Respiratory System

INTRODUCTION • The nostrils are situated on the muzzle and

blends with the upper lip
• System responsible for the exchange of waste gas
• Enclosed by all bones of the face except the
for usable gas between the blood and the air in the
mandible
environment.
• Divided into half by the median nasal septum
• Found in the thoracic cavity
• Divided into three parts
• Consists of the following parts: NPLTBL
o Vestibule – the rostral part just inside the
o Nasal cavity
nostril
o Pharynx
o Middle part – filled with nasal conchae
o Larynx
o Caudal part – contains numerous
o Trachea
ethmoturbinates
o Bronchi
o Lungs ➢ NASAL SEPTUM – a vertical plate, cartilaginous
rostrally and bony caudally, that separates the
• The respiratory system is subdivided into two:
nasal cavity into right and left halves.
o Upper respiratory tract – nasal cavity and the
o Vomeronasal organ – paired structure that
nasopharynx (optimally warm or cool the
lies in the rostroventral portion of nasal
gases brought into the body)
septum and functions in kin recognition and
o Lower respiratory tract – includes the trachea
sexual behavior by its reception of
to the lungs
pheromones; opens into the incisive duct that
• Hairs associated with the nares filter out large elicits flehman response.
particles. ➢ CONCHAE / TURBINATE BONES – (“shells”)
which are delicate paper-thin scrolls of bone
OTHER FUNCTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH THE
covered with vascular mucus membrane that
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
projects at the lateral walls of the cavity.
• PHONATION – Production of sound caused by o Dorsal nasal concha
movement of air across the vocal folds, causing o Ventral nasal concha
them to vibrate. The associated resonance, o Ethmoidal nasal concha (ethmoidal labyrinth)
changed and modified by the tongue, oral cavity, – in the caudal half of nasal cavity, covered by
mouth and lips, produces characteristic sounds. mucosa containing sensory endings of
• OLFACTION – The sense of smell, perceived in olfactory nerve, responsible for the keen
the brain (cerebral cortex) involves receptors sense of smell
located in the nasal cavity. ➢ MEATI – spaces in between the conchae
o Dorsal nasal meatus
• HEAT REGULATION – By panting, the dog helps
o Middle nasal meatus
control the body temperature via evaporation.
o Ventral nasal meatus – communicates
The lungs also play a role in acid-base balance
caudally with the nasopharynx and eventually
and regulation of circulating substances in the
the esophagus
blood.
o Common nasal meatus
NOSE
PARANASAL SINUS
• EXTERNAL NOSE – the rostral structure
• Air-filled spaces in the skull
protruding slightly from the face
o Philtrum – the groove in the lip and middle of • Communicate with the space of the nasal cavity
the nose separating the nostrils • Three sinuses present in dogs:
o Nostrils – (cranial nares) the external o Maxillary recess
openings into the nasal cavity, thus, the o Frontal sinus
respiratory system o Sphenoidal sinus
o Bony nasal aperture – the rostral end of the PHARYNX
nasal bones and the incisive bones, referred
to as the immovable nose; the nasal • Part of both respiratory and digestive systems
cartilages extend from the opening rostrally • NASAL CAVITY opens into the NASOPHARYNX
o Movable portion of the nose – the nasal ⎯ located caudal to the nasal cavity
cartilages, their ligaments and skin coverings ⎯ contains opening of auditory tube
o Cartilage of the nose – the structure giving the
• ORAL CAVITY opens into the OROPHARYNX
nose its characteristic appearance. The nasal
cartilages project rostrally from the bony ⎯ located caudal to the oral cavity; ventral to the
nasal aperture soft palate
⎯ contains the tonsils
NASAL CAVITY • LARYNGOPHARYNX
⎯ caudal to both the nasopharynx and
• The nasal cavity opens externally at the nostrils oropharynx; surrounds the larynx
or external nares. It communicates behind with ⎯ opens into the esophagus and larynx
the nasopharynx thru the posterior nares and the
paranasal sinuses.

TRANSCRIBED BY: PRAISE GINEL B. CABUGUASON

Respiratory System
LARYNX BRONCHI

• A complex cartilaginous and muscular tube that • Divisions of airways within the lungs; with
connects the pharynx and trachea progressively decreasing diameter at the level of
• Located just caudal to the soft palate and the base the base of the heart; the last and smallest
of the tongue; ventral to the pharynx at the level of division of the airway is the dead-end alveolus,
the atlas arranged in clusters like grapes off the end of a
• Suspended in the intermandibular space and bronchiole
attached to the tongue by the hyoid apparatus • The trachea bifurcates into two primary bronchi;
• 3 functions: PAT at the bifurcation of the trachea is called the
o To regulate air volume in respiration carina, and is usually found near the 6th
o Prevent aspiration of foreign bodies intercostal space
o Act as organ of voice • Each primary bronchus divides into several
secondary bronchi which go to separate lobes
LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES • The secondary bronchi divide to bronchioles
• EPIGLOTTIC CARTILAGE – forms the epiglottis within each lobe
• THYROID CARTILAGE – largest, open dorsally
BRONCHIAL TREE
• CRICOID CARTILAGE – forms a complete ring
(signet) • RIGHT AND LEFT PRIMARY (PRINCIPAL)
• ARYTENOID CARTILAGE – paired; where the BRONCHI
vocal ligament (“vocal cord”) and the vocalis • LOBAR (SECONDARY) BRONCHI
muscles are attached • SEGMENTAL (TERTIARY) BRONCHI
• INTERARYTENOID CARTILAGE • BRONCHOPULMONARY SEGMENT – self-
• SESAMOID CARTILAGE contained, cone shaped section of lung tissue
within a lobe
HYOID APPARATUS o Bronchioles
o Respiratory bronchioles
• Suspends the tongue and larynx from the skull in
o Alveolar ducts
the intermandibular space
o Alveolar sac
• Attached to the mastoid region proximally and o Alveoli
thyroid cartilage distally
• Composed of a set of tiny yet strong bones LUNGS
assembled by synchondrosis
ORIENTATION
CARTILAGES AND BONES OF HYOID • APEX – convex cranial end, directed toward the
APPARATUS thoracic inlet
• TYMPANOHYOID CARTILAGE • BASE (diaphragmatic surface) – concave caudal
portion, conforms to the diaphragm
• STYLOHYOID BONE (“pole”) – rod-shaped,
SURFACES AND THEIR IMPRESSIONS
distinctly bowed towards the midline
• COSTAL SURFACE – lies laterally against the
• EPIHYOID BONE (“upon”) – sitting “upon” the
thoracic wall
central region of the hyoid apparatus
• MEDIAL SURFACE – faces the opposite lung
• CERATOHYOID BONE (“horn”) – shortest
through the mediastinun; with cardiac impression
• BASIHYOID BONE – positioned within the base of the right lung between the 3rd and 6th rib
of the tongue
• DIAPHRAGMATIC SURFACE – concave
• THYROHYOID BONE – attached to the thyroid surface conforming to the diaphragm
cartilage
• INTERLOBAR SURFACE
❖ All the cartilage and bones are paired except the
o CARDIAC NOTCH OF THE RIGHT LUNG –
basihyoid
the opening between lobes of the lungs where
TRACHEA / WINDPIPE the heart sac comes in contact with the
thoracic wall
• Cartilaginous and membranous tube which ⎯ V-shaped, with the apex located dorsally,
extends from the larynx to the hilus of the lungs formed by the ventrally diverging borders of
where it terminates by dividing into left and right the cranial and middle lobes
bronchi above the base of the heart ⎯ Dorsal apex lies opposite the beginning of
• Composed of a series of C shaped cartilaginous the distal fourth of the fourth rib
rings joined by fibroelastic connective tissue STRUCTURES
called the annular ligaments • HILUS – the general area where vascular,
• The TRACHEALIS MUSCLE connects the open nervous and airway structures enter or leave the
ends of the C lung
• Conducts air from the pharynx to the lungs • ROOT – comprise the collected structures that
• 40-45 C-shaped rings that extends from the pass into and out of the lung at the hilus
larynx through the neck and into the thorax • LOBES

TRANSCRIBED BY: PRAISE GINEL B. CABUGUASON

Respiratory System
PULMONARY VESSELS

• PULMONARY TRUNK
o The vessel leaving the right ventricle which
divides into right and left pulmonary arteries
to the lungs
o Upon entering the lungs; the pulmonary
arteries split into smaller and smaller
branches paralleling the airways
o These vessels do not supply the lung tissue,
but exchange gases and return oxygenated
blood to the heart via the pulmonary veins
• BRONCHIAL VESSELS
o Supplies lung tissue with oxygenated blood
o They arise from branches of the aorta

LOBES OF THE LUNGS

• RIGHT LUNG – larger than the left, more lobes

o Cranial lobe (apical)
o Middle lobe (cardiac)
o Caudal lobe (diaphragmatic)
o Accessory lobe (intermediate/azygos)
• LEFT LUNG
o Cranial lobe (apical) – divided into cranial and
caudal part
o Caudal lobe (diaphragmatic)

PLEURA

• Serous membrane that lines the thoracic cavity

and cover the lungs and other structures of the
thoracic cavity
• Two separate membranes – right and left
• Produce small amount of thin clear fluid that acts
as a lubricant

MEDIASTINUM

• The space between the lungs, a median structure

extending along the midline from the thoracic
inlet to the diaphragm
• Regions – the heart divides it into three portions
o Cranial mediastinum
o Middle mediastinum – dorsal and ventral
o Caudal mediastinum – smallest

DIAPHRAGM

• A musculotendinous organ of inspiration that

separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal
cavity
• Has a tendinous center and muscular periphery
• Pierced by three foramina
• Innervated by the phrenic nerves

TRANSCRIBED BY: PRAISE GINEL B. CABUGUASON