Topics that are to be covered before the exam

Topics paper 1

1. algebra
2. Matrices
3. sets
4. Circle properties Topics paper 2 Sections A
5. Trigonometry
6. Vectors 1. algebra
7. Variation 2. Matrices
8. Indices 3. Sequences and series
9. Functions 4. Calculus (differentiation and
10. Calculus integration)
11. Factorisation 5. Algorithms (flowchart and pseudocode)
12. Approximations 6. Construction
13. Investments 7. Vectors
14. Sequences and series 8. Sets
15. Algorithms 9. Quadratic Equation (formula method)
16. Polygons 10. Mesuration
17. Similarities (Map/scales) 11. Calculus
18. Statistics (pie chart/histogram)
19. symmetry Topics paper 2 Section B
20. probability
12. Trigonometry
21. Earth geometry
13. Statistics
22. Speed-time graph
14. Graphs of Quadratic Equations
23. Linear programming
15. Earth Geometry/ Mensuration/ Calculus
24. Transformation
16. Linear programming / Probability
25. Sketching graphs of polynomials 17. Transformation
26. Coordinate geometry

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 1. MATRICES
A matrix is an array of numbers. In math, an array refers to a set of numbers or objects that will follow a specific pattern. The numbers in an
array are called elements.

CALCULATIONS OF MATRICES

Order of matrix is given by number of rows by the number of columns.

. / This one has 2 Rows and 3 Columns it’s a 2 X 3 matrix

( ) This is a 1 x 3 matrix

Addition and subtraction of matrices

Matrices of the same order can be added or subtracted by adding or subtraction corresponding elements.

Example. If A . / and B . /

find (i) A + B (ii) A – B

Solution. (i) A + B . / . / (ii) A – B . / . /

( ) ( )
( ) ( )

. / . /

Scalar multiplication of a matrix

We can multiply a matrix by some value:

We call the constant a scalar, so officially this is called "scalar multiplication".

( )
Example. . / ( )
( )

. /

Determinant of a 2 matrix

The determinant of a matrix A is denoted by det A. A singular matrix is a matrix whose determinant is zero.

If A . / then det A = ad – cb

Example. If A . /, then det A = (2 4) – (1 )

=8–3

=5

Inverse Matrix

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 -1
An inverse matrix is another matrix such that when the two matrices are multiplied together in any order, the result is an identity matrix. A is
the inverse of A.

-1
In general, if A . / then A . /

Example. If A . /, find the inverse of A.

Solution. det A ( )

-1
Therefore, A . / ( )

Transposing

To "transpose" a matrix, swap the rows and columns. We put a "T" in the top right-hand corner to mean transpose:

T
. / ( )

Multiplication of matrices

Two matrices can only be multiplied if the number of columns in the first matrix is equal to the number of rows in the second matrix

Example.

( ) ( )
(a). / . / ( ) (b). / . / ( )
( ) ( ) ( )

. / . /

. / . /

A square matrix is a matrix which has the same number of row and columns e.g. . /

The zero matrix has all elements zero e.g. . /

The identity matrix has ones as elements of the leading diagonal and the rest are zeros e.g. . / and( ). Multiplying a matrix by an

identity leaves the matrix unchanged. The inverse matrix time the original matrix gives an identity

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 2. PROBABILTY
Probability is the likelihood of the event happening. It is simply the chance of an event
happening. Probability is expressed as a ratio of number of favorable outcomes to number of all
possible outcomes. For an event A, the probability of A denoted by P(A), is given by:
( )
The favorable outcome is the particular result that is expected. Probability is always expressed
as a number between 0 and 1. It is 0 when an event cannot happen at all and it is 1 when the
event will definitely happen. The sum of probabilities for all the possible outcomes is 1.
EXAMPLE 1
A bag contains identical buttons, 5 of which are yellow, 2 are red and 3 are grey. If a button is
picked at random from the bag, find the probability that it is (a) Yellow (b) Grey (c) black (d) not
grey
COMBINED EVENTS
Combined events can either be independent or mutually exclusive.
Two events are said to be independent if they do not depend on each other. The happening of
one event has nothing to do with the happening of the other. For independent events, the
word AND is used. The probabilities of independent events are multiplied. Therefore, if A and
B are two independent events,
( ) ( ) ( )
Two events are said to be mutually exclusive if they depend on each other. The happening of
one event affects the happening of the other. For mutually exclusive events, the word OR is
used. The probabilities of mutually exclusive events are added. Therefore, if A and B are two
mutually exclusive events,
( ) ( ) ( )
EXAMPLE 2
A basket contains 4 pink marbles, 2 orange marbles and 3 green marbles. A marble is picked at
random from the basket and then replaced.(a) what is the probability that the picked marble is
either pink or green? A second marble is taken from the same basket. (b) What is the
probability that both marbles are green?
TREE DIAGRAM
Tree diagrams are used to solve problems combined events.
EXAMPLE 3
A basket contains 4 pink marbles, 2 orange marbles and 3 green marbles. A marble is picked at
random from the basket and then replaced. A second marble is taken from the same basket.
What is the probability that the picked marbles (a) are both orange (b) are of different colors (c)
contains at least one green marble.
EXAMPLE 4
A box contains 5 red and 7 pink beads. A bead is drawn and not replaced. Then another bead is
picked. (a) Draw the tree diagram to show all the possible outcomes (b) find the probability of
drawing two red beads (c) find the probability of drawing only one red bed (d) find the
probability of drawing at least one pink bead.

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Questions form past exam papers
2014

2013

2012

2011

5|Page
 3. VARIATION
Variation is the description of specific relations between two or more variables. There are three
types of variations namely the direct variation, inverse variation and the joint variation. In a
direct variation, when one variable increases, the other variable increases also. For example, if
varies directly as , then , where is a constant. In an inverse variation, when one
variable increases, the other variable decreases. For example, if varies inversely as , then
, where is a constant. In a joint variation, three variables are involved. The joint
variation is a combination direct and inverse variation. For example, if varies directly as and
inversely as , then , where is a constant.
EXAMPLE1
Given that varies directly as x, and when
a) Find the constant
b) Write down the equation that relate the variables and
c) Find when
d) Find when
EXAMBLE 2
Given that varies inversely as b, and when . Find
a) The constant
b) The equation connecting and
c) The value of , if
d) The value of if
EXAMBLE 3

EXAMBLE 4

a) The equation connecting and

b) The value of and
EXAMBLE 5
Given that varies directly as the square of and inversely as , and when
and . Find
a) The constant
b) The equation connecting and and
c) The value of , if and
d) The value of if and

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 EXERCISE

1. The variables and are connected by the equation where is a constant. Pairs
√
of corresponding values are given in the table below.

27 216
6 4.5
Calculate the value of and

2. The variables and have corresponding values as shown in the table postponed below:

6 9 12
34 68
Given that varies directly as Find (a)The constant k (b) Complete the table

3. Given that varies directly as and inversely as y and that when and ,
find
a) The equation connecting and ,
b) The value of when and
c) The value of whe and
4. varies directly as and inversely as Given that when and , find
a) K the constant variation
b) The equation connecting and ,
c) The value of when and
d) The value of when and
5. Given that varies directly as and inversely as and that when and
, calculate,
a) the constant variation k,
b) the value of when and ,
c) the value of whe and .
6. Given that , where is a constant and that when , find
d) The value of
e) The value of when
f) The value of when

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 4. SEQUENCE AND SERIES
A sequence is an ordered list of numbers; the numbers in this ordered list are called terms. A series is
the value you get when you add up all the terms of a sequence; this value is called the "sum". For
instance, "1, 2, 3, 4" is a sequence, with terms "1", "2", "3", and "4"; the corresponding series is the sum
"1 + 2 + 3 + 4", and the value of the series is 10.

There are two types of sequences namely the Arithmetic Progression (AP) and the Geometric
Progression (GP).

ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION (AP)

An arithmetic progression is a sequence of numbers such that the difference of any two successive
members is a constant.

For example, the sequence 1, 2, 3, 4, ... is an arithmetic progression with common difference 1.

Second example: the sequence 3, 5, 7, 9, 11,... is an arithmetic progression with common difference 2.

Third example: the sequence 20, 10, 0, -10, -20, -30, ... is an arithmetic progression

SEQUENCES

In an AP, the nth term is given by;

( ) , ,
and

Example 1

Given the sequence -5, -2, 1, ...., calculate the

a) 15th term
b) 107th term

Example 2

For the arithemetic sequence 3, 8, 13, 18,.....

a) Write the nth term of the sequence

b) Find the 15th term of the sequence
c) What is the position of the term 103 in the sequence?

SERIES

In an AP, the sum of n terms, written as Sn is given by;

, ( ) - , ,
and

Example 3

For the arithemetic sequence 4, 7, 10, 13, ..... find the sum of the first

a) 5 terms of the sequence

b) 20 terms of the sequence

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GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION (GP)

A Geometric progression is a sequence of numbers such that the quotient of any two successive
members is a constant. The quotient is called the common ratio. The common ratio (r) is obtained by
dividing any term by the preceding term. For example, the sequence 16, 8, 4, ... is an GP with common
ratio is . Second example: the sequence 3, -6, 12, ... is an GP with common ratio is 2.

SEQUENCES

In a GP, the term is given by;

, , , , and

Example 4

Given the sequence 128, 64, 32, ……

(a) The 12th term

(b) The position of the term 0.5
(c) The formula of the sequence

Example 5

The 3rd and 4th terms of a GP are and respectively

(a) The comon ratio and the first term

(b) The 7th term

SERIES

In an GP, the sum of n terms, written as Sn is given by;

( ) ( )
or
, , and

Example 5

For the geometric sequence 4, 2, 1, ..... find the sum of the first

a) 5 terms of the sequence

b) 20 terms of the sequence

In an GP, the sum to infinity, written as is given by;

| |

Example 6

For the geometric sequence 30, 12, 4.8, ..... find the sum to infinity

9|Page
 5. STATISTCS
Statistics is the collection and analysis of information or data. The collected data must be arranged,
tabulated, and presented to permit ready and meaningful analysis and interpretation. For example, to
study and interpret the examination results in a class of 30 pupils, the grades are arranged in ascending
order: 30, 35, 43, 52, 61, 65, 65, 65, 68, 70, 72, 72, 73, 75, 75, 76, 77, 78, 78, 80, 83, 85, 88, 88, 90, 91,
96, 97, 100, and 100. This progression shows at a glance that the maximum is 100, the minimum 30, and
the range, or difference, between the maximum and minimum is 70.

MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDANCY

The general term for this measure is the average. In statistics they are three types of averages; the
mode, the mean and the median. Mode is the measure with the highest measure. To find the Mean, we
add all the data and divide by the total number of units (items). The Median is the middle measure.
Note that, to find the median, data should be arranged in ascending or descending order.
Example
Find the mode, mean and mode for
(a) 8, 10, 8, 7, 9, 8, 6
(b) 56, 87, 33, 56, 90,12,66,17

Solution
(a) Mode= 8

Mean

Median 6, 7,8,8,8,9,10

Therefore, Mode=8, Mean= 8 and Median=8

1. The table below shows the masses of 100 children recorded at door of hope school.

Mass (x kg) 15˂x≤20 20˂x≤25 25˂x≤30 30˂x≤35 35˂x≤40 40˂x≤45 45˂x≤50

frequency 3 12 20 24 25 14 2
a) Write down the modal class
b) Estimate the standard deviation
c) Copy and complete the cumulative frequency table below

Mass (x kg) ≤15 ≤20 ≤25 ≤30 ≤35 ≤40 ≤45 ≤50
frequency 0 3 15 25 100
d) Using a horizontal scale of 2cm to represent 5 units and a vertical scale of 1cm to
represent 5 children, draw a smooth cumulative frequency curve.
e) Showing your method clearly, use your graph to estimate
(i) The upper quartile
(ii) Inter quartile range
(iii) The 40th percentile
f) Children who weighed 37kg or more were taken to the hospital for medical check-up.
Find the number of children who were taken to the hospital.
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2. The table below shows the scores of 90 students in a mathematics test.

Marks(x %) 30˂x≤40 40˂x≤50 50˂x≤60 60˂x≤70 70˂x≤80 80˂x≤90 90˂x≤100

No. of pupils 2 7 15 18 30 16 2

a) Copy and complete the following relative cumulative frequency table correct to 2
decimal places.
Marks(x %) ≤30 ≤40 ≤50 ≤60 ≤70 ≤80 ≤90 ≤100

Cumulative Frequency 0 2 9 90

Relative Cumulative Frequency 0

b) Using a horizontal scale of 2cm to represent 10% for values between and a vertical scale
of 2cm to represent 0.1 units, draw a smooth relative cumulative frequency curve to
illustrate this data.
c) Showing your method clearly, use your graph to estimate the 50th percentile

3. The table below shows number of children each of 60 families had during a suvey in a certain
community.

Number of children 1 2 3 4 5 6
Number of families 3 7 20 16 10 4

a) calculate the standard deviation

b) Copy and complete the cumulative frequency table below
Number of children ≤1 ≤2 ≤3 ≤4 ≤5 ≤6
Number of families 3 10 30

c) Using a horizontal scale of 2cm to represent 1 unit and a vertical scale of 1cm to
represent 5 children, draw a smooth cumulative frequency curve.
d) Showing your method clearly, use your graph to estimate
(i) the median
(ii) Inter quartile range
(iii) The 76th percentile

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 6. ALGORITHMS
An algorithm is a procedure or formula for solving a problem, based on conducting a sequence of
specified actions. In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm usually means a small procedure
that solves a recurrent problem. It is a set of instructions that is used to solve a particular problem in a
step by step procedure describing precisely what has to be done to get the result. An algorithm should
be clear and well ordered, and must have a start and a finish. An algorithm is not unique. The first step
in designing the Algorithm is to make up a flow chart or pseudo code.

FLOW CHART
A flow chart is a graphical or symbolic representation of a process. Each step in the process is
represented by a different symbol and contains a short description of the process step. The flow chart
symbols are linked together with arrows showing the process flow direction.

The following are some of the commonly used shapes used in flowcharts.

Shape Name Description

An arrow coming from one symbol and ending at another symbol
represents that control passes to the symbol the arrow points to. The
line for the arrow can be solid or dashed. The meaning of the arrow
Flow Line
with dashed line may differ from one flowchart to another and can be
defined in the legend.

Represented as circles, ovals. They usually contain the word "Start" or

"End", or another phrase signaling the start or end of a process, such as
Terminal
begin or finish.

Represented as rectangles. This shape is used to show that something is

performed. Examples: "Add 1 to X", "calculate area of circle", "divide
Process
sum by 7", etc....

Represented as a diamond (rhombus) showing where a decision is

necessary, commonly a Yes/No question or True/False test. The decision
symbol is peculiar in that it has two arrows coming out of it, usually
Decision from the bottom point and right point, one corresponding to Yes or
True, and one corresponding to No or False. (The arrows should always
be labeled.)

Represented as a parallelogram. Involves receiving data and displaying

Input/Output processed data. Can only move from input to output and not vice versa.
Examples: Get X from the user, display X.

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Example

1. Write the flow chart instruct someone about how to cross a road. (Look right, then left, then right again and then
cross the road if it is safe to do so).
2. Write the flow chart to determine whether a number is an odd number or an even number
3. Write the flow chart for the program to find the volume of a cylinder ( ).
4. Write the flow chart for the problem; Start with 512, divide by 2 repeatedly until the quotient is 1

PSEUDO CODE

Pseudo code is a simple way of writing programming code in English. It uses short phrases to write code for programs before you
actually create it in a specific language. Once you know what the program is about and how it will function, then you can use
pseudo code to create statements to achieve the required results for your program. Pseudo code makes creating programs easier.
Programs can be complex and long; preparation is the key. For years, flowcharts were used to map out programs before writing
one line of code in a language. However, they were difficult to modify and with the advancement of programming languages, it
was difficult to display all parts of a program with a flowchart. It is challenging to find a mistake without understanding the
complete flow of a program. That is where pseudo code becomes more appealing. To use pseudo code, all you do is write what
you want your program to say in English. Pseudo code allows you to translate your statements into any language because there
are no special commands and it is not standardized. Writing out programs before you code can enable you to better organize and
see where you may have left out needed parts in your programs. All you have to do is write it out in your own words in short
statements. Remember, writing basic pseudo code is not like writing an actual coding language. Pseudo code can be written how
you want.

Structures to use when using the pseudo code

1. Simple steps that are carried out one after the other without loops or decisions

Example: To calculate the area of a rectangle;

Find the height of the rectangle

Find the width of the rectangle

Determine the area of the rectangle using the formula, height x width.

Display the answer (the area)

If the algorithm involves a decision, the following code is used;

IF
THEN
ELSE
ENDIF

THEN follows the yes arrow and ELSE follows the NO arrow

Compiled by Mr. Sainga PAGE 13

 7. TRIGONOMETRY
Trigonometry is the study of a triangle. It involves the calculation of angles and sides in a triangle and area of a triangle. In
trigonometry, a triangle is either a right angled triangle or a non – right angled triangle.
0
A Right angled triangle is a triangle with one of its three angles a right angle (90 ). To calculate the sizes of the angles and the sides
0
of the triangle, we use either the Pythagoras’ theorem or the trigonometric ratios. If one of the angles of a triangle is 90 (a right
0
angle), the triangle is called a right angled triangle. We indicate the 90 (right) angle by placing a box in its corner.) Because the
0 0
three (internal) angles of a triangle add up to 180 , the other two angles are each less than 90 ; that is they are acute.

Pythagoras’s theorem; The Pythagoras theorem is only applicable in a right angled triangle. It is applicable when all the three sides
of the right angled triangle are involved in the calculations (Two sides are given and the other one is the one we are looking for).
No angles are involved when using the Pythagoras theorem.

, and
Example: calculate the value of c.
2 2 2
c =a +b
2 2 2
c = 5 + 12
2
c = 25 + 144
2
c = 169
c = √169
c = 13

Example: calculate the value of b

2 2 2
b =c -a
2 2 2
b = 15 - 9
2
b = 225 - 81
2
b = 144
b = √144
b = 12
Trigonometric ratios; SOHCAHTOA
there are three important trigonometric ratios in a right angled triangle, namely the sine, cosine and the tangent ratio.
Trigonometric ratios are only applicable in a right angled triangle. They are applicable when two sides and one angle are involved
in the calculation.

In the above triangle, the side H opposite the right angle is called the hypotenuse. Relative to the angle θ, the side O opposite the
angle θ is called the opposite side. The remaining side A is called the adjacent side. This assignment of the opposite and adjacent
sides is relative to θ.
Trigonometric ratios provide relationships between the sides and angles of a right-angled triangle. The 3 ratios (SOHCAHTOA)

sine

cosine

tangent

Compiled by Mr. Sainga PAGE 14

Example 1

In the triangle below, find the length x

Example 2

In right triangle ABC, length BC=20cm and angle B = 41º. Find hypotenuse length BA

Solution

Example 3

In right triangle ABC at B, length BC=10 and angle AB = 15. Find <BAC

Solution
A

B C

Compiled by Mr. Sainga PAGE 15

 0
A Non Right angled triangle is a triangle with none of its three angles is a right angle (90 ). To calculate the sizes of the angles and
the sides of the triangle, we use either the sine rule or the cosine rule.

The sine rule

We can use the sine rule when we are given two sides and
an angle to find an angle or if we are given two angles and
one side to find a side. Two angles are involved in the sine
The sine rule is: rule.

EXAMPLE 1

9SinR = 4Sin75

Find the size of angle R.

Answer R = 25.4° (1dp)

EXAMPLE 2
Answer

Sin40 = 4Sin95

Find the length of XZ.

The Cosines Rule

a, b and c are sides.

C is the angle opposite side c

Compiled by Mr. Sainga PAGE 16

We can use the cosine rule when we are given three sides and one angle opposite to the side required.

The Law of Cosines is useful for finding:

 the third side of a triangle when we know two sides and the angle between them (like the example above)
 the angles of a triangle when we know all three sides (as in the following example)

Example: How long is side c?

2 2 2
The Cosines Rule says: C = a + b − 2ab Cos(C)
Put in the values we 2 2 2 0
C = 8 + 11 − 2 × 8 × 11 cos(37 )
know:
Do some calculations:

More calculations: 2
C
Take the square root: c= to 2 decimal places
0
We know angle C = 37 , a = 8 and b = 11

Example:

Find angle C? 2 2 2
c = a + b − 2ab cos(C)
2 2 2
8 = 9 + 5 − 2 × 9 × 5cos(C)
64 = 81 + 25 − 90 cos(C)
64 = 106 −90 cos(C)
90cos(C) = 106 - 64
cos(C) = = 0.4666667
C = 62.2° (to 1 decimal place)

AREA OF A TRIANGLE

To calculate the area of a triangle, either;

 Its either the height and the base of the triangle are given
 The angle and its adjacent sides are given
1. AREA IF THE HEIGHT AND BASE ARE GIVEN

Compiled by Mr. Sainga PAGE 17

EXAMPLE 1: find the area of the triangle below

2
m
EXAMPLE 2: find the area of the triangle below

2
m

2. AREA IF THE ANGLE AND THE TWO ADJACENT ARE GIVEN

The formula for area depends on the angle given:

EXAMPLE: find the area of the triangle

2
m
2
m

Compiled by Mr. Sainga PAGE 18

 BEARINGS

A bearing is simply the direction. Bearings are used to represent the direction of one point relative to another point in form of an angle.

PROPRTIES OF BEARINGS

1. Bearings are measured from the North pole

2. Bearings are measured in the clockwise direction
3. Three figures are used to give bearings

STEPS FOR FINDING THE BEARING OF POINT A FROM POINT B

 Draw a North pole at B

 Draw an arc from the North Pole rotating A (making an angle at A) until the line AB is met.
 The angle formed is the bearing of A from B.

TRIGONOMETRY QUESTIONS

2007

2009

Compiled by Mr. Sainga

 8. LINEAR PROGRAMMING
Linear programming is a method to achieve the best outcome such as maximum profit or lowest cost in a mathematical
model whose requirements are represented by linear inequations.

LINEAR INEQUATIONS

EXAMPLE 1: Solve the following inequations

a)
b)
c)
d)

GRAPHS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS

EXAMPLE 2: Draw the graphs of the following equations

a)
b)
c)

GRAPHS OF LINEAR INEQUATIONS

EXAMPLE 3: Draw the graph of the following inequations

a)
b)
c)
d)

EQUATION GIVEN TWO POINTS

The equation of a straight line given two points ( ) and ( ) is given by

EXAMPLE 4: Write down the equation of a straight line that passes through the following points

a) ( ) ( )
b) ( ) ( )
c) ( ) ( )

Compiled by Mr. Sainga

 INEQUALITIES GIVEN THE GRAPH

1.

2.

MATHEMATICAL MODEL

At least ≥, Not more than ≤ , Not exceed ≤, More than ˃, Less than ˂

1. A famer wants to buy some hoes and shovels for use at the farm. He decides to buy at least 5 hoes and not more than 14
hoes and shovels altogether. The number of hoes should not be more than twice the number of shovels.
(i) Taking to represent the number of hoes and the number of shovels, write the three inequalities to satisfy the
above conditions
(ii) The point ( ) represents hoes and shovels. Using a scale of 1cm to represent 1 unit on both axes, illustrate these
inequalities on a graph for and .
(iii) What is the largest number of shovels that he can buy
(iv) If each hoe cost k20 and each shovel cost k25, calculate the minimum amount of money that he requires.

Compiled by Mr. Sainga

2. Mr. Simukadi intends to buy a total of 500 scratch cards from Unitel and Bitel. He decides to buy Unitel scratch cards
which must be at least one third of Bitel scratch cards. He wants to buy at least 150 Bitel scratch cards and not more than
300 Unitel scratch cards. Let be the number of unitel scratch card and be the number of Bitel scratch cards.
(a) Write down four inequalities which satisfy the above conditions
(b) Show these inequalities on a graph paper using 2cm to represent 100 scratch cards on both exes
(c) The dealer makes a profit of k500 on each Unitel scratch card and k150 on each Bitel scratch card sold.
(i) Find the number of scratch cards of each type he must buy in order to maximise his profit
(ii) Calculate the maximum profit
3. A restaurant business person decides to buy two types of chickens, broilers and layers. Broilers cost K15 per chicken and
layers cost K20 per chicken. He has K600 available and decides to buy at least 30 chickens. He decides that at least one
third of the chickens should be layers. He buys x broilers and y layers and also makes sure that there are at least 15
broilers.
(a) Write down four inequalities which correspond to the above conditions
(b) illustrate these inequalities on a graph using a scale of 2cm to 5units on both axes
4.

[5]
5. The region R is defined by the following inequalities: , , and
By drawing the inequalities in the grid below, indicate clearly on the diagram the region R.

Compiled by Mr. Sainga

 9. RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
RELATION
A relation is a rule that assigns elements of set A to elements of set B. Set A is called the Domain (input) while set B is
called the Range (output). The elements of the domain are called objects and are represented by . The elements of the
Range are called the images are represented by . A Relation is a set of ordered pairs
1. ARROW DIAGRAM
The arrow diagram is the diagram drawn to show the relationship between two sets.

In the arrow diagram above,

The relation: Plus 6 is
The Domain: * +
The Range: * +
The ordered pair set: *( )( )( )( )+
The equation of the relation:

Example 1
Given that * + maps onto * + in a relation
a) Find (i) the relation (ii) range (ii) the ordered pair set
b) Write the equation of the relationship from set A to set B
Example 2
Given the set * +. Find
a) the Set H if set G is mapped onto H with the relation
b) the Set H if set H is mapped onto G with the relation
c) the equation of the relation if set G is mapped onto * +

2. TYPES OF RELATIONS

There are four types of relations namely the one to one, one to many, many to one and many to many.

Compiled by Mr. Sainga

Example 3
Name the type of relation for the arrow diagrams below
(d)
(c)
(a) (b)

FUNCTIONS
A relation from a set A to a set B is said to be function if every element of set A has one and only one image in set B.
In other words, a function is a relation if it is either a one-to-one or many-to-one.
NOTATION
First, it is useful to give a function a name. The most common name is "f", but we can have other names like g or h etc.
So ( ) shows us the function is called , and goes in to give out .

Example: With f(x) = x2:

 an input of 4
 Becomes an output of 16. In fact we can write f(4) = 16

the inverse of the function f is written as ( )

Compiled by Mr. Sainga

 Example 4

1. Given the function ( ) , find

a) ( )
b) ( )
c) if ( )
d) ( )
e) ( )
2. Given the function ( ) , find
a) ( )
b) ( )
c) if ( )
d) ( )

COMPOSITION FUNCTIONS
A composite function is a function containing another function within it. If the function ( ) is a function within ( ),
then we write ( ).

Example

Given that ( ) and ( ) . Find

(a) ( )
(b) ( )

10. SHARES
A share is a unit of ownership that represents an equal proportion of a company's capital. It entitles its holder,
(the shareholder), to an equal claim on the company's profits and an equal obligation for the company's debts
and losses. In most cases, these are parts of the company offers for sale. Shareholders are people who have
bought shares of a company. The director of the company decides what amount of the annual profit the
company makes will be given to the shareholders. This part of the company’s profit that is paid to shareholders
on a regular basis is called dividend. The dividend per share is given by;

Example

1. The director of the company decides to pay a total dividend of k8, 000.00 on 16 shares.
a) Calculate the dividend per share
b) Joe holds 7 shares in the company. How much is paid out in dividends to Joe.

Compiled by Mr. Sainga

 11. Polynomials
GRAPHS OF POLYNOMIALS (PARABOLAS)

How to use the scales on the graph paper:

On the graph paper, a full box is a 2cm square.

2cm to represent 1unit means use 1 full box and count in ones (....-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8....)

2cm to represent 2 units means use 1 full box and count in twos (.......-4,-2,0,2,4,6,8,10,....)

2cm to represent 5 units means use 1 full box and count in fives(.....-10,-5,0,5,10,15,20,25,30.....)

2cm to represent 10 units means use 1 full box and count in tens (...,-30,-20,-10,0,10,20,30,40,.....)

1cm to represent 1unit means use half a box and count in ones (....-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8....)

1cm to represent 2units means use half a box and count in twos (.......-4,-2,0,2,4,6,8,10,....)

1cm to represent 5units means use half a box and count in fives (.....-10,-5,0,5,10,15,20,25,30.....)

1cm to represent 10units means use half a box and count in tens (....-30,-20,-10,0,10,20,30,40,.....)

4cm to represent 1unit means use 2 full boxes and count in ones (....-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8....)

4cm to represent 2 units means use 2 full boxes and count in twos (.......-4,-2,0,2,4,6,8,10,....)

4cm to represent 5 units means use 2 full boxes and count in fives(.....-10,-5,0,5,10,15,20,25,30.....)

4cm to represent 10 units means use 2 full boxes and count in tens (...,-30,-20,-10,0,10,20,30,40,.....)

Example 1

Answer the whole of this question on a sheet of graph paper

The variables x and y are connected by the equation – . Some corresponding values of x and y are given
below.

x -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 a)
y -5 1 5 7 7 5 1 r b)
c)
d) Calculate the value of r [1]
e) Using a scale of 2cm to represent 1 unit on the x-axis and 2cm to represent 2 units on the y-axis, draw a smooth curve
of – . [3]
f) By drawing a tangent, estimate the gradient of the curve at the point (3,5) [2]
g) Showing your method clearly, use your graph to solve the equation – . [2]
h) By drawing the line on the same graph, solve the equation ( – ) . [2]
i) Estimate the area under the between curve and [2]
j) Write down the maximum value [2]

Compiled by Mr. Sainga

SOLUTION
HINT
a) –
( )– ( )  Substitute 𝑦 with 𝑟 and 𝑥 with 5
–  simplify
–

b) Graph

Compiled by Mr. Sainga

c) HINT

 Pick any two points along the tangent

 Use the two points to find the gradient
 Note that (2,8), (3,5), (4,2), (5,-1) are the possible points

HINT
d) –  Since the left hand side of the equation is short by 5
–
compared to the original equation ( – ), add
–
5 to both sides of the equation
Therefore,
e)
HINT
0 4 If , and if ,
 Pick any two values of x and substitute in the
0 1 equation
 Come up with value of y and plot the points
on the graph
 Join the two points and draw a straight line

Therefore,
HINT

 Calculate the area for one square box on the graph paper
f) ( )  Count full boxes
 Boxes which are more than half way shaded are counted as
full boxes and those which are less than half way are not
counted.
 Note that area is just an estimate

HINT
g) Turning point is (1.5,7.4)
Therefore, the maximum value is 7.4  The turning point consists of the equation of the line of
symmetry and the maximum/minimum value
 The x value defines the line of symmetry and the y value is
the max/minimum value
 Equation of the line of symmetry is 𝑥
 The maximum value is 𝑦

Compiled by Mr. Sainga

 QUESTIONS
1. The variables x and y are connected by the equation – . Some corresponding values of x and y are given below.

x -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
y -5 1 5 7 7 5 1 r
k) Calculate the value of r [1]
l) Using a scale of 2cm to represent 1 unit on the x-axis and 2cm to represent 2 units on the y-axis, draw a smooth curve
of – . [3]
m) By drawing a tangent, estimate the gradient of the curve at the point (3,5). [2]
n) Showing your method clearly, use your graph to solve the equation – . [2]
o) By drawing the line on the same graph, solve the equation ( – ) . [2]
p) Estimate the area under the curve between and [2]
q) Write down the maximum value [2]
2. The variables x and y are connected by the equation . Some corresponding values of x and y are given
below.

x -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
y -25 0 9 8 3 0 5 r
a) Calculate the value of r [1]
b) Using a scale of 2cm to represent 1 unit on the x-axis and 2cm to represent 10 units on the y-axis, draw a smooth curve
of . [3]
c) By drawing a tangent, estimate the gradient of the curve at the point (2,5). [2]
d) Showing your method clearly, use your graph to solve the equation
i. [2]
ii. [2]
e) Estimate the area under the curve between bounded by the [2]
3.

Compiled by Mr. Sainga

4.

5.

Compiled by Mr. Sainga

 12. VECTORS
Scalars are quantities that are fully described by a magnitude (or numerical value) alone. Examples of scalar quantities are length,
temperature, area, volume, energy, time, speed etc. Vectors are quantities that are fully described by both a magnitude and a direction.
Examples of vectors quantities are displacement, velocity, acceleration, force etc. The two ways of presenting a vector are by using
column vectors and the directed line segment.

COLUMN VECTORS

A vector can be written as a column vector in the form . / where the is the number of units (steps) it moves in
horizontally ( ) and the is the number of units (steps) it moves in vertically ( ). The movement to right
or up is considered to be positive while the movement to the left of down is considered to be negative. If a vector moves from point A
to point B, then the vector is written as ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and point A is known as the Tail while B as the Head. Note That ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

EXAMPLE 1

Write the following vectors as column vectors

a) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ b) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ c) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ d) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ e) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

Solution

a) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ . / b) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ . / c) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ . / d) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ . / e) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ . /

Addition and subtraction of vectors

Vectors can be added or subtracted by adding or subtraction corresponding components.

Example 2

Given that ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ . / and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ . / find ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

Solution

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ . / . / ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ . / . /

( ) ( )
. / . /

. / . /

Compiled by Mr. Sainga

Magnitude of a vector

The magnitude of a vector is the length of the vector. The magnitude of the vector ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ . / is written as |⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | and given by
|⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | √

Example 3

Find the magnitude of the following vectors

a) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ . / b) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ . /

Solution

a) |⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | √
√
√
√
|⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |
b) |⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | √
√ ( )
√
√
|⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |
DIRECTED LINE SEGMENT

Vectors can be presented as directed line segment using bold small letters.

For example the vector ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

Two or more directed line segments can be added in such that the Head is added to the Tail or such that the tail is added to the Head.
For any three points and then ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

Position vector

Compiled by Mr. Sainga

Position vectors are vectors that are drawn from the origin. The position vector of the point P(x,y) is ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ . /.

1. The position vectors of A and B are . / and . / respectively, find ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

2. Given that A is a point ( ) and B is a point ( ), find the vector ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
3. Given ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ . / , write down the coordinates of B if the point A is ( )

Question 1

In the diagram below, vectors ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = a and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = b. the ratio of OM : MA = 1 : 2 .

(i) Express in terms of a and/or b.

(a) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ [1]
(b) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ [2]
(ii) Given that ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = h⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ , express ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ in terms of h, a and b. [2]

QUESTION 2

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 Question 3

Compiled by Mr. Sainga

 Question 4

Compiled by Mr. Sainga

 13. Travel graphs
Travel graphs are line graphs that are used to describe the motion of objects. There are basically two types of travel graphs namely
the Distance – Time Graph and the Speed – Time Graph.

Distance-time graphs/displacement-time graphs:

These graphs have the distance from a starting point on the vertical axis and the time on the horizontal axis. The speed can be
calculated by finding the gradient of the graph. Therefore, .

Example 1

The following graph gives the distance of a cyclist from his home.

Solution:

a) The cyclist left home at 8 a.m.

b) The cyclist returned home at 5 p.m.
c) At 10 a.m., he was 20 km away from home.
d) At 11 a.m., he was 20 km away from home.
e) At 2 p.m., he was 60 km away from home.
f) At 3 p.m., he was 60 km away from home.
g) The cyclist took a rest between 10 a.m. and 11 a.m.
and between 2 p.m. and 3 p.m.
h) At noon, he was about 33 km away from home.
i) At 5 p.m., the cyclist was at home. So, he was 0 km
away from home.

j)

a) When did the cyclist leave home?

b) When did the cyclist return home?
c) How far away from home was he at 10 a.m.?
d) How far away from home was he at 11 a.m.? k)
e) How far away from home was he at 2 p.m.?
f) How far away from home was he at 3 p.m.?
g) At what times did he take a rest?
h) How far away from home was he at noon?
i) How far away from home was he at 5 p.m.?
j) Find his speed from 8 a.m. to 10 a.m.
k) Find his speed from 11 a.m. to 2 p.m.
l)
l) Find his speed from 3 p.m. to 5 p.m.
m) When was the cyclist travelling most quickly?

m) The cyclist was travelling most quickly between 3

p.m. and 5 p.m.

Compiled by Mr. Sainga

Velocity-time graphs/ speed-time graphs:

A speed-time graph has the velocity or speed of an object on the vertical axis and time on the horizontal axis. The
distance travelled can be calculated by finding the area under a speed-time graph. Acceleration is the gradient of a
velocity-time graph. Therefore,

In a speed-time graph, , where

examples

Compiled by Mr. Sainga

Compiled by Mr. Sainga
 14. CALCULUS
Calculus is a Latin word meaning "small stone", because it is like understanding something by looking at
small pieces. It was developed by newton and Leibnitz. Calculus is the study of change, with the basic
focus being on rate of change and accumulation.

Differential Calculus cuts something into small

pieces to find how it changes.

Integral Calculus joins (integrates) the small

pieces together to find how much there is.

Compiled by Mr. Sainga

1.1. DIFFERENTIATION

The essence of calculus is the derivative. The derivative is the instantaneous rate of change of a function with respect
to one of its variables. This is equivalent to finding the slope of the tangent line to the function at a point. The
process of finding the derivative is called differentiation.

1.1.1. NOTATION

The notation is the differentiation notation. We call this differentiation the derivative or deferential coefficient of
with respect to . Sometimes is written as .

1.1.2. TYPES OF FUNCTIONS

There are three types of functions that are considered under differentiation namely the basic function, the
composite function, the product function and the quotient function.
(a) the basic function
This is a function in the form where and are constants while and the variable. A basic
function can be in polynomial form like such that terms can be added or subtracted.
Examples of basic functions are , , √ , , and
etc.
(b) the composite function
A composite function is simply a function which contains another function within itself. The
function within the whole function is denoted by . Examples of composite functions are
( ) , ( ) , √( ) , .
Composite functions should be decomposed before being differentiated. For example
( ) should be decomposed into and while ( ) into
and etc.
(c) the product function
A product function is simply a function which is a result of multiplication of two functions. One
function is denoted by and the other by . Examples of product functions are ( )(
), ( )( ) and ( )
Factors of the product functions should be expressed as separate function before being
differentiated. For example ( )( ), should be decomposed into and
.

(d) the quotient function

A quotient function is simply a function which is a result of division of two functions. One
function is denoted by and the other by . Examples of quotient functions are ,
and
Factors of the quotient functions should be expressed as separate function before being
differentiated. For example should be decomposed into and and
as and

Compiled by Mr. Sainga

1.1.3. DERIVATIVES
Given that then
Example1
a) Find if
Solution

b) Given that find the derivative of .

Solution

Example 2

For each of the following, calculate

a) b) c) d)
Solution
1.1.4. GRADIENT

The gives the gradient function for a curve and the value of at a given point is the gradient of the
curve at that point and therefore the gradient of the tangent there. Gradient is denoted by . Therefore
at a given point.

Example 2

Given that the equation of the curve is

a) Find the gradient of at the point .

b) Calculate the value of at the point where the gradient of the curve is 18

Example 2

Given that the equation of the curve is

a) Find the gradient of the tangent to the curve at the point .

b) Calculate the coordinates of the points where the gradient of the curve is 2

1.1.5. TANGENT AND NORMAL

A tangent to a curve is a line that touches the curve at one point and has the same slope as the curve at
that point.

Compiled by Mr. Sainga

A normal to a curve is a line perpendicular to a tangent to the curve.

To calculate the equations of these lines we shall make use of the fact that the equation of a straight line passing
through the point with coordinates ( ) and having gradient m is given by . We also make use of the
fact that if two lines with gradients m1 and m2 respectively are perpendicular, then m1m2 = −1. Therefore if is
the gradient of the tangent and is the gradient of the normal, then

Example 1

Find the equation of the tangent to the curve at the point where .

Example 2

Find the equation of the tangent and the equation of the normal to the curve at the point where
.

1.1.6. STATIONARY POINTS

1.1.7. INTEGRATION

Compiled by Mr. Sainga

 [Link] and absolute error
Error

If is a dimension given to the nearest then the error is . in this case is called the least unit of the
measure. is called the lower limit and is called the upper limit. Lower limit is sometimes called
lower bound and upper limit is sometimes called upper bound

Therefore, is the range of the dimension

Tolerance is the difference between the upper bound and the lower bound

Example 1

1. Find the error , upper limit and lower limit for the following
a) 8m b) 7.6 c) 2.60 d) 1.0 e)23 f) 453.54 g) 46000

2. A line is measured to be 20.1m correct to 1 decimal place,

a) Calculate the error of the measure.
b) Lower and upper limit and hence the range
3. A bottle of water has mass ( ) . Find
a) Error
b) Upper bound
c) Lower bound
d) Tolerance

Absolute error

Or

Relative error

Percentage error

Example 2

4. A mass of 24kg is recorded as 24.3kg. Calculate,

a) Absolute error
b) Relative error
c) Percentage error

Compiled by Mr. Sainga

 16. EARTH GEOMETRY
Earth geometry is the study of the earth. The study of the earth is concerned with the location of place, calculation of
distances between places, and determination of time differences between places on the surface of the earth. For
mathematical purposes, the earth is assumed to be a sphere with radius 6370 kilometres or 3437 nautical miles and
has a smooth surface. For the purpose of marking positions on the surface of the earth, its surface is divided into
sectors by imaginary lines. These are the longitudes and the latitudes. Latitudes are lines that run from West to East
on the earth’s surface and are parallel to each other. The equator is a latitude that is used as a reference to all
latitudes. The equator is 00 and divides the earth into two equal parts called the north hemisphere and the south
hemisphere. Longitudes are lines that run from the North Pole to the South on the earth’s surface. The Greenwich
meridian is a longitude that is used as a reference to all longitude. The Greenwich meridian is 0 0 and divides the
earth into west hemisphere and the east hemisphere. The earth has 4 hemispheres, the east, the west, the north and
the south hemisphere.
Longitudes are either West or East while Latitudes are either North or south.
1. Location of pace
A position on the surface of the earth is written in coordinate form, (latitude, longitude). For example, if a point is on
latitude 300N and longitude 160E, then its position is (300N, 160E)
Example 1

Write down the position of point A, B, and C.

Solution

A(700N,300W)

B(700N,100E)

C(150S,100E

Difference between two points

The difference between two points is the angle between two the two points. It is denoted by . If two points are on
the same hemisphere, we subtract to get the difference but if the two points are on different hemisphere, we add to
get the difference. Therefore, N-N, S-S, W-W, E-E we subtract but W-E, N-S we add.
Example 2

1) find the difference in longitude between A and B

2) find the difference in latitudes between A and C

Solution

1) A(65 N,60 W) B(65 N,55 E)

Compiled by Mr. Sainga

 C(18 N,60 W)

2) A(65 N,60 W)
2. Distance between two points
a) Along the same longitude

The distance between two points along the

same longitudes is given by

Where is the difference between A and B

R is the radius of the Earth

Example 3

i. Find the distance AB in kilometres correct to the

nearest kilometre
ii. Find the distance AC in nautical miles correct to the
nearest nautical mile
750N
Solution

i. A(80 N, 16 E)
B (75 N, 16 E)

ii. A(80 N, 16 E)
B (25 S, 16 E)

Compiled by Mr. Sainga

 b) Along the same latitude
The distance between two points along the same
latitudes is given by

Where is the difference between A and B

is the latitude of A and B
R is the radius of the Earth

Example 4

i. Find the distance DC in kilometres

correct to the nearest kilometre
ii. Find the distance BC in nautical miles
correct to the nearest nautical mile

3. Calculation of time
Difference in time between two points
 Time difference depends on longitudes
 Two towns on the same longitude have the same time
 Two towns on different longitude have different times
 The difference in time between two points on the surface of the earth is given by

 Time is gained when going to the east(right) direction and lost when going the West (left) direction

Example 5

Given that time at B is 14 10 hours, find time at

a) A
b) B
SOLUTION

Compiled by Mr. Sainga

4. Speed
Speed is the rate of change of distance. Speed is given by,

Speed is calculated in either km/hr or knots

Speed in km/hr
Speed is in km/hr if distance is in kilometre and time in hours
Example 5
A plane spent 3hrs on its way moving from point A(300N,450E) to point B(150S,450E). Calculate the speed in
kilometres at which the plane was moving.
Speed in knots (nm/hr)
Speed is in nm/hr if distance is in nautical miles and time in hours. The short form of Nautical miles per hour is
KNOTS ( ).

Example 6
A plane spent 6hrs on its way moving from point A(300N,50E) to point B(300N,450E). Calculate the speed in knots
at which the plane was moving.
5. Distance in nautical miles if and Radius are not given
a) Along the same longitude

The distance between two points along the same

longitudes is given by

Where is the difference between A and B

Example 7

Find the distance BC in nautical miles

SOLUTION

b) Along the same latitude

Compiled by Mr. Sainga

 The distance between two points along the same
latitudes is given by

Where is the difference between A and B

is the latitude of A and B
Example 8

Calculate the distance BC in nautical miles

Compiled by Mr. Sainga

 17. ALGEBRA
ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION

An expression is a mathematical statement. An algebraic expression is an expression where letters are used to
represent some numbers. Letters representing numbers in an algebraic expression are called variables. Coefficients
are numbers usually written on the left of a variable. The product of the coefficient and a variable is called a term. For
example is a term whose coefficient is 4 and the variable is Terms in an expression are separated by +, - or =.
For example, has 4 terms. Some terms are called like terms while others are called unlike terms.
Like terms are terms with exactly the same variables while unlike terms are terms with different variables.

Addition and subtraction of terms

Like terms can be added and subtracted but unlike terms cannot be added or subtracted. Adding or subtracting like
terms, we add or subtract their coefficients and maintain the same variable.

EXAMPLE

Simplify (a) (b) ( )

Multiplication of terms

Both like and unlike terms can be multiplied and divided. When same variables are multiplied or divided, the power
of the variable is affected.

EXAMPLE

Simplify

(a)

(b)

Some algebraic expressions require factorization to be simplified.

Factorise two terms

Example 1

Factorise the following

(a)
(b)
(c)

Compiled by Mr. Sainga

Difference of two squares

By definition, ( )( )

Example

Factorise by grouping terms

Example

Factorize the following

(a)
(b)
(c) D

Factorize quadratics with three terms

Compiled by Mr. Sainga

 18. POLYGONS
A polygon is a plain closed figure made up of straight lines. It is a plain shape enclosed by straight lines. Polygons are named
according to the number of sides and angles they have. Polygons are categorized into regular polygons and irregular
polygons.

Example 1
1. Find the total sum of interior angles for a pentagon
2. A polygon has all its interior angles given as ( ) . Find the value of .
3. Calculate the size of each interior angle for a regular Octagon
Solutions
1. ( ) 2. ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
3. ( )
( )
( )

Sum of the interior angles

Sum of the exterior angles of any polygon = 360˚

Example 1
1. A polygon has all its exterior angles given as ( ) ( ) . Find the value of .
2. Calculate the size of each exterior angle for a regular decagon
Solution
1.

2.

Compiled by Mr. Sainga

 19. SYMMETRY
The Line of Symmetry is the imaginary line where you could fold the image and have both halves match exactly.

Lines of symmetry can be vertical, horizontal or diagonal.

The line of symmetry produces reflections that coincide. Shapes and objects can have multiple lines of symmetry.

Regular Polygons

A regular polygon has all sides equal, and all angles equal. The number of lines of symmetry of a regular polygon is equal to the
number of line of sides. For example, a regular heptagon has 7 lines of symmetry.

Rotational symmetry

A shape has Rotational Symmetry when it still looks the same after some rotation.

As we rotate this image we find three different positions that each looks the same. So it has Rotational Symmetry of Order 3.

A figure has rotational symmetry if it can be rotated by an angle between 0° and 360°, so that the image coincides with the object.
The angle of rotational symmetry is the smallest angle for which the figure can be rotated to coincide with itself. The order of
symmetry is the number of times the figure coincides with itself as it rotates through 360°. The order of rotation symmetry for a
regular polygon is equal to the number of sides.

Example

A regular hexagon has rotational symmetry. The order of the rotational symmetry is 6 and the angle of rotation is 60° . A scalene
triangle does not have rotational symmetry.

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 20. ANGLE THEOREM
Angle theorem is the study of angles subtend by lines in a circle.
 The circumference is the perimeter of the circle. The distance
around the circle.
 An arc is a part of the circumference (BC)
 A radius is a straight line from the centre to the circumference of
the circle(OC)
 A chord is a straight line within the circle that cuts the circle at
two points (BD)
 The diameter is a chord that passes through the centre of the
circle. It is any straight line within the circle that divides the circle
into two equal parts. The two equal parts are called semi circles.
(AB)
 The area bounded by a chord and an arc is called a segment.
(DBD)
 The area bounded by two radii and an arc is called a sector.
(BOCB)
CIRCLE PROPERTIES
1. ANGLE AT THE CENTRE

EXAMPLE
Write down the size of the angle PRQ

The angle at the center is twice the angle on the

circumference subtend from the same
2
2 600

2. ANGLES ON THE CIRCUMFERENCE EXAMPLE

Write down the size of the

Angles on the circumference subtend from the (i) angle BDC
same chord are equal (ii) angle DBC

SOLUTION

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Compiled by Mr. Sainga
 (i) (ii) 420
0
36

3. ANGLES IN A SEMI CIRCLE

EXAMPLE
Write down the size of the
(i) angle ADC
(ii) angle DCA

Any angle in a semi-circle is a right angle

SOLUTION

(i) 900 (Angle in a semi-circle)

(ii)

4. OPPOSITE ANGLES IN A CYCLIC QUADRILATERAL

EXAMPLE
Write down the size of
(i) The angle BCD
(ii) t

Opposite angles in a cyclic quadrilateral are equal

, and

SOLUTION

(i) (cyclic quadrilateral)

(ii) (angle at the centre)

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5. EXTERIOR ANGLE IN A CYCLIC QUADRILATERAL
EXAMPLE

An exterior angle is equal to the opposite interior

angle in a cyclic quadrilateral
, and

Write down the size of

(i) The angle BDE
(ii) The angle BFA
SOLUTION
(i) 900 (Angle in a semi-circle)
(ii)

TANGENTS
A tangent is a straight line that touches the circle at one point.

6. The radius and the tangent meet at a right angle

( )
A tangent is a line that just touches a circle at one
point. It always forms a right angle with the circle's
radius.
EXAMPLE

Write down the size of

(i) The angle BDT
(ii) The angle ADB
SOLUTION
(i) 900 (The tangent and the radius)
(ii)

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Compiled by Mr. Sainga
 7. Two radii and two tangents meeting at a point

SOLUTION
˂ACO=˂BCO, ˂DAC=˂DBC, ˂OAD=˂OBD, (i) 1800
˂OBC=˂OAC=˂ADC=˂BDC=900 1800
1800
1280
EXAMPLE (ii) (angle at the centre)

(iii) ,

Write down the size of

(i) The angle BOA
(ii) The angle BSA
(iii) The angle BAT

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 8. ALTERNATE SEGMENT

EXAMPLE

Write down the size of

(i) The angle ABD
(ii) The angle ACD
SOLUTION
(i) (Alternate segment)

(ii) (Alternate segment)

21. CONSTRUCTION
1) 2013 PAPER 2
a) (i) Construct triangle ABC in which , and [1]
(ii) Measure and write the size of [1]
b) On the same diagram and within the triangle ABC, construct the locus of points
(i) Equidistant from AC and BC [1]
(ii) 7.5cm from A, [1]
(iii) 2.5cm from AC [2]
c) Given that N is the point within triangle ABC such that it is greater than or equal to 7.5cm from A,
nearer to AC than BC and less than or equal to 2.5cm from AC, shade clearly the region in which N
must lie [2]
Compiled by Mr. Sainga
2) 2007 PAPER 2

3) 2010 PAPER 2

4) 2009 PAPER 2

5) 2011 PAPER 2
a) (i) Construct parallelogram ABCD in which , and [1]
b) On your diagram, draw the locus of points within the parallelogram ABCD which are
(i) 2.5cm from AB [1]
(ii) 3cm from C, [1]
(iii) Equidistant from BC and CD [1]
c) P is the point inside parallelogram ABCD such that P is:
Nearer to BC than CD,
Less than or equal to 3cm from C,
Less than or equal to 2.5cm from AB
Indicate clearly, by shade, the region in which P must lie. [2]

Compiled by Mr. Sainga

 22. TRANSFORMATION GEOMETRY
A transformation is an operation which maps a Geometrical shape from one position to another
following a certain set of rules. In short, a transformation is a copy of a geometric figure, where the copy
holds certain properties. The original shape of the object is called the object and the final shape and
position of the object is called the image under the transformation. For transformation geometry, there
are two basic types namely the rigid transformations and non-rigid transformations. A rigid
transformation is one in which the object and the image both have the exact same size and shape. The
three rigid transformations are the translations, the reflections and the rotations. The three non rigid
transformations are the enlargement, the shear and the stretch.

TRANSLATION

In Geometry, Translation simply means Moving. It is the transformation which moves the object in a
straight line to a new position.

To translate a shape: Every point of the shape must move:

 the same distance

 in the same direction.

Translation is usually denoted by T (Translation matrix). So the image of N is written as T (N) = N’.

A translation in the co-ordinate plane is represented in column form as T =. /, where is the number of
units it moves parallel to the x – axis and is the number of units it moves parallel to the y – axis.

Example 1

Given that a triangle ABCD has vertices (1,0), (2,0) and (2,3) respectively. Find the co-ordinates of the
image showing them on the Cartesian plane if ABCD is translated using a translation matrix

Compiled by Mr. Sainga

 a) T=( )
b) T=( )
c) T=( )
d) T=( )

Example 2

Given that the point A(2,1) is mapped onto A’(3,-3) by a translation. Write down the translation matrix.

REFLECTION

A reflection is a flip of an object over a line called the mirror line. The image does not change size but
the lettering is reversed. If an object is reflected in some form of a mirror, then every point on the object
has a corresponding point in the image. A reflection is denoted by M.

So the image of P is written as M (P) = P’

When you reflect a point across the x-axis, the x-coordinate

remains the same, but the y-coordinate is transformed into its
Reflection in the x-axis: opposite.
or
When you reflect a point across the y-axis, the y-coordinate
remains the same, but the x-coordinate is transformed into its
Reflection in the y-axis: opposite.
or
When you reflect a point across the line y = x, the x-coordinate
Reflection in y = x: and the y-coordinate change places.
or
When you reflect a point across the line y = -x, the x-
coordinate and the y-coordinate change places and are
Reflection in y = -x: negated (the signs are changed).
or

Note that to describe a reflection, the equation of the mirror line is stated.

Example

Given that a rectangle ABCD with vertices (0,0), (4,0), (4,3) and (0,3) respectively is transformed under
reflection in the line y = -x, find the co-ordinates of the image A’B’C’D’.

Compiled by Mr. Sainga

 ENLARGEMENT

Enlargement is a transformation by which objects change in size by either making it larger or

smaller. The quantity by which an object is enlarged is called the scale factor. The scale factor

detonated by is given by . The scale factor is positive when the object and its

image are on the same side of the centre of enlargement and negative when the object and its
image are 1on the opposite sides of the centre of enlargement. An enlargement transformation
Examples
is described fully by stating its centre and the scale factor.
For each of the following, take 2cm to represent 1unit on both axes.

1. Given the square ABCD has coordinates A(1,1), B(3,1), C(1,3) and D(3,3), find
(a) the image A’B’C’D’ under an enlargement with centre (2,2) and scale factor 2
(b) the image A’’B’’C’’D’’ under an enlargement with centre (1,1) and scale factor 3
2. Given the triangle ABC has coordinates A(2,1), B(2,3) and C(3,1), find the image
(a) A’B’C’ under an enlargement with centre (0,0) and scale factor 2
(b) A’’B’’C’’ under an enlargement with centre (0,0) and scale factor
(c) A’’’B’’’C’’’ under an enlargement with centre (1,0) and scale factor -3
3. Find the centre of enlargement and the scale factor given that the triangle ABC with vertices A(1,1),
B(3,1) and C(2,2) is mapped onto triangle A’B’C’ with vertices A’(4,2), B’(8,2) and C’(6,6)

Given that . / is the enlargement matrix and B’ is the image of B, then . / .

An enlargement with centre at the origin O(0,0) and scale factor is represented by the matrix

. Examples
/. 2

PQRS has vertices P(-1,0), Q(2,0), R(3,3) and S(0,3)

a) Find the coordinates of the image P’Q’R’S’ if transformed under the enlargement centre (0,0)
represented by the matrix . /
b) Find the matrix of the enlargement which maps PQRS onto P’(3,0), Q’(-6,0), R’(9,-9) and S’(0,-9)

Compiled by Mr. Sainga

 STRETCH

A stretch is a transformation which enlarges an object in one direction. The fixed line which is
perpendicular to the direction of the stretch is called the invariant line. The quantity by which
an object is stretched is called the scale factor. The scale factor detonated by is given

by . The scale factor is positive when the

object and its image are on the same side of the invariant line and negative when the object
and its image are on the opposite sides of the invariant line. A stretch transformation is
described fully by stating the equation of the invariant line, the direction of the stretch and the
scale factor.

Examples 1

Taking 2cm to represent 1unit on both axes and given the square ABCD has coordinates A(0,0), B(2,0),
C(2,2) and D(0,2), find

(a) the image A’B’C’D’ under a stretch with 𝑦 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 invariant line and scale factor -2
(b) the image A’’B’’C’’D’’ under a stretch with 𝑥 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 invariant line and scale factor 3

Given that . / is the stretch matrix and B’ is the image of A, then . / .

A stretch with invariant and scale factor is represented by the matrix . /.

A stretch with invariant and scale factor is represented by the matrix . /.

Examples 2

Taking 2cm to represent 1unit on both axes and given that the triangle ABC has coordinates A(1,1),
B(3,1) and C(3,1) is mapped onto A’B’C’ which has vertices A’(1,-4), B’(3,-4) and C’(3,-8)under a stretch.

(a) Draw, on the same diagram, the triangle ABC and its image A’B’C’.
(b) Write down the matrix and the scale factor of the stretch
(c) Write down the equation of the invariant line
Compiled by Mr. Sainga
 SHEAR

A shear is a transformation in which points are shifted parallel to the invariant. All points along
the invariant line remain fixed. The quantity by which an object is sheared is called the shear

factor. The shear factor detonated by is given by .A

shear transformation is described fully by stating the equation of the invariant line, the
direction of the shear and the shear factor. Shear does not change the area of the shape.

Examples 1

Taking 2cm to represent 1unit on both axes and given the square ABCD has coordinates A(0,0), B(2,0),
C(2,1) and D(0,1), find

(a) the image A’B’C’D’ under a shear with 𝑦 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 invariant line and scale factor 2
(b) invariant line and scale factor if ABCD is mapped onto A’’B’’C’’D’’ with coordinates A’’(3,0),
B’’(5,0), C’’(8,1) and D’’(6,1)

Given that . / is the shear matrix and B’ is the image of A, then . / .

A stretch with invariant and scale factor is represented by the matrix . /.

A stretch with invariant and scale factor is represented by the matrix . /.

Examples 2

The rectangle PQRS with vertices P(-1,3), Q(-3,1), R(-2,0) and S(0,2) is sheared using the matrix . /

(a) Find the image points

(b) Describe the shear fully
(c) Taking 2cm to represent 1unit on both axes, draw on the same diagram, the rectangle and its
image
Compiled by Mr. Sainga