GOOD AFTERNOON

GRADE 11 - STEM
Welcome to Basic Calculus Class

January 11, 2022

 Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to:

1. Illustrate the limit of a function using a table of values and the graph of the
function. STEM_BC11LCIIIa-1

2. Distinguish between limx→c f ( x ) and f(c).

3. Apply the limit laws in evaluating the limits of algebraic functions

(polynomial, rational, and radical).
Review
1. What is Calculus?

2. What is the difference

between Pre-Calculus and
Basic Calculus?
 Arrange it!

M I O I A T T I L S N

1. What is a “limitation” means?

2. What do you think are your limitations?
 Interpret!

Calculus primarily deals with the limit process as it quantifies the

relationship between two variables or quantities.

The concept of the limit process eventually leads to the study of

calculus.
 Interpret!

As the values of x come close to 0, then the values of f (x) come close to 1/4 (or
0.25)
 Interpret!

By substitution, f (4) does not exist, because the denominator is 0. However,

when the values of x come close to 4, the values of f (x) come close to 1/8 (or
0.125)
 Interpret!

Both cases illustrate the limit of a function. In the first case, the “limit of f as x
approaches 0 is 0.25” because the function comes closer to the real number 0.25
as x comes closer to 0.
 Limits of
Functions
 Limit of a Function
Let f be a function defined at every number in some open interval containing
c, except possibly at the number c itself. If the value of f is arbitrarily close
to the number L for all the values of x sufficiently close to c, then the limit of
f(x) as x approaches c is L.

-basis for simplifying functions in calculus.

-value approaches by the dependent variable as the independent

variable approaches to the given value of a.

Symbol: lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐿
𝑥→𝑎

Read as “The limit of f(x) as x, approaches to, is equal L”

 Limit of a Function
The Limit Laws for Polynomial, Rational, and Radical Functions

1. Limit of a Constant
lim 𝑐 = 𝑐
𝑥→𝑎
Example :
a. lim 8 = 8
𝑥→−2

b. lim 25 = 25
𝑥→1,000,000

c. lim 156 = 156

𝑥→0
 Limit of a Function
The Limit Laws for Polynomial, Rational, and Radical Functions

2. Limit of Sum and Difference

lim 𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥) = lim 𝑓(𝑥) ± lim 𝑔(𝑥)

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
Example :

lim 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 4 = lim 3𝑥 2 − lim 2𝑥 + lim 4

𝑥→2 𝑥→2 𝑥→2 𝑥→2

= 3 2 2−2 2 +4
= 3(4) – 4 + 4
=12 – 4 + 4

lim 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 4 = 12
𝑥→2
 Limit of a Function
The Limit Laws for Polynomial, Rational, and Radical Functions

3. Limit Obtained by Direct Substitution

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑎)

𝑥→𝑎
Example :

a. lim 5𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 8 = 5 3 3
+2 3 2
−6 8 +8
𝑥→3

= 5(27) + 2(9) – 48 + 8

= 135 + 18 – 48 + 8

= 113
 Limit of a Function
The Limit Laws for Polynomial, Rational, and Radical Functions

4. Limit of a Product

lim [𝑓 𝑥 · 𝑔 𝑥 ] = [lim 𝑓 𝑥 ][lim 𝑓 𝑥 ]

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
Example :

a. lim (3𝑥 2 )(2𝑥 2 − 1) = [ lim 3𝑥 2 ][ lim 2𝑥 2 − 1]

𝑥→−1 𝑥→−1 𝑥→−1

= 3 −1 2 2 −1 2
−1
= [3(1)][2(1)-1]
= (3)(1)
=3
 Limit of a Function
The Limit Laws for Polynomial, Rational, and Radical Functions

5. Limit of a Quotient

𝑓 𝑥 lim 𝑓 𝑥
𝑥→𝑎
lim 𝑔 𝑥 =
𝑥→𝑎 lim 𝑔 𝑥
𝑥→𝑎
Example :
4𝑥 2 −1 lim 4𝑥 2 −1
𝑥→3
lim =
𝑥→3 3+𝑥 lim 3+𝑥
𝑥→3
4 3 2 −1
= 3+3

4(9)−1
= 6

35
= 6
 Limit of a Function
The Limit Laws for Polynomial, Rational, and Radical Functions
6. Limit of Radical Expressions

𝑛
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑛 lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
Example :
lim 3𝑥 2 + 4 = lim 3𝑥 2 + 4
𝑥→−2 𝑥→−2

= 3(−2)2 +4
= 3(4) + 4
= 12 + 4
= 16
=4
 Limit of a Function
The Limit Laws for Polynomial, Rational, and Radical Functions
Other Examples
 Limit of a Function
The Limit Laws for Polynomial, Rational, and Radical Functions
Other Examples

D.N.E ; limit
does not
exist
 Limit of a Function
TRY IT!!
Evaluate the limit of the following functions in column A. Then, match each limit with the
answers in column B.