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1. Describe features of -reproduction without sexual reproduction (without ga-
asexual reproduc- metes)
tion (rapid reproduc- -produces clones (offspring genetically identical to
tive cycle, no need parent)
for mate, no variation -no variation
of offspring). eg. strawberry plants produce runners
2. Explain how some advantageous:
features of asexual produce a lot of offspring
reproduction can be much faster than sexual reproduction, no need to find
advantageous or dis- mate
advantageous. advantageous when lots of food
disadvantageous:
many offspring close to parents so compete for re-
sources
no genetic variation
change of environment means not many survive
3. Describe features of Involves gametes
sexual reproduction offspring has characteristics of both parents
(slower reproductive variation- helps species to survive, evolve as species
cycle,requires mate, will be better adapted
variation in off-
spring).
4. Compare the advan- asexual produces less variation and is quicker
tages and disadvan- sexual is more slower as a mate is needed
tages of asexual and
sexual reproduction
in evaluating the life
cycle of an organ-
ism.
5. Recall that gametes meiosis.
are produced by..
6. Describe what hap- a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells
pens in meiosis. each with half the number of chromosomes of the
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[without details of parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant
the stages] spores.
7. Meiosis -a form of cell division that occurs in sex organs
-cell divides twice
-produces 4 haploid gametes
-each gamete is genetically DIFFERENT to the parent
cell and eachother
-male and female gametes combine in fertilisation to
form a zygote containing the full genome of the organ-
ism
8. Mitosis -a form of cell division
-used in growth, repair of tissues, replacement of cells
and asexual of reproduction
-occurs in body cells
-produces two genetically identical diploid cells
-the cells produced carry out the same job as the
parent cell
9. why are haploid ga- because they will be combining with another gamete
metes needed for
sexual reproduction.
10. Recall what an or- The complete set of DNA found in an organism
ganism's genome is.
11. where genes are Different genes are found on different chromosomes
found
12. what are the function contain instructions that tell your cells to make mole-
of genes. cules called proteins.
13. Recall where DNA is The NUCLEUS is particularly important among eu-
found in a eukaryotic karyotic organelles because it is the location of a cell's
cell. DNA.
14. Name the bases in adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine
DNA
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15. Recall the pairing of adenine pairs with thymine, and guanine with cytosine
bases in DNA.
16. How DNA strands hydrogen bonds
are held together
17. Describe the overall double stranded with a double helix structure
structure of the DNA
molecule
18. How DNA can be ex- 1) Dissolve salt in water, add washing up liquid and stir
tracted from fruit 2) Mash the fruit and add the solution and stir
3) Place beaker in water bath at 60°c for 15 minutes
4) Filter mixture, collect filtrate in a small beaker
5) Measure 10cm^3 of filtrate and put in boiling tube
6) Add two drops of protease enzyme solution
7) Tilt boiling tube and add the ice-cold ethanol slowly
down the sides, so volume of ethanol and filtrate are
equal
8) Leave tube for a few minutes, a white layer forms =
DNA. This can be wound around a glass stirring rod
and lifted out of tube.
19. Recall where pro- mRNA, moves from the nucleus to the RIBOSOMES.
teins are made. where proteins are synthesised.
20. how the shape of The primary structure of a protein — its amino acid
a protein is deter- sequence — drives the folding and intramolecular
mined bonding of the linear amino acid chain, which ultimate-
ly determines the protein's unique three-dimensional
shape.
21. Explain how the or- by the DNA of the gene that encodes the protein
der of amino acids
in a protein is deter-
mined.
22. what happens dur- DNA is used as a template to make a molecule of
ing the transcription messenger RNA ( mRNA ).
stage of protein
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23. what happens during During translation, ribosomal subunits assemble to-
the translation stage gether like a sandwich on the strand of mRNA, where
of protein synthesis they proceed to attract tRNA molecules tethered to
amino acids (circles). A long chain of amino acids
emerges as the ribosome decodes the mRNA se-
quence into a polypeptide, or a new protein.
24. What is a mutation? any change in the DNA sequence
25. Recall some ways in errors in DNA replication during cell division, exposure
which mutations oc- to mutagens or a viral infection.
cur
26. Describe possible ef- A mutation in the amino acid sequence may, alter the
fects of mutations structure of a protein but it does not necessarily alter
on amino acid se- its function
quences.
27. how is gene tran- controlled by limiting the amount of mRNA that is
scription is regulat- produced from a particular gene
ed.
28. Explain the effects of Sometimes, gene variants (also known as mutations)
mutations on protein prevent one or more proteins from working properly.
activity. By changing a gene's instructions for making a protein,
a variant can cause a protein to malfunction or to not
be produced at all.
29. Explain how mu- If a mutation happens in the non-coding region to
tations can influ- which RNA polymerase attaches, this can affect the
ence RNA poly- ability of RNA polymerase to bind to it.
merase binding and
so alter protein pro-
duction
30. who discovered the Gregor Mendel
basis genetics
31.
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Describe how breed- found that when he bred red-flowered plants with
ing pea plants was white-flowered plants, all the offspring produced red
used to work out the flowers. If he bred the red-flowered plants with each
basis of genetics. other, most of the offspring had red flowers, but some
had white.
32. why was it difficult -no prior idea of how chromosomes, genes, nuclei,
to understand inheri- DNA worked
tance before the idea
of genes.
33. the difference be- genes are factors that are passed from parent to off-
tween a gene and an spring, and alleles are the different forms of a gene
allele.
34. Effects of alleles on a dominant allele can override the traits of other reces-
inherited character- sive alleles
istics
35. relationship between Genotype determines phenotype
a genotype and a
phenotype.
36. homozygous geno- A genotype in which both alleles are identical
types.
37. heterozygous geno- A Genotype in which both alleles are different.
types.
38. Use genetic dia- genetic diagram and punnet square
grams to work out
possible combina-
tions of alleles in the
offspring of parents
39. Explain why the ef- some alleles are dominant over others, which is why
fects of some al- some are hidden
leles in an organ-
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ism's genotype are
not seen in its phe-
notype
40. Punnett squares are predict both the phenotypic and genotypic outcomes
used to
41. Family Pedigree By analyzing a pedigree, we can determine geno-
charts types, identify phenotypes, and predict how a trait will
be passed on in the future.
42. Describe how sex Sex is genetically determined. Females have 2 X chro-
is determined in hu- mosomes, men have 1 X and 1 Y.
mans.
43. Ratios of pheno- CALCULATIONS
types
44. probabilities of cer- CALCULATE
tain phenotypes
45. Describe ABO blood The ABO blood group antigens are encoded by one
groups as an exam- genetic locus, the ABO locus, which has three alter-
ple of multiple alleles native (allelic) forms—A, B, and O
for one gene.
46. locus Location of a gene on a chromosome
47. how are ABO blood A child receives one of the three alleles from each
groups inherited. parent, giving rise to six possible genotypes and four
possible blood types (phenotypes).
48. Explain the inher- Some alleles. are both expressed in the same pheno-
itance of codomi- type
nance. Both codominant alleles are shown with upper case
letters in genetic diagrams, but the letters used are
different.
49. hemophilia and color blindness
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examples of
sex-linked genetic
disorders.
50. Explain why some In humans, the term often refers to traits or disorders
genetic disorders influenced by genes on the X chromosome, as it con-
are sex-linked. tains many more genes than the smaller Y chromo-
some.
(X and Y chromosomes are sex-linked)
51. examples of charac- height, skin color, hair color, and eye color
teristics controlled
by multiple genes.
52. Mutation A change in a gene or chromosome.
53. Describe some po- Improved diagnosis of disease.
tential applications Earlier detection of genetic predispositions to disease.
of mapping human Rational drug design.
genomes. Gene therapy and control systems for drugs.
Pharmacogenomics "custom drugs"
54. Explain how a mu- If a mutation occurs in a gene that results in a change
tation can cause to the sequence of DNA bases, then the structure of
variation (limited to the protein that is made may also be altered. This
changes in the pro- could alter an individual's phenotype.
tein formed, which
can affect processes
in which that protein
is needed).
55. Give examples of Cystic fibrosis- protein is so different that it cannot
mutations in human carry out its function
genes that affect the
phenotype, and ex-
amples of those that
have little or no obvi-
ous effect.
56.
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Explain why many If the mutation occurs in an unimportant region of
mutations have no DNA, it will have little to no effect.
effect on the pheno-
type.
57. Distinguish between Genetic variation is caused by an organism having dif-
genetic variation and ferent alleles which can lead to differences in the phe-
environmental varia- notype. However, environmental variation is caused
tion. by organisms having different characteristics that they
have acquired during their lifetimes.
58. Distinguish between Continuous variation is data that can be any value in
continuous and dis- a range and no gaps between bars when shown on a
continuous varia- bar chart.Discontinuous variation is data that can only
tion. be a limited set of values and gaps between bars when
shown on a bar chart.
59. Describe the causes mutation and sexual reproduction
of genetic variation
(mutation and sexual
reproduction).
60. Describe the caus- Changes in the environment of diet
es of environmen-
tal variation (differ-
ences in the environ-
ment, acquired char-
acteristics)
61. Analyse the contri- Heritability is the proportion of the variation in a char-
bution of genes and acteristic found in a population that is accounted for by
environment to the differences in people's genetics.
variation in a charac-
teristic.
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