TUTORIAL QUESTIONS ON LOAD FLOW STUDIES:
Load flow or power flow is the solution for the power system under static or steady state conditions
of operation
1. YBus Formation:
For the calculation of P, Q, V, 6, the relation between current and voltage and the
impedance/admittance of the network has to be calculated. For this a transmission line is replaced
with its equivalent n-network.
Question 1. Figure1.1 shows the one-line diagram of a simple four-bus system. Table1.1 gives the
line impedance identified by the buses on which these terminate. The shunt admittance at all the
buses is assumed to negligible. Find Yaus
BUS 2
BUS 1
BUS 3 BUS 4
FIGURE 1.1
Line,bus to bus R, p.u. X, p.u.
1-2 0.05 0.15
-3 0.10 0.30
3 0.15 0.45
2-4 0.10 0.30
-4 0.05 0.15
TABLE 1.1
SOLUTION 1:
Conductance G and succeptance B can be calculated by following formula
R
GR2 +X
X
BR2 +X2
From table 1.1, table for G and B can be tabulated as followS:
Line, bus to bus G, p.u. B, p.u.
-6.0
1-2 2.0
-3.0
1-3 1.0
0.666 2.0
2-3
-3.0
2-4 1.0
3-4 2.0 -6.0
YBUS
Y1 |Y12 Y13 Y14
Y21 Y22 Y23 Y24
Y31 Y32 Y33 Y34
Y41 Y42 Y43 Y44
YBUS
Y13ty12 Y12 Y13
Y12 (Y23ty24ty12) Y23 Y24
Y13 Y23 (Y31ty32ty34) Y34
|0 -Y24 -Y34 Y4ty42
Ypus
3-19 -24j6 -1+j3
-2+j6 3.666-j111 -0.666+j2 -1+j3
-1+j3 -0.666+j2 3.666-j11 -2j6
0 -1+j3 -2+j6 3-j9
QUESTION 2: Form Ynus for the following network.
BUS1
BUS3
j10
BUS2
-12
FIGURE 1.2
Solution 2:
(a)Convert all impedance into admittance:
+j0.2
25
j4
+j10 -jo.1
-j0.5
j2 -j0.2
(b) Y=total admittance connected to I th bus
Y1-j0.1j0.25 -j0.2 = -j0.15
Y22-j025 +j0.5 -j0.5 -j0.25
Y33-j0.5 -j0.2 - j0.2 = -j0.5
(c) Y=Y negative value ofseries admittance connected between buses i and k.
Y12 Y1-(-j0.25) =j0.25
Y13 Y1-j0.2)=-j0.2
Y23=Y--j0.5)=j0.5
(d)Ybus
j0.15 j0.25 j0.2
0.25 -j0.25 jo.S
j0.2 j0.5 -j0.5
2. GAUSS-SIEDEL METHOD:
Question3: By using gauss siedel method, find the voltage and phase angle at bus 2 for the network
shown in figure2.1.
VI=1.1/0
Bus2
Bus
Y12=1.9/_100
Y:1.6/-80
P+jQ=1+j0.4 pu Ppz+jQb2=0.5+j0.3 pu
Figure2.1
Solution3:
(1)
Ya
P2=PG-Poz=0 - 0.5 =-0.5
Q2=Qg-Qp2 = 0-0.3 =-0.3
Initially assume v=12-10° (For P2to flow)
On substituting the values in equation 1. We get
Va l)=1.0472-12.6°
Now,
y) -j0,
(2)
Again on substituting the values in equation [Link] get:
V=1.047-8.6°pu
3. NEWTON-RAPHSON METHOD:
QUESTION 4:Consider the three bus system of figure 4.1. each of the three lines has a series
impedance of 0.02+j0.08 pu and a total shunt admittance of j0.02 pu. The specified quantities at the
buses are tabulated below:
Bus Real load Reactive load Real power Reactive Voltage
demand Po demand QQ generation Po power specification
generation Qs
2.0 1.0 unspecified unspecified 1.04+j0
(slackbus)
2 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 Unspecified
(PQ bus)
3 1.5 0.6 0.0 Qs3-? V=1.04
(PVbus)
V:
Se: S a
bus 1
SGz
Sous 2
Va
bus 3
Sc
VSo
Figure 4.1
Controllable reactive power source is available at bus 3 with the constraint,
0sQcsS 1.5 pu
Find the load flow solution using the N-R method. Use a tolerance of 0.01 for power mismatch.
Solution 4.1:
nominal-r method for a transmission lines, Ybusfor the given system is obtained as follows
Using the
Y = 2.941-j11.764 = 12.132-75.96
series 0.2+ j0.08
Each off diagonal term = -2.941 + j11.764
Each self term 2(2.941-j11.764) +j0.01) = 24.232-75.95°
YBUS
24.234-75.95° 12.132104.04 12.132104.04
24.232-75.95° 12.132104.04
12.13/104.04
12.13104.04 24.234-75.95°
12.132104.04
To start iteration V2(0) = 1+j0, 63=0.
2VY|cos(e +ð, -8,) (1)
k=l|
--VV.|sin(@, +6, -8,) (2)
Substituting given and assumed values of different quantities, we get the values of power as
P2(0)=0.23 pu
Pa(0)- 0.12pu
Q,(0) = -0.96 pu
AP20)-P2(specified) - P2(calculated) 0.5-(-0.23) = 0.73
APs0)-1.5- (0.12) = -1.62
AQ(0) 1- (-0.96) = 1.96
The change in variables at the end of first iteration is obtained as follows:
OP OP
olV4
P aP A6
V
Jacobian elements can be evaluated by
differntiating the expressions given above for Pa, Pa,with
respect toÑ2,0, and V and substituting the
given and assumed values at the start of iteration. The
change in variables are obtained as
A 24.47 - 12.23
5.647 0.731 0.023
A8= 12.23 24.95 3.05 1.62 0.0654
AIV,L -6.11 3.05 22.54 1.96 0.089
0 0.0231 0.0231
A -o 0.0654
0.089
- 0.0654
1.089
We can calculate using equation
-- sin(. +,-6,)
= 0.4677
ec =0+ Qs = 0.4677+06 1.0677
Which is within limits.
