Engineering Physics
(FYBTech)
Physics of Nanomaterials
Syllabus:
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Nano & Technology?
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What is Nanoscience?
Nanoscience: It is referred to as a research area devoted to studies of various
phenomenon in small-size devices
It is a cross-disciplinary field including
physics, chemistry and some extent to
biology.
The heart of nano science is
mesoscopic physics
The word “meso” reflects the fact that the
size of the system under consideration is
located between microscopic (atoms) and
macroscopic scales
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Nanotechnology/Nano-science
Broad Definition: Nanoscience and nanotechnology are all about relating and exploiting
phenomena for the materials having one, two or three dimension reduced to nanoscale
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Nanotechnology
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Nanotechnology
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Nanoscale
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Nanotechnology: Size effect
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Nanomaterials: Optical properties
• When light incident on the material, it can
be absorbed or scattered.
• If the size of the material is less than 20
nm, absorption is significant and if the size
is greater than 100 nm, scattering is
significant.
• Thus by designing the nanoparticles of
different sizes, optimal amount of
absorption can be achieved
• This may results different colour of the
particle of different sizes of nanoparticles.
• Opaque substances at the bulk level becomes transparent at nano level
(copper)
• Gold nanoparticles of 50 nm are green in colour and of 100 nm sizes are
appear orange ad at bulk level it is yellow.)
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Nanomaterials: Electrical properties
• Electrical conductivity of the material is altered
when it is reduced to nano size.
• It is possible to invent nano materials having
desired conductivity
Bulk
e.g. :
• In ceramic, the electrical conductivity
increases with decreasing in nanoparticle
size
• In metals, electrical conductivity
decreases with decreasing in nanoparticle
size
Quantum dot
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Nanomaterials: Size dependent properties
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Nanomaterials: Magnetic properties
• Nanomaterials are more magnetic than bulk
materials.
• Even non-magnetic solids found to show
magnetic properties when reduced to nano level
• Magnetic properties of the materials can change
when reduced to nano level
e.g. :
• Sodium, potassium which are
paramagnetic at the bulk level
become ferromagnet at the nano
level
• Iron, Cobalt, Nickel which are
ferromagnetic at the bulk level
becomes super-paramagnetic at the
nano level
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Nanomaterials: Magnetic properties
• Thus there are no multiple domains, domain-walls and boundaries.
• Therefore nano-ferromagnetic material does not display hysteresis
behavior.
• There is no coercive force. The typical B-H curve of a nano-
ferromagnetic material is as shown in Fig.
• Such materials are called as superparamagnetic materials
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Nanomaterials: Mechanical properties
• The mechanical properties like hardness, elasticity, adhesion, frictions improves as
the material size is decreased to nano scale
• Lubrication improves at the nanoscale
• Ductility of nonmaterial may be high at high temperature
• It has been observed in case of copper and palladium that in
microcrystalline form, the hardness increases with the grain
size, however, at nanoscale the hardness increases on
decreasing the grain size.
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Nanomaterials: Structural properties
✤In nanoparticles surface to volume ratio
is very large
✤Atoms on the surface of the materials
often more reactive the the in the center,
so large surface area means the
material is more reactive
✤Forces of attraction between surface
can appear to be weak on the large
scale, but on nanoscale they are strong
✤This may lead to different surface
morphology, changes in crystal structure
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Synthesis of nanoparticles/Nanostructures
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Synthesis of nanoparticles:Ball milling method
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Synthesis of nanoparticles:Ball milling method
Ball milling method:
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Nanotechnology: Tools and Technology
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Nanotechnology: Tools and Technology
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Nanotechnology: Tools and Technology
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Nanotechnology:Main trends
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Nanotechnology: Examples
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Nanotechnology: Examples
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Nanotechnology
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Nanotechnology
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Nanotechnology: Applications
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Nanotechnology: Applications
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Nanotechnology: Applications
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Nanotechnology: Applications
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Nanotechnology: Applications
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Nanotechnology: Applications
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Nanotechnology: Applications
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Nanotechnology: Applications
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Carbon
Carbon (from Latin: carbo "coal") is a chemical element with the symbol C and atomic
number 6. It is nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent
chemical bonds. It belongs to group 14 of the periodic table
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Carbon
Carbon (from Latin: carbo "coal") is a chemical element with the symbol C and atomic
number 6. It is nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent
chemical bonds. It belongs to group 14 of the periodic table
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Carbon
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Carbon: Allotropes
Diamond and graphite are two allotropes
of carbon: pure forms of the same element
that differ in structure
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Graphites
Graphite, archaically referred to as plumbago, is a crystalline form of the element carbon with
its atoms arranged in a hexagonal structure. It occurs naturally in this form and is the most
stable form of carbon under standard conditions. Under high pressures and temperatures it
converts to diamond
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Carbon
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Carbon Nanostructure
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Fullerene
A fullerene is an allotrope of carbon whose molecule consists of carbon atoms connected
by single and double bonds so as to form a closed or partially closed mesh, with fused
rings of five to seven atoms. The molecule may be a hollow sphere, ellipsoid, tube, or many
other shapes and sizes
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Fullerene
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Fullerene: Properties and Applications
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Carbonnanotubes
Carbon nanotubes are tubes made of carbon with diameters typically measured in nanometers.
Carbon nanotubes often refer to single-wall carbon nanotubes with diameters in the range of a
nanometer. Single-wall carbon nanotubes are one of the allotropes of carbon, intermediate
between fullerene cages and flat graphene
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Carbonnanotubes
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Carbonnanotubes: Properties
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Carbonnanotubes: Properties
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Graphene
Graphene is an allotrope of carbon consisting of a single layer of atoms arranged in a
two-dimensional honeycomb lattice nanostructure. The name is derived from
"graphite" and the suffix -ene, reflecting the fact that the graphite allotrope of carbon
contains numerous double bonds
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Graphene
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Graphene under Experimental tools
AFM STM
TEM
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Graphene: Properties
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Graphene: Properties
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Graphene: Properties
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Specific Applications of carbon based nanostructure
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Specific Applications of carbon based nanostructure
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Specific Applications of carbon based nanostructure
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Specific Applications of carbon based nanostructure
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Specific Applications of carbon based nanostructure
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Specific Applications of carbon based nanostructure
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Graphene: Properties and its Applications
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Graphene: Properties and its Applications
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Thank You
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