INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY OF CAMBODIA

LECTURED BY: Mr. SORN DARONG

Group: I4 GEE-EE (Group B)

Name: PHE Menghour e20190801
NOV Davann e20190712
Keang Lyhour e20190363

Department of Electrical and Energy

ITC Power System Architecture

Contents
1. Objective ............................................................................................................................................... 3
2. Maps...................................................................................................................................................... 4
3. Data ....................................................................................................................................................... 5
4. Activities ............................................................................................................................................... 6
5. Problems ............................................................................................................................................... 7
5.1 Part 1 ................................................................................................................................................... 7
5.2 Hospital load ..................................................................................................................................... 15
5.3 LV Section ........................................................................................................................................ 21
5.3.1 LV Cable and busbar sizing ....................................................................................................... 22
5.3.2 LV protection Sizing .................................................................................................................. 23
5.3.3 Voltage drops ...................................................................................................................... 24
5.3.4 Transformer Sizing .................................................................................................................... 25
5.4 Medium Voltage ......................................................................................................................... 27
5.4.1 MV Cable and Busbar sizing ..................................................................................................... 27
............................................................................................................................................................ 27
5.4.2 MV Protection Sizing................................................................................................................. 28
5.4.3 Voltage drops ............................................................................................................................. 29
5.4.4 Transformer HV/MV rating ....................................................................................................... 29
5.5 HV System .................................................................................................................................. 29
5.5.1 Draw single line diagram for 3 bus system, indicating the generator’s and load’s power ......... 29
5.5.2 Perform load flow analysis between those three areas ............................................................... 32
5.6 Etap analysis ............................................................................................................................... 32
6. Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................... 34

List of figures
Figure 1: Overview of the electricity infrastructure ...................................................................................... 3
Figure 2 topology of interconnect of 3 areas ................................................................................................ 4
Figure 3 Hospital load information ............................................................................................................... 5
Figure 4: Power System Schematics ............................................................................................................. 7
Figure 5: Generation plants and Gen Substation .......................................................................................... 8
Figure 6: Transmission Subsystems .............................................................................................................. 9
Figure 7 Distribution substation.................................................................................................................... 9
Figure 8: Distribution Subsystems .............................................................................................................. 10
Figure 9: Circuit Breaker of LV .................................................................................................................. 10

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ITC Power System Architecture

Figure 10: Copper Busbar (siemens LV) .................................................................................................... 11

Figure 11: Control Relay ............................................................................................................................ 11
Figure 12: Disconnector .............................................................................................................................. 11
Figure 13: Insulation ................................................................................................................................... 11
Figure 14: Instrument Transformer ............................................................................................................. 12
Figure 15: Protection Relay ........................................................................................................................ 12
Figure 16: Switch of Medium voltage ........................................................................................................ 12
Figure 17: Contactor ................................................................................................................................... 13
Figure 18: Current-limiting Fuse ................................................................................................................ 13
Figure 19: Disconnecting Switch ................................................................................................................ 13
Figure 20: Current Transformer .................................................................................................................. 14
Figure 21: Capacitor High Voltage ............................................................................................................. 14
Figure 22: Resistor ...................................................................................................................................... 14
Figure 23: Connector .................................................................................................................................. 15
Figure 24 Hospital load ............................................................................................................................... 32
Figure 25 Area 3 ......................................................................................................................................... 33
Figure 26 Performing load flow for Area 3 ................................................................................................ 34

List of table
Table 1 Current short circuit of each line ................................................................................................... 19
Table 2 Value of parameter K for each CSA .............................................................................................. 20
Table 3 VOLTAGE Drop for each line of Hospital load ............................................................................ 21
Table 4 Short circuit current of each line of LV section ............................................................................. 24
Table 5 Voltage drop of each line of LV section ........................................................................................ 25
Table 6 Cable and Busbar Sizing of each line in MV section .................................................................... 27
Table 7 Impedance Z of each line ............................................................................................................... 28
Table 8 Impedance Z after that we have to figure out the connections of each line to line. ....................... 28
Table 9 Voltage drops of each line in MV section...................................................................................... 29

Power System Architecture

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ITC Power System Architecture

1. Objective

The government intends to develop rural electrification by constructing a power system

connecting 3 areas to ensure a reliable power supply. The power plant is powered by a 50Hz
generator related at 20kV, which is then stepped up to 200kV high voltage line.

Figure 1: Overview of the electricity infrastructure

In area 3, there is large town that consumes a significant amount of the power. The town’s
electrical systems include the following:
- Factory
- Supermarket
- School
- Commercial building
- Apartment and hospital
The town is served by a 11kV rated overhead line. At the source substation 200/11kV, the
available short-circuit power is 500MVA. The various points of the town receive power from a
central HV / MV substation, either directly from MV or via the secondary side of an MV/LV
transformer.

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ITC Power System Architecture

2. Maps

Figure 2 topology of interconnect of 3 areas

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ITC Power System Architecture

As illustrated in Figure 3, a hospital is fed via an LV system with SLD

Figure 3 Hospital load information

3. Data
For transmission system level
Let’s take a voltage base of 200KV of and an apparent power of 100 MVA for the system. Area
1 will be referred to as bus 1 and Area 2 as bus 2. The following table summarizes the input data
for the overall system, including bus, generator and branch data.
 Branch data
Line resistance R=0.002 p.u/km and reactance X=0.02 p.u/km
 Bus data
The nature of bus and related data as per unit system is given in table 1.

Type 1=load (P, Q) bus, type 2=generator (P, V) bus, type 3=swing (V, θ) bus

 Generator data

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ITC Power System Architecture

The power profile for each generator as per unit system is given by table below:

For distribution system (MV) level

At substation, high voltage 200KV will be step down to 11KV. Thus, 11KV is used as the
overall MV system voltage.
For distribution system (LV) level
At distribution substation, the medium voltage 11KV will be step down to 0.22KV via
distribution transformer.
 The load data of Hospital

4. Activities
Assume you have some familiarity with the electrical power system. This lab covers the overall
part of the power system, which is comprised of three major systems:
 Transmission System (High Voltage-HV)
 Distribution System (Medium Voltage-MV)
 Distribution System (Low Voltage-LV)

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ITC Power System Architecture

5. Problems
On the basis of the data provided and the information in the overview, we could begin our
laboratory as follows by 3 parts:
 PART 01: Overview of power system equipment and layout.
 PART 02: Design of LV, MV and HV system.
 PART 03: Verification of Part 02 by using software.
5.1 Part 1
An electric power system is defined as a network of electrical components used to supply,
transfer, and consume electric power. Our power system nowadays

Figure 4: Power System Schematics

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ITC Power System Architecture

As shown in figure 4, we can see that this on completes the power system which divided into
4 specific parts, such as:

 Generation Subsystems: consists of generation plants and generation substation.

- Generation plants: produce electrical energy from another form of energy such as fossil
fuels, nuclear fuels or hydropower. Typically, a prime mover turns an alternator that
generates voltage between 6kV and 30 kV.
- Generation Substations: connect generation plants to transmission lines through a step-
up transformer that increases voltage to transmission levels.

Figure 5: Generation plants and Gen Substation

 Transmission Subsystems: consists of transformer lines, transmission switching stations and

transmission substations and sub transmission systems
- Transmission Systems transport electricity over long distances from generation
substations to transmission or distribution substations. Typical voltage levels include 69
kV, 115 kV, 138 kV, 161 kV, 230 kV 345 kV, 500kV, 765 kV and 1100kV.
- Transmission Switching Stations serve as nodes in the transmission system that allow
transmission line connections to be reconfigured.

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ITC Power System Architecture

- Transmission Substations are transmission switching stations with transformers that

stepdown voltage to sub-transmission levels.
- Sub-transmission Systems transport electricity from
transmission substations to distribution substations. Typical
US voltage levels include 34.5 kV, 46 kV, 69 kV, 115 kV, 138
kV, 161 kV and 230 kV.

Figure 6: Transmission Subsystems

 Distribution Subsystems: consists of distribution substations, primary distribution systems,

distribution transformers and secondary distribution systems.
- Distribution Substations are nodes for terminating and reconfiguring sub transmission
lines plus transformers that stepdown voltage to primary distribution levels.
- Primary Distribution Systems deliver
electricity from distribution substations to
distribution transformers. Voltages range from
6 kV to 35 kV.

Figure 7 Distribution substation

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ITC Power System Architecture

- Distribution Transformers convert primary distribution voltages to utilization voltages.

Typical sizes range from 5 kVA to 3200 kVA.
- Secondary Distribution Systems deliver electricity from distribution transformers to
customer service entrances. Voltages are typically 120V/208V, 220/380V three phase or
230/400V with typical frequency of 50Hz or 60Hz.

Figure 8: Distribution Subsystems

 List of circuit components for each voltage level (LV, MV and HV)

LOW VOLTAGE

a) Circuit Breaker

Circuit breaker plays a key role in protection and

control of power systems. Usually, MCB (Molded case
breakers) are employed on LV switchgear.

Figure 9: Circuit Breaker of LV

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ITC Power System Architecture

b) Busbar

Busbars are the electrical nodes where power is

gathered for distribution or further transmission
purposes. Physically the busbar is a metallic
rectangular conductor.

Figure 10: Copper Busbar (siemens LV)

c) Control Relay

Control relays are used for controlling the

electronic circuits. Mostly they are employed in
control of other relays. They are used for sensing under
and over voltages and current reversal.

Figure 11: Control Relay

d) Disconnector

A disconnector is installed for providing safe

working conditions to the crew. A disconnector
should always operate after opening the connected
breaker. Disconnectors are generally equipped with:
auxiliary switching, Gear drives, push buttons.
Figure 12: Disconnector

e) Insulation
A major concern for switchgear designers is
insulation. The major reason for insulation is to
separate current carrying parts from each other as well
as from earth. Air, gases, oils, vacuum, fluids, and solid
materials can be used for insulation purposes. The
choice of any material depends on the physical
conditions.
Figure 13: Insulation

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ITC Power System Architecture

f) Instrument Transformer

Instrumentation transformers such as current and

voltage transformers are used for stepping down the
voltages for relays and other control equipment.

Figure 14: Instrument Transformer

g) Protection Relay
Protection relays are used to signal an alarm to
elements of power so as to remove the component in
case of an abnormal condition.

Reference:
[Link]
systems/lv-switchgear-components/

Figure 15: Protection Relay

MEDIUM VOLTAGE

a) Switch

It basically used to switch current up to their rated

normal current and make on existing short circuits (up
to their rated short circuit making current).

Figure 16: Switch of Medium voltage

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ITC Power System Architecture

b) Contactor

Medium voltage contactors are suitable for high

frequency switching (>10,000 operations), with
continuous AC3 current ratings up to 800A and rated
voltages from 1 kV to 24kV.

Figure 17: Contactor

c) Current limiting fuse

It is basically capable of interrupting all current

from the rated interrupting current down to the current
that causes melting of the fusible element in 1 hour.

Figure 18: Current-limiting Fuse

d) Disconnecting Switch

When a circuit breaker is removed and racked out,

the circuit can be earthed by operating this earthing
switch. Earthing switches are usually used in
conjunction with isolators. When the isolator isolates
the circuits, the earthing switches will ensure to
discharge any residual charges which may have
accumulated

Figure 19: Disconnecting Switch

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ITC Power System Architecture

e) Current Transformer

A current transformer is used to measure the

current of another circuit.

Figure 20: Current Transformer

HIGH VOLTAGE

a) Capacitor

High voltage capacitors are passive electronic

components that store charge and energy for use in
high voltage applications. They consist of two
conducting plates separated by an insulating material
called the dielectric. They basically have the similar
function as normal capacitor.

Figure 21: Capacitor High Voltage

b) Resistor

High-Voltage resistors are offering high resistance

and small deviation

Figure 22: Resistor

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ITC Power System Architecture

c) Connector

They make it possible to transmit signals without

positing safety risks to operators.

Figure 23: Connector

5.2 Hospital load

Before we proceed to LV System, we first do the calculation of Hospital load as we are red
circled so that we know the cross-sectional and protection sizing before we jump to LV System.

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ITC Power System Architecture

 Hospital Load:
At distribution, the medium voltage 20 kv will be stepped down to 0.22 kv via
distribution transformer before distribute to purchaser. In this section, we will perform
calculation for total power consumption, size the cable, protection device and power
quality analysis for the whole hospital. There are exist 30 rooms, 1 administration room
and 1 parking space in this hospital that we have to study. We are going to calculate and
size the circuit breaker, cable and transformer, which is needed in this part.
 List of loads
Utilize the load data table that provide in the lab instructions to calculate the total power
consumption in this hospital

 Per one room

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ITC Power System Architecture

 Administration room

 Parking

 Line 1

Line 1: Administration Room and Parking

I'b (Administration room) 30.2020202
I'b (Parking) 0.909090909
Ks 1
Safety factor 1.2
Total Ib for line 1 37.33333333

 Line 2

Line 2: 10 Room
I'b (Per one room) 28.98989899
Ks 0.6
Safety factor 1.2
Total Ib for line 2 208.7272727

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ITC Power System Architecture

 Main Line

Main Line
I'b (Line 1) 37.33333333
I'b (Line 2 3 4) 208.7272727
Ks 0.9
Safety factor 1.2
Total Ib for line 1 716.5963636

 Apparent power

Total Apparent power of Hospital

Safety
Apparent powwer in hospital S(VA) factor S(VA)
Line 1 5266.666667 6583.333333
Line 2(same as 3 and 4) 51280 1.25 64100
Total Apparent power of Hospital 159106.6667 198883.3333

 LV Transformer Rating (Hospital)

In order to choose the correct sizing for transformer, we first have to know the total apparent
power of our load before deciding transformer. For instance, in this case through calculation, we
obtain total apparent power of hospital load is 198883.333 VA (199KVA). After that, we decided
to choose transformer with the size of 200KVA.
 Cable and busbar sizing

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ITC Power System Architecture

 Circuit breaker sizing

Circuit breaker and fuse are used o protect power system from fault such as overload and
short circuit. In this system, they use circuit breaker to protect power system. To select
circuit breaker, we must know current flow in line (Ib) and the maximum short circuit (Isc).
We following
𝐼 = where
√ ×

 𝐼 the maximum short circuit current (KA)

 𝑈 line to line voltage (V)
 𝑅 total resistance from upstream to CB (Ω)
 𝑋 total reactance from upstream to CB (Ω)

Table 1 Current short circuit of each line

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ITC Power System Architecture

From figure table… above, we obtained the Isc or short circuit current which means that
we can also obtain what type and value of CB, we are going to use based on Isc.

 Voltage drops
Following formula 𝑉 =𝐾×𝐿×𝐼
Where K is based on CSA
Table 2 Value of parameter K for each CSA

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ITC Power System Architecture

Table 3 VOLTAGE Drop for each line of Hospital load

5.3 LV Section
At distribution substation LV, the medium voltage 20 KV will be stepped down to 0.22 kV
via distribution transformer before distribute to purchaser. There are two branches, which are the
outputs from two difference MV/LV transformer, they distribute power to loads in this project as
figure below. In this section, we are going to study on load list, cable sizing busbar sizing,
protection sizing, voltage drop, power factor and MV/LV sizing. All formula for calculation and
components section base on electrical Installation Guide 2018.

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ITC Power System Architecture

5.3.1 LV Cable and busbar sizing

Base on the Guideline book and in power system, there are two branches of LV system and
each branch has one busbar. Use these results to each busbar in copper busbar and got spec as
following table.
Following formula

𝐼= , where

 S is apparent power (VA)

 V is voltage of system (V)

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ITC Power System Architecture

With its excellent electrical conductivity, copper was virtually unchallenged as a conductor for
all types of insulated cable for well over fifty years.
Thus, in this project we choose copper wire for installation for ll specification as shown in table
above.
5.3.2 LV protection Sizing
Following the Figure of our power system that we have noted above we can calculate Isc
for protect the whole system. Circuit breaker and fuse are used to protect power system from
fault such as overload and short circuit. In this power system, they use circuit breaker to protect
power system.
Short circuit current, it happens frequently that the conductor size necessary for an
installation is dictated by its ability to carry short circuit rather than sustained current. During a
short circuit there is a sudden inrush of current for a few cycles followed by a steadier flow for a
short period until the protective devices operates, normally between 0.2 and 3 seconds. During
this period the current falls off slightly due to the increase of conductor resistance with
temperature, but for calculation purpose it is assumed to remain steady.
To select circuit breaker, we must know current flow in line (1) and the maximum short
circuit current (Isc).

Following formula 𝐼 = ; where

√ ×

 𝐼 the maximum short circuit current (KA)

 𝑈 line to line voltage (V)
 𝑅 total resistance from upstream to CB (Ω)
 𝑋 total reactance from upstream to CB (Ω)
After implement formula above, we got results in table below

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ITC Power System Architecture

Table 4 Short circuit current of each line of LV section

5.3.3 Voltage drops

Calculation of voltage drop on a power distribution network is another important aspect of
system design. Voltage drops occurs on all parts of the power system network when a load
current flows through its elements having finite impedance. When designing distribution
systems, the system design engineer must see that the voltage drop from the point of component
of supply to the farthest apparatus shall not exceed 3% of the system voltage.

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ITC Power System Architecture

The impedance (Z) in line cause voltage between upstream and downstream being difference.
This problem is critically considered by engineers when they design power system because it can
affect load consumption and effective of transmission power.
we follow 𝑉 = 𝐾 × 𝐿 × 𝐼𝑏
where K is shown in table
After implement formula above, we got results in the table below.

Table 5 Voltage drop of each line of LV section

5.3.4 Transformer Sizing

To convert medium voltage to low voltage, we have o use MV/LV transformer and sum
apparent power of all loads under each transformer. And then multiply total apparent power b
extension factor 𝐾 = 1.2.
𝑆 =𝑆 ×𝐾
After implement formula above, we get results in the table below. In the guideline book we can
see some specification of transformer that we can choose.

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ITC Power System Architecture

 For transformer 2

 For transformer 3

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ITC Power System Architecture

5.4 Medium Voltage

5.4.1 MV Cable and Busbar sizing

Table 6 Cable and Busbar Sizing of each line in MV section

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ITC Power System Architecture

5.4.2 MV Protection Sizing

MV circuit breaker sizing are different from LV system. First, we have to fund Z of each
line by using 𝑍 = 𝑅 + 𝑋
Table 7 Impedance Z of each line

Table 8 Impedance Z after that we have to figure out the connections of each line to line.

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ITC Power System Architecture

5.4.3 Voltage drops

Table 9 Voltage drops of each line in MV section

5.4.4 Transformer HV/MV rating

5.5 HV System
5.5.1 Draw single line diagram for 3 bus system, indicating the generator’s and load’s power
Voltage Base 200KV, and Apparent power base 100MVA
 Branch data
Line resistance R=0.002 p.u/km and reactance X=0.02 p.u/km
 Bus data
The nature of bus and related data as per unit system is given in table 1.

Type 1=load (P, Q) bus, type 2=generator (P, V) bus, type 3=swing (V, θ) bus

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ITC Power System Architecture

 Generator data
The power profile for each generator as per unit system is given by table below

The program for the Newton-Raphson method is lfnewton, which is preceded by lybus, and
follow by busout and lineflow program. Input branch, load, and bus data into MATLAB program.

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ITC Power System Architecture

 Results

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ITC Power System Architecture

5.5.2 Perform load flow analysis between those three areas

5.6 Etap analysis

Figure 24 Hospital load

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ITC Power System Architecture

Figure 25 Area 3

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ITC Power System Architecture

Figure 26 Performing load flow for Area 3

6. Conclusion
After this lab, we understand about the power system architecture. Also, we understand about
the power flow of 3 area with generator. Furthermore, we know the components in transmission
and distribution line. Moreover, we can calculate current, voltage, busbar sizing, cable sizing,
transformer sizing and voltage drop in power system. Also, we can use Etap to find the voltage
drop, current or transformer in this software. Then we can analysis the problem that came from
simulation alerts such as cable or busbar sizing in Figure 26.

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