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 Physics
Numericals

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STD. XII Sci.

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Salient Features

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• Subtopic wise numericals with solutions.
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• Shortcuts to enable quick problem solving.
• Practice problems for every subtopic.
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• Includes solved board numericals.
• Numerical based multiple choice questions for effective preparation.
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Solutions/hints to practice problems and multiple choice questions available

in downloadable PDF format at www.targetpublications.org/tp13070
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Printed at: Repro Knowledgecast Ltd., Mumbai

© Target Publications Pvt. Ltd.

No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, C.D. ROM/Audio Video Cassettes or electronic, mechanical
including photocopying; recording or by any information storage and retrieval system without permission in writing from the Publisher.

Balbharati Registration No.: 2018MH0022 P.O. No. 145822

TEID: 13070
 Preface
In the case of good books, the point is not how many you can get through, but rather how many can get through to you.
“STD XII Sci.: PHYSICS NUMERICALS” is a complete and thorough guide to the numerical aspect of the
HSC preparation. The book is prepared as per the Maharashtra State Board syllabus .Subtopic wise segregation of
Solved Numericals in each chapter help the student to gain knowledge of the broad spectrum of problems in each

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subtopic Formulae which form a vital part of problem-solving are provided in every chapter. Solutions and
calculations have been broken down to the simplest form possible (with log calculation provided wherever

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needed) so that the student can tackle each and every problem with ease.
Problems for practice are provided to test the vigilance and alertness of the students and build their confidence.
Board Numericals till the latest year have been provided to help the student get accustomed to the different

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standards of board numericals. Numerical based multiple choice questions are covered sub-topic-wise to prepare
the student on a competitive level.
Solution/hints to practice problems and multiple choice questions can be downloaded in PDF format from our
website www. targetpublications.org
The journey to create a complete book is strewn with triumphs, failures and near misses. If you think we’ve nearly

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missed something or want to applaud us for our triumphs, we’d love to hear from you.
Please write to us on : [email protected]

A book affects eternity; one can never tell where its influence stops. O
Best of luck to all the aspirants!
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Yours faithfully
Authors
Edition: Second
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Disclaimer
This reference book is transformative work based on textual contents published by Bureau of Textbook. We the publishers are making this reference book which constitutes as fair
use of textual contents which are transformed by adding and elaborating, with a view to simplify the same to enable the students to understand, memorize and reproduce the same
in examinations.

This work is purely inspired upon the course work as prescribed by the Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education, Pune. Every care has been taken
in the publication of this reference book by the Authors while creating the contents, the Authors and the Publishers shall not be responsible for any loss or damages caused to any
person on account of errors or omissions which might have crept in or disagreement of any third party on the point of view expressed in the reference book.

© reserved for all the contents created by our Authors.

No copyright is claimed in the textual contents which are presented as part of fair dealing with a view to provide best supplementary study material for the benefit of students.
 Contents
Sr.
Unit Page No.
No.

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1 Circular Motion 1
2 Gravitation 35

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3 Rotational Motion 61
4 Oscillations 91

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5 Elasticity 117
6 Surface Tension 136
7 Wave Motion 151
8 Stationary Waves 168

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9 Kinetic Theory of Gases and Radiation 191
10 Wave Theory of light O 226
11 Interference and Diffraction 242
12 Electrostatics 266
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13 Current Electricity 296
14 Magnetic Effect of Electric Current 314
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15 Magnetism 336
16 Electromagnetic Induction 352
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17 Electrons and Photons 377

18 Atoms, Molecules and Nuclei 392
19 Semiconductors 416
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20 Communication System 425

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 Std. XII Sci.: Physics Numericals

13 Current Electricity

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Formulae 2. Comparison between the e.m.f.s of two
cells:
Section 1: Kirchhoff’s Laws
E1 

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i. = 1 [Individual method]
1. Resistance of a wire: E2 2

R= E1  E 2   2
A ii. = 1

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E1  E 2 1   2
where, A = area of cross-section
[Sum and difference method]
 = resistivity
2. Kirchhoff’s laws: 3. Internal resistance of a cell:
i.  I = 0 (current law)    2  E 
r =R 1  = R   1

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ii.  RI =  E = 0 (voltage law)   2   V 

3. Voltage across an external resistance: Shortcuts

ER O 1. Whenever there is more than one loop in the
V=
Rr given question, apply Kirchoff’s second law.
where, E = e.m.f. of the cell
r = internal resistance of the cell 2. Remember, the potentiometer deals with
C
potential difference & not with emf. Actual
Section 2: Wheatstone’s Bridge V 
formula is: 1  1 .
1. In balance position of Wheatstone’s bridge: V2  2
R1 R
= 3 E1 1
E

R2 R4 We write it as:  because in the

E2  2
where, R1, R2, R3 and R4 are resistances in the experiments of potentiometer, cells are used in
PL

four branches of Wheatstone’s bridge. open circuit. Therefore V = E.

Section 3: Metre Bridge
3. If in the question it is given that length
2. Metre bridge: 1
 increases by th, then in the formula
Unknown resistance X = R . 1 5
2 V1  1
M

 , replace V2 by
Section 4: Potentiometer V2  2
1. Potentiometer: 1 6
V1 + V1 = V1.
5 5
SA

i. Current through driver cell,

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I= 4. Whenever a question on internal resistance is
R  r  Rs
asked, apply the formula,
ii. Resistance per unit length, greater length  smaller length
R r=
= smaller length

iii. Potential gradient, (  2  1 )
r= R
V 1
K= = I volt/ metre
 where, R = the external resistance.
296
 Chapter 13: Current Electricity

Solved Examples E 2 2
I= = =
R  r 100 + 20 120
Section 1: Kirchhoff’s Laws 1
 I= A
60
Example 1.1
From formula,
In an electric circuit, the currents 2 A, 1.5 A and
 1 

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3 A flow towards the junction while a current of V = 2    20  = 2  0.3333
magnitude 2.5 A and an unknown current leave  60 
the junction as shown in figure. Find the  V = 1.667 V

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magnitude of unknown current. Ans: The reading on the voltmeter is 1.667 V.
Solution:
x Example 1.3
2A

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O Determine the currents I1, I2 and I3 from the
network shown in figure.
1.5A Solution:
2.5 A 30 
H
3
I1
I3 40  1

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Given: I1 = 2 A, I2 = 1.5 A, I3 = 3 A, C
A D
I4 =  2.5 B E2 = 45 V
I2
A (Opposite direction) 1 20 
G F
To find: Unknown current (x)
Formula:  I = 0
Calculation: Let the unknown current be x.
From formula (Kirchoff’s 1st law),
O E1 = 80 V
E

Applying of Kirchhoff’s first law at junction ‘A’ we

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get,
I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 + (x) = 0 I3 = I1 + I2 ….(1)
Negative sign indicates that current Applying Kirchhoff’s second law to loop ABCDHA
leaves the junction we get,
 2 + 1.5 + 3 + (2.5)  x = 0  30 I1 + (40 + 1) I3 =  45
 4x=0
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  30 I1 + 41 I3 =  45 ….(2)
 x=4A   30 I1  41 (I1 + I2) =  45 [From (1)]
Ans: The magnitude of unknown current is 4 A.
  71 I1  41 I2 =  45
PL

 71 I1 + 41 I2 = 45 ….(3)
*Example 1.2
Again, for loop AGFEDHA
A voltmeter has a resistance of 100 . What will
 30 I1 + (20 + 1) I2 = 80
be its reading when it is connected across a cell of
  30 I1 + 21 I2 = 80 ….(4)
e.m.f. 2 V and internal resistance 20 ? [July 16]
On solving equations (3) and (4), we get
Solution:
I1 = 0.86 A
M

Given: R = 100 , r = 20 , E = 2 V I2 = 2.59 A

To find: Reading of voltmeter (V) I3 = I1 + I2 = 1.73 A.
Formula: V = E  Ir  I3 = 1.73 A
SA

Calculation: Current through the circuit is given by Ans: The current I1, I2 and I3 are 0.86 A, 2.59 A
and 1.73 A respectively.
E=2V
+  r = 20  Example 1.4
AB, BC, CD and DA are resistors of 1 , 1 , 2 
I and 2  respectively connected in series. Between
A and C is a 1 volt cell of resistance 2 , A being
V positive. Between B and D is a 2 V cell of 1 
R = 100  resistance, B being positive. Find the current in
each branch of the circuit.
297
 Std. XII Sci.: Physics Numericals
Solution: B Example 1.6
I2 I1  I 2
Two cells of e.m.f. 2 V and 1.5 V with internal
I1 resistance 1 ohm each are connected in parallel
1 2V 1 1
with similar poles joined together. The
combination is connected to an external resistance
D of 10 ohm. Find the current through the external
A C
I3 2  I3  I 1 2 

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resistance. [Mar 93]
1 2V
A B
r1 E1

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I3  I 2 1V
F E I2 1 1.5 V
2 G C
r2 E2
Applying Kirchhoff’s second law to loop BADB, I

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I = I1+ I2 R
BCDB and ADCEFA, respectively we get,
F D
1.I2 + 2.I3 + 1.I1 = 2 10 
 I1 + I2 + 2I3 = 2 .…(1) Solution:
 1(I1  I2)  2(I3  I1) + 1.I1 = 2 Let I1 = current through E1
 4I1  I2  2I3 = 2 ....(2) and I2 = current through E2
 2I3 + 2(I3  I1) + 2(I3  I2) = 1

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By Kirchoff’s first law,
  2I1  2I2 + 6I3 = 1 ….(3) I = I1 + I2 ….(1)
Solving equations (1), (2) and (3) we get,
Applying Kirchoff’s voltage law to the loop
I1 = 0.8 A, I2 = 0.2 A and I3 = 0.5 A
O AFDBA we get,
Currents in different branches are
2 = I  I1 + 10 A (I1 + I2)
IAB = I2 = 0.2 A, IBC = I1  I2 = 0.6 A,
= I1 + 10 I1 + 10 I2
ICD = I1  I3 = 0.3 A, IAD = I3 = 0.5 A,
IEF = I3  I2 = 0.3 A  2 = 11 I1 + 10 I2 ….(2)
C
Ans: The currents in branches AB, BC, CD, AD Applying Kirchoff’s voltage law to the loop
and EF are 0.2 A, 0.6 A, 0.3 A, 0.5 A and GFDCG we get,
0.3 A respectively. 1.5 = 1  I2 + 10 x (I1 + I2)
Example 1.5 = I2 + 10 I1 + 10 I2
E

A current of 1 A flows through an external  1.5 = 10 I1 + 11 I2 ….(3)

resistance of 5  when it is connected to the Multiplying eq. (2) by 11 and eq. (3) by 10 we
terminals of a cell. The current is reduced to get,
PL

0.6 A. When the external resistance is 10 . 22 = 121 I1 + 110 I2 ….(4)

Calculate internal resistance of the cell by using and 15 = 100 I1 + 110 I2 ….(5)
Kirchhoff’s law. Now, subtracting eq. (5) from eq. (4) we get,
Solution: 7 1
21 I1 = 7 or I1 =  A
Given: R1 = 5 , I1 = 1 A, R2 = 10 , 21 3
I2 = 0.6 A  I1 = 0.333 A
M

To find: Internal resistance (r) Substituting I1 = 0.333 in eq. (2) we get,

Formula: I1R1 + I1r  E = 0 2 = 11  0.333 + 10 I2
Calculation: From formula,
 10 I2 + 3.663 = 2
15+1rE=0
SA

 10 I2 = 2  3.663
5+rE=0 .…(1)
I2R2 + I2r  E = 0  10 I2 =  1.663
0.6  10 + 0.6  r  E = 0 1.663
 I2 =
6 + 0.6  r  E = 0 .…(2) 10
Subtracting equation (2) from (1)  I2 =  0.166 A
we get,  I1 + I2 = 0.333  0.166
1 + 0.4 r = 0 = 0.167 A
 r = 2.5  Ans: Current through the external resistance is
Ans: The internal resistance of the cell is 2.5 . 0.167 A.
298
 Chapter 13: Current Electricity
Example 1.7 Example 1.8
A battery of e.m.f. 4 V and internal resistance 1  Determine the current flowing through the
is connected in parallel with another battery of galvanometer shown in the figure.
B [Mar 03]
emf 1 V and internal resistance 1  (with their
like poles connected together). The combination 5 I1  x
x 10 

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is used to send current through an external I1
1A 1A
resistance of R = 2 . Calculate current through
A G 10 C
the external resistance. Mention the direction of I2

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current. 20 
Solution: 15  I2 + x
Given: E1 = 4 V, r1 = 1 , E2 = 1 V, D

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r2 = 1 , R = 2  Solution:
Let current I = 1A split as shown in the figure. Then
To find: Current (I) and direction of I
the currents in the four branches of the bridge and
Formulae: i. I = 0 at any junction
galvanometer will be as follows:
ii. IR = E
Current through AB = I1
Calculation:
Current through BC = I1  x

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I1 E1 r1 =1 
A D Cureent through AD = I2
4V
Current through DC = I2 + x
I2 r2 =1 

E
B

I
R = 2
F
C O Current through G = x
 At junction C,
I1  x + I2 + x = I1 + I2 = I = 1 A
C
Applying Kirchoff’s voltage law to circuit ABDA
From formula (i) at junction B we get, we get,
I = I1 + I2 ….(1) 5I1 + 10 x  15 I2 = 0 ….(1)
From formula for the loop ABCDA we get, Now, applying the same to circuit BCD we get,
10(I1  x)  20 (I2 + x)  10x = 0
E

1  I1  1  I2 = 4  1
 I1  I2 = 3 ….(2) 10 I1  10x  20 I2  20x  10x = 0
From formula for the loop AEFDA we get, 10 I1  20 I2  40 x = 0 ….(2)
PL

1  I1  2  I = 4 Now we multiply eq. (1) by 2 and subtract it from

 1  I1 + 2  (I1 + I2) = 4 eq. (2):
Eq. (1)  2 gives,
 I1 + 2 I1 + 2 I2 = 4
10 I1 + 20x  30 I2 = 0 ….(3)
 3I1 + 2I2 = 4 ….(3)
Eq. (2)  Eq. (3) gives,
Adding [2  eq. (2)] to eq. (3)
M

10 I1  20 I2  40 x  10 I1  20x + 30 I2 = 0
3 I1 + 2 I2 + 2(I1  I2) = 4 + 6  10 I2  60x = 0 or I2  6x = 0
 5 I1 = 10  I2 = 6x
 I1 = 2 Substituting this value in eq. (2) we get,
SA

Substituting in eq. (2) we get, 10 I1  20(6x)  40x = 0

 10 I1  120 x  40x = 0
2  I2 = 3
 10 I1  160 x = 0 or I1  16 x = 0
 I2 = 1  I1 = 16 x
 I = I1 + I2  I1 + I2 = 16 x + 6 x = 22 x.
= 2 + (1) 1
 22 x = 1 or x = A
 I = 1 A from E to F 22
Ans: The current through the external resistance is 1
Ans: Current through the galvanometer is A.
1 A and flows from E to F. 22
299
 Std. XII Sci.: Physics Numericals
Example 2.3
Section 2: Wheatstone’s Bridge
In a Wheatstone’s bridge arrangement PQRS, the
Example 2.1 ratio arms P and Q are nearly equal. The bridge is
Four resistances 4 , 8 , X  and 6  are balanced when R = 500 . On interchanging P and
connected in a series so as to form Wheatstone’s Q, the value of R for balancing is 510 . Find the
network. If the network is balanced, find the value of S and the ratio P/Q.

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value of ‘X’. [Oct 13] Solution:
Solution: For balanced Wheatstone’s bridge,
B
P R

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R1 = 4  R2 = 8  =
Q S
In the first case, R = 500 .
A C P 500


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= ....(1)
Q S
R3 = X  R4 = 6  In the second case when P and Q are interchanged,
D R = 510 
Q 510
Given: R1 = 4 , R2 = 8 , R4 = 6   = ....(2)
P S
To find: Unknown resistance (X).

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Multiplying equations (1) and (2), we get
R1 R 3 500  510
Formula:  1 =
R2 R4 S2
Calculation: From formula,
R
R3 = 1  R 4
R2
O or

S = 500 510
S = 504.97 
Substituting the value of S in (1), we get
C
4 P 500
6=3
= = = 0.9901  1
8 Q 504.97
 X =3 P
 1:1
Ans: The unknown resistance is 3 . Q
E

P
Ans: The value of S is 504.97  and the ratio is 1.1.
Example 2.2 Q
Resistances in the branches of Wheatstone’s Section 3: Metre Bridge
PL

bridge are 30 , 60 , 15  and a series Example 3.1

combination of X and 5  resistances. If the bridge An unknown resistance ‘X’ is placed in the left
is balanced, calculate the unknown resistance X. gap and a known resistance of 60  is placed in
Solution: the right gap of a metre bridge. The null point is
Given: R1 = 30 , R2 = 60 , obtained at 70 cm from the left end of the bridge.
M

R3 = 15  and R4 = (X + 5)  Find the unknown resistance.

To find: Unknown resistance (X) Solution:
Formula: For balance condition of bridge, Given: R = 60 , 1 = 70 cm,
R1 R 3 2 = 100  70 = 30 cm
SA


R2 R4
To find: Unknown resistance (X)
Calculation: From formula, X 
Formula: = 1
30 15 R 2

60 X  5 Calculation: From formula,
15  60 X 70
 X+5= = 30 =
30 60 30
 X = 25   X = 140 
Ans: The unknown resistance is 25 . Ans: The unknown resistance is 140 .

300
 Chapter 13: Current Electricity
Example 3.2 Example 3.4
In a metre bridge, the length of the wire is In comparing the resistances of two coils P and Q
100 cm. At what position will the balance point be with the help of a metre bridge arrangement, a
obtained if the two resistances are in the ratio balance point is obtained when the sliding contact
2 : 3? is 30 cm from the zero end of the wire. The
Solution: resistances P and Q are then interchanged and

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X 2 the balance point is obtained at 120 cm from the
Given:  = 100 cm, = zero end. Find the ratio of the resistances P and
R 3
Q and the length of the bridge wire.

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To find: Position of balance point () Solution:
X  Let  be the length of the bridge wire.
Formula: =
R 100   In the first case, the balance point is at 30 cm

TE
Calculation: From formula, from the zero end.
2  P 30
=  = ….(1)
3 100  
Q   30
When the coils P and Q are interchanged, the
 200  2 = 3 balance point is at 120 cm from the zero end.

N
 5 = 200 Q 120
 = .…(2)
200
P  120
 = Multiplying eq. (1) and (2) we get,
5
  = 40 cm.
O
Ans: The balance point will be obtained at 40 cm
from the left end of the metre bridge.

1=
30

120
  30  120
(  30) (  120) = 30  120
C
2  150 = 0
Example 3.3  (  150) = 0
With resistances P and Q in the left and right
As   0, so  = 150 cm.
gaps respectively of a metre bridge, the null point
E

divides the wire in the ratio 1 : 2. If P and Q are P 30 1

From (1), = =
Q 150  30 4
increased by 20  each, the null point divides the
P
wire in the ratio 3 : 4. Find value of P and Q.  =1:4
PL

Q
Solution:
P
P 1 P  20 3 Ans: The ratio of resistances is 1 : 4 and the
Given: = , = Q
Q 2 Q  20 4 length of the bridge wire is 150 cm.
To find: Values of P and Q
M

P = 1 Example 3.5
Formula:
Q 2 In the metre bridge experiment with unknown
Calculation: From formula, resistance X in the left gap and a known resistance
P  20 3 of 60  in the right gap, null point is obtained at 
SA

= cm from left. If the unknown resistance X is

Q  20 4
shunted by an equal resistance, what should be the
P  20 3 value of the known resistance in the right gap in
 = ....( Q = 2P)
2P  20 4 order to get the null point at the same position?
Solution:
 6P + 60 = 4P + 80 or 2P = 20
When the unknown resistance X is in the left
 P = 10 , Q = 20  gap and 60  in the right gap we have,
Ans: The values of resistances P and Q are 10  X 
= ….(1)
and 20  respectively. 60 100  

301
 Std. XII Sci.: Physics Numericals
When the known resistance X is shunted by an equal Example 3.7
resistance X, total resistance in the left gap is, Two diametrically opposite points of a metal ring
XX X are connected to two terminals of the left gap of
X = =
XX 2 metre bridge. The resistance of 11  is connected
To obtain null point at the same position, suppose in right gap. If null point is obtained at a distance
the resistance R is changed to R. Then, of 45 cm from the left end, find the resistance of

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X'  X/2 
= or = ….(2) metal ring. [Mar 14]
R' 100   R' 100  
Solution:

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From equations (1) and (2) we get, Given: R2 = 11, l1 = 45 cm = 45  102 m,
X X/2 60
= or R = l2 = 100  l1 = 100 – 45 = 55  102 m
60 R' 2 To find: Resistance of metal ring (R1)
 R = 30 

TE
Ans: The value of the known resistance in the right R 1 l1
Formula: 
gap is 30 . R 2 l2
Calculation: Resistance of each half segment of the
Example 3.6 R2
An unknown resistance X is placed in the left hand metal ring = and these half
gap of the metre bridge. A known resistance of 2

N
segments are connected in parallel in
20 ohm in the other gap gives a balance point at
the left gap.
60 cm from the left end of the bridge wire.
Determine the value of X. How will you connect a R1 R1 R1 R1
 
resistance Y with X so as to obtain the balance
point at the midpoint of the wire? Also find the
value of Y.
Solution:
O  Reff. = 2
R1 R1

R
2

2 = 2

2
R 1
2
C
The unknown resistance X is placed in the left gap  Reff. = 1 
4
and known resistance of 20  in right gap and null From the formula,
point is at 60 cm from left. R eff . l1
According to the balance condition, =
R2 l2
E

X 60 60
 = = R1
20 100  60 40
20  60  4 = 45
 X=
PL

11 55
40
R1 9
 X = 30   =
Now, a resistance Y is connected with X to 44 11
obtain the balance point at the midpoint of the 9
 R1 =  44
wire. 11
XY 50 1  R1 = 36 
M

 = =
20 50 1 Ans: The Resistance of the metal ring is 36 .
 X + Y = 20 Section 4: Potentiometer
As X = 30 , Y cannot to be connected in
SA

series with X as 30 + Y  20 Example 4.1

Hence, Y has to be connected in parallel to X A potentiometer wire has a resistance per unit
to have an equivalent resistance of 20 . length 0.1 /m. A cell of e.m.f. 1.5 V balances
XY 30Y against 300 cm length of the wire. Find the
 20 = = current through potentiometer wire.
X  Y 30  Y [Mar 09, Oct 15]
 600 + 20 Y = 30 Y Solution:
 10 Y = 600 Given:  = 0.1 /m, E = 1.5 V,
 Y = 60  L = 300 cm = 3 m.
Ans: The value of Y is 60 . To find: Current through potentiometer (I).
302
 Chapter 13: Current Electricity
Formulae: i.  = R/L Example 4.4
ii. I = E/R Resistance of a potentiometer wire is 0.1 /cm. A
Calculation: From formula (i), cell of e.m.f. 1.5 V is balanced at 300 cm on this
R = L potentiometer wire. Calculate the current and
= 0.1  3 = 0.3  balancing length for another cell of e.m.f. 1.4 V
From formula (ii), on the same potentiometer wire. [Mar 15]

T
1.5 Solution:
I = =5A Given:  = 0.1 /cm
0.3
Ans: Current through the potentiometer wire is 5 A. = 0.1  100 /m = 10 /m,

N
l1 = 300 cm = 3 m
Example 4.2 E1 = 1.5 V, E2 = 1.4 V
A potentiometer wire is 10 m long and a potential To find: Current (I), balancing length (l2)

TE
difference of 5 V is maintained between its ends. E E1 l1
Formulae: i. I= 1 ii. 
Find the e.m.f. of a cell which balances against a l1 E 2 l2
length of 180 cm of the potentiometer wire. Calculation: Using formula (i),
Solution: 1.5
5 I= = 0.05 A
Given: K= V/cm 10  3
1000

N
Using formula (ii),
1
= V/cm,  = 180 cm El 1.4  3
200 l2 = 2 1 = = 2.8 m
E1 1.5
To find: e.m.f. of the cell (E)
Formula: E = K
Calculation: From formula,
1
O Ans: The flow of current is 0.05 A. The balancing
length for second cell is 2.8 m.

Example 4.5
 180
C
E=
200 A potentiometer wire is 100 cm long and a
 E = 0.9 V constant potential difference is maintained across
Ans: The e.m.f. of the cell is 0.9 V. it. Two cells of emfs E1 and E2 are connected in
series first to assist one another and then in
E

Example 4.3 opposition. The balance points were obtained at

A potentiometer wire is supplied a constant 60 cm and 12 cm respectively from the same end
voltage of 3 V. A cell of e.m.f. 1.08 V is balanced of the wire in the two cases. Find the ratio of the
PL

by the voltage drop across 216 cm of the wire. e.m.f.s of the two cells.
Find the total length of the potentiometer wire. Solution:
Solution: When the two cells are connected to assist
Given: E1 = 3V, E2 = 1.08 V, each other,
2 = 216 cm E1 + E2 = k  60 ….(1)
When the two cells are connected in
To find: Total length of wire (1)
M

opposition,
E1  E1  E2 = k  12 .…(2)
Formula: = 1
E2 2 Dividing equation (1) by (2), we get
Calculation: From formula, E1  E 2 60 5
SA

= =
E E1  E 2 12 1
1 = 1  2
E2 Applying componendo and dividendo, we get
3 216 (E1  E 2 )  (E1  E 2 ) 5  1
= =
1.08 (E 2  E 2 )  (E1  E 2 ) 5 1
= 600 cm 2E1 6 E1 3
 = or =
 1 = 6 m 2E 2 4 E2 2
Ans: The total length of the potentiometer wire is =3:2
6 m. Ans: Ratio of e.m.fs of the two cells is 3 : 2.
303
 Std. XII Sci.: Physics Numericals
*Example 4.6 Example 4.8
A potentiometer wire has a length of 2 m and A potentiometer wire has a length of 4 m and a
resistance of 10 . It is connected in series with resistance of 5 . What resistance should be
resistance 990  and a cell of e.m.f 2 V. Calculate connected in series with a potentiometer wire and
the potential gradient along the wire. [July 16] a cell of e.m.f. 2 V having internal resistance 1 
Solution: to get a potential gradient of 10–3 V/cm? [Oct 14]

T
Given: L = 2 m, R = 10 , RE = 990 , Solution:
E=2V Given: L = 4 m, R1 = 5 , E = 2 V, r = 1 ,
To find: Potential gradient of wire (K) K = 103 V/cm = 101 V/m

N
V To find: Series resistance (X)
Formula: K= V IR
L Formula: K = =
E L L

TE
Calculation: Since, I =
R  RE  E R
= 
ER RrX L
Also, V = IR= Calculation: From fomula,
R  RE
2 5
2  10 20 101 =  
= = 5 1 X  4 
10  990 1000

N
5
V = 2  102 volt  6 + X = 20 
4
From formula,
 6 + X = 25
2  102


K=
2
K = 102 V/m
O
Ans: The potential gradient of wire is 102 V/m.
 X = 25 – 6 = 19 
Ans: A resistance of 19  should be connected in
series.
C
Example 4.9
Example 4.7 A 10 metre long wire of uniform cross-section
A potentiometer wire is 10 m long and has a and having a resistance of 20  is fitted in a
resistance of 18 . It is connected to a battery of potentiometer. This wire is connected in series
emf 5 V and internal resistance 2 . Calculate the with a battery of 5 V along with an external
E

potential gradient along the wire. resistance of 480 . If an unknown e.m.f. E is

Solution: balanced at 600 cm of this wire, calculate
i. the potential gradient of the potentiometer
PL

Given:  = 10 m, R = 18 , E = 5 V, wire and

r=2 ii. the value of the unknown e.m.f. E.
To find: Potential gradient (K) Solution:
E Given:  = 10 m = 1000 cm,
Formula: i. I =
Rr R = 20 , E = 5 V,
M

V IR r = 480 ,
ii. Potential gradient K = =
  Balancing length, = 600 cm
Calculation: From formula (i), To find: i. Potential gradient (K)
Current through the potentiometer ii. Unknown emf (E)
SA

wire,
E V
E 5 5 1 Formulae: i. I= ii. K=
I= = = = A Rr 
Rr 18  2 20 4
iii. E = K
From formula (ii),
1 18
Calculation:
K=  From formula (i),
4 10
Current through the potentiometer wire,
 K = 0.45 Vm1
5 5
Ans: The potential gradient along the wire is I= = = 0.01 A
0.45 Vm1. (20  480) 500

304
 Chapter 13: Current Electricity
From formula (ii), Solution:
V = IR = 0.01  20 = 0.2 V Given: E = 2 V, r = 1 ,  = 4 m,
V 0.2 V
 K= = R = 24 , = 0.24 V/m.
 1000 
= 0.0002 V cm1 To find: External resistance (Rext)
 K = 2  104 V cm1  E  R

T
From formula (iii), Formula: I =  
E = 2  104  600  R  ri  R ext  
 E = 0.12 V Calculation: From formula,

N
Ans: i. The potential gradient of the  2  24
0.24 =  
potentiometer wire is 2  104 V cm1.  24  1  R ext  4
ii. The unknown e.m.f. is 0.12 V.

TE
 2 
Example 4.10
 0.24 =  6
 25  R ext 
The length of a potentiometer wire is 10 m. An
12
accumulator of steady e.m.f. is connected across  0.24 =
the wire. A Leclanche cell gives a null point at 25  R ext
750 cm. If the length of the potentiometer wire is 24 12 2 1
 = or =

N
increased by 100 cm, find the position of the 100 25  R ext 100 25  R ext
balance point.
 50 + 2 Rext = 100
Solution:
50
Given: 1 = 10 m, E = E1,
2 = 7.5 m, E = E2
Case 2: 1 = 11 m, E = E1
O 

Rext =
2
Rext = 25 .
Ans: A resistance of 25  must be connected in
C
series with the potentiometer wire.
E = E2 (Balance condition)
To find: Position of balance point (2) Example 4.12
A potentiometer of length 10 m and resistance of
E1  1 20  are connected to a cell of e.m.f. 4 V and
Formula: 
E2  2
E

resistance of 5  in series. What is the distance of

Calculation: From formula, the null point, when two cells E1 and E2 are
E1  10 connected
= 1 = .…(1) i. so as to assist each other?
PL

E2 2 7.5
ii. so as to oppose each other?
In case (2), for balance condition, [Given: E1 = 1.5 V, E2 = 1.1 V]
E1  11 Solution:
= 1 = .…(2)
E2 2 2 Given:  = 10 m, R = 20, E = 4V,
From equation (1) and (2) we get, r = 5, E1 = 1.5V, E2 = 1.1 V.
M

10 11 To find: Distance of null point when E1 and E2

=
7.5 2 assist/oppose each other (1 + 2, 1 – 2)
 2 = 8.25 m E
Formulae: i. I=
SA

Ans: The position of the balance point will be 8.25 m Rr

from the zero end. V
ii. K=
Example 4.11 
An accumulator of e.m.f. 2 V and internal iii. E1 + E2 = K(1 + 2)
resistance 1  is connected to a potentiometer iv. E1  E2 = K(1  2)
wire of length 4 m and resistance 24 . What
resistance must be connected in series with Calculation: From formula (i),
potentiometer wire so that the potential gradient 4 4
I= =
along the wire is 0.24 V/m ? 20  5 25
305
 Std. XII Sci.: Physics Numericals
 I = 0.16 A Using componendo – dividendo,
From formula (ii), 2E1 375  75
=
V IR 0.16  20 2E 2 375  75
K= = =
  10 E1 450
 =
 K = 0.32 V/m E 2 300
From formula (iii),

T
E1
E1 + E2 = K(1 + 2)  =3:2
E2
E1  E 2 Ans: The e.m.f.s of the two cells are in the ratio 3 : 2.

N
 1 + 2 =
K
1.5  1.1 Example 4.14
= A cell balances against a length of 250 cm on a

TE
0.32
potentiometer wire, when it is shunted by a
= 8.125 m
resistance of 10 . The balancing length becomes
 1 + 2 = 812.5 cm 200 cm, when it is shunted by a resistance of 5 .
From formula (iv), Calculate the balancing length when the cell is in
E1  E2 = K (1  2) open circuit and also find internal resistance of
the cell. [Oct 11]

N
E1  E 2 Solution:
 1  2 =
K Given: R = 10 , l2 = 250 cm,
1.5  1.1 R = 5 , l2 = 200 cm.
= O
0.32 To find: Balancing length (l1),
= 1.25 m internal resistance (r)
 1  2 = 125 cm l l 
r=R  1 2
C
Formula:
Ans: The distance of null point when the two cells  l2 
are connected Calculation: From first condition,
i. so as to assist each other is 812.5 cm.
 l  250 
ii. so as to oppose each other is 125 cm. r = 10  1  .…(1)
 250 
E

From second condition,

Example 4.13
 l  200 
In a potentiometer experiment, the length of the r=5  1  .…(2)
PL

wire is 5 m. When two cells of e.m.f.s E1 and E2  200 

are connected in series so as to assist each other, Equating (1) and (2),
the balancing length is found to be 375 cm. When  l  250   l1  200 
the cells are connected in series so as to oppose
10  1  =5  
 250   200 
each other, the balancing length is found to be
200  10 (l2  250) = 250  5(l1  200)
75 cm. Compare the e.m.f.s of the two cells.
M

8 (l1  250) = 5 (l1  200)

Solution:
8l1  5l1 = 8(250)  5(200)
Given:  = 5 m, 1 + 2 = 375 cm, 3l1 = 1000
1  2 = 75 cm. 1000

SA

l1 =
3
E 
To find: Ratio of e.m.f.s of two cells  1   333.33 cm
 E2  Substituting value of l1 in equation (2),
E1  E 2 1   2  333.33  200 
Formula: = r =5  
E1  E 2 1   2  200 
Calculation: From formula,  3.33 
E1  E 2 375 Ans: i. The balancing length is nearly 333 cm.
= ii. The internal resistance of the cell is
E1  E 2 75
approximately 3.33 .
306
 Chapter 13: Current Electricity
Example 4.15 Solution:
An accumulator of e.m.f. 6 V and negligible Given: R1 = 8 , l2 = 200 cm,
internal resistance is connected to a 10 m R2 = 4 , l2 = 160 cm
potentiometer wire of 25 . What is the series To find: i. Balancing length when the cell
resistance required so that the potential gradient is in open circuit (l1)
along the wire is 2 m V/cm? What is the balancing ii. Internal resistance of the cell (r)

T
length for a Leclanche cell of e.m.f. 1.51 V? l l 
Solution: Formula: r=R  1 2
 l2 
Given: E = 6 V,  = 10 m, R = 25 , r = 0,

N
Calculation: From first condition,
2 mV 2  103  l  200 
K= = = 0.2 V/m, r=8  1  .…(1)
cm 102  200 

TE
E1 = 1.51 V From second condition,
To find: i. Series resistance (Rs)  l  160 
r=4  1  .…(2)
ii. Balancing length (1)  160 
E From equation (1) and (2),
Formulae: i. I= we get,
R  r  Rs
 l  200   l  160 

N
V IR 8 1  = 4 1 
ii. K= =  200   160 
 
Calculation: From formula (i), l1  200 l1  160
 =
I=
6
=
6
25  0  R s 25  R s
From formula (ii),
O 


25 40
25l1  4000 = 40 l1  8000
15l1 = 4000
l1 = 266.67 cm
C
6  25 1 From equation (1) we get,
0.2 = 
25  R s 10 internal resistance,
 2 (25 + Rs) = 6  25  l  200  266.67  200
r=8  1  =
 Rs + 25 = 75  200  25
E

 Rs = 50   r = 2.667 
From formula (ii), Ans: i. The balancing length when the cell is in
E open circuit is 266.67 cm.
PL

E1 = K 1 or 1 = 1 ii. The internal resistance of the cell is 2.667 .

K
1.51 Problems for Practice
 1 =
0.2
 1 = 7.55 m Section 1: Kirchhoff’s Laws
M

 1 = 755 cm 1. In the circuit shown below, calculate the value

of the current I.
Ans: i. The series resistance required is 50 .
ii. The balancing length for Leclanche cell 6A
6A 6A
SA

is 755 cm.
9A
2A 2A
Example 4.16
I
A cell balances against a length of 200 cm on a
potentiometer wire when it is shunted by a 2. When a certain P.D. was maintained across a
resistance of 8 . The balancing length reduces by conductor, the current flowing through it was
40 cm when it is shunted by a resistance of 4 . found to be 0.5 A. When the P.D. was
Calculate the balancing length when the cell is in increased by 10 volt, the current increased by
open circuit. Also calculate the internal resistance 1 ampere. Find the resistance of the conductor
of the cell. [Feb 13] and the original P.D.
307
 Std. XII Sci.: Physics Numericals
3. A 10 volt battery of internal resistance 11. Two resistance coils P and Q are connected in
1 ohm is connected to a 20 volt battery of series across one gap of Wheatstone’s metre
internal resistance 2 ohm with similar poles bridge. A resistance of 27 ohm is connected
together. They send current through a 30 ohm across the other gap. The null point is obtained
resistance. Calculate current in each battery arm. at 40 cm from the end corresponding to series
combination of P and Q. P and Q are now
4. Find the value of current I4 in the circuit given

T
connected in parallel. The known resistance
below.
I2 = 10 A has now to be decreased by 21 ohm to have
the same balance point as before. Determine P

N
and Q.
I1 = 20 A I3 = 16 A
Section 3: Metre Bridge

TE
12. An unknown resistance is placed in left gap
I4 and resistance of 50  in right gap of a metre
bridge. The null point is obtained at 40 cm
5. Two cells of e.m.f. 3 volt and 4 volt having from left end. Determine unknown resistance.
internal resistances 2 ohm and 1 ohm
13. Two diametrically opposite points of a metal
respectively have their negative terminals

N
ring are connected to two terminals of left gap
joined by a resistor of 6 ohm and positive
of a metre bridge. In the right gap, resistance
terminals joined by another resistor of 4 ohm.
of 15  is introduced. If the null point is
A third resistor of resistance 8 ohm connects
O obtained at a distance of 40 cm from left end,
the midpoints of these resistors. Find the P.D.
find the resistance of the wire forming the
at the ends of the third resistor.
ring.
6. A current of 3 A flows through certain
14. Two unknown resistances are connected in
C
resistance when a cell is connected across it.
series in one gap of a metre bridge and a
The potential difference across the resistance
was found to be 4.8 volt. The e.m.f. of cell is known resistance 9  is connected in the
5 volt. Calculate the internal resistance of the other gap of metre bridge. The null point is
cell. obtained at midpoint of wire. If the two
E

unknown resistances are connected in parallel

Section 2: Wheatstone’s Bridge in the same gap, the same null point is
7. Four resistances 10 , 10 , 10  and 20  obtained when the known resistance in other
gap is 2 . Calculate values of unknown
PL

form a Wheatstone’s network. Calculate the

value of shunt needed across 20  resistor to resistance.
balance the network. 15. Two resistances X  and Y  are connected
8. Four resistances P, Q, R, S are connected in in the left and right gaps respectively of a
cyclic order to form a balanced Wheatstone’s metre bridge. A null point was found on the
bridge wire such that the ratio of lengths of
M

network. If P = 20 , Q = 50 , S = 30 , find
R. What will be the value of R if another two segments of wire is 2 : 3. The distance
of the null point was measured from the left
resistance of 50  is connected across Q ?
end of the wire. When the value of X is
9. Two wires of same material but of lengths changed by 20 , the position of the null
SA

30 cm and 40 cm and of radii 0.5 mm and point divides the wire into segments of
0.6 mm respectively, are introduced in the two lengths in the ratio 1 : 4. Determine X and
gaps of Wheatstone’s metre bridge. Find the Y.
position of the null point.
16. Two resistances X and Y in the two gaps of a
10. Four coils of resistances 3 , 6 , 9  and metre bridge give a null point dividing the
30  respectively are arranged to form a wire in the ratio 2 : 3. If each resistance is
Wheatstone’s bridge. Determine the value of increased by 30 , the null point divides the
the resistance with which the coil of 30  wire in the ratio 5 : 6. Calculate each
should be shunted so as to balance the bridge. resistance.
308
 Chapter 13: Current Electricity
17. Two equal resistances are introduced in the 25. Length of potentiometer wire is 10 m and is
two gaps of a metre bridge. Find the shift in connected in series with an accumulator. The
the null point if the resistance in the left gap is e.m.f. of a cell balances against 250 cm of the
wire. If the length of wire is increased by
shunted by an equal resistance. What will
1 m, calculate the new balancing length of
happen to the null point if an equal resistance the wire. (Accumulator has negligible
is connected in series with the resistance in the

T
internal resistance)
left gap?
26. A potentiometer wire of length 2 m and
18. When two resistances P and Q are introduced

N
resistance 5  is connected in series with
in the two gaps of a metre bridge, a balance resistance of 998  and cell of e.m.f. 2 V and
point is found in the bridge wire such that the
internal resistance 2 . Find potential drop
ratio of the two parts of the wire is 1 : 3. If P
along the wire and the length required to

TE
and Q are increased by 25  each, balance balance an e.m.f. of 4 mV.
point divides the wire in the ratio 3 : 7, lengths
being measured in the same way as before. 27. A cell of e.m.f. 2 V and negligible internal
Find P and Q. resistance is connected to a potentiometer wire
of length 4 m and resistance 25  to form a
Section 4: Potentiometer closed circuit. Find the potential gradient

N
along the wire.
19. A cell of e.m.f. 1.02 volt is balanced by
150 cm of potentiometer wire. When the cell 28. A potentiometer wire of length 10 m and
is shunted by a resistance of 4 , the O resistance 9 ohm is connected to a battery of
balancing length reduces to 120 cm. Find the e.m.f. 2.1 volt having internal resistance
internal resistance of the cell. 1.5 . Find the potential gradient along the
20. A potentiometer wire of length 4 m and wire and the balancing length for a cell of
C
resistance 8  is connected in series with a e.m.f. 1.08 volt.
battery of e.m.f. 2 V and negligible internal
29. The resistance of a potentiometer wire is
resistance. The e.m.f. of the cell balances
0.1  per cm. A cell of e.m.f. 1.5 V balances
against length of 217 cm of wire. When a cell
at 300 cm on this potentiometer wire. Find
E

is shunted by a resistance of 15 , the

the balancing length for another cell of e.m.f.
balancing length is reduced to 200 cm. Find
1.4 volt on the same potentiometer wire.
the internal resistance of the cell.
PL

21. The resistance of potentiometer wire is 1 /m. Multiple Choice Questions

A cell of e.m.f. 1.4 V is balanced against
Section 1: Kirchhoff’s Laws
280 cm of wire. Find the current in the wire.
1. A cell supplies a current of 2 A through two
22. In a potentiometer experiment, the balancing
resistors of 4  each when in series and a
length is found to be 1.80 m for a cell of e.m.f.
M

current of 5 A through the same resistors but

1.5 V. Find the balancing length for a cell of
in parallel. What is the internal resistance of
e.m.f. 1 V.
the cell ?
23. A potentiometer wire has a length of 4 m and (A) 1.0  (B) 2.0 
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resistance of 4 . What resistance must be

(C) 2.2  (D) 2.5 
connected in series with the potentiometer
wire and a cell of e.m.f. 2 V and internal 2. A battery of 4 V and internal resistance 1 
resistance 2  to get a p.d. of 103 V/cm along sends a current of 1 A through a load. If two
the wire? such batteries are connected in series across
24. Potential drop per unit length of a wire is the same load, the current through the load
5  103 V/cm. If the e.m.f. of cell balances will be
against a length of 216 cm of potentiometer (A) 1.20 A (B) 1.40 A
wire, find the e.m.f. of the cell. (C) 1.60 A (D) 1.80 A
309
 Std. XII Sci.: Physics Numericals
3. In the circuit given below, if X = 1  and (A) 10  should be connected in series with A.
E = 3 V, what is the current drawn from the (B) 10  should be connected in parallel
cell? with A.
X (C) 10  should be connected in series with B.
X (D) 5  should be connected in parallel with B.

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X X X 8. Four resistors are connected as shown in the
X X figure. It is found that the current flowing
X X through the galvanometer G is zero. The

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E resistance of X is
4 6
(A) 0.3 A (B) 4A

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(C) 3A (D) 6A G
8
4. If the resistance across a 12 V source is
increased by 4 , the current drops by 0.5 A. X
The original resistance was
(A) 8  (B) 4  (A) 3
(C) 16  (D) 24 

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(B) 6
5. In circuit given below, the cells E1 and E2 (C) 12 
have e.m.f.s of 1.5 V and 6 V and internal (D) impossible to determine without
resistances of 0.4  and 0.8  respectively.
Then the p. d. across E1 and E2 will be

A
E1 E2
B
O 9.
knowing the e.m.f. of the battery.
A Wheatstone’s bridge PQRS has resistances
PQ = 2 , QR = 3 , PS = 2  and RS = 3 .
C
The points P and R are joined by a resistance
of 5 . What is the total resistance of the
3 3 loop?
6 2
E

(A)  (B) 1 
3
(A) 3.75 V, 2.5 V (B) 2.5V, 3.75V 4 5
(C) 1.8 V, 5.4 V (D) 5.4 V, 1.8 V (C)  (D) 
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3 3
6. In circuit shown below, the only correct option is
10. In the figure given below, the value of
X resistance X, when the potential difference
0.5A between P and M is zero is
P
25 V 10  10  20  X
6
M

1 2 3 15  8 3
(A) X = 16 
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(B) current through 20  is 1 A L 15  4 N

(C) p. d. across 10  is 15 V 6
(D) p. d. across X is 10 V 4
Section 2: Wheatstone’s Bridge 6 4
M
7. In a typical Wheatstone’s network, the
E
resistances in cyclic order are A = 10 ohm,
B = 5 ohm, D = 4 ohm and C = 4 ohm. For the (A) 4 ohm (B) 6 ohm
bridge to balance, (C) 8 ohm (D) 9 ohm
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 Chapter 13: Current Electricity
11. Four resistors A, B, C and D having
Section 3: Metre Bridge
resistances 3 , 3 , 3  and 4 
respectively, are arranged to form a 15. With resistances A and B in the left and right
Wheatstone’s bridge. The value of the gaps of a metre bridge, the balance point
resistance with which D must be shunted in divides the wire in the ratio 1/2. When A and
order to balance the bridge is B are increased by 10 , the balance point

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(A) 3  (B) 6  divides the wire in the ratio 3/4. The ratio of A
(C) 9  (D) 12  and B will be
(A) 1 : 2 (B) 2 : 1
12. In the circuit shown below, the potential

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(C) 3 : 4 (D) 2 : 3
difference between the points B and D is
16. In a metre bridge, the gaps are closed by two
15  B 30  resistances P and Q and the balance point is

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obtained at 40 cm. When Q is shunted by a
A C
resistance of 10 , the balance point shifts to
50 cm. The values of P and Q are
20  D 40 
P Q

40 cm

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(A) 1V (B) 0V G
(C) 2 V (D) 4V
(A) 10/3 , 5  (B) 20 , 30 
13. In the adjoining figure, the potential drop
between B and D is zero. The value of X is
4
O 17.
(C) 10 , 15  (D) 5 , 15/2 
Two resistances are connected in the
two gaps of a metre bridge. The balance point is
4
C
B 60 cm from the zero end. When a resistance of
A 10  is connected in series with a smaller of the
two resistances, the null point shifts to 80 cm.
4 3
The smaller of the two resistance has the value
6
(A) 8  (B) 6  (C) 4  (D) 2 
E

5 C 18. Unknown resistance is placed in left gap of a

X metre bridge and known resistance of 30  in
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D the right gap and null point is obtained. If

5 th

unknown resistance is shunted by   of its

1
(A) 3  (B) 4  (C) 5  (D) 6 4
14. Figure shows a network of eight resistors value, then the resistance in the right gap to
numbered 1 to 8, each equal to 2  and obtain the null point at the same point will be
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connected to a 3 V battery of negligible internal (A) 6  (B) 9 

resistance. The current I in the circuit is (C) 15  (D) 45 
Section 4: Potentiometer
3V
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I 19. The value of potential gradient in the given

P 1 Q 4 R 6 S circuit will be
+ +
2 3 5 7
4V 4V
8
X Y
A B
8m
(A) 0.5 A (B) 1.0 A (A) 0.5 V/m (B) 0 V/m
(C) 2.0 A (D) 4.0 A (C) 5 V/m (D) 0.05 V/m
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 Std. XII Sci.: Physics Numericals
20. A voltmeter has a resistance of 40 . When it 27. The length of a potentiometer wire is
is connected to a battery of e.m.f 5 V and of 8 metre. An accumulator of steady e.m.f. is
internal resistance 5 , the reading of the connected to it. A cell connected in usual way
voltmeter is gives null point at 6 m. If the length of the
(A) 1.1 volt (B) 2.2 volt potentiometer wire is increased by 2 m, the
(C) 3.3 volt (D) 4.4 volt balance point for the same cell will be

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(A) 2.5 m (B) 5.0 m
21. A standard cell of 1.08 V is connected in the (C) 7.5 m (D) 1.0 m
secondary circuit in a potentiometer experiment. 28. A potentiometer wire AB is 10 m long and has

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The balancing length, in order to obtain a
a resistance of 4 /m. It is connected in series
potential gradient of 3  103 volt/cm, will be with a battery of e.m.f. 4 V and a resistance of
(A) 10.8 m (B) 5.4 m 20 . The potential gradient along the wire in

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(C) 3.6 m (D) 1 m V/m is
22. The e.m.f. E of the battery is balanced by p. d. (A) 0.01 (B) 0.02
across 60 cm of a potentiometer wire. For a (C) 0.2 (D) 0.3
standard cell of e.m.f. 1.08 V, the balancing 29. In a potentiometer circuit, there is a cell of
length is 40 cm. The value of E is e.m.f. 2 volts and internal resistance of 5 , a
(A) 0. 54 V (B) 1.08 V wire of uniform thickness of length 1000 cm

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(C) 1.62 V (D) 1.02 V and resistance 20 . The potential gradient of
the wire is
23. E.m.f. and internal resistance of a cell are (A) 0.6  103 V/cm (B) 1.6  103 V/cm
1.1 V and 0.5  respectively. The e.m.f.
balances against 200 cm of a potentiometer
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wire. On drawing current ‘x’ from the cell, the
balancing length reduces to 150 cm. Then,
30.
(C) 2.6  103 V/cm (D) 3.6  103 V/cm
In the potentiometer circuit shown below,
when key K1 is closed and K2 is open,
C
(A) x = 0.55 A (B) x = 0.45 A balancing length is found to be 200 cm. When
(C) x = 0.35 A (D) x = 0.25 A key K1 is open and key K2 is closed, the
balancing length is found to be 150 cm. The
24. The e.m.f. of Daniel cell gets balanced on E
ratio, 1 is
600 cm length of potentiometer wire. When a
E

E2 K2
3  resistance is connected at the terminals of the ()
cell, then the balancing length becomes K1
200 cm. The internal resistance of the cell will be ()
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G
(A) 2  (B) 4  E E1 E2
(C) 6  (D) 1 
25. A cell of e.m.f. 2 V and negligible internal
resistance is connected in series with a
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potentiometer wire of length 100 cm. The

e.m.f. of the Leclanche cell is found to balance (A) 3:2 (B) 4:1
on 60 cm of the potentiometer wire. The e.m.f. (C) 5:3 (D) 3:1
of the cell is (in volt)
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(A) 3.2 (B) 2.2 Answers to Problems for Practice

(C) 1.2 (D) 0.2
1. 5 A, away from the point
26. When two cells of e.m.f. 1.5 V and 2. 10 , 5 V
1.1 V connected in series are balanced on a 3. I1 = 3.04 A, I2 = 3.48 A
potentiometer, the balancing length is 240 cm. 4. 14 A
The balancing length, when they are 5. 2.52 volt
connected in opposition is (in cm) 6. 0.0667 
(A) 37 (B) 74 7. 20 
(C) 111 (D) 148 8. 75 , 37.5 
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 Chapter 13: Current Electricity
9. 51.9 cm from one end
10. 45 
11. 6 , 12 
12. 33.33 
13. 40 
14. 3 , 6 

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15. 32 , 48 
16. 20 , 30 
17. 16.7 cm to left, 16.7 cm to right

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18. 50 , 150 
19. 1
20. 1.3 

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21. 0.5 A
22. 1.2 m
23. 14 
24. 1.08 V
25. 275 cm
26. 9.95 103 V, 0.804 m

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27. 0.5 V/m
28. 0.18 V/m, 6 m
29. 280 cm
Answers to Multiple Choice Questions

1. (B) 2. (C) 3. (C) 4. (A)

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C
5. (C) 6. (A) 7. (B) 8. (C)
9. (D) 10. (C) 11. (D) 12. (B)
13. (D) 14. (B) 15. (A) 16. (A)
17. (D) 18. (A) 19. (B) 20. (D)
21. (C) 22. (C) 23. (A) 24. (C)
E

25. (C) 26. (A) 27. (C) 28. (D)

29. (B) 30. (D)
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313
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PL
E
C
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