ECONOMIC CONTEXT

a) End of Galleon Trade

b) Opening of the Suez Canal
c) Rise of the export of the crop economy
d) Established Monopolies in the Philippines

A. End of Galleon Trade

•In 1565, the Spanish government shut the ports of Manila to all nations (China,
Japan,Siam [now Thailand], India, Cambodia, Borneo, and the Moluccas or Spice
Islands) aside from Mexico, in this manner bringing forth Manila-Acapulco Trade
famously known as the "Ship Trade. "
•The following are among the stocks sent to Mexico from the Philippines through
this transPacific exchange: Mango de Manila, Tamarind, Rice, Carabao, Chinese tea
and materials, Cockfighting, Fireworks show and Tuba (coconut wine)
•On the other hand, coming up next are among the various and significant
vegetation welcomed in the Philippines on the arrival of the said journey: Guava,
Avocado,Papaya, Pineapple, Horses, Cattle.
•Galleon Trade (1565-1815) – was a boat ("galleon") 250-year exchange going to and
from between Manila (which landed first in Cebu) and Acapulco, Mexico.
•Andres de Urdaneta, in escort under Miguel Lopez de Legaspi – began the exchange
when they found an arrival course from Cebu to Mexico in 1565.
•The exchange filled in as the focal salary creating business for Spanish pioneers in
the Philippines.
• The Manila Galleon Trade permitted present-day liberal plans to enter the
Philippines, in the end, and steadily moving the development for autonomy from
Spain.
•September 14, 1815 - the Galleon Trade finished with Mexico's war of autonomy.

B. Opening of the Suez Canal

•Suez Canal – an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt connects the Mediterranean
Sea to the Red Sea through the Isthmus of Suez.
•November 17, 1869 – it was formally opened following a 10-year of development
(1858-1869) under the authority of French representative Ferdinand de Lesseps.
•With the opening of the Suez Canal, the separation of movement among Europe
and the Philippines was impressively condensed and, in this way for all intents and
purposes, carried the nation closer to Spain because the journey was diminished to
just 32-40 days.
•The opening of the Suez Canal turned into a tremendous preferred position in
business endeavors, particularly among Europe and East Asia.
•More critically, it filled in as a noteworthy factor that empowered the
development of nationalistic wants of Jose Rizal and other Filipino illustrados.
•The diminished course assisted the importation of business items as well as of
books, magazines, and papers with liberal thoughts from America and Europe, which
at last influenced the psyches of Rizal and other Filipino reformists. (Art Depicting
Trade credits to [Link])
•The accessibility of the Suez Canal has likewise supported the illustrados,
particularly Jose Rizal, to seek after instruction abroad and learn logical and liberal
thoughts in European scholarly establishments.

C. Rise of the Export of Crop Economy

•During the Galleon Trade - the vast majority of the Spaniards in the Philippines
were
charmed in sea exchanging endeavors among Manila and Mexico.
•The exploitation of the Philippines' natural assets and progress of a fare crop
economy - were marvels of the nineteenth century.
•Between 1820 and 1870 - the Philippines was well on its method of building up a
fare
crop economy.
•The different financial exercises in the new fare crop economy in the nation gave
numerous chances to the extending Chinese populace.
•The advancement of the fare crop industry in the Philippines was propelled by the
business endeavors of North European and North American vendors, who gave
capital, association, and access to outside business sectors and wellspring of imports.

MONOPOLIES
•After 1850 –government monopoly contracts for the collection of different
revenues were opened to foreigners for the 1st time.
•For the rest of the 19th century –the Chinese instantly took advantage of this
commercialopportunity, enjoyed a pre-eminent position in monopoly contracting in
the Philippines.
•During the 1840's – the Spanish government had legalized the use of opium
(provided it was limited to Chinese), and a government monopoly of opium
importation and sales was created.
•Even before 1850 –monopolies on some products had been established, which
were
controlled by the colonial government.

-1712-1864 - spirituous liquors monopoly

-1764 - betel nut monopoly
-1782-1882 - tobacco monopoly
-1805-1864 - explosive monopoly

•Among these monopoly systems, the most controversial and oppressive to locals
was perhaps the tobacco monopoly.
•March 1, 1782 –Governor-General Jose Basco placed the tobacco industry under
government control, thereby establishing the tobacco monopoly.
•1882 –the tobacco monopoly was finally abolished. It lasted for exactly 100 years.
•A century of hardship and social betrayal caused by the tobacco restraining
infrastructure provoked Filipinos in common and Novo Ecijanos, in specific, to look
for flexibility from colonial subjugation.
SOCIAL CONTEXT
a) Education in the 19th century
b) Rise of the Chines Mestizo
c) Rise of the Inquilinos

A. Education in the 19th century

•European arrangement of Education – the framework Spanish colonizers
acquainted with the archipelago, the schools were set up and run by Catholic
ministers.
•Religion – was made as a compulsory subject at all levels to change over the locals
to the Catholic confidence and make them dutiful.
•King Philip II's Leyes de Indias (Laws of Indies) – ordered Spanish specialists to
instruct local people, to show them how to peruse and compose and to learn
Spanish.
•First formal schools were the parochial schools opened in their areas by the
teachers, for example, the Augustinians, Franciscans, Jesuits, and Dominicans.
•Colleges (likeness secondary school today) were built up for young men and young
ladies. History, Latin, Geography Mathematics, and Philosophy were among the
subjects educated to undergrads.
•University training was opened during the early piece of the seventeenth century.
At that point, colleges were just open for Spaniards and those with Spanish blood
(mestizo).
•19th century – colleges began to acknowledge native Filipinos.
•1863 – a regal pronouncement set up a state-funded educational system in the
Philippines. Earlier run by strict specialists, at this time, the colleges were at long last
directed by the legislature during the last 50% of the century; however, and still, at
the end of the day, the congregation controlled its educational program.
•Illustrados – another social class rose in the nation because of the developing
number of instructed locals. Their point was to be at a similar level with the pleased
Spaniards.
•With the opening of the Suez Canal, which made a move to Europe quicker,
simpler, and progressively moderate, numerous local people exploited the
opportunity to seek after
better training in Spain, ordinarily in Madrid and Barcelona.
•Illustrados – as a recently edified class of in the Philippine society, would later lead
the Philippine freedom development, utilizing the Spanish language as their key
methods for correspondence.

B. The Rise of Chinese Mestizo

•Elimination of the ship exchange – Manila got open to remote vendors nearly
without limitation by the mid-1830s.
•Development of business agribusiness – brought about the nearness of the new
social class.
•Haciendas of sugar, espresso, and hemp – had developed close by the landholding
of the congregation and the rice bequests of the pre-Spanish honorability, which
were normally possessed by Chines-Filipino mestizos.

C. The Rise of the Inquilinos

•Inquilino - means "tenant."
•The 19th Century Inquilino or tenant system in the Philippines is far better
understood as a qualified system of tenancy, or the right to use land in exchange for
rent.
•Many estates turned progressively to the inquilino system of land tenure, but since
the friars and secular Spanish were normally absentee landlords, estate
management was granted to an administrator who was typically a lay Spanish
mestizo Filipino lay brother.
•During harvest time, the administrator would collect the rent of the inquilinos,
organize the delivery of the harvests to the local market or Manila, and remit the
income from sales and rents to the estate owners. In some states, though. These
farm duties were consigned to trusted inquilinos. Some inquilinos would make many
and irrational demands from farmworkers.
•Inquilinos paid a fixed rent in which the amount was determined by the size and
quality of the land being cultivated. But due to the expansion of land owned by friar
states, the proportions of farmlands leased to inquilinos also increased, allowing
many of them to sub-lease parcels of their land to sharecroppers or kasamas.