11 Measurement

LESSON SEQUENCE
11.1 Overview ...............................................................................................................................................................564
11.2 Area ........................................................................................................................................................................ 568
11.3 Total surface area .............................................................................................................................................. 577
11.4 Volume .................................................................................................................................................................. 588
11.5 Review ................................................................................................................................................................... 603
LESSON
11.1 Overview
Why learn this?
People must measure! How much paint or carpet will you need to
redecorate your bedroom? How many litres of water will it take to fill the
new pool? How many tiles do you need to order to retile the bathroom
walls? How far is it from the North Pole to the South Pole? These are just
a few examples where measurement skills are needed.
Measuring tools have advanced significantly in their capability to measure
extremely small and extremely large amounts and objects, leading to
many breakthroughs in medicine, engineering, science, architecture
and astronomy.
In architecture, not all buildings are simple rectangular prisms. In
our cities and towns, you will see buildings that are cylindrical in
shape, buildings with domes and even buildings that are hexagonal or
octagonal in shape. Architects, engineers and builders all understand the
relationships between these various shapes and how they are connected.
Industrial and interior designers use the properties of plane figures, prisms,
pyramids and spheres in various aspects of their work.
Have you ever wondered why tennis balls are sold in cylindrical
containers? This is an example of manufacturers wanting to minimise the amount of waste in packaging.
Understanding the concepts involved in calculating the surface area and volume of common shapes we see
around us is beneficial in many real-life situations.

Hey students! Bring these pages to life online

Watch Engage with Answer questions
videos interactivities and check solutions

Find all this and MORE in jacPLUS

Reading content Extra learning

and rich media, resources
including
interactivities
and videos for
Differentiated
every concept
question sets

Questions with
immediate
feedback, and
fully worked
solutions to help
students get
unstuck

564 Jacaranda Maths Quest 10 Stage 5 NSW Syllabus Third Edition

Exercise 11.1 Pre-test

1. Calculate the area of the shape, correct to 2 decimal places.

7.3 mm

6.1 mm

15.2 mm

2. Calculate the area of the sector, correct to 1 decimal place.

115°

3 cm

3. MC Select the total surface area of the rectangular prism from the following.

1.5 m

2m
3.2 m

A. 9.6 m2 B. 14.2 m2 C. 22.0 m2 D. 28.4 m2

4. PATH Calculate the total surface area of the sphere, correct to 1 decimal place.

15 cm

5. PATH Calculate the volume of the solid.

4 cm

A = 3 cm2

TOPIC 11 Measurement 565

 6. Calculate the area of the shape, correct to 1 decimal place.

2 cm
45°

3 cm

7. A council park is shown below.

240 m

100 m

80 m 30 m

A worker charges $30 per 1000 m2 to mow the grass. Determine how much it will cost the council to
have the grass mown.

8. MC PATH Select the total surface area of the object shown from the following.

2.5 cm

9 cm

A. 109.96 cm2 B. 112.63 cm2 C. 151.9 cm2 D. 124.36 cm2

9. Determine the volume of the triangular prism.

10 mm

5 mm

3 mm

566 Jacaranda Maths Quest 10 Stage 5 NSW Syllabus Third Edition

10. MC PATH Select the volume of the object from the following.

15 cm

20 cm

10 cm

A. 2748.9 cm3 B. 1701.7 cm3 C. 1963.5 cm3 D. 7854 cm3

11. PATH If a square-based pyramid has a height of 12 cm and a volume of 128 cm3 , then calculate the
length of the square base, correct to 2 decimal places.

The volume of a ball is given by the formula V = 𝜋r3 . Evaluate the radius of a ball with a
4
12. PATH
3
volume of 384.66 cm3 .
Give your answer correct to 1 decimal place.

13. MC PATH Determine what effect doubling the radius and halving the height of a cone will have on

its volume.
A. The volume will be the same.
B. The volume will be halved.
C. The volume will be doubled.
D. The volume will be quadrupled.

14. PATH Calculate the volume of the shape shown, correct to two decimal places.

2 cm

11.5 cm

6.3 cm
4.5 cm

15. A cylindrical soft drink can has a diameter of 6.4 cm and a height of 14.3 cm.
If the can is only half full, determine what capacity of soft drink remains, to the nearest millilitre.

TOPIC 11 Measurement 567

 LESSON
11.2 Area
LEARNING INTENTION
At the end of this lesson you should be able to:
• convert between units of area
• calculate the area of plane figures using area formulas.

11.2.1 Area
eles-4809
• The area of a figure is the amount of surface covered by the figure.
• The units used for area are mm2 , cm2 , m2 , km2 and ha (hectares).
• One unit that is often used when measuring land is the hectare. It is equal to 10 000 m2 .
• The following diagram can be used to convert between units of area.

÷ 102 ÷ 1002 ÷ 10002

mm2 cm2 m2 km2

× 102 × 1002 × 10002

Area formulas
• The table below shows the formula for the area of some common shapes.

Shape Diagram Formula

Square A = l2

Rectangle l A = lw

A = bh
1
Triangle
2
h

Parallelogram A = bh
h

568 Jacaranda Maths Quest 10 Stage 5 NSW Syllabus Third Edition

 Shape Diagram Formula

A = (a + b)h
1
Trapezium a
2
h

A=
1
Kite (including rhombus) xy
2

y
x
Circle A = 𝜋r2
r

𝜃°
Sector A= × 𝜋r2
360°

θ˚
r

WORKED EXAMPLE 1 Calculating areas of plane figures

Calculate the areas of the following plane figures, correct to 2 decimal places.
a. b.

13.5 cm
15 cm
7.5 cm 40°

THINK WRITE

a. A =
1
a. 1. The shape shown is an kite. Write the xy
2
x = 13.5 cm, y = 7.5 cm
appropriate area formula.
2. Identify the values x and y

A= × 13.5 × 7.5
1
3. Substitute the values of x and y into the

= 50.63 cm2
formula and evaluate, rounding your 2
answer correct to 2 decimal places.
𝜃
b. 1. The shape shown is a sector. Write the b. A = × 𝜋r2
formula for finding the area of a sector. 360°

TOPIC 11 Measurement 569

 2. Write the value of 𝜃 and r. 𝜃 = 40°, r = 15

A= × 𝜋 × 152
40°
3. Substitute and evaluate the expression, correct

= 78.54 cm2
to 2 decimal places. 360°

11.2.2 Areas of composite figures

eles-4810
• A composite figure is a figure made up of a combination of simple figures.
• The area of a composite figure can be calculated by:
• calculating the sum of the areas of the simple figures that make up the composite figure

• calculating the area of a larger shape and then subtracting the extra area involved.

WORKED EXAMPLE 2 Calculating areas of composite shapes

Calculate the area of each of the following composite shapes.

a. C b. A B
AB = 8 cm
EC = 6 cm
FD = 2 cm 9 cm

D C
2 cm
F E
A B
E
5 cm
D
H 10 cm G

a. Area ACBD = Area ΔABC + Area ΔABD

THINK WRITE

into two triangles: ΔABC and ΔABD.

a. 1. ACBD is a quadrilateral that can be split

Atriangle =
1
2. Write the formula for the area of a triangle bh
2
3. Identify the values of b and h for ΔABC. ΔABC: b = AB = 8, h = EC = 6
containing base and height.

570 Jacaranda Maths Quest 10 Stage 5 NSW Syllabus Third Edition

 Area of ΔABC = × AB × EC
1
the formula and calculate the area of ΔABC.
4. Substitute the values of the pronumerals into
2

= ×8×6
1

= 24 cm2
2

5. Identify the values of b and h for ΔABD. ΔABD: b = AB = 8, h = FD = 2

6. Calculate the area of ΔABD. Area of ΔABD = AB × FD

1
2

= ×8×2
1

= 8 cm2
2

Area of ACBD = 24 cm2 + 8 cm2

= 32 cm2
7. Add the areas of the two triangles together to
calculate the area of the quadrilateral ACBD.

b. 1. One way to calculate the area of the shape b. Area = Area ABGH − Area DEFC
shown is to calculate the total area of the
rectangle ABGH and then subtract the area
of the smaller rectangle DEFC.

2. Write the formula for the area of a rectangle. Arectangle = l × w

Rectangle ABGH: l = 9 + 2 + 9
= 20
3. Identify the values of the pronumerals for the

w = 10
rectangle ABGH.

Area of ABGH = 20 × 10
= 200 cm2
4. Substitute the values of the pronumerals
into the formula to calculate the area of the

Rectangle DEFC: l = 5, w = 2
rectangle ABGH.
5. Identify the values of the pronumerals for the

Area of DEFC = 5 × 2
rectangle DEFC.

= 10 cm2
6. Substitute the values of the pronumerals
into the formula to calculate the area of the

Area = 200 − 10
rectangle DEFC.

= 190 cm2
7. Subtract the area of the rectangle DEFC from
the area of the rectangle ABGH to calculate
the area of the given shape.

Resources
Resourceseses
Video eLesson Composite area (eles-1886)
Interactivities Conversion chart for area (int-3783)
Area of rectangles (int-3784)
Area of parallelograms (int-3786)
Area of trapeziums (int-3790)
Area of circles (int-3788)
Area of a sector (int-6076)
Area of a kite (int-6136)

TOPIC 11 Measurement 571

Exercise 11.2 Area
11.2 Quick quiz 11.2 Exercise

Individual pathways
PRACTISE CONSOLIDATE MASTER
1, 6, 8, 10, 13, 14, 18, 21 2, 4, 7, 11, 15, 16, 19, 22 3, 5, 9, 12, 17, 20, 23

Unless told otherwise, where appropriate, give answers correct to 2 decimal places.

Fluency
1. Calculate the areas of the following shapes.
a. b. c.

4 cm
4 cm

12 cm 15 cm

10 cm
2. Calculate the areas of the following shapes.
a. 12 cm b. c.

8 cm
15 cm 8 mm 13 mm

18 cm

7 mm

3. WE1a Calculate the areas of the following rhombuses. Answer correct to 1 decimal place.
a. b.

5m

9 mm 7m

3 mm

4. Calculate the areas of the following shapes.

a. b. c.
6m 15 cm
10 cm
7m
18 cm

572 Jacaranda Maths Quest 10 Stage 5 NSW Syllabus Third Edition

 i. stating the answer exactly, that is, in terms of 𝜋
5. WE1b Calculate the area of each of the following shapes:

ii. correct to 2 decimal places.

a. b. c.

30° 18 cm
6 mm 70°

12 cm
345°

6. MC A figure has an area of about 64 cm2 . Identify which of the following cannot possibly represent
the figure.
A. A triangle with base length 16 cm and height 8 cm
B. A circle with radius 4.51 cm
C. A rectangle with dimensions 16 cm and 4 cm
D. A rhombus with diagonals 16 cm and 4 cm C

7. MC Identify from the following list, all the lengths required to F

calculate the area of the quadrilateral shown. B

A. AC, BE and FD
B. AB, BE, AC and CD
C. BC, BE, AD and CD E
D. AC, CD and AB
A D

8. WE2 Calculate the areas of the following composite shapes.

a. 20 cm b. 40 m c. 8 cm
3 cm 2 cm

28 m 4 cm
15 cm

9. Calculate the areas of the following composite shapes.

a. b. c.

28 cm
2.1 m 18 cm
3.8 m

5 cm

12 cm

TOPIC 11 Measurement 573

10. Calculate the shaded area in each of the following.
a. b. 16 m

2m 2m
3 cm 8m

7 cm

11. Calculate the shaded area in each of the following.

a. b.

8m 3m
40°
5m

12. Calculate the shaded area in each of the following.

a. 8m b. 15 m

5m
7.5 m
3m
2m

13 m 7 m

Understanding
13. A sheet of cardboard is 1.6 m by 0.8 m. The following shapes are cut from the cardboard:
• a circular piece with radius 12 cm
• a rectangular piece 20 cm by 15 cm
• two triangular pieces with base length 30 cm and
height 10 cm
• a triangular piece with side lengths 12 cm, 10 cm and 8 cm.
Calculate the area of the remaining piece of cardboard.
14. A rectangular block of land, 12 m by 8 m, is surrounded by a
concrete path 0.5 m wide. Calculate the area of the path.
15. Concrete slabs 1 m by 0.5 m are used to cover a footpath 20 m
by 1.5 m. Determine how many slabs are needed.

574 Jacaranda Maths Quest 10 Stage 5 NSW Syllabus Third Edition

16. A city council builds a 0.5 m wide concrete path around the garden as shown below.
12 m

5m

8m
3m

Determine the cost of the job if the worker charges $40.00 per m2 .
17. A tennis court used for doubles is 10.97 m wide, but a singles court is only 8.23 m wide, as shown in the
diagram.

8.23 m
6.40 m 10.97 m
11.89 m

a. Calculate the area of the doubles tennis court.

b. Calculate the area of the singles court.
c. Determine the percentage of the doubles court that is used for singles. Give your answer to the nearest
whole number.

Communicating, reasoning and problem solving

18. Dan has purchased a country property with layout and dimensions as shown in N
the diagram.
a. Show that the property has a total area of 987.5 ha. 1500 m
5000 m
b. Dan wants to split the property in half (in terms of area) by building a straight-
2000 m
lined fence running either north–south or east–west through the property.
Assuming the cost of the fencing is a fixed amount per linear metre, justify
1000 m
where the fence should be built (that is, how many metres from the top
left-hand corner and in which direction) to minimise the cost.

work in. He chooses to make a rectangular region with dimensions x m and y = (50 − x) m. Show your
19. Romesh the excavator operator has 100 metres of barricade mesh and needs to enclose an area to safely

working when required.

a. Write an equation for the area of the region in terms of x.
b. Fill in the table for different values of x.

x 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
2
Area (m )

c. Sketch a graph of area against x.

d. Determine the values of x and y that makes the area a maximum and the maximum area.
Romesh decides to choose to make a circular area with the barricade mesh.
e. Calculate the radius of this circular region.
f. Determine how much extra area Romesh now has compared to his rectangular region.

TOPIC 11 Measurement 575

20. In question 19, Romesh the excavator operator could choose to enclose a rectangular or circular area with
100 m of barricade mesh.
In this case, the circular region resulted in a larger safe work area.
a. Show that for 150 m of barricade mesh, a circular region again results in a larger safe work area as
opposed to a rectangular region.
b. Show that for n metres of barricade mesh, a circular region will result in a larger safe work area as
opposed to a rectangular region.

21. A vegetable gardener is going to build four new rectangular garden beds side by side. Each garden bed
measures 12.5 metres long and 3.2 metres wide.
To access the garden beds, the gardener requires a path 1 metre wide between each garden bed and around
the outside of the beds.

b. The garden beds need to be mulched. Bags of mulch, costing $29.50 each, cover an area of 25 square
a. Evaluate the total area the vegetable gardener would need for the garden beds and paths.

c. The path is to be resurfaced at a cost of $39.50 per 50 square metres. Evaluate the cost of resurfacing
metres. Determine how many bags of mulch the gardener will need to purchase.

d. The gardener needs to spend a further $150 on plants. Determine the total cost of building these new
the path.

garden beds and paths.

22. The diagram shows one smaller square drawn inside a larger square on grid paper.
a. Determine what fraction of the area of the larger square is the area of the smaller
square.

b. Another square with side lengths of 10 cm has a smaller square drawn inside. x
Determine the values of x and y if the smaller square is half the larger square.
y

A circle with a radius of 10 cm has ∠AOB equal to 90°.

23. The shaded area in the diagram is called a segment of a circle.

A second circle, also with a radius of 10 cm, has ∠AOB equal to 120°.
Evaluate the difference in the areas of the segments of these two circles,
correct to 2 decimal places. O

A B

576 Jacaranda Maths Quest 10 Stage 5 NSW Syllabus Third Edition

 LESSON
11.3 Total surface area
LEARNING INTENTION
At the end of this lesson you should be able to:
• calculate the total surface area of rectangular prisms and pyramids
• calculate the total surface area of cylinders and spheres
• calculate the total surface area of cones
• calculate the surface area of composite solids
• solve worded problems involving surface area.

11.3.1 Total surface area of solids

eles-4811
• The total surface area (TSA) of a solid is the sum of the areas of all the faces of that solid.
• TSA can be found by summing the areas of each face.
• Check the total number of faces to ensure that none are left out.
• For right prisms, drawing a net, such as with the examples below, can be useful to ensure all faces are
accounted for.

TSA of rectangular prisms, cubes and cylinders

TSA = 2(lh + lw + wh)

Shape Diagram Formula
Rectangular prism (cuboid)

h w

TSA = 6l2
l
Cube

TSA = Acurved surface + Acircular ends

l

= 2𝜋rh + 2𝜋r2
Cylinder r

= 2𝜋r (h + r)
h

TOPIC 11 Measurement 577

 WORKED EXAMPLE 3 Calculating the TSA of a cylinder

Calculate the total surface area of the cylinder, correct to the nearest cm2 . 50 cm

1.5 m

TSA = 2𝜋r (r + h)
THINK WRITE
1. Write the formula for the TSA of a cylinder.

r = 50 cm, h = 1.5 m
= 150 cm
2. Identify the values for r and h. Note that the
units will need to be the same.

TSA = 2 × 𝜋 × 50 × (50 + 150)

= 62 831.9 cm2
3. Substitute and evaluate.

4. Write the answer to correct to the ≈ 62 832 cm2

2
nearest cm , with units.

11.3.2 Total surface area of spheres, cones and pyramids (Path)

eles-4812

Total surface area of a sphere

TSA = 4𝜋r2
Shape Diagram Formula
Sphere
Radius

PATH
WORKED EXAMPLE 4 Calculating the TSA of a sphere

Calculate the total surface area of the sphere, correct to the nearest cm2 .
r = 7 cm

TSA = 4𝜋r2
THINK WRITE

1. Write the formula for the TSA of a sphere.

2. Identify the value for r. r=7

TSA = 4 × 𝜋 × 72
≈ 615.8 cm2
3. Substitute and evaluate.

4. Write the answer to correct to the ≈ 616 cm2

2
nearest cm , with units.

578 Jacaranda Maths Quest 10 Stage 5 NSW Syllabus Third Edition

 • The total surface area of a cone can be found by considering its net, which is comprised of a small circle

r = radius of the cone

and a sector of a larger circle.

l = slant height of the cone

l

l h = perpendicular height of the cone

h
r r

• The sector is a fraction of the full circle of radius l with circumference 2𝜋l.
• The sector has an arc length equivalent to the circumference of the base of the cone, 2𝜋r.

= .
• The fraction of the full circle represented by the sector can be found by writing the arc length as a fraction
2𝜋r r
of the circumference of the full circle,

Area of a sector = fraction of the circle × 𝜋l2

2𝜋l l

= × 𝜋l2
r

= 𝜋rl
l

relation between h, l and r can be determined using Pythagoras’ theorem: h = l2 − r2 .

• Note: the perpendicular height h is not used in the formula to calculate the surface area of a cone, the
√

Total surface area of a cone

Shape Diagram Formula
TSA = Acircular end + Acurved surface
= 𝜋r2 + 𝜋rl
Cone

= 𝜋r (r + l)
l

PATH
WORKED EXAMPLE 5 Calculating the TSA of a cone

Calculate the total surface area of the cone shown, correct to one decimal place.

15 cm

12 cm

TSA = 𝜋r (r + l)
THINK WRITE

r = 12, l = 15
1. Write the formula for the TSA of a cone.

TSA = 𝜋 × 12 × (12 + 15)

2. State the values of r and l.

= 1017.9 cm2
3. Substitute and evaluate to obtain the answer.

TOPIC 11 Measurement 579

PATH
WORKED EXAMPLE 6 Calculating the TSA of a pyramid

Calculate the total surface area of the square-based pyramid shown.

5 cm

6 cm

1. There are five faces: The square base and four TSA = Area of square base + area of four
THINK WRITE/DRAW

identical triangles. triangular faces

Area of base = l2 , where l = 6

Area of base = 62
2. Calculate the area of the square base.

= 36 cm2

3. Draw and label one triangular face and write

the formula for determining its area.
5 cm
h

Area of a triangular face = bh; b = 6

3 cm
1
2
a2 = c2 − b2 , where a = h, b = 3, c = 5
h2 = 52 − 32
4. Calculate the height of the triangle, h, using

h2 = 25 − 9
Pythagoras’ theorem.

h2 = 16
h = 4 cm

Area of triangular face = × 6 × 4

1
substituting b = 6 and h = 4.
5. Calculate the area of the triangular face by
2
= 12 cm2

TSA = 36 + 4 × 12
= 36 + 48
6. Calculate the TSA by adding the area of the

= 84 cm2
square base and the area of four identical
triangular faces together.

580 Jacaranda Maths Quest 10 Stage 5 NSW Syllabus Third Edition

PATH
WORKED EXAMPLE 7 Calculating the TSA of a composite solid

Calculate the total surface area of the solid shown correct to 1 decimal place.

6 cm

10 cm

TSA = 5 × area of a square

THINK WRITE/DRAW

+ 4 × area of a triangle
1. The solid shown has nine faces — five identical

Asquare = l2 , where l = 10
squares and four identical triangles.

A = 102
2. Calculate the area of one square face with the side

A = 100 cm2
length 10 cm.

3. Draw a triangular face and label the three sides.

Use Pythagoras’s theorem to calculate the height of
the triangle, and substitute this value in the formula 6 cm 6 cm
h cm
for the area of a triangle.
5 cm

52 + h2 = 62
10 cm

25 + h2 = 36
4. Use Pythagoras’s theorem in the triangle with sides

h2 = 11
5 cm and h cm and hypothenuse 6 cm. Evaluate the

h2 = 11
value of h.
√

b×h
A=
5. State the formula for the area of a triangle of base b
and height h. Substitute and evaluate.

10 × 11
2

A=
√

A = 5 11
2
√

A = 16.583 124 … cm2

TSA = 5 × 100 + 4 × 16.583 124 …

= 566.3325 …
6. Determine the TSA of the solid by adding the area of
the five squares and four triangles.
= 566.3 cm2 (to 1 decimal place)
Note: Rounding is not done until the final step. It is important to realise that rounding too early can affect
the accuracy of results.

TOPIC 11 Measurement 581

PATH
WORKED EXAMPLE 8 Applying surface area in worded problems

The silo shown is to be built from metal. The top portion of the silo is a cylinder of diameter 4 m and
height 8 m. The bottom part of the silo is a cone of slant height 3 m. The silo has a circular opening of
radius 30 cm on the top.

4m 8m

3m

b. If it costs $12.50 per m2 to cover the surface with an anti-rust material, determine how much will it
a. Calculate the area of metal (to the nearest m2 ) that is required to build the silo.

cost to cover the silo completely.

a. TSA = area of annulus

THINK WRITE

+ area of curved section of a cylinder

a. 1. The surface area of the silo consists of an

+ area of curved section of a cone

annulus, the curved part of the cylinder and
the curved section of the cone.

Area of annulus = Alarge circle − Asmall circle

= 𝜋r2 − 𝜋R2
2. To calculate the area of the annulus,
subtract the area of the small circle from

Let R = radius of small circle. Remember to where r = = 2 m and R = 30 cm = 0.3 m.

the area of the larger circle. 4

Area of annulus = 𝜋 × 22 − 𝜋 × 0.32

2

= 12.28 m
convert all measurements to the same units.

Area of curved section of cylinder = 2𝜋rh

where r = 2, h = 8.
3. The middle part of the silo is the curved

Area of curved section of cylinder = 2 × 𝜋 × 2 × 8

part of a cylinder. Determine its area.

TSAcylinder = 2𝜋r2 + 2𝜋rh, the curved part = 100.53 m2

(Note that in the formula

Area of curved section of cone = 𝜋rl

is represented by 2𝜋rh.)

where r = 2, l = 3.
4. The bottom part of the silo is the curved

that in the formula TSAcone = 𝜋r2 + 𝜋rl, the Area of curved section of cone = 𝜋 × 2 × 3
section of a cone. Determine its area. (Note

curved part is given by 𝜋rl.) = 18.85 m2

TSA = 12.28 + 100.53 + 18.85

= 131.66 m2
5. Calculate the total surface area of the silo
by finding the sum of the surface areas
calculated above.
6. Write the answer in words. The area of metal required is 132 m2 , correct
to the nearest square metre.
b. Cost = 132 × $12.50
= $1650.00
b. To determine the total cost, multiply the total
surface area of the silo by the cost of the anti-
rust material per m2 ($12.50).

582 Jacaranda Maths Quest 10 Stage 5 NSW Syllabus Third Edition

 Resources
Resourceseses
Video eLesson Total surface area of prisms (eles-1909)
Interactivities Surface area of a prism (int-6079)
Surface area of a cylinder (int-6080)
Surface area (int-6477)

Exercise 11.3 Total surface area

11.3 Quick quiz 11.3 Exercise

Individual pathways
PRACTISE CONSOLIDATE MASTER
1, 5, 7, 11, 12, 14, 19, 22 2, 6, 9, 10, 13, 16, 17, 20, 23 3, 4, 8, 15, 18, 21, 24

Unless told otherwise, where appropriate, give answers correct to 1 decimal place.

Fluency
1. Calculate the total surface areas of the solids shown.
a. b. c. 12 cm d. 2m

15 cm 1.5 m

20 cm 3m

10 cm 8 cm

2. WE3 Calculate the total surface area of the solids shown below.
a. 21 cm b. 0.5 m

30 cm 2.1 m

3. WE4&5 PATH Calculate the total surface area of the spheres and cones below.
a. r=3m b.
12 cm
r

c. d.
8 cm

20 cm
12 cm
14 cm

TOPIC 11 Measurement 583

4. WE6 PATH Calculate the total surface area of the solids below.
a. b.
12 cm 2.5 m

15 cm 1.5 m

c. d.
9.1 cm
m
8c 14 cm
6 cm
10 cm
5.1 cm 7.2 cm
7 cm

5. Calculate the surface areas of the following.

b. A rectangular prism 6 m × 4 m × 2.1 m.

a. A cube of side length 1.5 m.

c. A cylinder of radius 30 cm and height 45 cm, open at one end.

6. PATH Calculate the surface areas of the following.

a. A sphere of radius 28 mm.
b. An open cone of radius 4 cm and slant height 10 cm.
c. A square pyramid of base length 20 cm and slant edge 30 cm.

7. WE7 PATH Calculate the total surface area of the objects shown.
a. 8 cm b. c.
10 cm
5 cm
12 cm
5 cm 5 cm

20 cm 20 cm

35 cm
3 cm
12 cm

8. PATH Calculate the total surface area of the objects shown.

a. b. c. 5 cm

2 cm 3.5 cm
m 20 cm
2.5 c
3 cm
10 cm
12 cm

15 cm

9. MC A cube has a total surface area of 384 cm2 . Calculate the length of the edge of the cube.
A. 9 cm B. 8 cm C. 7 cm D. 6 cm

584 Jacaranda Maths Quest 10 Stage 5 NSW Syllabus Third Edition

Understanding
10. PATH In each of these diagrams name the dimensions given.
a. b.

9 cm

7 cm
12 cm

5 cm

c.

12 cm

7.6 cm
11. PATH Calculate the surface area of the following.
a. b.

6 cm

17 cm 11 cm
5 cm
13 cm 13 cm

wooden door of dimensions 1.2 m × 0.5 m.

12. WE8 The greenhouse shown is to be built using shade cloth. It has a
PATH

a. Calculate the total area of shade cloth needed to complete the

b. Determine the cost of the shade cloth at $6.50 per m2 .

greenhouse.

2.5 m 5m

3m

13. PATH A cylinder is joined to a hemisphere to make a cake holder, as shown.

The surface of the cake holder is to be chromed at 5.5 cents per cm2 .
a. Calculate the total surface area to be chromed.
b. Determine the cost of chroming the cake holder. 10 cm
15 cm

TOPIC 11 Measurement 585

14. A steel girder is to be painted. Calculate the area of the surface to be painted.

2 cm

2 cm
5 cm
20 cm
120 cm

2 cm

Open cones are made from nets cut from a large sheet of paper 1.2 m × 1.0 m. If a cone has a radius of
12 cm
15. PATH

6 cm and a slant height of 10 cm, determine how many cones can be made from the sheet. (Assume there is
5% wastage of paper.)
16. A prism of height 25 cm has a base in the shape of a rhombus with diagonals of 12 cm and 16 cm.
Calculate the total surface area of the prism.

protect the structure, all exposed sides are to be treated. The glass costs $1.50/cm2 to treat and the concrete
17. PATH A hemispherical glass dome, with a diameter of 24 cm, sits on a concrete cube with sides of 50 cm. To

costs 5 c/cm2 .
Calculate the cost in treating the structure if the base of the cube is already fixed to the ground. Give your
answer to the nearest dollar.
18. PATH An inverted cone with side length 4 metres is placed on top of a sphere such that
√ the centre of the
cone’s base is 0.5 metres above the centre of the sphere. The radius of the sphere is 2 metres.

4m

0.5 m
2m

a. Calculate the exact total surface area of the sphere.

2m

b. Calculate the radius of the cone exactly.

c. Calculate the area of the curved surface of the cone exactly.

4m

586 Jacaranda Maths Quest 10 Stage 5 NSW Syllabus Third Edition

Communicating, reasoning and problem solving
19. A shower recess with dimensions 1500 mm (back wall) by 900 mm (side wall) needs to have the back and
two side walls tiled to a height of 2 m.
a. Calculate the area to be tiled in m2 .
b. Justify that 180 tiles (including those that need to be cut) of dimension 20 cm by 20 cm will be required.

c. Evaluate the cheapest option of tiling; $1.50/tile or $39.50/box, where a box covers 1 m2 , or tiles of
Disregard the grout and assume that once a tile is cut, only one piece of the tile can be used.

dimension 30 cm by 30 cm costing $3.50/tile.

20. The table shown below is to be varnished (including the base 80 cm
of each leg). The tabletop has a thickness of 180 mm and the 60 cm
cross-sectional dimensions of the legs are 50 mm by 50 mm.
A friend completes the calculation without a calculator as shown.
Assume there are no simple calculating errors.
Analyse the working presented and justify if the TSA calculated 70 cm
is correct.

2 × (0.8 × 0.6)
16 × (0.52 × 0.05)
Tabletop (inc. leg bases) 0.96

0.18 × (2 (0.8 + 0.6))

Legs 0.416
Tabletop edging 0.504
TSA 1.88 m2

21. A soccer ball is made up of a number of hexagons sewn together on its surface. 2 cm

Calculate 𝜃°.
Each hexagon can be considered to have dimensions as shown in the diagram.
a. y
b. Calculate the values of x and y exactly. x
c. Calculate the area of the trapezium in the diagram.
d. Hence, determine the area of the hexagon. √
e. If the total surface area of the soccer ball is 192 3 cm2 , determine how many θ
hexagons are on its surface.

22. Phuong is re-covering a footstool in the shape of a cylinder with diameter 50 cm and
height 30 cm. She also intends to cover the base of the cushion. She has 1 m2 of fabric to
make this footstool.
When calculating the area of fabric required, allow an extra 20% of the total surface area
to cater for seams and pattern placings.
Explain whether Phuong has enough material to cover the footstool.

23. If the surface area of a sphere to that of a cylinder is in the ratio 4 ∶ 3 and the sphere has a radius of 3a, show
√
3 3a
that if the radius of the cylinder is equal to its height, then the radius of the cylinder is .
2
24. PATH A frustum of a cone is a cone with the top sliced off, as shown.

t
s s

TOPIC 11 Measurement 587

 When the curved side is ‘opened up’, it creates a shape, ABYX, as shown in the diagram.
V
x x
A θ B
s 2πt s

X Y
2πr

a. Write an expression for the arc length XY in terms of the angle 𝜃. Write another expression for the arc
2𝜋 (r − t)
length AB in terms of the same angle 𝜃. Show that, in radians, 𝜃 = .

b. i. Using the above formula for 𝜃, show that x =

s

(r − t)
st
.

ii. Use similar triangles to confirm this formula.

c. Determine the area of sectors AVB and XVY and hence determine the area of ABYX. Add the areas of
the 2 circles to the area of ABYX to determine the TSA of a frustum.

LESSON
11.4 Volume
LEARNING INTENTION
At the end of this lesson you should be able to:
• calculate the volume of prisms, including cylinders
• calculate the volume of spheres
• calculate the volume of pyramids
• calculate the volume of composite solids
• solve worded problems involving volume.

11.4.1 Volume
eles-4814

• Volume is measured in units of mm3 , cm3 and m3 .

• The volume of a 3-dimensional object is the amount of space it takes up.

• The following diagram can be used to convert between units of volume.

÷ 103 ÷ 1003

mm3 cm3 m3

× 103 × 1003

588 Jacaranda Maths Quest 10 Stage 5 NSW Syllabus Third Edition

Volume of a solid with a uniform cross-sectional area
• The volume of any solid with a uniform cross-sectional area is given by the formula shown below.

Volume of a solid with uniform cross-sectional area

V = AH

where A is the area of the cross-section and H is the height of the solid.

Shape Diagram Formula

Volume = AH
= area of a square × height
Cube

= l2 × l
l

= l3

Volume = AH
= area of a rectangle × height
Rectangular prism

= lwh
h

Volume = AH
l

= area of a circle × height

Cylinder r

h = 𝜋r2 h

Volume = AH
= area of a triangle × height
Triangular prism

= bh × H
1
h
H 2

WORKED EXAMPLE 9 Calculating volumes of prisms

Calculate the volumes of the following shapes when necessary, correctly rounding to
two decimal places.
a. 14 cm b. 5 cm

20 cm 4 cm
10 cm

TOPIC 11 Measurement 589

 a. V = AH
THINK WRITE

= 𝜋r2 h
a. 1. Write the formula for the volume of the
cylinder (prism).

2. Identify the value of the pronumerals. r = 14, h = 20

V = 𝜋 × 142 × 20
≈ 12 315.04 cm3
3. Substitute and evaluate the answer, express
answer with units.

b. V = bh × H
1
b. 1. Write the formula for the volume of a
2
b = 4, h = 5, H = 10
triangular prism.
2. Identify the value of the pronumerals.
(Note: h is the height of the triangle and H

V= × 4 × 5 × 10
is the depth of the prism.)
1
3. Substitute and evaluate the answer, express

= 100 cm3
answer with units. 2

WORKED EXAMPLE 10 Changing the dimensions of a prism

a. If each of the side lengths of a cube are doubled, then determine the effect on its volume.
b. If the radius is halved and the height of a cylinder is doubled, then determine the effect on
its volume.

V = l3
THINK WRITE

a. 1. Write the formula for the volume of the cube. a.

2. Identify the value of the pronumeral. lnew = 2l

Note: Doubling is the same as multiplying
by 2.
3. Substitute and evaluate. Vnew = (2l)3

4. Compare the answer obtained in step 3 with = 8l3

the volume of the original shape.
5. Write your answer. Doubling each side length of a cube increases
the volume by a factor of 8; that is, the new
volume will be 8 times as large as the original

b. V = 𝜋r2 h
volume.
b. 1. Write the formula for the volume of
the cylinder.
rnew = , hnew = 2h
r
2. Identify the value of the pronumerals.
Note: Halving is the same as dividing by 2. 2

Vnew = 𝜋
( )2
r
3. Substitute and evaluate. 2h
2

=𝜋× × 2✁h
r2

𝜋r2 h
24
✁

=
2

590 Jacaranda Maths Quest 10 Stage 5 NSW Syllabus Third Edition

 = 𝜋r2 h
1
4. Compare the answer obtained in step 3 with
the volume of the original shape. 2
5. Write your answer. Halving the radius and doubling the height of a
cylinder decreases the volume by a factor of 2;
that is, the new volume will be half the original
volume.

DISCUSSION
The volumes of two solids were being compared.
The first solid is a rectangular prism, with a square base (length 6 cm) and a height of 20 cm. It
has a cylindrical cut out straight through.
The second is a cylinder with diameter of 6 cm and a height of 20 cm. It has a square prism cut
straight through.
Predict, giving reasons, which would have the greater volume.
Calculate both solids volume.
Do these calculations support your prediction?

20 cm
20 cm

6 cm
6 cm

11.4.2 Volumes of common shapes

eles-4815
Volume of a sphere (Path)
• The volume of a sphere of radius r is given by the following formula.

Volume of a sphere
Shape Diagram Formula

V = 𝜋r3
Sphere 4
3

TOPIC 11 Measurement 591

PATH
WORKED EXAMPLE 11 Calculating the volume of a sphere

Calculate the volume of a sphere of radius 9 cm. Answer correct to 1 decimal place.
THINK WRITE

V = 𝜋r3
4
1. Write the formula for the volume of
3

r=9
a sphere.
2. Identify the value of r.

V= × 𝜋 × 93
4
3. Substitute and evaluate, express answer

= 3053.6 cm3
with units. 3

Volume of a pyramid (Path)

• Pyramids are not prisms, as the cross-section changes from the base upwards.
• The volume of a pyramid is one-third the volume of the prism with the same base and height.

Volume of a pyramid
Shape Diagram Formula

Vpyramid = AH
1
Pyramid
3

Area of base = A

Base

Volume of a cone
• The cone is a pyramid with a circular base.

592 Jacaranda Maths Quest 10 Stage 5 NSW Syllabus Third Edition

 Volume of a cone
Shape Diagram Formula

Vcone = 𝜋r2 h
1
Cone
3

PATH
WORKED EXAMPLE 12 Calculating the volume of pyramids and cones

Calculate the volume of each of the following solids, rounding to two decimal places where necessary.
a. b.

10 cm 12 cm

8 cm

8 cm

THINK WRITE

a. V = 𝜋r h
1 2
a. 1. Write the formula for the volume of a cone.

r = 8, h = 10
3
2. Identify the values of r and h.

V= × 𝜋 × 82 × 10
1
3. Substitute and evaluate, express answer
3
= 670.21 cm3
with units.

b. V =
1
b. 1. Write the formula for the volume of AH
a pyramid. 3

A = l2 where l = 8
A = 82
2. Calculate the area of the square base.

= 64 cm2
3. Identify the value of H. H = 12

V= × 64 × 12
1
4. Substitute and evaluate, express answer
3
= 256 cm3
with units.

11.4.3 Volume of composite solids (Path)

eles-4816
• A composite solid is a combination of a number of solids.
• Calculate the volume of each solid separately.
• Sum these volumes to give the volume of the composite solid.

TOPIC 11 Measurement 593

 PATH
WORKED EXAMPLE 13 Calculating the volume of a composite solid

Calculate the volume of the composite solid shown.

3m

1.5 m

V = Volume of cube + Volume of pyramid

THINK WRITE
1. The given solid is a composite figure, made up
of a cube and a square-based pyramid.
Vcube = l3 where l = 3
Vcube = 33
2. Calculate the volume of the cube.

= 27 m3

Vsquare-based pyramid = AH
1
3. Write the formula for the volume of a
square-based pyramid. 3

A = l2
= 32
4. Calculate the area of the square base.

= 9 m2

5. Identify the value of H. H = 1.5

Vsquare-based pyramid = × 9 × 1.5

1
6. Substitute and evaluate the volume of
3
= 4.5 m3
the pyramid.

V = 27 + 4.5
= 31.5 m3
7. Calculate the total volume by adding the
volume of the cube and pyramid.

11.4.4 Capacity
eles-4817
• Some 3-dimensional objects are hollow and can be filled with liquid or some other substance.
• The amount of substance that a container can hold is called its capacity.

where 1 mL = 1 cm3
• Capacity is essentially the same as volume but is usually measured in mL, L, kL and ML (megalitres)

1 L = 1000 cm3
1 kL = 1 m3 .
• The following diagram can be used to convert between units of capacity.

÷ 1000 ÷ 1000 ÷ 1000

mL L kL mL

× 1000 × 1000 × 1000

594 Jacaranda Maths Quest 10 Stage 5 NSW Syllabus Third Edition

 WORKED EXAMPLE 14 Calculating the capacity of a prism

Determine the capacity (in litres) of a cuboidal aquarium that is

50 cm long, 30 cm wide and 40 cm high.

V = lwh
THINK WRITE
1. Write the formula for the volume of a

l = 50, w = 30, h = 40
rectangular prism.
2. Identify the values of the pronumerals.

V = 50 × 30 × 40
= 60 000 cm3
3. Substitute and evaluate.

= 60 000 mL
millilitres, using 1 cm3 = 1 mL.
4. State the capacity of the container in

5. Since 1 L = 1000 mL, to convert millilitres = 60 L

to litres divide by 1000.
6. Write the answer in a sentence. The capacity of the fish tank is 60 L.

Resources
Resourceseses
Interactivities Volume 1 (int-3791)
Volume 2 (int-6476)
Volume of solids (int-3794)

Exercise 11.4 Volume

11.4 Quick quiz 11.4 Exercise

Individual pathways
PRACTISE CONSOLIDATE MASTER
1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 15, 18, 23, 27 2, 6, 8, 10, 13, 16, 19, 21, 24, 28 4, 11, 14, 17, 20, 22, 25, 26, 29, 30

Fluency
1. Calculate the volumes of the following prisms.
a. b. c. 12 cm d.

15 cm
4.2 cm
20 cm
7.5 cm
3 cm 4.2 m 3 cm

TOPIC 11 Measurement 595

 2. Calculate the volume of each of these solids.
a. b.

18 mm
15 cm

[Base area: 25 mm2]

[Base area: 24 cm2]
3. WE9 Calculate the volume of each of the following. Give each answer correct to 1 decimal place
where appropriate.
a. b. c.
10 cm

14 cm 2.7 m 7 cm
12 cm 1.5 m
8 cm

4. Calculate the volume of each of the following. Give each answer correct to 1 decimal place
where appropriate.
a. b. c.
12 mm
45 c
6.

m
5
m

8 mm
35° 18 cm
6 mm

7.1 m

5. WE11 PATH Determine the volume of a sphere (correct to 1 decimal place) with a radius of:
a. 1.2 m b. 15 cm c. 7 mm d. 50 cm

6. PATH Calculate the volume of each of these figures, correct to 2 decimal places.
a. b.

30 cm
1.4 m

c. d.

4.6 m
18 mm

596 Jacaranda Maths Quest 10 Stage 5 NSW Syllabus Third Edition

 7. WE12a PATH Determine the volume of each of the following cones, correct to 1 decimal place.
a. b.

20 mm 22 mm
10 cm

6 cm

8. WE12b PATH Calculate the volume of each of the following pyramids.

a. 12 cm b.

42 cm
24 cm

10 cm 30 cm

9. WE13 PATH Calculate the volume of each of the following composite solids correct to 2 decimal places

where appropriate.
a. 8 cm b.
10 cm
5 cm
12 cm
5 cm

20 cm
20 cm
35 cm
12 cm
10. PATH Calculate the volume of each of the following composite solids correct to 2 decimal places
where appropriate.
a. b.

2 cm
m
5 cm 2.5 c
3 cm

3 cm

11. PATH Calculate the volume of each of the following composite solids correct to 2 decimal places
where appropriate.
a. b. 5 cm

3.5 cm
20 cm

10 cm
12 cm

15 cm

TOPIC 11 Measurement 597

Understanding
12. WE10 Answer the following questions.
a. If the side length of a cube is tripled, then determine the effect on
its volume.
b. If the side length of a cube is halved, then determine the effect on
its volume.
c. If the radius is doubled and the height of a cylinder is halved, then
determine the effect on its volume.
d. If the radius is doubled and the height of a cylinder is divided by
four, then determine the effect on its volume.
e. If the length is doubled, the width is halved and the height of a
rectangular prism is tripled, then determine the effect on its volume.

13. MC PATH A hemispherical bowl has a thickness of 2 cm and an outer diameter of 25 cm.
2 cm

25 cm
If the bowl is filled with water, the capacity of the water will be closest to:
A. 2.42452 L B. 1.30833 L C. 3.05208 L D. 2.61666 L

14. PATH Tennis balls of diameter 8 cm are packed in a box 40 cm × 32 cm × 10 cm, as

shown. Determine, correct to 2 decimal places, how much space is left unfilled.

15. WE13 A cylindrical water tank has a diameter of 1.5 m and a height of 2.5 m. Determine the capacity
(in litres) of the tank, correct to 1 decimal place.

16. PATH A monument in the shape of a rectangular pyramid (base length of 10 cm, base width of 6 cm, height of

8 cm), a spherical glass ball (diameter of 17 cm) and conical glassware (radius of 14 cm, height of 10 cm) are
packed in a rectangular prism of dimensions 30 cm by 25 cm by 20 cm. The extra space in the box is filled
up by a packing material.
Determine, correct to 2 decimal places, the volume of packing material that is required.

598 Jacaranda Maths Quest 10 Stage 5 NSW Syllabus Third Edition

17. PATH A swimming pool is being constructed so that it is the upper part of an inverted square-based pyramid.
8m

3m
4m
H

a. Calculate H.
b. Calculate the volume of the pool.
c. Determine how many 6 m3 bins will be required to take the dirt away.
d. Determine how many litres of water are required to fill this pool.
e. Determine how deep the pool is when it is half-filled.
18. PATH A soft drink manufacturer is looking to repackage cans of soft drink to minimise the cost of packaging

while keeping the volume constant.

Consider a can of soft drink with a capacity of 400 mL.
a. If the soft drink was packaged in a spherical can:
i. calculate the radius of the sphere, correct to 2 decimal places
ii. determine the total surface area of this can, correct to 1 decimal place.
b. If the soft drink was packaged in a cylindrical can with a radius
of 3 cm:
i. calculate the height of the cylinder, correct to 2 decimal places
ii. determine the total surface area of this can, correct to 2 decimal places.
c. If the soft drink was packaged in a square-based pyramid with a base side
length of 6 cm:
i. calculate the height of the pyramid, correct to 2 decimal places
ii. determine the total surface area of this can, correct to 2 decimal places.
d. Explain which can you would recommend the soft drink manufacturer use for its repackaging.

19. The volume of a cylinder is given by the formula V = 𝜋r2 h.

a. Transpose the formula to make h the subject.
b. A given cylinder has a volume of 1600 cm3 .
Calculate its height, correct to 1 decimal place, if it has a radius of:
i. 4 cm ii. 8 cm.
c. Transpose the formula to make r the subject.
d. Explain what restrictions must be placed on r.
e. A given cylinder has a volume of 1800 cm3 . Determine its radius, correct to 1 decimal place, if it has a
height of:
i. 10 cm ii. 15 cm.

20. PATH A toy maker has enough rubber to make one super-ball of radius 30 cm. Determine how many balls of
radius 3 cm he can make from this rubber.
21. A manufacturer plans to make a cylindrical water tank to hold 2000 L of water.
a. Calculate the height, correct to 2 decimal places, if he uses a radius of 500 cm.
b. Calculate the radius, correct to 2 decimal places if he uses a height of 500 cm.
c. Determine the surface area of each of the two tanks. Assume the tank is a closed cylinder and give your
answer in square metres correct to 2 decimal places.

TOPIC 11 Measurement 599

22. The ancient Egyptians knew that the volume of the frustum of a square-based pyramid was given by
the formula V = h x2 + xy + y2 , although how they discovered this is unclear. (A frustum is the part of a
PATH

1 ( )
3
cone or pyramid that is left when the top is cut off.)

a. Calculate the volume of the frustum below, correct to 2 decimal places.

b. Determine the volume of the missing portion of the square-based pyramid shown, correct to
2 decimal places.

4m
5m

6m

Communicating, reasoning and problem solving

23. The Hastings’ family house has a rectangular roof with dimensions 17 m × 10 m providing water to three
cylindrical water tanks, each with a radius of 1.25 m and a height of 2.1 m.
Show that approximately 182 millimetres of rain must fall on the roof to fill the tanks.

24. PATH Archimedes is considered to be one of the greatest mathematicians of all time. He discovered several
of the formulas used in this chapter. Inscribed on his tombstone was a diagram of his proudest discovery. It
shows a sphere inscribed (fitting exactly) into a cylinder.
Show that:

=
volume of the cylinder surface area of the cylinder
volume of the sphere surface area of the sphere

600 Jacaranda Maths Quest 10 Stage 5 NSW Syllabus Third Edition

25. PATH Marion has mixed together ingredients for a cake. The recipe requires a baking tin that is cylindrical in
shape with a diameter of 20 cm and a height of 5 cm.
Marion only has a tin in the shape of a trapezoidal prism and a muffin tray consisting of 24 muffin cups.
Each of the muffin cups in the tray is a portion of a cone. Both the tin and muffin cup are shown in the
diagrams.
Explain whether Marion should use the tin or the muffin tray.
12 cm
8 cm

4 cm
4 cm
10 cm
15 cm

8 cm

26. Sam is having his 16th birthday party and wants to make an
ice trough to keep drinks cold. He has found a square piece
of sheet metal with a side length of 2 metres.
He cuts squares of side length x metres from each corner,
then bends the sides of the remaining sheet.
When four squares of the appropriate side length are
cut from the corners, the capacity of the trough can be
maximised at 588 litres.
Explain how Sam should proceed to maximise the capacity
of the trough.

27. PATH Nathaniel and Reiko are going to the snow for survival camp. They

plan to construct an igloo, consisting of an entrance and a hemispherical

living section as shown. 1.5 m
Nathaniel and Annie are asked to redraw their plans and increase the
height of the liveable region (hemispherical structure) so that the total
volume (including entrance) is doubled.
Determine what must the new height of the hemisphere be to achieve 1.5 m
this so that the total volume (including entrance) is doubled. 1m
Write your answer in metres correct to 2 decimal places.

28. PATH Six tennis balls are just contained in a cylinder as the balls touch
the sides and the end sections of the cylinder.
Each tennis ball has a radius of R cm.
a. Express the height of the cylinder in terms of R.
b. Evaluate the total volume of the tennis balls.
c. Determine the volume of the cylinder in terms of R.

of the cylinder is 2 ∶ 3.
d. Show that the ratio of the volume of the tennis balls to the volume

TOPIC 11 Measurement 601

29. PATH A frustum of a square-based pyramid is a square pyramid with the top sliced off. H is the height of the

full pyramid and h is the height of the frustum.

x
H
x

X
X

a. Determine the volume of the large pyramid that has a square base side of X cm.
b. Evaluate the volume of the small pyramid that has a square base side of x cm.

c. Show that the relationship between H and h is given by H =

X−x
Xh
.

d. Show that the volume of the frustum is given by h X2 + x2 + Xx .

1 ( )
3
30. PATH A large container is five-eighths full of ice-cream. After removing 27 identical scoops, it is one-quarter

full. Determine how many scoops of ice-cream are left in the container.

602 Jacaranda Maths Quest 10 Stage 5 NSW Syllabus Third Edition

LESSON
11.5 Review
11.5.1 Topic summary
Prisms and cylinders Units of area, volume and capacity
• Prisms are 3D objects that have a uniform Area:
cross section and all flat surfaces.
÷ 102 ÷ 1002 ÷ 10002
• The surface area of a prism is calculated by adding the
areas of its faces. square square square square
• The volume of a prism is V = AH, where A is the millimetres centimetres metres kilometres
cross-sectional area of the prism, and H is the (mm2) (cm2) (m2) (km2)
perpendicular height. 102 = 100 1002 = 10 000 10002 = 1 000 000
• A cylinder is a 3D object that
has a circular cross-section. × 102 × 1002 × 10002
• The curved surface area
of a cylinder is 2πrh, and h 1 hectare (ha) = 10 000 m2
the total surface area is Volume:
2πr 2 + 2πrh = 2πrh(r + h). r
÷ 103 ÷ 1003 ÷ 10003
• The volume of a cylinder is
V = πr 2h.
mm3 cm3 m3 km3

MEASUREMENT × 103 × 1003 × 10003

Capacity:
Pyramids (Path) ÷ 1000 ÷ 1000 ÷ 1000
• The surface area of a pyramid can be calculated
by adding the surface areas of its faces.
1 mL L kL ML
• The volume of a pyramid is V = – AH, where
3
A is the area of the base and H is the height.
× 1000 × 1000 × 1000
3
Cones (Path) 1 cm = 1 mL
1 L = 1 000 cm3
• The curved surface area of a cone is
SAcurved = πrl, where l is the
slant height. Area formulas
• The total surface area is h l
• Square: A = l2
SA = πrl + πr 2 = πr(l + r).
• The volume of a cone is • Rectangle: A = lw
1 r 1
V = – πr 2h. • Triangle: A = – bh
3 2
• Parallelogram: A = bh
1
Spheres (Path) • Trapezium: A = – (a + b)h
1 2
• The surface area of a sphere is A = 4πr 2. • Kite: A = – xy
2
• The volume of a sphere is • Circle: A = πr 2
θ
4
V = – πr 3. • Sector: A = – × πr 2
r 360°
3

TOPIC 11 Measurement 603

11.5.2 Project
Total surface area and capacity of a pool

Swimming pools come in a wide variety of shapes, not just the popular rectangular prisms or cylinders.
The Kaur family is planning to get a swimming pool constructed in the backyard of their Newcastle
family home.
The first design they are considering is a composite prism, represented below, with rectangles and
trapezium faces.

30 m

1.2 m
10 m

2.4 m

5m

Note that the diagram is not to scale.

A net of this pool, representing all the sides and the bottom, has been drawn.
1. Complete the sketch of a net of this pool by labelling the
dimensions you would need to calculate the total surface area of
the pool.
2. Calculate the total surface area if this first pool.
3. To paint the surface of the pool, the Kaur family would use
3.5- litre cans of paint sufficient to cover 12 square metres each.
Determine the minimum number of cans they would need for one

4. Each can of paint costs $37. Calculate how much it would cost to apply two coats of paint.
coat of paint.

5. Calculate the capacity of this pool. Give your answer in m3 and in L.

6. Calculate how many hours it would take to fill this pool using a garden hose with a flow rate of 1.2 L per
second. Give your answer to the nearest hour.
The Kaur family is also considering a second, simpler design, with a stadium shape, represented below, and
a constant depth d.

6m

20 m

7. Determine the value of d so that the capacity of this pool is the same as the capacity of the first pool.
Give your answer to the nearest centimetre.

604 Jacaranda Maths Quest 10 Stage 5 NSW Syllabus Third Edition

 The Kaur family prefers this second shape. However, they have young children and believe that the depth
found in part 7 is too much, and decide to go with this second design but with a constant depth of 1.3 m.
8. Calculate how much it would cost them to paint the total surface area of this pool, with two coats of
paint, using the same paint as in part 3. Give your answer to the nearest dollar.

Resources
Resourceseses
Interactivities Crossword (int-2842)
Sudoku puzzle (int-3593)

Exercise 11.5 Review questions

Unless told otherwise, where appropriate, give answers correct to 2 decimal places.
Fluency
1. MC If all measurements are in cm, the area of the figure is:
A. 16.49 cm2 7 3
B. 39.25 cm2
C. 9.81 cm2
D. 23.56 cm2

2. MC If all measurements are in centimetres, the area of the figure is: 6

A. 50.73 cm2
B. 99.82 cm2 5
C. 80.18 cm2
D. 90 cm2 5

3. MC If all measurements are in centimetres, the shaded area of the figure is:
A. 3.93 cm2 30°
B. 129.59 cm2
C. 388.77 cm2 2
D. 141.11 cm2
7

4. MC The total surface area of the solid is:

A. 8444.6 mm2
2
B. 9221 mm 28 mm
C. 14 146.5 mm2
D. 50 271.1 mm2
40 mm

TOPIC 11 Measurement 605

 Understanding
5. Calculate the areas of the following plane figures. All measurements are in cm.
a. b. 10 c.

3
8 7
14
15
5

12

6. Calculate the areas of the following plane figures. All measurements are in cm.
a. b.

10 80°
10

12

7. Calculate the areas of the following figures. All measurements are in cm.
a. b. c. 10
12
15 6
10
10 5
20
20

8. Calculate the blue shaded area in each of the following. All measurements are in cm.
a. Q b. c.
QO = 15 cm 5
SO = 8 cm
PR = 18 cm
O 12.5

S R
P

9. Calculate the total surface area of each of the following solids.

a. b. 14 mm c.
35 cm

50 cm 8 cm
20 mm

606 Jacaranda Maths Quest 10 Stage 5 NSW Syllabus Third Edition

10. Calculate the total surface area of each of the following solids.
a. 14 cm b. 10 mm
10 mm
14 mm 4 mm
18 cm

[closed at both ends]

12 cm

c.

12 cm

10 cm

10 cm
10 cm

11. Calculate the volume of each of the following.

a. b. c. 35 cm
7 cm

40 cm
8 cm
12 cm
7 cm

12. Determine the volume of each of the following.

a. b. c.

10 cm
12 cm

3.7 m 30 cm

1m 12 cm
10 cm

13. Determine the volume of each of the following.

a. b. c.
11 cm
30 cm
12 mm

20 cm

9 cm 42 cm

Communicating, reasoning and problem solving

14. A rectangular block of land 4 m × 25 m is surrounded by a concrete path 1 m wide.

b. Determine the cost of concreting at $45 per square metre.

a. Calculate the area of the path.

TOPIC 11 Measurement 607

 15. If the radius is tripled and the height of a cylinder is divided by six, then determine the effect on its
volume (in comparison with the original shape).

16. If the length is halved, the width is tripled and the height of a rectangular prism is doubled, then
determine the effect on its volume (in comparison with the original shape).

17. A cylinder of radius 14 cm and height 20 cm is joined to a hemisphere of radius 14 cm to form a

bread holder.

b. Determine the cost of chroming the bread holder on the outside at $0.05 per cm2 .
a. Calculate the total surface area.

c. Calculate the storage volume of the bread holder.

d. Determine how much more space is in this new bread holder than the one it is replacing, which had a
quarter circle end with a radius of 18 cm and a length of 35 cm.

18. Bella Silos has two rows of silos for storing wheat.
Each row has 16 silos and all the silos are identical,
with a cylindrical base (height of 5 m, diameter of
1.5 m) and conical top (diameter of 1.5 m, height
of 1.1 m).
a. Calculate the slant height of the conical tops.
b. Determine the total surface area of all the silos.

paint covers 40 m2 at a bulk order price of $28.95

c. Evaluate the cost of painting the silos if one litre of

per litre.
d. Determine how much wheat can be stored altogether
in these silos.
e. Wheat is pumped from these silos into cartage trucks with rectangular containers 2.4 m wide, 5 m

f. If wheat is pumped out of the silos at 2.5 m3 /min, determine how long it will take to fill one truck.
long and 2.5 m high. Determine how many truckloads are necessary to empty all the silos.

19. The Greek mathematician Eratosthenes developed an accurate

method for calculating the circumference of the Earth 2200 years
B V
ago! The figure illustrates how he did this. A
In this figure, A is the town of Alexandria and S is the town of S
Syene, exactly 787 km due south. When the sun’s rays (blue

Alexandria (∠BVA = 7.2°), obtained by placing a stick at A and

lines) were vertical at Syene, they formed an angle of 7.2° at C

measuring the angle formed by the sun’s shadow with the stick.

a. Assuming that the sun’s rays are parallel, evaluate the angle ∠SCA, correct to 1 decimal place.
b. Given that the arc AS = 787 km, determine the radius of the Earth, SC. Write your answer correct
to the nearest kilometre.
c. Given that the true radius is 6380 km, determine Eratosthenes’ percentage error, correct to
1 decimal place.

To test your understanding and knowledge of this topic, go to your learnON title at
www.jacplus.com.au and complete the post-test.

608 Jacaranda Maths Quest 10 Stage 5 NSW Syllabus Third Edition

Answers 19. a. Area = 50x − x2
b. See the table at bottom of the page.*

Topic 11 Measurement c. y
600
11.1 Pre-test 500
1. 68.63 mm2

Area
400
2. 9.0 cm2 300
200
3. D
100
4. 706.9 cm2
x
4 cm3 0

x = 25, y = 25, Area = 625 m2

5. 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

$864
57.7 cm2
e. r = 15.92 m
6. d.
7.
8. B f. 170.77 m
2

9. 60 mm3 2
20. a. Circular area, 1790.49 m ; rectangular area, 1406.25 m
2

10. C (
1 2
)
11. 5.66 cm b. Circular area, n m2 ; rectangular (square) area,
4𝜋

𝜋
1 2 4
( )
12. 4.5 cm
n m2 . Circular area is always or 1.27 times
13. C 16

c. $79
larger.
14. 344.93 cm2

d. $435.50
2
21. a. 258.1 m b. 7 bags
15. 230 mL

x = 5, y = 5
11.2 Area 29
22. a. b.
1. a. 16 cm 2
b. 48 cm 2
c. 75 cm 2 50

2. a. 120 cm2 b. 706.86 cm2 c. 73.5 mm2 23. 32.88 cm2

3. a. 13.5 mm2 b. 17.5 mm2 11.3 Total surface area

4. a. 254.47 cm2 b. 21 m2 c. 75 cm2 1. a. 600 cm2 b. 384 cm2 c. 1440 cm2
5. a. i. 12𝜋 cm 2
ii. 37.70 cm 2 d. 27 m2
69𝜋 ii. 108.38 mm2 2. a. 6729.3 cm2 b. 8.2 m2
b. i. mm2
2 3. a. 113.1 m2 b. 452.4 cm2 c. 1495.4 cm2
2
c. i. 261𝜋 cm2 ii. 819.96 cm 2 d. 502.7 cm

6. D 4. a. 506.0 cm2 b. 9.4 m2 c. 340.4 cm2

2
7. A d. 224.1 cm

8. a. 123.29 cm2 b. 1427.88 m2 c. 52 cm2 5. a. 13.5 m2 b. 90 m2 c. 11 309.7 cm2

2 2
9. a. 30.4 m2 b. 78 cm2 c. 2015.50 cm2 6. a. 9852.0 mm b. 125.7 cm c. 1531.4 cm2
10. a. 125.66 cm2 b. 102.87 m2 7. a. 880 cm2 b. 3072.8 cm2 c. 75 cm2
11. a. 13.73 m2 b. 153.59 m2 8. a. 70.4 cm2 b. 193.5 cm2 c. 1547.2 cm2
12. a. 27.86 m2 b. 37.5 m2 9. B
10. a. Slant height and base length.
13. 11 707.92 cm2
Perpendicular height and base length.
b.
14. 21 m2
c. Slant height and base length.

$840
15. 60 2 2

$455
11. a. 731 m b. 198 m
16.
70.0 m2
$168.47
17. a. 260.87 m
2
b. 195.71 m2 c. 75% 12. a. b.
2
18. a. Sample responses can be found in the worked solutions 13. a. 3063.1 cm b.
in the online resources. 14. 11 216 cm 2

b. 2020.83 m; horizontal. If vertical split 987.5 m. 15. 60

*19. b.
x 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
2
Area (m ) 0 225 400 525 600 625 600 525 400 225 0

TOPIC 11 Measurement 609

 Vnew = 27l3 , the volume will be 27 times as large as the
17. $1960
16. 1192 cm2 12. a.
original volume.

Vnew = l2 , the volume will be of the original volume.

1 1
√
2
7 √
18. a. 8𝜋 m b. m c. 4 2𝜋 m2 b.

Vnew = 2𝜋r2 h, the volume will be twice as large as the

2 8 8
19. a. 6.6 m2 c.

d. Vnew = 𝜋r h, the volume will remain the same.

original volume.
Side wall = 50 tiles
b. Back wall = 80 tiles

e. Vnew = 3lwh, the volume will be 3 times as large as the

2

80 + 50 + 50 = 180 tiles
c. Cheapest: 30 cm by 30 cm, $269.50; 20 cm by 20 cm
(individually) $270; 20 cm by 20 cm (boxed) $276.50
original value.
13. A

21. a. 𝜃 = 120° b. x = 1; y = 3
20. The calculation is correct. 14. 7438.35 cm3
√
15. 4417.9 L

a. H = 6 m
2 2 10 215.05 cm3
√ √
c. 3 3 cm d. 6 3 cm 16.
3
e. 32 17. b. 112 m c. 19 bins
2 d. 112 000 L e. 1.95 m from floor
22. The area of material required is 1.04 m . If Phuong is
careful in placing the pattern pieces, she may be able to 18. a. i. 4.57 cm
cover the footstool. ii. 262.5 cm2

23. r =
b. i. 14.15 cm
√
3 3a
2

24. a. Arc length XY = (x + s)𝜃

2 ii. 323.27 cm

Arc length AB = x𝜃
c. i. 33.33 cm
2
ii. 437.62 cm

b. i. x = =
𝜃 r−t
2𝜋t st d. Sphere. Costs less for a smaller surface area.

h= 2
𝜋r
V
=
19. a.

x+s r
x t
ii.

x2 𝜃
c. Area of sector AVB =
31.8 cm
b. i.
8.0 cm
ii.

(s + x)2 𝜃
2

Area of sector XVY = 𝜋h

√
V
c.

s𝜃 (s + 2x) r ≥ 0, since r is a length

2
Area of ABYX =
d.

) s𝜃 (s + 2x)
2 e. i. 7.6 cm

TSA of frustum = 𝜋 t + r2 +
(2 ii. 6.2 cm
2 20. 1000
21. a. 2.55 cm
11.4 Volume

c. Aa = 157.88 m , Ab = 12.01 m
b. 35.68 cm
1. a. 27 cm3 b. 74.088 m3 c. 3600 cm3 2 2
3
d. 94.5 cm
3 3
22. a. 126.67 m b. 53.33 m
2. a. 450 mm3 b. 360 cm2
3
23. Sample responses can be found in the worked solutions in
3. a. 6333.5 cm b. 19.1 m3 c. 280 cm3 the online resources.
4. a. 288 mm3 b. 91.6 m3 c. 21 470.8 cm3 24. Sample responses can be found in the worked solutions in

Required volume = 1570.80 cm3 ; tin volume = 1500 cm3 ;

5. a. 7.2 m 3
b. 14 137.2 cm
3
c. 1436.8 mm 3 the online resources.

muffin tray volume = 2814.72 cm3 . Marion could fill the tin
d. 523 598.8 cm3 25.

6. a. 113 097.34 cm3 b. 1.44 m3 and have a small amount of mixture left over, or she could
3
c. 12 214.51 mm d. 101.93
almost fill 14 of the muffin cups and leave the remaining

Cut squares of side length s = 0.3 m or 0.368 m from

7. a. 377.0 cm3 b. 2303.8 mm3 cups empty.
8. a. 400 cm 3
b. 10 080 cm3 26.
3 3
the corners.
9. a. 1400 cm b. 10 379.20 cm

a. H = 12R
27. 1.94 m.

d. 8 ∶ 12 = 2 ∶ 3
3
10. a. 41.31 cm b. 48.17 cm3 28. b. 8𝜋R
3
c. 12𝜋R
3

11. a. 218.08 cm3 b. 3691.37 cm3

610 Jacaranda Maths Quest 10 Stage 5 NSW Syllabus Third Edition

 1 2 18. a. 1.33 m
29. a. X H
3
$618.35 or $636.90 assuming you have to buy full litres
910.91 m2
b. x (H − h)
b.
1 2 c.
3 (i.e. not 0.7 of a litre)
c. Sample responses can be found in the worked solutions d. 303.48 m3
in the online resources.
e. 11 trucks
d. Sample responses can be found in the worked solutions
f. 12 minutes
in the online resources.
19. a. 7.2° b. 6263 km c. 1.8% error
30. 18 scoops

Project
1.

10 m

5m 25 m
2.4 m

TSA = 450 m
1.2 m
2
2.

$2812
3. 38 cans

Capacity = 570 m3 = 570 000 L

4.
5.

d = 1.61m
6. 132 hours

$2516
7.
8.

11.5 Review questions

1. D
2. C
3. B
4. A
5. a. 84 cm2 b. 100 cm2 c. 6.50 cm2
6. a. 60 cm2 b. 244.35 cm2
2
7. a. 300 cm b. 224.55 cm2 c. 160 cm2
8. a. 499.86 cm2 b. 44.59 cm2 c. 128.76 cm2
9. a. 18 692.48 cm2 b. 1495.40 mm2 c. 804.25 cm2
10. a. 871.79 cm2 b. 873.36 mm2 c. 760 cm2
11. a. 343 cm3 b. 672 cm3 c. 153 938.04 cm3
12. a. 1.45 m3 b. 1800 cm3 c. 1256.64 cm3
297 cm3 8400 cm3 7238.23 mm3
$2790
13. a. b. c.
2
14. a. 62 m b.

V = 𝜋r2 h, the volume will be 1.5 times as large as the

3
15.
2
original volume.
16. V = 3lwh, the volume will be 3 times as large as (or triple)

b. $180.33
the original volume.
2 3
17. a. 3606.55 cm c. 18 062.06 cm
d. 9155.65 cm3

TOPIC 11 Measurement 611