DIPLOMA IN TOWN AND REGIONAL PLANNING
DCP10012 – BASIC LAND SURVEY
LEVELLING SURVEY ( SERIES LEVEL )
LECTURER :1) PUAN NOORHANEZA BINTI ARIFFIN
2) PUAN AZRINA BINTI AHMAD
NAME MATRIC ID MARKS
MUHAMMAD AMIRUDDIN AKMAL BIN 03DPW23F1012
ABDUL SUKRI
MUHAMMAD AIDIL IKRAM BIN 03DPW23F1026
ZAINUDIN
MOHAMMAD NOR HAKIMI BIN MD 03DPW23F1034
YUSOFF
NUR SHAMIEYRA HUSSNA BINTI CHE 03DPW23F1049
JUHA
NOR AZNEEZA BINTI AB MANAP 03DPW23F1051
NUR ALYAA ZALIKHAH BINTI ZULKEFELI 03DPW23F1018
CONTENT PAGE
Cover Page
Table Of Content
1.0 Introduction of levelling
1.1 Definition of levelling
1.2 Definition of Term Used In Levelling
1.3 Vertical control surveys
1.4 Arithmetical Check
2.0 Objectives
3.0 Instrument Used
3.1 Surveying Tripods
3.2 Automatic levels
3.3 Tribrach / Optical Plummet
3.4 Leveling Rod
3.5 Bull’s Eye Level or Horizontal Bubble Level
4.0 Practical Work Procedure
5.0 Result / Analysis Calculation
5.1 Field Data
5.2 Adjusted Data
6.0 Discussion
7.0 Conclusion
References
1.0 INTRODUCTION OF LIVING
1.1 DEFINITION OF LEVELLING
Levelling is the most common way for obtaining the elevation of some ground
locations relative to a reference datum in engineering surveys, and it is
normally done as a distinct procedure to be utilised in fixing planimetric
positions. A levelling survey is performed to determine the height of various
sites on, above, and below the surface. It also uses a levelling tool to
determine the geodetic height. The basic concept of levelling, on the other
hand, entails measuring vertical distance in relation to a horizontal line of
sight. For vertical measurements, a graduated staff and an instrument with a
horizontal line of sight are required.
Levelling serves as a referencing point for determining and ensuring the
vertical stability of points in close proximit y to areference point or
benchmarks with the same meaning.
Levelling surveys, on the other hand, can be linked to GPS reference points by
connecting the locations to global coordinate system reference stations via
GPS to determine regional stability, and sea-level rise can be distinguished
from vertical crustal motion.
Following that, levelling surveys are used to plan highways, railroads, canals,
sewers, and water supply systems, as well as determine the volume of
earthworks, arrange construction projects according to intended elevations,
and analyse drainage characteristics. Aside from that, the most crucial thing for
staff to understand is the theory as well as the practicality. It's because
levelling accuracy is critical in site setup, installation, and thus quality
assurance.
Other than infrastructure, river and lake configurations are one of the levelling
and surveying methods. But in this case, low accuracy may be used in water
level in the recording stations and also their technique of the work. There are
two levels that are very common in this Levelling Survey which are Level
Datum and Level Surface. Level Surface more to the perpendicular direction of
the force of gravity while Level Datum is a level surface that absolute in which
elevations are referring to Mean-Sea Level.
1.2 DEFINITION OF TERM USED IN LEVELLING
LEVEL SURFACE
A level surface is any surface parallel to the mean spherical surface of the earth. It is a
curved surface, which at each point is perpendicular to the direction of gravity at that point.
Every point on a level surface is equidistant from the centre of the earth.
LEVEL LINE
It is a line lying in a level surface. It is normal to the plumb line at all points.
HORIZONTAL PLANE
A horizontal plane through a point is a plane tangential to the level surface. It is perpendicular to
direction of gravity (plumb line)
VERTICAL PLANE
A vertical plane is any plane containing a vertical line
VERTICAL ANGLE
Angle between two intersecting lines in a vertical plane, one of the two lines is commonly taken as
horizontal in surveying.
DATUM SURFACE OR LINE
The level of a point or the surface with respect to which levels of other points or planes are
calculated is called a datum or datum surface.
ELEVATION
It is vertical distance of a point above or below the datum. It is also known as the reduced level.
(R.L.) The elevation of a point is plus or minus according as the point is above or below the datum.
DIFFERENCE IN ELEVATION (H)
It is the vertical distance between the level surfaces passing through the two different points
BENCH-MARK (B.M)
It is fixed reference point of known elevation
TEMPORARY BENCH-MARK (T.B.M)
A bench-mark set up by the surveyor for his own use for particular task
THE LINE OF COLLIMATION
It is the line joining the intersection of cross hairs of the optical center of the object glass. It is also
called the line of sight.
AN AXIS OF THE TELESCOPE
It is a line joining the optical center of the object glass to the center of the eye piece.
FORESIGHT (F.S)
It is also called foresight reading. It is a staff (or rod) reading on a point whose elevation is to be
determined or on a change point. It is also termed as minus sight. It is the last staff reading denoting
the shifting of the instrument.
INTERMEDIATE SIGHT (I.S)
It is a staff reading taken on a point whose elevation is to be determined. All staff reading between
B.S and F.S are intermediate sight.
CHANGE POINT (C.P)
It is appoint denoting the shifting of the level. It is a point on which is the fore and back sights are
taken.
A STATION
It is a point whose elevation is to be determined. It may be noted that it is a point where the staff is
held not the point where they leveled is set up.
HEIGHT OF INSTRUMENT (H.I)
It is the elevation of line of collimation with respect to datum. It is also called the height of plane of
the collimation.
1.3 VERTICAL CONTROL SURVEYS
1.3.1 HEIGHT OF COLLIMATION METHOD
1.3.2 RISE AND FALL METHOD
On the other hand of finding the instrument height at a setup station, the difference between
consecutive points is obtained from their staff readings with that immediately preceding it. The
difference denotes a rise or a fall. The decrease level of each point is then acquired by adding the
rise to or subtracting the fall from the RL of the preceding point. The arithmetic check in this method
is as follows:
∑ BS - ∑ FS = ∑ Rise - ∑ Fall = Last RL – First RL
1.4 Arithmetical Check
