Experiment No.
TITLE OF THE EXPERIMENT: R-2R Digital to Analog Converter
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: To Design 4-bit R-2R Op-Amp Digital to Analog Converter
Using 4-bit binary input from toggle switches.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED: ICµA741, resistors, Connecting Wires.
THEORY:
ADC and DAC form the front end and back-end systems in a DSP environment. Analog signal is
converted to digital format by ADC. This is processed in digital domain. Finally, the digital
signal is converted back into analog format by DAC Pulse Width modulators, binary weighed
DAC, R-2R DAC, Cyclic DAC, thermometer DAC are few examples of various types of DACs
which are present.
Simplest of all DAC is R-2R DAC. The main advantage of R-2R DAC over weighted resistor
DAC is for an n-bits ADC the number of resistors grows exponentially, as resistors are
required, while the R-2R resistor ladder only increases linearly with the number of bits as it
needs only resistors. The resistive network forms a potential divider and can be obtained
using Thevenin’s theorem as shown.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Note: D0 = LSB, D3= MSB, D0 – D3 are DIGITAL INPUTS
DESIGN:
Vo=−Vref
[
Rf D 3 D 2 D 1 D 0
+ + +
2 R 21 22 23 24 ]
Let Maximum output voltage Vref = 5V, Vo = -5V and gain =1
Rf
− =1
Gain = 2R Rf = 2R, Choose R = 10KΩ, Rf = 22KΩ
,
Also can Choose R = 1KΩ, Then Rf = 2.2KΩ
Formulae:
Vfs Vfs
Resolution = n = 4
2 −1 2 −1
Vfs=Full-scale output voltage,
TABULAR COLUMN:
Decimal
No. Binary Input Theoretical Output Practical Output
D3D2D1D0 Voltage, Vo (volts) Voltage,Vo (volts)
0 0000 0
1 0001 -0.3125
2 0010 -0.625
3 0011 -0.9375
4 0100 -1.25
5 0101 -1.5625
6 0110 -1.875
7 0111 -2.1875
8 1000 -2.5
9 1001 -2.8125
10 1010 -3.125
11 1011 -3.4375
12 1100 -3.75
13 1101 -4.0625
14 1110 -4.375
15 1111 -4.6875
WAVEFORMS:
PROCEDURE:
1. Verify the correctness of each component and connections are made as per the circuit
diagram.
2. Apply the digital inputs from 0000 -1111(by setting /resetting the input switches)
3. Obtain the DAC output at pin No. 6 verify theoretical values with practical output values.
Application: DAC’s can be found in any device that interfaces digital and analog circuitry,
analog displays, digital control Systems, digital audio, communications etc.
RESULT:
Four-bit R-2R DAC was designed and implemented.
Simulation of R-2R Digital to Analog Converter:
Transient analysis: D3D2D1D0
Print Step = 1ms 0 0 1 1 = 3x-0.3125V= -0.9375V
Final time = 10ms
Apply digital inputs from 0000 -1111 and check the analog output voltage Vo for each digital
inputs
Vpulse setting:
V1: DC= AC=0, V1= 0, V2= 5V, TD= 0, TR=TF=1us, PW= 10ms, PER= 20ms
V2: DC= AC=0, V1= 0, V2= 5V, TD= 0, TR=TF=1us, PW= 20ms, PER= 40ms
V3: DC= AC=0, V1= 0, V2= 5V, TD= 0, TR=TF=1us, PW= 40ms, PER= 80ms
V4: DC= AC=0, V1= 0, V2= 5V, TD= 0, TR=TF=1us, PW= 80ms, PER= 160ms
Transient analysis:
Print Step = 1ms
Final time = 200ms
Experiment No-10:
TITLE OF THE EXPERIMENT: Simulation of Precision Full wave Rectifier using Op-amp
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: To Design and Simulate Precision Full Wave Rectifier using
OP AMP 741 and diodes.
Software tool used: PSpice Schematics Version 9.1
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: Precision Full wave Rectifier
Transient Analysis:
Print Step = 1ms
Final Time = 5ms
WAVE FORMS:
DESIGN 1:
Vi = 0.5V
For Gain = 1
Select R1=R2=R3=R4 = R5 =R=1K
In the positive half cycle:
Vo = (R4/R3) xVi = 0.5 V
In the Negative half cycle:
Vo= [1+R/2R] (-2/3 Vi) = 0.5V
DESIGN 2:
Vi=0.5V
For Gain = 10
R1=R2=R3 =R=1K
Select R4 = R5 = 10K
In the positive half cycle:
Vo=(R4/R3) xVi =5V
In the Negative half cycle:
Vo = [1+10R/2R] (-2/1.2 Vin) =10 xVi = 5V
TABULAR COLUMN:
Vi = 0.5V
Theoretical Vo(V) Practical Vo(V)
Gain = 1(Design 1)
Gain=10 (Design 2)
RESULT: Simulated Precision Full Wave Rectifier. Design is verified and noted the waveforms.
