Feminism as Traveling Theory,
eds. Kathy Davis and Mary Evans (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2011); Sarah
Bracke, ‘From “saving women” to “saving gays”: rescue narratives and
their dis/continuities,’ European Journal of Women’s Studies 19/1 (2012)
237–52; Stacy Douglas, Suhraiya Jivraj and Sarah Lamble, ‘Liabilities of
queer anti-racist critique,’ Feminist Legal Studies 19/2 (2011) 1017–18;
Jin Haritaworn, ‘Loyal repetitions of the nation: Gay assimilation and the
“war on terror”.’ Dark Matter 3 (2008), accessed 1 August 2016, http://
[Link]; Jin Haritaworn, ‘Women’s rights, gay rights and
anti-Muslim racism in Europe,’ European Journal of Women’s Studies 19
1/2 (2012) 73–8; Jin Haritaworn, Adi Kuntsman, and Jennifer Petzen,
‘Sexualising the “War on Terror”: Queerness, Islamophobia and globalised
 Introduction 13

Orientalism’ in Thinking through Islamophobia: Global Perspectives, eds.

S Sayyid, and Vakil Abdoolkarim (London: Hurst/New York: Columbia
Press, 2010); Rasha Moumneh, ‘Global LGBT Movement not Inclusive
of Other Rights Issues’ (2009), accessed 1 August 2016, [Link].
com/?q=en/news-articles/7040-global-lgbt-movement-not-inclusive-other-
rights-issues; Jennifer Petzen, ‘Contesting Europe: A call for an anti-modern
sexual politics,’ European Journal of Women’s Studies, 19/1 (2012) 97–114;
Jasbir Puar, Terrorist Assemblages (Durham, NC: Duke University Press,
2012). See other examples on the DSN bibliography, [Link]
[Link]/law/dsn.
11 See, Stacy Douglas, Suhraiya Jivraj, and Sarah Lamble, ‘Liabilities
of Queer Anti-Racist Critique,’ Feminist Legal Studies 19 (2011),
107–18; Paola Bacchetta, ‘Décoloniser le Féminisme: Intersectionnalités,
Assemblages, Co-Formations, Co-Productions,’ [‘Decolonizing Feminism:
Intersectionalities, Assemblages, Co-Formations, Co-Productions’], Cahiers
du CEDREF (2015); Fatima El Tayeb, European Others Queering Ethnicity
in Postnational Europe (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2011);
Jin Haritaworn, Queer Lovers and Hateful Others: Regenerating Violent
Times and Places (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015).
12 Gloria Anzaldúa, Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza (San
Francisco: Aunt Lute Books, 1987).
13 Walter Mignolo, ‘Geopolitics of Sensing and Knowing On (De)Coloniality,
Border Thinking, and Epistemic Disobedience,’ EIPCP, September 2011,
accessed 1 August 2016, [Link]
14 See ch. 11 in this volume. Also, Haneen Maikey and Mikki Stelder define
pinkwashing as ‘a powerful means to make Zionism and Israel more
appealing to gay people around the globe, but particularly to those who
have assimilated Islamophobic, racist, and anti-Arab messages into their
vision of “progress”.’ Haneen Maikey and Mikki Stelder, ‘Dismantling the
Pink Door in the Apartheid Wall: Towards a Decolonized Palestinian Queer
Politics,’ in The Global Trajectories of Queerness: Re-thinking Same-Sex
Politics in the Global South, eds. Ashley Tellis and Sruti Bala. (Leiden: Brill,
2015), 83–104, 93. On pinkwashing, see also Scott Long, ‘Why gay Middle
Easterners can’t stand [Link],’ 28 January 2012, accessed 1
August 2016, [Link]
cant-stand-gaymiddleeast-com/ and [Link]
com/2012/01/28/why-gay-middle-easterners-cant-stand-gaymiddleeast-
com/; Heike Schotten and Haneen Maikey, ‘Queers Resisting Zionism: On
Authority and Accountability Beyond Homonationalism, 12 October 2012,
accessed 1 August 2016, [Link]
queers-resisting-zionism_on-authority-and-accounta; Jasbir Puar, Terrorist
Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times (Durham and London:
Duke University Press, 2007); Jasbir Puar, ‘Rethinking Homonationalism,’
International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 45 (2013) 336–9; Jason
Ritchie, ‘Pinkwashing, Homonationalism, and Israel–Palestine: The
14 Decolonizing Sexualities

Conceits of Queer Theory and the Politics of the Ordinary,’ Antipode 47/3
(2014), 616–34.
15 Walter Mignolo, ‘Global Coloniality and World Disorder: Decoloniality
after Decolonization and Dewesternization after the Cold War,’ World
Public Forum: Dialogue of Civilizations (January 2016), [Link]
org/blog/society/19627-global-coloniality-and-theworld-disorder.
16 SUSPECT, ‘Where Now? From Pride Scandal to Transnational
Movement,’ Bully Bloggers, accessed 1 August 2016, https://
[Link]/2010/06/26/where-now-from-pride-scandal-
to-transnational-movement/.
17 Ekine, ‘Beyond Anti-LGBTI Legislation,’ ch. 1 in this volume.
18 See Eric Stanley, ‘Near Life, Queer Death: Overkill and Ontological
Capture,’ Social Text, 107 29/2 (2011), 1–19.
19 Piya Chatterjee and Sunaina Maira, eds., The Imperial University: Academic
Repression and Scholarly Dissen (Minneapolis: Minnesota University Press,
2014).
20 Bilge, ‘Theoretical Coalitions,’ ch. 10 in this volume.
21 ‘alQaws for Sexual & Gender Diversity in Palestinian Society,’ alQaws,
accessed 1 August 2016, [Link]/about-us.
22 El-Tayeb, ch. 13 in this volume.
23 Chávez et al., ‘Against Equality,’ ch. 17 in this volume
24 Chávez et al., Against Equality,’ ch. 17 in this volume.
25 García, ‘Reasons for Optimism,’ ch. 18 in this volume.
26 Re the anti-social turn in queer studies, see, for example, Leo Bersani, ‘Is the
Rectum a Grave?,’ October 43 (1987) 197–222; Lee Edelman, No Future:
Queer Theory and the Death Drive. (Durham and London: Duke University
Press, 2004); Judith Halberstam, ‘The Anti-Social Turn in Queer Studies,’
Graduate Journal of Social Science, 5/2 (2008),140–56; Judith Halberstam,
In a Queer Time and Place: Transgender Bodies, Subcultural Lives (New
York: New York University Press), 2005. For Muñoz’s responses, see José
Esteban Muñoz, Cruising Utopia: The Then and There of Queer Futurity
(New York: New York University Press, 2009).
27 See Che Gossett, ‘Pulse, Beat, Rhythm, Cry: Orlando and the queer and
trans necropolitics of loss and mourning,’ Verso, 5 July 2016, accessed 1
August 2016, [Link]
cry-orlando-and-the-queer-and-trans-necropolitics-of-loss-and-mourning
28 Sima Shakhsari, ‘After Orlando,’ MERIP, 17 June 2016, accessed 1
August 2016, [Link] See also Edward Said,
Orientalism (London: Penguin, 1977). Karma Chávez summarizes the
inter-relation of queerness, raciality and terrorism in mainstream media.
She argues that in the case of racialized queers, especially for Muslims,
queerness is perceived as the underlying cause of their terrorist impluse.
See, Karma Chávez, ‹The Precariousness of Homonationalism: The Queer
Agency of Terrorism in Post-9/11 Rhetoric,’ QED: A Journal in GLBTQ
Worldmaking 2/3 (2015), 32–58, see especially, 37–41.
 Introduction 15

29 ‘Pourquoi la ‘’bisexualité’’ du tueur de Nice est primordial,’ Brain, 18 July

2016, accessed 1 August 2016, [Link]
president/31453-Pourquoi-la-bisexualite-du-tueur-de-Nice-est-importante.
30 In light of Mignolo’s notion of ‘epistemic disobedience’ that works ‘as
de-linking from the magic of the western idea of modernity, ideals of
humanity and promises of economic growth and financial prosperity,’ we
suggest that non-definitions serve to de-link from the coloniality of power
that imposes naming, labelling, and defining concepts. Walter Mignolo,
‘Epistemic Disobedience, Independent Thought and De-Colonial Freedom,’
Theory, Culture and Society 26/7–8 (2009), 1–23, 3.
 Index

academic of colour 71 decolonial

activism xx, xxi, 3, 7–8, 10, 63, critique viii, 11, 81, 252
109–13, 127, 137, 141–2, queerness 1, 3, 11, 83
144–6, 148, 154, 156, 162, aesthesis 91
163, 165, 179, 180–1, 188, decoloniality vii, 14, 81, 94, 95, 281
197, 216, 232, 267, 268 Decolonize Queer xxiii, 2, 3, 260
African diaspora 5, 32 Decolonizing Sexualities Network
Ahmed, Sara 48, 94 xxiii, 3, 12, 188, 190, 260
Anti-Homosexuality Bill 19, 22, 28 deconstruction 59
anti-performance 6, 54, 55–6 delinking xii, xviii, 4, 82, 88
Anzaldúa, Gloria 2, 12–13, 113–14, Derrida, Jacques 54, 59, 249, 253,
120–1, 191 254–6, 262, 265, 279
Aztec cosmology xiii, 2 dislocation 100
domains of power 112–13, 119–21
Bhabha, Homi 76, 258 Duara, Prasenjit 1
borderlands 4, 77 Dussel, Enrique 1, 81, 84, 87, 95, 96,
Brah, Avtar 76 97

capitalism xii, 9–10, 60, 67, 89, 111, effeminacy 53, 106
115–16, 118, 135, 156, 172, effemiphobia 7, 106
175, 228, 266, 273, 276–8, Escobar, Arturo 1, 12
282 ethics xiii, 7, 113, 186, 203–4, 235,
caste 93, 98, 120, 283, 284, 285, 286, 238, 249, 250, 252–3, 255,
287 260
categories of power 113, 119, 120 Eurocentric xii, xix, xx, xxi, 81–2, 88,
citizenship xx, 5, 20, 22–4, 26–7, 29, 94, 96, 98, 117, 277
30, 113, 116, 118, 154, 155, eurocentrism 82-4
158, 191 Europe ix, xi, xiii, xiv, xv, xvi, xx, 3,
classroom 72 4, 8, 12–13, 27, 62, 81, 94–7,
coalitions 7, 111–12, 114, 116, 119, 130, 146, 151–9, 160–8, 172,
121, 148, 162–4, 190–1, 276 181, 190, 199, 201, 266, 270,
colonial archives 48 279, 283
colonialism
neo- 5, 32, 282, 284, 286 Fairytales For Lost Children 101, 105
post- 144 feminism
coloniality vii, viii, ix, x, xvii, 1,–2, 4, afro- 270
7, 12, 14–5, 23, 82–3, 89, 95, black- 270
98, 250, 252–3, 255–6, 259, decolonizing 144, 276
266, 272–3, 275–8, 283, 284 indigenous 7, 115
coming out 137, 161 Islamic- 270
criminalization 5, 23, 61, 67, 226, of color 143
227 postcolonial 286
 Index 289
interruption 47, 54, 55, 57
gay marriage 9, 146, 215–18, 220, intersectionality xxi, 7, 111–12, 118,
224 120–1, 135, 168, 179, 181,
gaze 49, 54–7 183, 191, 270, 278
gender identity 5, 22, 24, 32, 44, 68, Islam 21, 149–50, 171, 176, 185, 190,
118, 216, 226 192, 198, 199–204, 209–10,
Giddha 81–2, 86–7, 89, 90, 92–3, 98 212–14, 271, 272
Global North xi, 2, 204, 207, 251, Islamophobia 8, 12–13, 150, 164,
265, 282, 284, 286 189, 190, 207, 286
Global South xi, 1, 3, 13, 159, 251,
276, 282–5 Judicialization 244, 247

Haritaworn, Jin 3, 12, 13, 23, 29, lesbian xi, xix, 2, 8, 9, 24–7, 30, 33,
165–6, 189, 190–1, 260, 263, 39, 42, 45, 71, 83–5, 97–8,
266, 273, 279, 280, 286 101, 111–12, 115, 120, 141–8,
hetero- 151, 156, 159, 161–3, 170,
nationalism 22 171, 174–75, 179, 182, 187,
nationalist 20 194, 215, 220, 221, 223, 226,
normative 20, 88–90, 108, 231–2, 234, 241, 242, 265,
116, 127, 146, 226 267–9, 272, 276, 277–9, 282
normativity 1, 2, 20, 117, 238, Chicana 2, 111
240 of colour 156, 265, 272,
patricarchy 1, 21, 89–90, 277–8
92–93, 115 Lesbiennes of Color 4, 8, 141, 153,
sexuality x, xi, xii, 19–20, 154, 156, 162, 168
83–84, 89, 94, 98, 160, 174, lesbophobia xix, 142–3, 145, 148,
182 276
homo- LGB 32, 222, 224, 225
nationalism 128, 133, 160, LGBT xvi, xix, xx, xxi, xxii, 8, 13,
168, 171, 190, 282 31, 61–4, 68–9, 73, 75, 100–2,
normative 26, 154, 165, 170, 106, 109, 128–30, 132–3,
181–2, 186 136–7, 141, 143, 144, 145–6,
phobe 101, 130 148, 154, 159, 161–3, 171,
phobia 5, 19–20, 22, 71–2, 179, 181–2, 187–8, 190, 216,
106, 109–10, 115, 128, 130, 218, 222, 224, 226, 228–30,
131, 133–5, 137, 143, 156, 243, 273, 282, 284–5, 287
158–9, 163, 178–9, 181, 183, history month 73
234, 244 LGBTI 14, 19–21, 24–7
sexual 7, 19, 28, 45, 97, 125, African- 21, 24
126, 238 LGBTIQ 5, 31, 32
sexuality 2, 5, 19, 20, 21, 22, LGBTQ 110–11, 117, 128, 133, 135,
24, 27, 81, 89, 96, 100, 101, 136–7, 179, 180, 219
126, 134, 135, 137, 175, 181, LOCs 4, 8, 141–5, 147–9, 151–4,
182, 222–3, 235 156, 164, 181, 260, 266, 269,
272–3, 276, 278–9
imperialism 5, 19, 20, 29, 142, 166, Lorde, Audre 71, 94, 113–14, 117–19,
178, 221, 257, 282 120–2, 142, 162, 168
inclusive mosque 199, 200, 204, 205, Lugones, María 1, 2, 12, 89–90, 92,
207 98–99, 113, 119, 121, 275–6,
international solidarity 141 281
290 Index
Malay 8, 170–6 resistance 32, 215
metrocentrism 284 theory 115, 117, 238
Mexico 2, 9, 231–2, 234, 240-5, 247, See also Somalia; See also trans
261 African 28, 30
Mignolo, Walter vii, 1, 2, 4, 11, 12, Quijano, Anibal 1–2, 12, 81, 83,
13–15, 82, 88, 93, 95, 96–99, 88–9, 93, 95–7, 99
246, 260–1, 275, 281
migration 48, 63, 93, 100, 116, 141, race xxi, 1–3, 6, 8, 9–10, 26, 60–4,
142, 151–2, 161, 277 66–7, 69, 73, 110–13, 116–18,
Misogyny 22 120–1, 132, 143, 157–9,
Muslims 10, 14, 23, 69, 131, 136, 161–3, 166, 168, 170, 172,
144, 149, 150, 157, 159, 164, 181, 183, 185, 192, 198,
167, 173, 178, 181, 183, 226–8, 232, 238, 250, 256,
185, 189, 191, 198–9, 201–5, 258, 265, 270–1, 274, 276–7,
213–14, 283 280, 283
racism viii, x, xii, xvi, xix, 1, 2, 5, 8–9,
opacity 249 12, 23, 57, 62–4, 66–7, 70–1,
74, 87, 109, 110–11, 122,
Palestine 4, 7–8, 13, 125, 129, 130–1, 131, 133, 141–5, 148–9, 150,
133–6, 139–40 156–8, 160–3, 165–7, 171,
Paris Pride 145–6 179, 188–9, 192, 217, 259,
pedagogy 114, 239 265–73, 276–9, 282–3
pinkwashing 4, 8, 13, 67, 139, 180, REF 72
190, 282 relationality 88, 113–14, 117–19,
postcolonial studies 71, 75, 283 250, 255
PREVENT 73, 75 religion xvi, 3, 41, 56, 73, 74, 81, 120,
prison industrial complex 23, 216, 128, 158–9, 161, 163, 172,
219, 226–8 173, 179, 180, 182–7, 194,
Puar, Jasbir 4, 13, 48, 52, 58–9, 82, 198, 226, 272, 274
85, 96–7, 128, 170, 173, Rivera Cusicanqui, Silvia 9, 249,
175–7, 190–1, 263, 286 251–3, 255–6, 259–62

queer Safra Project 3, 4

and trans people of color Said, Edward 14, 185, 192
(QTPOC) 10, 181, 194, 264, same sex marriage 24, 29, 154, 163,
266, 271–3, 277, 279–80, 282, 231–2, 234, 240–1, 243, 244
283, 285–86 Segregationality 264, 273, 274, 280
histories 87, 216 sexuality xvi, xx, 1,–3, 7, 10, 19, 21,
identity 6, 85, 87, 236 26, 29, 32, 41, 44, 71, 76,
Indigenous Studies 115, 122, 81, 83, 85, 86–90, 95, 98,
191, 262 111–18, 120–1, 125–6, 131,
intersectional decolonial 135, 137–8, 144, 159, 161–2,
analysis 253 171–3, 175, 179, 80, 18–3,
persons/people of color 186–7, 192, 212, 232, 235–9,
(QPOC) xxx, 3, 8, 51, 221 241–2, 244–5, 250–6, 258,
phobia 275 266, 272–4, 276, 278
politics 154, 250, 258 Singapore 8, 170–6
projects 219, 237 Somalia 100–1, 103
radical- 6, 155, 215–16, 219, South Africa 23–6, 30, 199
228 South Asia 81, 85–7, 92, 98, 283–5
 Index 291
stateless 23
subjectivity 85, 92, 117, 182, 186,
193, 234–6, 249–50, 253,
255–6, 260, 265
Suspect 4

terrorism 8, 14, 130, 157, 166, 176

trans 2, 6, 7, 14, 26, 28, 33–5, 37,
39, 41, 45, 55, 57, 60–4, 66,
67–70, 73, 108–10, 113, 115,
116–17, 161–3, 179, 181–3,
186–8, 190, 193–4, 215–16,
221–2, 226–7, 229, 245, 246,
262, 282, 284, 285
men 6, 61, 64–6, 69, 70
women 6, 61–7, 69–70, 273
gender 6, 14, 42, 60, 109, 120,
175–76, 193, 221, 229
transnational queers of color viii

UK xx, 3, 4, 10, 22, 23, 87, 98, 101,

181, 191, 197–202, 205–6,
208–9, 211–13, 283, 284

violence xii, xvii, 8–11, 19, 22, 24, 26,

27, 29, 30–1, 61, 63–70, 72,
77, 90, 101, 108–9, 117–18,
120, 122, 130–1, 133, 142,
146–8, 150, 152, 154–7,
159–60, 165, 169, 182, 201–2,
225–7, 237–8, 241, 244,
257–8, 270, 275, 282–3

Whiteness 98, 256