How to Generate Response Spectra
Using SeismoMatch
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Lecture # 06
Seismic forces based on Static Lateral
Force Approach
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Static Lateral Force Procedure
Static lateral force procedure is also known as seismic analysis based on linear static
approach. According to this method the strength level design base shear is given by the
formula
where
T = fundamental period of the structure in the direction under consideration
I = seismic importance factor
Cv = a numerical coefficient dependent on the soil conditions at the site and the
seismicity of the region, as set forth in UBC Table 16-R
W = seismic dead load
R = a factor that accounts for the ductility and overstrength of the structural system,
as set forth in UBC Table 16-N
Z = seismic zone factor, as set forth in Table UBC Table 16-I. Note that Z does not
directly appear in the base shear formula. It does, however, affect the seismic
coefficients Ca and Cv . Organized by [Link] Faqeer Mohammad 82
Static Lateral Force Procedure
The base shear as specified in above equation is subject to three limits:
1. The design base shear need not exceed
[UBC Eq. (30.5)]
2. It cannot be less than
[UBC Eq. (30.6)]
where Ca is a seismic coefficient dependent on soil conditions at the site and on
regional seismicity.
3. In the zone of highest seismicity (zone 4), the design base shear must be equal to or
greater than
where Nv is a near-source factor that depends on the proximity to and activity of
known faults near the structure.
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Static Lateral Force Procedure
The near-source factor, Nv, is also used in determining the seismic coefficient Cv for
buildings located in seismic zone 4.
Seismic Zone Factor Z
Five seismic zones—numbered 1, 2A, 2B, 3, and 4—are defined. The zone for a
particular site is determined from a seismic zone map . The map accounts for the
geographical variations in the expected levels of earthquake ground shaking, and
gives the an estimated peak horizontal acceleration on rock having a 10% chance of
being exceeded in a 50-year period. The numerical values of Z are
The value of the seismic zone coefficient Z can be considered the peak ground
acceleration in percentage of gravity. For example, Z = 0.4 indicates a peak ground
acceleration of 0.4g equal to 40% of gravity.
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Static Lateral Force Procedure
Seismic Importance Factor IE
In seismic design, the importance factor I is used to increase the margin of safety
against collapse.
For buildings designed under the 1997 UBC, the values of I are as follows (Table 16-K,
UBC 1997):
Building Period T
The building period T may be determined by analysis or by using empirical formulas. It
is denoted TA if determined by empirical formulas, and TB if determined by analysis.
The following single empirical formula may be used for all framing systems:
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Static Lateral Force Procedure
Structural System Coefficient R
The coefficient R shown in below is a measure of ductility and overstrength of a
structural system, based primarily on performance of similar systems in past
earthquakes.
A higher value of R has the effect of reducing the design base shear. For example, for a
steel special moment-resisting frame, the factor has a value of 8.5, whereas for
ordinary moment-resisting frame, the value is 4.5. This reflects the fact that a special
moment-resisting frame performs better during an earthquake.
The values of R are the same as UBC 1994 values except they are divided by a load
factor of 1.4 to account for the strength level design values. For example, the new
value of R for a special moment-resisting frame is equal to the old Rw = 12, divided by
1.4. Thus, R = 12/1.4 = 8.57, which is rounded to 8.5 in 1997 UBC.
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Structural System
(a) steel moment- (b) Reinforced concrete
resisting frame; moment-resisting frame;
(c) braced steel frame; (d) reinforced
concrete shear walls;
(e) steel frame building with cast-in-place (f) steel frame building with in-filled
concrete shear walls; Organized by [Link] Faqeerwalls of nonreinforced masonry.
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Static Lateral Force Procedure
Structural Systems
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Static Lateral Force Procedure
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Static Lateral Force Procedure
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Static Lateral Force Procedure
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Static Lateral Force Procedure
Structural Systems
UBC 97 Section 1629.6 details five major categories of building types distinguished by
the method used to resist lateral force. These building types cosists of bearing walls,
building frames, moment-resisting frames, dual systems, and cantileverd columns.
In a Bearing wall system, shear walls or braced frames provide support for all or most of
the gravity loads and also resisting all lateral loads. These types of system are less
ductile (R=2.8 to 4.5).
In a Building frame system has separate systems to support lateral forces and gravity
loads. A frame is used for gravity loads and shear walls or braced frames are used to
carry lateral loads (R=5.5 to 7.0).
Moment Resisting frames are specially detailed to provide good ductility and support
for both the lateral and gravity loads by flexural action (R=3.5 to 8.5).
Dual Systems are comprises of shear walls and moment resisting frames. In this system
moment resisting frames are design to carry atleast 25% of total lateral loads (R=4.2 to
8.5).
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Static Lateral Force Procedure
Structural Systems
An Inverted Pendulum Structure consists of a structure supported on cantilever column
elements. These system resist lateral as well as gravity loads (R=2.2).
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