EXPERIMENT 1 & To measure diameter ofa small spherical/eylindrical body using Vernier Callipers. APPARATUS Vernier Callipers, a spherical body (pendulum bob) or a cylinder and a magnifying lens. ‘THEORY If with the body between the jaws, the zero of vernier scale lies ahead of Nth division of main scale, then main scale reading (M.S.R.) = N. If nth division of vernier scale coincides with any division of main scale, then vernier scale reading (V.S.R.) =nx(Lc) (L.C. is least count of vernier callipers) x (V.C.) (V.C. is vernier constant of vernier callipers) Total reading, T.R. = M.S.R. + V.S.R. (Lc. = V.C.) N+nx(V.C,). DIAGRAM ftps Fig. Vernier Callipers—Measuring diameter o! sphere. PROCEDURE 1. Determine the vernier constant (V.C.) i.e, least count (L.C.) of the vernier callipers and record it stepwise.COMPREHENSIVE PRACTICAL PHYSICS—9) w ~ Bring the movablo jaw BD in close conta Cand find the zero error. Doit three times and record them, Tf there #8 no 7859 error, record zero error as nil. 8, Open the jaws, place the sphere or evlindor between the two jaws and Band adju the jaw DB, such that it gently grips the ody without any undue pressture on it, Tigh the scrow S attached to the yornier seale V. 4, Note the position of the zero imark of the vernier scale on the main scale. Record ¢ main scale reading just pefore the zero mark of the vernier scale. This reading called main scale reading (M.S.R.). 5, Note the number (1) of the vernier seale division which coincid the main scale. 6. Repeat steps 4 and 5 after rotating the body by 90° for measuring the diameter in = perpendicular direction. . Repeat steps 8, 4, 5 and 6 for three different positions. Record the observations in each set in a tabular form. vith some division of a 8, Find total reading and apply zero correction. 9. Take mean of different values of diameter and show that in the result with proper unit. OBSERVATIONS 1. Determination of Vernier Constant (Least Count) of the Vernier Callipers 1MS.D.= 1mm 10 V.S.D. = 9 M.S.D. 9 1V.S.D.= = MS.D.= 0. D. 79 MSD, 9mm Vernier Constant, V.C. 2. Zero error (i) 1MS.D.-1V.S.D. = (1 - 0.9) mm = 0.1 mm = 0.01 em. cm, (ii) m, (iti) ...... eM. Mean zero error (e) = Mean zero correction (c) = - ¢ = 3. Table for the Diameter (D) ae Vernier Scale Reading Serial No.of | pair a ‘No. of Vernier Value Observations | 7am) division Inx(V.C)} - coinciding (n) @AoB 1 (oO (@AOB 2 Oo) (@AOB 3 looMEASUREMENT OF LENGTH 35 CALCULATION Mean corrected diamoter, D= A@)+ Dib) + Dy(a) + Dylb) + Dy(a) + Dylb) 6 RESULT The diameter of the given sphere/eylindor is PRECAUTIONS 1. Motion of vernier seale on main scale should be made smooth (by oiling, if necessary). 2, id constant and zero error should be carefully found and properly recorded. 3. The body should be gripped between the ja Fi sure on it from the jaws). jaws firmly but gently (without undue pres- 4, Observations should be taken at right angles at one place and taken at least at three different places. SOURCES OF ERROR 1. The vernier scale may be loose on main scale. 2. The jaws may not be at right angles to the main scale. 3. The graduations on scale may not be correct and clear. 4, Parallax may be there in taking observations. “J EXPERIMENT 1A To measure internal diameter and depth of a given beaker/calorimeter using Vernier Callipers and hence find its volume. APPARATUS Vernier Callipers, a beaker or a calorimeter, magnifying glass. THEORY (@® For measuring internal diameter and depth. Same as in Experiment 1A. (ii) For volume: Volume of beaker or calorimeter = D . ver(2h D= internal diameter of beaker/calorimeter epth of beaker/calorimeter. internal area of cross section x depth where,B COMPREHENSIVE PRACTICAL PHYSicg_ H DIAGRAM o Main Scato rae a ETT 5 6 7 8 9 10 Fig. (a) Internal diameter of beaker. c ]e9S VION. Fig. (b) Depth of beaker.MEASUREMENT OF LENGTH PROCEDURE 1, Determine the vernier constant (V.C,) i it stepwise. 2. oe = oer bad BDin close contact with the fixed jaw AC and find the zero error. 0 mes and record it, If there is no zero error, then record, zero error as nil. Measurement of internal diameter 3. Put oo ee Cand D inside the beaker or calorimeter and open them till each of them touches the inner wall of the beaker or calorimeter, without any undue pressure on the walls. Tighten the screw attached to the vernier scale gently. 4. Note the Position of the zero mark of the vernier scale on the main scale. Record the main scale reading just before the zero mark of the vernier scale, This reading (N) is called main scale reading (M.S.R.). 5, Note the number (n) of the vernier scale division which coincides with some division of the main scale, 6, Repeat steps 4 and 5 after rotating the vernier callipers by 90° for measuring internal diameter in a perpendicular direction. 7. Find total reading and apply zero correction. Measurement of depth 8. Keep the edge of the main scale of vernier callipers on its peripheral edge. This should be done in such a way that the tip of the strip is able to go freely inside the beaker along its depth. 9. Keep sliding the moving jaw of the vernier callipers until the strip just touches the bottom of the beaker. Take care that it is just perpendicular to the bottom surface. Now, tighten the screw of the vernier callipers. 10. Repeat steps 4 and 5 for four different positions along the circumference of the upper edge of the beaker or calorimeter. 11. Find total reading and apply zero correction. 12, Take mean of two different values of internal diameter and four different values of the depth. 13, Calculate the volume by using proper formula and show that in the result with proper unit. OBSERVATIONS 1, Determination of Vernier Constant (Least Count) of the vernier callipersCOMPREHENSIVE PRACTICAL PHYSics. 38 a Vernier constant, V.C.=1MS.D.-1 1 = 0.9) mm = 0.1 mm = 0.01 cm. } 2. Zero error = (i)... em, (i)... em. (ii) sae ems \ Mean zero error (@) Mean zero correction (c) 3, Table for the Internal Diameter o a Vernier Scale Reading [Concetta ag } se | ee aioe | ane | OOO ca of Observations (om) eee ny | x Oud AVC! D=Dy+c | 1. 2. | 3. dy = 4, = 4, Table for the depth (d) Serial | Position | Main Scale | Vernier Scale Reading Total Reading Ne: pas OY Nal oF Vernier | oVelue Observed | Corrected of Obs. division | jm x(v.cyy | dg=N+n | d=d,+c coinciding (n) x(V.C) 1 atA a _ 2. atB 3. atC 4 atD a, > CALCULATIONS Mean corrected internal diameter, (a) + Dib) 2 Mean corrected depth, d= d, + dy +d, +d, Fa 4 Volume of beaker/calorimeter = “(3MEASUREMENT OF LENGTH 39 SUL The volume of the beaker/calorimeter is ...... em?, PRECAUTIONS Same as given in Experiment 1. SOURCES OF ERROR Same as given in Experiment 1. —_—SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSeseesepmo ane jn sextants and 8 pectrometers, WHICH Me EXPERIMENT 2 ‘To measure diameter of a given wire using screw gauge. APPARATUS sorew gauge, wire, half-metre seale and magnifying le: ‘THEORY 1 Ifwith the wire between plane faces A and B. the edge of the cap lies ah JTvisfon of linenr scale, then, linear scale reading (L.S.R.) = N. It ath division of circular scale lies over reference line, then, circular scale (CSR)=nx (LC) (L.C.is least count of serew gauge) Total reading (T.R.) = L.S.R. + C. y+nx (LC). 2, IfD be the mean diameter and / be the mean length of the wire. volume of the wire, V= (3): : DIAGRAM Fig. Screw ‘i Gauge measuring diameter of the wire.MM MEASUREMENT OF LENGTH eT PROCEDURE 1, Find the value of one linear senle division (L48..). Jenst count of the nerew gauge A nnd find the rd zero error as nil. nd record it atopwine. ro error, Do it three 2, Determine the pitch and the 3. Bring the plane face B in contact with plano f times and record them, If there is no zero error, then rei . Move the face B away from fice A, Place the wire lengthwine over face A and move 4 the face B towards face A using the ratchet hend , Stop when R turns (slips) without moving the screw, 5. Note the number of divisions of the linenr scale visible and uncovered by the edge of the cap. The reading (N) is called linear scale reading (L.S.R.). 6. Note the number (n) of the division of the circular scale lying over reference line. Repeat steps 5 and 6 after rotating the wire by 90° for measuring diameter in a perpendicular direction. Repeat steps 4, 5, 6 and 7 for five different positions separated equally throughout the length of the wire. Record the observations in each set in a tabular form. 9. Find total reading and apply zero correction in each case. 10. Take mean of different values of diameter. Measure the length of the wire by stretching it along a half-metre scale. Keeping one lL. end of wire at a known mark, note the position of other end. Difference in position of the two ends of the wire gives the length of the wire. Do it three times and record them. OBSERVATIONS 1. Determination of Least Count of the Screw Gauge 1LS.D.=1mm Number of full rotations given to screw = 4 Distance moved by the screw = 4 mm 4mm Hence, piteh p= 75" =1:mm Number of divisions on circular scale = 100 1lmm Hence, least count, = 75" = 0.01 mm = 0.001 em. 2. Zero Error. (i) Mean zero error (e) Mean zero correction (¢COMPREHENSIVE PRACTICAL PHY Sieg Table for diameter (D) i, i Ss Total Reading | | | lear ees Observed Corrected | Linear Scale tn Value Serial No.of) “Reading (N) pace cue | xO | De=N+m | D=Dyte | beerations (mm) reference line xLC. | ® (mm) (mm) (mm) il) D, @= | (@AOB ‘ ® Ze D, (a) = (@AOB 2 (2) 2 ] D, (b) = (XO) 2 (@AOB D,(@= 3 Oxo) Dy (0) = { CALCULATIONS Length of the wire, = () Mean diameter of the wire, Mean length of the wire, Volume of the wire, RESULT ‘The volume of the given wire is ...... cm? i PRECAUTIONS 1, To avoid undue pressure; the screw should al cap K. ways be rotated by ratchet R and not by 2. The screw should move freely without friction,¥ yREMENT OF LENGTH ves 43 ‘The zero correction, praically- 4, For same set of observations, the screw pack-lash error of the screw, 5, At each place, the diameter of the wir i directions and then the mean of the fee care ane tmninna 6. Readings should be taken atleast for fi whole length of the wire. Brror due to parallax should be avoided. with pro) Per sign should be noted very carefully and added alge- should bo moved in the same direction to avoid ve different places equally spaced along the a s0URCES OF ERROR 1. The screw may have friction. 9. The screw gauge may have back-lash error. 3, Circular scale divisions may not be of equal size. 4, The wire may not be uniform, © EXPERIMENT 2A ( 1” & To measure thickness of a given sheet using screw gauge. APPARATUS Screw gauge, sheet (it must be rigid) and magnifying lens. THEORY Same as in Experiment 2. PROCEDURE Steps 1 to 6 are same as in Experiment 2. 7. Repeat steps 4, 5, 6 for 5 different positions spread equally throughout the surface of the sheet, Record observation in tabular form. 8, Find total reading and apply zero correction in each ense. 8. Take mean of different values of thickness. OBSERVATIONS 1. Determination of least count of the screw gauge. Same as in Experiment 2. 2. Zero Error. Same as in Experiment 2.06 iy Oey ge? locs na ne, 2 i watt ing? MEASUREMENT OF LENGTH EXPERIMENT 4 To determine radius of curvature en spherical & f ture of a given sur APPARATUS rface by a spherometer, Spherometer, convex surface (it ma slab or plane mirror. ' be unpolished convex mirror), a big size plane glass DIAGRAM See Fig. 2.14 THEORY Refer to Section 2.14. PROCEDURE 1. Raise the central screw of the spherometer and press the spherometer gently on the practical note-book so as to get pricks of the three legs. Mark these pricks as A, B and 2, Measure the distance between the pricks (points) by joining the points as to form a triangle ABC. 3, Note these distances (AB, BC, AC) on the notebook and take their mean. 4. Find the value of one vertical (pitch) scale division. 5. Determine the pitch and the least count of the spherometer (Art. 2.18] and record it stepwise. Raise the screw sufficiently upwards. 7. Place the spherometer on the convex surface so that its three legs rest on it, wards till the screw tip just touches the convex surface. hn its image in the convex glass surface). in line with the vertical (pitch) 8. Gently, turn the screw down (The tip of the screw will just toucl 9. Note the reading of the circular (disc) scale which is i scale. Let it be a (It will act as reference). 10. Remove the spherometer from over the convex surface and place it over a large size plane glass slab. number of complete rotations (n,) made by wards and count the : shen the reference reading crosses past the 11, Turn the screw down' the disc (one rotation becomes complete w pitch scale).COMPREHENSIVE PRACTICAL PHYSi¢g_ 17 % a "Table for the thickness () He je P Gap) Binwar Scale |___~ civalar Sele Reading Teal Reading > fe Reading (N) |" No, of Circular Value Observed | Correceg | gf Observations | ™m) —| gegie division on | Jn x(LC) | 1° Nen tHipee | reference line xLC. | ) (nm) (mm) (mm) | : 2. | 3. 4. CALCULATIONS 1, Find value of t for each observation and write the observed value ¢,in column (4a). 2, Write corrected value of ¢ in column (48). 3. Find mean of values of t recorded in column (48). ‘Mean thickness of the sheet, t= atthe mm. RESULT ‘The thickness of the given sheet is .. PRECAUTIONS Same as in Experiment 2. SOURCES OF ERROR Same as in Experiment 2.COMPREHENSIVE PRACTICAL p, 48 HYSIog 12, Continue till the tip of the screw just touches the plane surface of the glass sla, 18, Note the reading of the circular scale which is finally in line with the vertical, ay scale. Let it be b. 14, Find the number of circular (disc) scale division in last incomplete rotation, 15. Repeat steps 6 to 14, three times. Record the observation in tabular form. OBSERVATIONS 1. Distance between the two legs of the spherometer In A ABC, marked by legs of the spherometer: AB=....... cm | BC= cm AC=.....em . ' Mean value of )= AB+BC+CA em Fig. Distance between the 3 two legs of the spherometer 2, Least count of spherometer | 1 Pitch scale division = mm Number of full rotations given to screw = 5 Distance moved by the screw = 5 mm 5mm Hence, pitch, p = =lmm Number of divisions on circular (disc) scale = 100 Hence, least count = = = 0.01 mm 0.001 em, 3. Table for Sagitta (h) { Circular (Disc) Scale | Number of | No. of Dise | Serial Reading complete | scale divisions No. On conver | On plane | Tations | in incomplete Total Reading | of Obser-| surface | glass sheet | 0" Plane rotation hen, xp+xx(LC)| vations | Jnitial Final (n) x=(a—-b) (mm) @ (&) | 8/as8 sheet | or (100 +a)-b | 7 ~ 1 | Ck 2, | [ 3) h 3| yexsuREMENT OF LENGTH SAUCULATIONS 49 1, Find value of A in each observation a g, Find mean of value of h recorded in the last sh column. Mean value of h = fa the + ASA om cm, 3. We have, RESULT The radius of curvature of the given convex surface is .... om, PRECAUTIONS 1. The screw should move freely without friction. 2. The screw should be moved in same direction to avoid back-lash error of the screw. 3. Excess rotation should be avoided. SOURCES OF ERROR 1. The screw may have friction. 2. The spherometer may have back-lash error. 3. Circular (disc) scale divisions may not be of equal size. a THA ACE