1.

Case Hardening is a process to enhance surface hardness and fatigue life which is accomplished
by carburizing or nitriding process whereby a component is exposed to a carbonaceous or
nitrogenous atmosphere at an elevated temperature.
2. Fractographic is a study that deals with the mechanism of fracture utilizing microscopic
examination, normally using scanning electron microscopy.
3. Light radiation experiences refraction in transparent materials; that is, its velocity is retarded,
and the light beam is bent at the interface.
4. Metal atoms characteristically lose or give up electrons in what is called an oxidation reaction.
5. Refractory ceramics are another important class of ceramics that have salient properties such as
capacity to withstand high temperatures without melting or decomposing, and the capacity to
remain unreactive and inert when exposed to severe environments.
6. Ductile materials typically exhibit substantial plastic deformation with high energy absorption
before fracture.
7. The microstructure of bainite consists of ferrite and cementite phases, and thus diffusional
processes are involved in its formation. This microstructure forms as needles or plates,
depending on the temperature of the transformation and its details are so fine that their
resolution is possible only using an electron microscope.
8. One of the most advanced and promising engineering materials is the carbon fiber-reinforced
carbon-matrix composite, often termed a carbon-carbon composite in which the reinforced and
matrix are carbon.
9. Brittle fracture takes place without any appreciable deformation, and by rapid crack
propagation.
10. Thermoplastic elastomers are the type of polymeric material that, at ambient conditions,
exhibits elastomeric behavior, yet is thermoplastic in nature.
11. High-carbon steels normally have carbon contents between 0.60 and 1.4 wt%.
12. Tear strength the mechanical parameter that is measured, is the energy required to tear apart a
cut specimen that has a standard geometry.
13. Electrical conductivity is indicative of each with which a material is capable of conducting an
electric current.
14. If a steel alloy having either pearlite or bainitic microstructures is heated to, and left at, a
temperature below the eutectoid for a sufficiently long period of time, spheroidite will form.
15. In ductile fracture, after necking begins, small cavities, or microvoids, form in the interior of the
cross-section.
16. Branched polymers are synthesized in which side-branch chains are connected to the main ones.
17. Casting is a fabrication process whereby a totally molten metal is poured into a mold cavity
having the desired shape; upon solidification, the metal assumes the shape of the mold but
experiences some shrinkage.
18. Translucent materials are those through which light is transmitted diffusively; that is, light is
scattered within the interior, to the degree that objects are not clearly distinguishable when
viewed through a specimen of the material.
19. Permanent magnetization is also referred to as ferrimagnetism.
20. Annealing refers to a heat treatment in which a material is exposed to an elevated temperature
for an extended time period and then slowly cooled.
21. Concentration polarization exists when the electrochemical reaction rate is limited by diffusion
in the solution.
22. Passivity is a phenomenon whereby some normally active metals and alloys, under particular
environmental conditions, lose their chemical reactivity and become extremely inert.
23. Nonferrous alloys have relatively high density, and comparatively low electrical conductivity and
are inherently susceptible to corrosion in some common environments.
24. A dielectric material is one that is electrically insulating (nonmetallic) and exhibits or may be
made to exhibit an electric dipole structure; that is, there is a separation of positive and negative
electrically charged entities on a molecular or atomic level.
25. Transgranular fracture happens in most brittle crystalline materials where crack propagation
corresponds to the successive and repeated breaking of atomic bonds along specific
crystallographic planes.
26. Thermal fatigue is normally induced at elevated temperatures by fluctuating thermal stresses
from an external source that need to be present.
27. Creep is defined as the time-dependent and permanent deformation of materials when
subjected to a constant load or stress.
28. Many composite materials are composed of just two phases; one is termed matrix which is
continuous and surrounds the other phase, often called the dispersed phase.
29. Condensation polymerization is the formation of polymers by stepwise intermolecular chemical
reactions that may involve more than one monomer species.
30. Charpy and Izod tests are two standardized tests that are used to measure the impact energy or
sometimes referred to as notch toughness.
31. In a phase diagram, a phase can be defined as a homogenous portion of a system that has
uniform physical and chemical characteristics.
32. Zinc is the predominantly alloying element of brasses.
33. In heterogeneous nucleation, nuclei form preferentially at structural inhomogeneities, such as
container surfaces, insoluble impurities, grain boundaries, dislocations, and so on.
34. Martensite is formed when austenitized iron-carbon alloys are rapidly cooled (or quenched) to a
relatively low temperature.
35. Heat capacity is a property that is indicative of a material’s ability to absorb heat from the
external surroundings which represents the amount of energy required to produce a unit
temperature rise.
36. The linear coefficient of thermal expansion is a material property that is indicative of the extent
to which a material expands upon heating.
37. Fatigue is a form of failure that occurs in structures subjected to dynamic and fluctuating
stresses.
38. A laminar composite is composed of two-dimensional sheets or panels that have a preferred
high-strength direction such as is found in wood and continuous and aligned fiber-reinforced
plastics.
39. The crosslinking process in elastomers is called vulcanization, which is achieved by a
nonreversible chemical reaction, ordinarily carried out at an elevated temperature.
40. Thermal tempering is utilized to strengthen a glass piece by intentionally inducing compressive
residual stresses in which the glassware is heated to a temperature above the glass transition
region yet below the softening point.
41. Inhibitors are substances that, when added in relatively low concentrations to the environment,
decrease its corrosiveness.
42. Diamagnetism is a very weak form of magnetism that is nonpermanent and persists only while
an external field is being applied.
43. With swelling of polymers, the liquid or solute diffuses into and is absorbed with the polymer;
the small solute molecules fit into and occupy positions among the polymer molecules.
44. Precipitation hardening is a process where the strength and hardness of metal alloys are
enhanced by the formation of extremely small uniformly dispersed particles of a second phase
within the original phase matrix.
45. Magnesium has the lowest density of all structural metals; thus, it is usually alloyed when light
weight is an important consideration such as in aircraft components.
46. In a phase diagram, a system is at equilibrium is its free energy is at a minimum under some
specified combination of temperature, pressure, and composition.
47. Low-carbon steels generally contain less than 0.25 wt% carbon.
48. Steels in which carbon is the prime alloying element are termed plain carbon steels.
49. Hot working is a forming operation where deformation is achieved at a temperature above that
at which recrystallization occurs.
50. When the electrical characteristics are dictated by impurity atoms, the semiconductors is said to
be extrinsic.
51. The group of dielectric materials called ferroelectrics exhibit spontaneous polarization – that is,
polarization in the absence of an electric field.
52. In many alloy systems at specific temperature, the maximum concentration of solute atoms that
may dissolve in the solvent to form a solid solution is termed as solubility limit.
53. Thermoplastic are polymers that soften when heated and harden when cooled.
54. Powder metallurgy is a fabrication technique which involves the compaction of powdered metal,
followed by a heat treatment to produce a denser piece.
55. Stainless steels have chromium as their predominant alloying element.
56. In extrusion, a bar of metal is forced through a die orifice by a compressive force that is applied
to a ram; the extruded piece that emerges has the desired shape and a reduced cross-sectional
area.
57. Hydrocarbon compounds with the same composition may have different atomic arrangements,
a phenomenon called isomerism.
58. The property that characterizes the ability of a material to transfer heat is called thermal
conductivity.
59. Phase equilibrium refers to equilibrium as it applies to systems in which more than one phase
may exist.
60. The term ceramic comes from the Greek word keramikos, which means “burnt stuff”.

II. Enumeration. Provide the following.

1. Different casting methods