CCoommppuutterer FFununddaammenenttaallss::

PPrradadeeeepp KK.. SSiinhnhaa && PPrriititi SSiinhanha

 Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Learning Objectives

In this chapter you will learn about:

 Input/Output (I/O) devices

 Commonly used input devices
 Commonly used output devices
 Other concepts related to I/O devices

Ref Page 148 Chapter 9: Input-Output Devices Slide 2/61

 Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

I/O Devices

 Provide means of communication between a

computer and outer world
 Also known as peripheral devices because they
surround the CPU and memory of a computer
system
 Input devices are used to enter data from the
outside world into primary storage
 Output devices supply results of processing
from primary storage to users

Ref Page 148 Chapter 9: Input-Output Devices Slide 3/61

 Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Role of I/O Devices

Input
data Results of
CPU processing
from Input Output
and in human
external Devices Devices
Memory acceptable
world
form

Input data coded Processed data in

in internal form internal form

Ref Page 148 Chapter 9: Input-Output Devices Slide 4/61

 Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Commonly Used Input Devices

 Keyboard devices
 Point-and-draw devices
 Data scanning devices
 Digitizer
 Electronic cards based devices
 Speech recognition devices
 Vision based devices

Ref Page 149 Chapter 9: Input-Output Devices Slide 5/61

 Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Keyboard Devices

 Allow data entry into a computer system by pressing

a set of keys (labeled buttons) neatly mounted on a
keyboard connected to a computer system
 101-keys QWERTY keyboard is most popular

Ref Page 149 Chapter 9: Input-Output Devices Slide 6/61

 Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
The Layout of Keys on a
QWERTY Keyboard

Esc F1 F2 F4 Print Screen Scroll Screen Pause

F3 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 F11 F12 Num Lock Caps Lock Scroll Lock

! @ # 3 $ % ^ & * ( ) _ + Page Up Num Lock

~  Backspace Insert Home / * -
1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 - =
`

 Q W E R T Y U I O P { } | Page Down 7 8 9
Delete End
[ ] \ Home  Pg Up
Tab 
+

A S : 4 6
Caps Lock D F G H J K L “  Enter 5
;  
‘

Z X C V B < > ? ? 1 2 3
Shift N M Shift 
, . / / End  Pg Dn
Enter
0 .
Ctrl Alt Alt Ctrl    Ins
Del

Ref Page 149 Chapter 9: Input-Output Devices Slide 7/61

 Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Point-and-Draw Devices

 Used to rapidly point to and select a graphic icon

or menu item from multiple options displayed on
the Graphical User Interface (GUI) of a screen
 Used to create graphic elements on the screen such
as lines, curves, and freehand shapes
 Some commonly used point-and-draw devices are
mouse, track ball, joy stick, light pen, and touch
screen

Ref Page 149 Chapter 9: Input-Output Devices Slide 8/61

 Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Mouse

Commonly used in personal computers and workstations

Ref Page 150 Chapter 9: Input-Output Devices Slide 9/58

 Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Trackball

Click buttons

Ball to be
rolled with
fingers

Commonly used in laptop (notebook) computers

Ref Page 151 Chapter 9: Input-Output Devices Slide 10/58

 Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Joystick

Click button

Stick

Light
Ball
indicator Socket

Commonly used for video games, flight simulators,

training simulators, and for controlling industrial robots

Ref Page 152 Chapter 9: Input-Output Devices Slide 11/58

 Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Electronic Pen

 Pen-based point-and-draw device

 Used to directly point with it on the screen to select
menu items or icons or directly draw graphics on
the screen
 Can write with it on a special pad for direct input
of written information to a system
 Pressure on tip of a side button is used to cause
same action as right-button-click of a mouse

Ref Page 152 Chapter 9: Input-Output Devices Slide 12/61

 Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Touch Screen

 Most simple, intuitive, and easiest to learn of all

input devices
 Enables users to choose from available options by
simply touching with their finger the desired icon or
menu item displayed on the screen
 Most preferred human-computer interface used in
information kiosks (unattended interactive
information systems such as automatic teller machine
or ATM)

Ref Page 152 Chapter 9: Input-Output Devices Slide 13/61

 Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Data Scanning Devices

 Input devices that enable direct data entry into a

computer system from source documents
 Eliminate the need to key in text data into the computer
 Due to reduced human effort in data entry, they
improve data accuracy and also increase the timeliness
of the information processed
 Demand high quality of input documents
 Some data scanning devices are also capable of
recognizing marks or characters
 Form design and ink specification usually becomes
more critical for accuracy

Ref Page 153 Chapter 9: Input-Output Devices Slide 14/61

 Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Image Scanner

 Input device that translates paper documents into

an electronic format for storage in a computer
 Electronic format of a scanned image is its bit
map representation
 Stored image can be altered or manipulated with
an image-processing software

Ref Page 153 Chapter 9: Input-Output Devices Slide 15/61

 Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Two Common Types of Image Scanners

A flat-bed scanner A hand-held scanner

Ref Page 153 Chapter 9: Input-Output Devices Slide 16/61

 Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
Optical Character
Recognition (OCR) Device

 Scanner equipped with a character recognition

software (called OCR software) that converts the bit
map images of characters to equivalent ASCII codes
 Enables word processing of input text and also requires
less storage for storing the document as text rather
than an image
 OCR software is extremely complex because it is
difficult to make a computer recognize an unlimited
number of typefaces and fonts
 Two standard OCR fonts are OCR-A (American
standard) and OCR-B (European standard)

Ref Page 154 Chapter 9: Input-Output Devices Slide 17/58

 Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Optical Mark Reader (OMR)

 Scanner capable of recognizing a pre-specified type

of mark by pencil or pen
 Very useful for grading tests with objective type
questions, or for any input data that is of a choice
or selection nature
 Technique used for recognition of marks involves
focusing a light on the page being scanned and detecting
the reflected light pattern from the marks

Ref Page 155 Chapter 9: Input-Output Devices Slide 18/58

 Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Sample Use of OMR

For each question, four options are given out of which only one is
correct. Choose the correct option and mark your choice against
the corresponding question number in the given answer sheet by
darkening the corresponding circle with a lead pencil.

1. The binary equivalent of decimal 4 is:

a) 101
b) 111
c) 001
d) 100
Indicates direction in which the
2. The full form of CPU is: sheet should be fed to the OMR
a) Cursor Positioning Unit
b) Central Power Unit 1.
c) Central Processing Unit a b c d
d) None of the above
2.
a b c d
3. Which is the largest unit of storage among the following:
a) Terabyte 3.
b) Kilobyte a b c d
c) Megabyte
d) Gigabyte (b) Pre-printed answer sheet

(a) Question sheet

A sample use of OMR for grading tests with objective type questions

Ref Page 155 Chapter 9: Input-Output Devices Slide 19/61

 Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Bar-code Reader

 Scanner used for reading (decoding) bar-

coded data
 Bar codes represent alphanumeric data by a
combination of adjacent vertical lines (bars) by
varying their width and the spacing between
them
 Scanner uses laser-beam to stroke across pattern
of bar code. Different patterns of bars reflect the
beam in different ways sensed by a light-
sensitive detector
 Universal Product Code (UPC) is the most
widely known bar coding system

Ref Page 155 Chapter 9: Input-Output Devices Slide 20/61

 Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

An Example of UPC Bar Code

Product category character

0 – grocery products
3 – drugs and health related 0
products, etc.

21000 67520

Manufacturer/supplier
identification number Specific product code
number

Ref Page 156 Chapter 9: Input-Output Devices Slide 21/61

 Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Magnetic-Ink Character Recognition (MICR)

 MICR is used by banking industry for faster

processing of large volume of cheques
 Bank’s identification code (name, branch, etc.),
account number and cheque number are pre-printed
(encoded) using characters from a special character set
on all cheques
 Special ink is used that contains magnetizable
particles of iron oxide
 MICR reader-sorter reads data on cheques and
sorts them for distribution to other banks or for
further processing

Ref Page 156 Chapter 9: Input-Output Devices Slide 22/61

 Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

MICR Character Set (E13B Font)

 It consists of numerals 0 to 9 and four special characters

 MICR is not adopted by other industries because it supports only
14 symbols

Ref Page 157 Chapter 9: Input-Output Devices Slide 23/61

 Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Digitizer

 Input device used for converting (digitizing)

pictures, maps and drawings into digital form for
storage in computers
 Commonly used in the area of Computer Aided
Design (CAD) by architects and engineers to
design cars, buildings medical devices, robots,
mechanical parts, etc.
 Used in the area of Geographical Information
System (GIS) for digitizing maps available in paper
form

Ref Page 157 Chapter 9: Input-Output Devices Slide 24/61

 Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

A Digitizer
Digitizing tablet
Stylus in the form
of cross-hair cursor

Table top

Ref Page 158 Chapter 9: Input-Output Devices Slide 25/61

 Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Electronic-card Reader

 Electronic cards are small plastic cards having

encoded data appropriate for the application for which
they are used
 Electronic-card reader (normally connected to a
computer) is used to read data encoded on an
electronic card and transfer it to the computer
for further processing
 Used together as a means of direct data entry into
a computer system
 Used by banks for use in automatic teller machines
(ATMs) and by organizations for controlling access
of employees to physically secured areas

Ref Page 158 Chapter 9: Input-Output Devices Slide 26/61

 Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Speech Recognition Devices

 Input device that allows a person to input data to

a computer system by speaking to it
 Today’s speech recognition systems are limited to
accepting few words within a relatively small
domain and can be used to enter only limited
kinds and quantities of data

Ref Page 158 Chapter 9: Input-Output Devices Slide 27/61

 Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Types of Speech Recognition Systems

(Continued from previous slide..)

 Single word recognition systems can recognize only a

single spoken words, such as YES, NO, MOVE, STOP,
at a time. Speaker-independent systems are mostly of
this type
 Continuous speech recognition systems can
recognize spoken sentences, such as MOVE TO THE
NEXT BLOCK. Such systems are normally speaker-
dependent

Ref Page 158 Chapter 9: Input-Output Devices Slide 28/61

 Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Uses of Speech Recognition Systems

 For inputting data to a computer system by a person in

situations where his/her hands are busy, or his/her
eyes must be fixed on a measuring instrument or some
other object
 For data input by dictation of long text or passage
for later editing and review
 For authentication of a user by a computer system
based on voice input
 For limited use of computers by individuals with
physical disabilities

Ref Page 159 Chapter 9: Input-Output Devices Slide 29/61

 Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Vision-Input Systems

 Allow computer to accept input just by seeing an object.

 Input data is normally an object’s shape and features
in the form of an image
 Mainly used today in factories for designing
industrial robots that are used for quality-control and
assembly processes

Ref Page 159 Chapter 9: Input-Output Devices Slide 30/61

 Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Commonly Used Output Devices

 Monitors
 Printers
 Plotters
 Screen image projector
 Voice response systems

Ref Page 160 Chapter 9: Input-Output Devices Slide 31/61

 Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Types of Output

 Soft-copy output
 Not produced on a paper or some material that can be touched
and carried for being shown to others
 Temporary in nature and vanish after use
 Examples are output displayed on a terminal screen or spoken out
by a voice response system
 Hard-copy output
 Produced on a paper or some material that can be touched and
carried for being shown to others
 Permanent in nature and can be kept in paper files or can be
looked at a later time when the person is not using the computer
 Examples are output produced by printers or plotters on paper

Ref Page 160 Chapter 9: Input-Output Devices Slide 32/61

 Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Monitors

 Monitors are the most popular output devices used

for producing soft-copy output
 Display the output on a television like screen
 Monitor associated with a keyboard is called a
video display terminal (VDT). It is the most
popular I/O device

Ref Page 160 Chapter 9: Input-Output Devices Slide 33/61

 Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Monitors

Monitor

Keyboard

A video display terminal consists of a monitor and a keyboard

Ref Page 160 Chapter 9: Input-Output Devices Slide 34/61

 Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Types of Monitors

 Cathode-ray-tube (CRT) monitors look like a television

and are normally used with non-portable computer
systems
 Flat-panel monitors are thinner and lighter and are
commonly used with portable computer systems like
notebook computers. Now they are also used with
non- portable desktop computer systems because they
occupy less table space.

Ref Page 160 Chapter 9: Input-Output Devices Slide 35/61

 Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Printers

Most common output devices for producing hard-copy

output

Ref Page 160 Chapter 9: Input-Output Devices Slide 36/61

 Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Dot-Matrix Printers

 Character printers that form characters and all kinds

of images as a pattern of dots
 Print many special characters, different sizes of print
and graphics such as charts and graphs
 Impact printers can be used for generating multiple
copies by using carbon paper or its equivalent
 Slow, with speeds usually ranging between 30 to
600 characters per second
 Cheap in both initial cost and cost of operation

Ref Page 161 Chapter 9: Input-Output Devices Slide 37/61

 Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Formation of Characters as a pattern of dots

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNO
PQRSTUVWXYZ
0123456789-.,
&/$*#%@=(+)

Ref Page 161 Chapter 9: Input-Output Devices Slide 38/61

 Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

A Dot Matrix Printer

Ref Page 161 Chapter 9: Input-Output Devices Slide 39/61

 Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Inkjet Printers

 Character printers that form characters and all kinds

of images by spraying small drops of ink on to the
paper
 Print head contains up to 64 tiny nozzles that can
be selectively heated up in a few micro seconds by
an integrated circuit register
 To print a character, the printer selectively heats
the appropriate set of nozzles as the print head
moves horizontally
 Can print many special characters, different sizes of
print, and graphics such as charts and graphs

Ref Page 161 Chapter 9: Input-Output Devices Slide 40/61

 (Continued on next slide)

Ref Page 161 Chapter 9: Input-Output Devices Slide 41/61

 Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Inkjet Printers
(Continued from previous slide..)

 Non-impact printers. Hence, they cannot

produce multiple copies of a document in a
single printing
 Can be both monochrome and color
 Slower than dot-matrix printers with speeds
usually ranging between 40 to 300 characters per
second
 More expensive than a dot-matrix printer

Ref Page 162 Chapter 9: Input-Output Devices Slide 42/61

 Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

An Inkjet Printers

Ref Page 162 Chapter 9: Input-Output Devices Slide 43/61

 Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Drum Printers

 Line printers that print one line at a time

 Have a solid cylindrical drum with characters
embossed on its surface in the form of circular bands
 Set of hammers mounted in front of the drum in such
a manner that an inked ribbon and paper can be
placed between the hammers and the drum
 Can only print a pre-defined set of characters in a
pre- defined style that is embossed on the drum
 Impact printers and usually monochrome
 Typical speeds are in the range of 300 to 2000 lines
per minute

Ref Page 162 Chapter 9: Input-Output Devices Slide 44/61

 Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Printing Mechanism of a Drum Printer

Hammers (one for each band)

Paper
Ribbon

WW W WWWWWWWWWWW
V V V V V V V V V V VV V V
Solid U U U U U U U U U U U U U U
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
cylindrical
S S S S S S S S S S S S S S
drum with R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
embossed QQ Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
characters P P P P P P P P P P P P P P
O O O O O O O O O O O O O O
N N N N N N N N N N NN N N

Total number of bands is equal to the maximum

number of characters (print positions) on a line

Ref Page 163 Chapter 9: Input-Output Devices Slide 45/61

 Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Chain/Band Printers

 Line printers that print one line at a time

 Consist of a metallic chain/band on which all
characters of the character set supported by
the printer are embossed
 Also have a set of hammers mounted in front
of the chain/band in such a manner that an
inked ribbon and paper can be placed between
the hammers and the chain/band

Ref Page 163 Chapter 9: Input-Output Devices Slide 46/61

 Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Chain/Band Printers

 Can only print pre-defined sets of characters

that are embossed on the chain/band used with
the printer
 Cannot print any shape of characters,
different sizes of print, and graphics such as
charts and graphs
 Are impact printers and can be used for
generating multiple copies by using carbon paper
or its equivalent
 Are usually monochrome
 Typical speeds are in the range of 400 to
3000 lines per minute

Ref Page 164 Chapter 9: Input-Output Devices Slide 47/61

 Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Laser Printers

 Page printers that print one page at a time

 Consist of a laser beam source, a multi-sided mirror, a
photoconductive drum and toner (tiny particles of oppositely
charged ink)
 To print a page, the laser beam is focused on the electro
statically charged drum by the spinning multi-sided mirror
 Toner sticks to the drum in the places the laser beam has
charged the drum’s surface.
 Toner is then permanently fused on the paper with heat and
pressure to generate the printer output
 Laser printers produce very high quality output having
resolutions in the range of 600 to 1200 dpi

(Continued on next slide)

Ref Page 164 Chapter 9: Input-Output Devices Slide 48/61

 Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Laser Printers
(Continued from previous slide..)

 Can print many special characters, different sizes

of print, and graphics such as charts and graphs
 Are non-impact printers
 Most laser printers are monochrome, but color
laser printers are also available
 Low speed laser printers can print 4 to 12 pages per
minute. Very high-speed laser printers can print
500 to 1000 pages per minute
 More expensive than other printers

Ref Page 165 Chapter 9: Input-Output Devices Slide 49/61

 Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

A Laser Printers

Ref Page 165 Chapter 9: Input-Output Devices Slide 50/61

 Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Plotters

 Plotters are an ideal output device for architects,

engineers, city planners, and others who need to
routinely generate high-precision, hard-copy
graphic output of widely varying sizes
 Two commonly used types of plotters are:
– Drum plotter, in which the paper on which the
design has to be made is placed over a drum
that can rotate in both clockwise and anti-
clockwise directions
– Flatbed plotter, in which the paper on which the
design has to be made is spread and fixed over
a rectangular flatbed table

Ref Page 165 Chapter 9: Input-Output Devices Slide 50/58

 Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

A Drum Plotter

Paper

Design drawn
on the paper

Ref Page 166 Chapter 9: Input-Output Devices Slide 51/58

 Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

A Flatbed Plotter

Design
drawn on
the paper

Paper

Ref Page 166 Chapter 9: Input-Output Devices Slide 52/61

 Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Screen Image Projector

 An output device that can be directly plugged to a

computer system for projecting information from
a computer on to a large screen
 Useful for making presentations to a group of
people with direct use of a computer
 Full-fledged multimedia presentation with audio,
video, image, and animation can be prepared
and made using this facility

Ref Page 166 Chapter 9: Input-Output Devices Slide 53/61

 Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Voice Response Systems

 Voice response system enables a computer to talk

to a user
 Has an audio-response device that produces
audio output
 Such systems are of two types:
 Voice reproduction systems
 Speech synthesizers

(Continued on next slide)

Ref Page 167 Chapter 9: Input-Output Devices Slide 54/61

 Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Voice Reproduction Systems

(Continued from previous slide..)

 Produce audio output by selecting an

appropriate audio output from a set of pre-
recorded audio responses
 Applications include audio help for guiding
how to operate a system, automatic
answering machines, video games, etc.

Ref Page 167 Chapter 9: Input-Output Devices Slide 55/61

 Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Speech Synthesizers

 Converts text information into spoken sentences

 Used for applications such as:
 Reading out text information to blind persons
 Allowing those persons who cannot speak
to communicate effectively
 Translating an entered text into spoken words
in a selected language

Ref Page 168 Chapter 9: Input-Output Devices Slide 56/61

 Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Key Words/Phrases

 Bard code reader  Information Kiosk

 Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)  Inkjet printer
 Chain/Band printer  Input/Output device
 Data scanning device  Joystick
 Digitizer  Keyboard device
 Digitizing tablet  Laser printer
 Dot-Matrix printer  Magnetic-Ink Character Recognition (MICR)
 Drum plotter  Monitor
 Drum printer  Mouse
 Electronic card reader  Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
 Electronic Pen  Optical Mark Reader (OMR)
 Flatbed plotter  Peripheral device
 Flatbed Scanner  Phonemes
 Graphical User Interface  Plotter
 Hand-held scanner  Point-and-draw device
 Hard-copy output  Printer
 Image Scanner  QWERTY keyboard
 Screen Image Projector

Ref Page 168 Chapter 9: Input-Output Devices Slide 57/61

 (C
ont
inu
ed
on
ne
xt
sli
de
)

Ref Page 168 Chapter 9: Input-Output Devices Slide 58/61

 Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

Key Words/Phrases
(Continued from previous slide..)

 Soft-copy output
 Speech synthesizer
 Stylus
 Touch Screen
 Trackball
 Universal Product Code (UPC)
 Video Display Terminal (VDT)
 Vision-input system
 Voice recognition device
 Voice reproduction system
 Voice response system

Ref Page 168 Chapter 9: Input-Output Devices Slide 59/61