GRADE 9 SCIENCE
MODULE 1
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS:
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
We eat because our cells need energy so that we
can perform various tasks. Our cells can produce
energy if we burn the food we eat and get energy
from the blood. To burn this food, it needs
oxygen. The process to release energy driven by
oxygen is called RESPIRATION.
Digestive system is responsible for food
breakdown into simpler substances that the cells
can take. Another organ system is responsible
for getting oxygen and removing carbon dioxide
from the body called the respiratory system.
1. NOSE AND NASAL CAVITY. Air enters
through the openings of our nose known as the
nostrils, composed cartilage, bones, muscles,
and skin to support the anterior of the nasal
cavity, a hollow space within the nose and skull
that is lined with hair and mucus that filter,
warm, and moisten the air that enters the body.
2.PHARYNX (THROAT). A muscular pipe that connects the nose and mouth to the larynx and the esophagus.
Epiglottis is a small tissue that closes the esophagus so that air will enter the windpipe and the food will enter the
esophagus.
3. LARYNX (VOICE BOX). A short airway that connects pharynx to the windpipe. It contains the vocal chords that
allow the body to produce sounds.
4. TRACHEA (WINDPIPE). A 12.7cm tube with walls with ring structures to keep it open lined with a tissue containing
cilia or hair and mucus membrane that traps dust and other contaminants that prevents them from reaching the lungs.
5. BRONCHI (sing.) BRONCHUS (plu.). Trachea is divided into two branches known as bronchi. Each bronchus is
connected to the lungs and each of them
are divided into many small tubes
known as bronchioles and each end of
the bronchioles are air sacs or alveoli.
6. LUNGS are the major organs of the
respiratory system, a pair of large,
spongy organs found in the chest cavity.
The left lung is smaller than the right
lung and slightly different in shape
because the heart is pointing to the left
side of the body. At the end of each
bronchiole are the air sacs called alveoli
(alveolus), tissues that surrounded with
capillaries where gas exchange happens.
7. DIAPHRAGM. A tough muscle
sheet that separates the chest cavity
from the abdominal cavity and muscles
between the ribs.
MECHANISM OF BREATHING
Breathing is a mechanical process wherein air goes in and out of
the lungs because of air pressure difference.
Inhalation happens when you take air into your lungs.
Exhalation happens when you expel air from your lungs.
MODULE 2
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS: CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
The food and oxygen processed by the digestive system and respiratory system are sent using the body’s transport system,
the circulatory system, organ system responsible for sending the nutrients and oxygen to different cells in the body.
1. BLOOD. The blood is responsible for transporting oxygen and food from the lungs and small intestine to the different
parts of the body. (RBCs and WBCs are formed in the bone marrow.
Red Corpuscles/Red Blood Cells. Responsible for carrying oxygen
to different parts of the body and transports CO2 from the different
parts of the body back to the lungs to be exhaled. The red color of this
cell is produced by hemoglobin, a kind of protein rich in iron that
carries oxygen throughout the body. Also called erythrocytes, where
erythro means red and cytes means cells.
White Corpuscles/White Blood Cells help the body in fighting
infection and larger than RBCs but are fewer in number.
• Neutrophil, are the most numerous WBCs. They surround the
bacteria and digest it.
• Eosinophils release toxins to destroy parasites.
• Basophils help in the inflammation when is tissue is damaged.
• Monocytes or macrophage are the largest, involved in cleaning/digesting dead cells and debris.
• Lymphocytes produce antibodies.
Pus- dead WBCs that were killed by the poison of disease-causing microorganisms.
Platelets are the smallest cells in the body. They become a substance that helps in the clotting of blood.
Plasma is a fluid substance of the blood. It is yellowish and contains
many proteins that are vital for the body to live. It acts as a river where
the RBCs, WBCs, and platelets float.
2. BLOOD VESSELS serve as the highway where blood flows. There
are three types of blood vessels:
• Arteries carry blood away from your heart.
• Veins carry blood back toward your heart. Largest veins are the
superior and inferior vena cava.
• Capillaries, the smallest blood vessels, connect arteries and veins.
3. HEART is the major organ in the circulatory system. The blood that is
moving in constant motion through the blood vessels is made possible
through the pumping of the heart. It consists of four chambers- two atria and two ventricles. CCAtria (atrium, sing.) are
chambers found on the upper side of the heart with thin walls and responsible for collecting blood from the body. They
force blood down to the lower chambers called ventricles, with thick walls because the force blood out of the heart.
