Cancer Cancer is defined as the continuous uncontrolled growth of cells. NORMAL CELLS =P SP @ @ CANCEROUS CELLS 2 aD ‘Many cells that Variations in Nucleus that Abnormal Cluster of continue togrow sizeand shapes —_—islargerand number of cells without a and divide of cells darker than chromosomes boundry normal arranged ina disorganized * Atumor is any abnormal proliferation of cells. Benign tumors : localized and of small size + Cells that closely resemble, and may function, like normal cells » May be delineated by a fibrous (Basal lamina) capsule * Become problems due to sheer bulk or due to secretions (e.g. hormones). Benign tumors stays confined to its original location + Malignant tumors: high rate of division, properties may vary compared to cells of origin. Most malignant cells become metastatic Invade surrounding tissue and establishment of secondary areas of growth: Metastasis. Malignant tumors are capable of invading surrounding tissue or invading the entire body * Tumors are classified as to their cell type Tumors can arise from any cell type in the body ‘* Carcinomas; constitute 90% of cancers, are cancers of epithelial cells * Sarcomas; are rare and consist of tumors of connective tissues (connective tissue, muscle, bone etc.) * Leukemias and lymphomas; constitute 8% of tumors. Sometimes referred to as liquid ‘tumors. Leukemias arise from blood forming cells and lymphomas arise from cells of the immune system (T and B cells)‘* Leukemia’s are commonly known as blood cancer. Leukemia’s are neoplastic growth (uncontrolled cell growth at the cost of remaining cells) of leucocytes or WBC. © They are characterised by excessive production of WC of the blood, The name leukemia is derived from Greek leukos (white) + haima (blood) the massive prolifer: of leukemia cells can cause a patient's blood to appear milky. ‘* In addition to the types of cancer mentioned above, cancers are further classified according to tissue of origin, for example lung cancer, breast cancer, and the type of cells involved, for example fibro sarcoma arises from fibroblasts, erythromoid leukemia’s from precursor of erythrocytes, Although there are many kinds of cancer, the four most common cancers are those of prostrate, breast, lung and colon/rectum, Hallmarks of cancer uncontrolled growth of cancer cells results from accumulated abnormalities affecting many of the cell regulatory mechanisms cancer cells typically display abnormalities in the mechanisms that regulate normal cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival cancer cells never differentiate - continue to divide, cause more damage, and Invade new tissue 1) Uncontrolled proliferation normal cells display density-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation = proliferate nti they reach a finite cell density + become quiescent (arrosted in the GO stage of the cell cycle) "cancer colis proliferation is not sensitive te densiy-dependont inhibition —+ uncontrolled proliferation (ebilty to {f0W on top of other colls in layers resulting in a turnor) ity to grovth-inhibtery (antigrowth) signals —» cancer cells inactvate tumor supprossor genes that bit growthGrowth Properties of Normal and Cancerous Cells . coos szere Normal Cells Cancerous Cells Contact Inhibition No Contact Inhibition Normal cells grow in a culture dish until they cover the surface asa monolayer. Cancerous cells grow in multilayered clumps and they pile up one above the other 2) Reduced requirements for extracellular growth factors self-sufficiency in growth signals = cancer calls can produce growth factors abnormal production of grout factors leads to continuous auto-stim lation of cell dMision cancer col's are less dependent an grawh factors from other physiologically normal sources contributing ta the unregulated proliferation af tumor cells 3) Evasion of programmed cell death (apoptosis) nnonmal cells -abily to recognize unrepairable damage and perform a controlled self-destruction forthe good of the whole cancer cals - allowing their damaged and abnormal features to continue infecting the body cancer cel's suppress and inactivate genes and pathways that normally enable cells to die 4) Limitless replication potential normal calls - go through senesconce through 0.9. shortening of telomores with every coll division ccancor cols - have telomerase that wil sustain the tolomere length of the chromosomes rendoring the cell virtually mmertal even after generations of growth 5) Sustained angiogenesis cancer cel's acquire the capacity to draw out their own supply of blood and blood vessels ability to form new blood vessels - cancer cells send cut chemical signals that promote angiogenesis new blood vessels provide the blood supply needed for growth by acting as a type of feeding tube for the delivery of oxygen and nutrients t the cancer cell ‘anglogenes's is ertical for allowing eancer cells to matastasise or Invade neighbouring tissue and distant regions: of the becy 6) Tissue Invasion and metastasis cancer calls acquire the capacity to migrate to other organs, invade other tissues, and colonize these organs, resulting n their spread throughout the bodyMetastasis 2 cancor colls divide, thoy can invado surrounding tissuo can also break away from the original (er mary} tumor and entor the bloodstream or lymphatic eystem = cancer cells escaping detection by the Immune system can be carried by the blood and lymph to distant parts of the body —» metastasize Cells can become cancerous ‘When cellular damage occurs, P53 Mutated p53 does not arrest the cell arrests the cell cycle until the damage cycle. The damaged cell continues to is repaired, if damage cannot be divide, which may result in cancer, repaired, apoptosis occurs.Carcinoma development and acquisition of invasive potential om of basement membrane Anglogenesls intravasation and traneport around badly. ma FCM stand extravasation at secondary ste it ccc mn natn ns rmacrometasta “kena apron ise sent attabnen ct oo cane {Steady er coblemeo drrey vary tvaue an formation of mcro- oF