General Chemistry I

CHM 101

Chapter 1

Stoichiometry: Chemical Arithmetic

‫ الحساب الكيميائي‬:‫قياس العناصر‬

Chemistry Department,
College of Sciences
Majmaah University
2 Assessment tools

No Assessment tool Marks

1 quiz 10
2 Mid-term exam 20
3 Electronic exam 10
4 Problem solving (group work), 10
5 oral presentation 5
6 home work 5
7 Final exam (written 40
 1.1. The mole and Avogadro number

 Stoi-chio-metry is the quantitative study of

reactants and products in a chemical reaction.

 Chemical Arith-metic The chemical arithmetic used to

relate the amount of products and reactants to each other.
 1.1. The mole and Avogadro number
 Element: A type of matter composed of only one kind
of atom, each atom of a given kind having the same
properties.

Copper Uranium
Hydrogen

 Monoatomic: An elements relating to an elements

consisting of a single atom; "Helium and argon are
monatomic gases"

Helium Argon
 1.1. The mole and Avogadro number
 Compound A type of matter composed of atoms of two
(diatomic) or more elements (polyatomic) chemically
combined in fixed proportions.

Monoatomic VS diatomic VS polyatomic

 1.1. The mole and Avogadro number
 Compound The relative numbers of any two kinds of
atoms in a compound occur in simple ratios.

o Example:
Water, for example, a compound of the elements hydrogen
and oxygen, consists of hydrogen and oxygen atoms in the
ratio of 2 to 1.
 1.1. The mole and Avogadro number
 Diatomic compounds are molecules composed of only
two atoms. They are either homonuclear or
heteronuclear:
i. Homo-nuclear diatomic molecules are composed of two
atoms of the same element (e.g., O2, N2,..).
ii. Hetero-nuclear diatomic molecules are composed of two
atoms of different elements (e.g., CO, NO).
 1.1. The mole and Avogadro number
 Mole: Symbolized by mol, Is the amount of a substance
that contains Avogadro’s No. (NA) of elementary units
(atom, ion or molecules).
6.023 x 1023

1 mol of a substance = N° of atoms in 12 g of 𝟏𝟐𝟔𝐂

 The number of atoms in 𝟏𝟐𝟔𝐂 is called Avogadro’s
number (to which we give the symbol NA=6.02 × 1023).

𝐍° 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐭𝐨𝐦𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝟏𝟐 𝐠 𝐨𝐟 𝟏𝟐𝟔𝐂 = 𝟔. 𝟎𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟑 𝐚𝐭𝐨𝐦𝐬

Thus,
𝟏 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐨𝐟 𝐚 𝐬𝐮𝐛𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 =
𝟔. 𝟎𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟑 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐬𝐮𝐛𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞
 1.1. The mole and Avogadro number

 The molecular weight (called also molecular mass or

molar mass), symbolized by M, of a substance is the sum
of the atomic masses of all the atoms in a molecule of the
substance. It expressed in atomic mass units (a.m.u) or
g/mol.
 Example:

 The molecular mass of water, H2O, is 18.0 amu (2 ×1.0

amu from two H atoms +16.0 amu from one O atom).

 mass in grams of 1 mole of a substance:

1 mole of H2O = 18g = 6.02x1023 molecules of H2O
1 mole of NaCl = 58g = 6.02x1023 particles of NaCl

Note: If the molecular formula for the substance is not known, you can
determine the molecular mass experimentally by means of a mass
spectrometer. ‫مطياف الكتلة‬
 1.1. The mole and Avogadro number
 The formula mass or formula weight (FM) of a
substance is the sum of the atomic masses of all atoms in a
formula unit of the compound, whether molecular or not.

 Note: The molecular mass and the formula

mass calculated from the molecular formula of
a substance are identical ‫متطابق‬.

 In case of chemical reactions: The ratio by which

moles of substances react = The ratio by which their
atoms and molecules reacted.
 1.1. The mole and Avogadro number

Example 1.1
What mole ratio of carbon to chlorine must be chosen to prepare
the substance CCl4 (Carbon tetrachloride).

𝟏 𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒎 𝑪 𝟏 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑪 𝟏
 = =
𝟒 𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒎 𝑪𝒍 𝟒 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑪𝒍 𝟒
 1.1. The mole and Avogadro number

Example 1.2
How many moles of carbon atoms are required to combine with
2.5 mol Cl to form the substance CCl4 ?

1 mol of C react with 4 mol of Cl

X mol of C react with 2.5 mol of Cl

1 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝐶 𝑥 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶
=
4 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝐶𝑙 2.5 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑙

X = 0.625 mol of C atoms

 1.1. The mole and Avogadro number

Example 1.3
How many moles of carbon atoms are in 2.5 mol of CCl4 ?
Solution

HW
 Wt.(g)
No. Moles = -------------
M. Wt.(g/mol)
 1.1. The mole and Avogadro number

Example 1.4
a) What is the mass in grams of two atoms of Ca (Calcium) ?
b) How many moles are in two atoms of Ca?
c) How many atoms are in 120 g of Ca

Solution:
a) What is the mass in grams of two atoms of Ca (Calcium) ?

40 g of Ca = 6.02x1023 atoms
X = 2 atoms
X = 1.33X10-22 g of Ca
b) How many moles are in two atoms of Ca?

1 mol of Ca = 6.02x10 23 atoms

y = 2 atoms
y = 3.32 x10-24 mol of Ca
---------------------------------------------------------------
c) How many atoms are in 120 g of Ca

40 g of Ca = 6.02x1023 atoms
120 g of Ca = Z
Z = 1.81 x1024 atoms of Ca
 1.1. The mole and Avogadro number
Example 1.5
Determine the mass in grams of :
A. 3 x 1020 molecules of O2.
B. 3 x 10-3 mol of O2.
C. 1.8 x 1024 molecules of O3.

Answer:
Explanation:
A. Atomic mass of O is 16 = Molar mass is 16
g/mol
Molar mass reflects us that, There are 16 grams of O in 1
mol.
It's easy to understand the statement by writing down it like this:
1 mol → 32 g

In 1 mol of any atom or a molecule, there are numbers of

atoms/molecules similar to the Avogadro Constant
Avogadro Constant = 6.022×1023

So we can write down the above term as

1 mol → 6.022×1023 → 32g
You want to calculate the mass in 3×1020 atoms.
6.022×1023 → 32 g
3 x 1020 → xg

6.022×1023 x = 3 x 1020 × 32 g

3 x 1020×32 g
X = ----------------- = … g
6.022×1023
 B) You want to calculate the mass in 3 x 10-3 mol of O2

= 3 x 10-3 mol x 32 g/mol = … g

C) You want to calculate the mass in 1.8 x 1024 molecules of O3

= 1.8 x 1024 / 6.02 1023 = 2.99 moles

2.99 moles * 48 g/mol = … g
 1.1. The mole and Avogadro number
Example 1.6
How many molecules of CO2 are there in 88 g of CO2:

Solution

= 88 g / 44 g/mol

= 2 x 6.023x1023
= 1.2046 x 1025 molecules
 1.1. The mole and Avogadro number
Example 1.7
How many atoms of oxygen are there in 75 g of H2SO4?
Data: Atomic masses:

1H = 1.00 g/mol,

= 75 * 6.023x1023 / 98 8O = 16 g/mol,

16S = 32 g/mol
 1.1. The mole and Avogadro number
Example 1.8
How many molecules of oxygen are there in 0.5 mol
of [Al2(SO4)3]? Data: Atomic masses:
Al = 27 g/mol,
Solution 8O = 16 g/mol,

16S = 32 g/mol
in Al2(SO4)3 ~ 12 oxygen presence.

thus= 12 x 0.5 moles

= 6 moles.
in each oxygen, there are 6.02x1023 atoms of
particle presence
thus, oxygen atom presence
= 6x6.02x1023
= 3.6x1024
 [Al2(SO4)3]

[27x2 + (32x1+16x4)x3]
Example 1.8 (Exstra ex.)
How many moles of aluminum, sulfur, and oxygen atoms
are there in 7.00 moles of aluminum sulfate, Al2(SO4)3
 1.1. The mole and Avogadro number
Example 1.9
Calculate the number of oxygen atoms required to react
completely with 48 g of carbon according to the following
reaction: 𝐂 + 𝐎𝟐 → 𝐂𝐎𝟐
Solution 12g 32 g
=> X = (48 x 32)/ 12 = 128g of O2
48 g Xg

16 g of O2 => 6.02 x1023 atoms

128g of O2 => y

Y = 4.8 x 1024 atoms of O2

 1.1. The mole and Avogadro number

Example 1.10
Calculate the formula weight of iron sulphate Fe2(SO4)3 ?

26Fe = 55.9 g/mol,

8O = 16 g/mol,

16S = 32.1 g/mol

 1.2. The relationship between mol and mass

 By definition the number of moles, n of substance is defined as

follow:
𝐦
𝐧=
𝐌

where n is the number of moles (in mol), m is the mass of the

substance (in grams), and M is the molar mass of the substance (in
g/mol).
 1.2. The relationship between mol and mass

Example 1.11
Data: Atomic mass of
How many moles of Ca are there in 120 g of Ca ? 20Ca = 40 g/mol
Solution
 1.2. The relationship between mol and mass

Example 1.12 Data: Atomic masses:

How many moles of ammonium nitrate NH4NO3 1H = 1 g/mol

are there in 160 g of ammonium nitrate NH4NO3? 7N = 14 g/mol,

8O = 16 g/mol
Solution
 1.2. Percentage composition
 The percent composition: is the percent by mass of each element
in a compound.

 Percent composition is obtained by dividing the mass of each

element in 1 mole of the compound by the molar mass of the
compound and multiplying by 100 percent. Mathematically, the
percent composition of an element in a compound is expressed as:
𝐦𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒊
% 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝒊 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐦𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅
it is also:
𝒏𝒊 × 𝐌𝐨𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐦𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒊
% 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝒊 = × 𝟏𝟎0
𝐌𝐨𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐦𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅
where n is the number of element in the compounds
 1.3. Percentage composition

Example 1.14 Data: Atomic masses:

11Na = 23 g/mol,
What is the percentage composition of Na2CO3?
6C = 12 g/mol,
Solution 8O = 16 g/mol

Done
Page 13
 1.4. Chemical formula

 Chemists use chemical formulas to express the composition of

molecules and ionic compounds in terms of chemical symbols. Here
we are mainly concerned with two types of formulas: molecular
formulas and empirical formulas.
 A molecular formula: Shows the exact number of atoms of each
element in the smallest unit of a substance.
Example:
H2 is the molecular formula for hydrogen,
O2 is the molecular formula for oxygen,
O3 is the molecular formula for ozone
H2O is the molecular formula water.
 1.4. Chemical formula

 The empirical formula tells us which elements are present and

the simplest whole-number ratio of their atoms, but not necessarily
the actual number of atoms in a given molecule.
Example:
The molecular formula of hydrogen peroxide is H2O2. Its
molecular formula indicates that each hydrogen peroxide molecule
consists of 2H and 2O.
The ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms in this molecule is 2:2 or
1:1.
Thus, its empirical formula of hydrogen peroxide is HO.
 1.4. Chemical formula

 Determination of empirical formula: The percent composition of

a compound enables us to identify and determine its empirical
formula. The procedure is as follows:
(i) Chemical analysis tells us the number of grams of each
element present in a given amount of a compound. Then, we
convert the quantities in grams to number of moles of each
element.
(ii) We determine the relative number of atoms of each element in
the compound by dividing each number of moles calculated in
(i) by the smallest number of moles calculated in (i).
 1.4. Chemical formula

Example 1.15
A compound contains 0.05212 g of C, 0.01311g of H, and 0.0348 g
of O. What is the empirical formula of this compound?
Solution C H O

0.05212/12 0.01311/1 0.0348/16

Moles
4.34x10-3 13.11x10-3 2.18x10-3

4.34x10-3 2.18x10-3
13.11x10-3
Atoms ------------ ------------ ------------
2.18x10-3 2.18x10-3 2.18x10-3

2 6 1

C2H6O1
 1.4. Chemical formula

Example 1.16
An organic compound sample contains C, H and O. Complete
combustion of 5.00 g of the sample of this compound gives 9.55 g of
CO2 and 5.87 g of H2O. Calculate:
a) The percent composition of this compound?
b) The empirical formula of this compound?
Solution
 1.4. Chemical formula

Example 1.16 (solution…)

 1.4. Chemical formula

 Determination the molecular formula (MF):

To calculate the actual, molecular formula we must know the
approximate molar mass of the compound in addition to its empirical
formula. To determine the molecular formula:
(i) First we calculate the whole number or repeated factor (RF)
𝐌𝐨𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐦𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅
using the formula: 𝐑𝐅 =
𝐌𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐦𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐚 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕

(ii) Then, we multiply the subscripts in the empirical formula by

the repeated factor.
𝐌𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐚 = 𝐑𝐅 × 𝐄𝐦𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐚
 1.4. Chemical formula

Example 1.17
What is the molecular formula of a compound, whose empirical
formula is CH2O, and molecular weight is 180 g/mol.
Solution
C H2 O
= 1(12) + 2 (1) + 1 (16) = 30
Repeated
= 180/30 = 6
Factor
= (CH2O)6

= C6H12O6
 1.4. Chemical formula

Example 1.18
A 0.513 grams of an organic compound substance containing C, H and
O was burned to produce 0.501 g of CO2 and 0.103 g of H2O.
(i) What is the empirical formula of the substance?
(ii) If the molar mass of the substance is 90.04 g/mol, what is the
molecular formula of the substance?
Solution
 1.4. Chemical formula

Example 1.18 (Solution…)

 1.4. Chemical formula

Example 1.18 (Solution…)