Code & Debug

Operators in Python
“Operators in Python can be defined as symbols that assist us to perform
certain operations. The operations can be between variable and variable,
variable and value, value, and value”.
Operators enable you to do things such as calculate numbers, join strings
together, assign values to a variable, compare one value to another, and more.
Operators that Python Language supports are:
• Arithmetic Operators
• Assignment Operators
• Comparison Operators
• Logical Operators
• Identity Operators
• Membership Operators
• Bitwise Operators

Arithmetic Operators
Operator Name Example
+ Addition a+b
- Subtraction a–b
* Multiplication a*b
/ Division a/b
% Modulus a%b
** Exponentiation a ** b
// Floor Division a // b

Example
a = 20
b = 3
print(a + b, a - b, a * b, a / b)
print(a % b, a ** b, a // b)

Output

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Assignment Operators
Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables. The basic
assignment operator is the equal-sign (=), which assigns the value of its right
operand/s with its left operand.
Operator Example Same as
= x=5 x=5
+= x += 5 x=x+5
-= x -= 5 x=x-5
%= x %= 5 x=x%5
/= x /= 5 x=x/5
%= x %= 5 x=x%5
//= x //= 5 x = x // 5
**= x **= 5 x = x ** 5

Example
a, b, c, d, e = 30, 67, 32, 22, 45
print(a, b, c, d, e)
a += 5
b -= 53
c **= 3
d %= 10
e //= 3
print(a, b, c, d, e)

Output

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Comparison Operator
They are also known as relational operators. They compare the values on
either side of the operator and decide the relation among them.
• Less than (<) — returns true if the value on the left is less than the value
on the right, otherwise it returns false.
• Greater than (>) — returns true if the value on the left is greater than
the value on the right, otherwise it returns false.
• Less than or equal to (<=) — returns true if the value on the left is less
than or equal to the value on the right, otherwise it returns false.
• Greater than or equal to (>=) — returns true if the value on the left is
greater than or equal to the value on the right, otherwise it returns false.
• Equal to (==) — returns true if the value on the left is equal to the value
on the right, otherwise it returns false.
• Not equal to (!=) — returns true if the value on the left is not equal to
the value on the right, otherwise it returns false.
Operator Name Example
== Equal a == b
!= Not Equal a != b
> Greater than a>b
< Less than a<b
>= Greater than or equal to a >= b
<= Less than or equal to a <= b

Example
a = 45
b = 23
print("a == b is", a == b)
print("a != b is", a != b)
print("a > b is", a > b)
print("a < b is", a < b)
print("a >= b is", a >= b)
print("a <= b is", a <= b)

Output

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Logical Operator
Logical operators perform logical AND, OR and NOT, operations. They are
usually used in conditional statements to join multiple conditions. AND, OR and
NOT keywords are used to perform logical operations.
Logical operators return either True or False depending on the value of the
operands. They are used when testing for a value. For example, the and logical
operator can be used to test that both operands have a certain value.
Operator Description Example
and Returns True if both statements are true a<5 and b<10
or Returns True if one of the statements is true a<5 or b<10
not Reverse the result, returns False if result is True not(a<5 and b<10)

Example
a = 45
b = 23
print(a > 33 and b > 33)
print(a > 33 and b < 33)
print(a >= 45 and b <= 23)
print(a < 100 or b > 50)
print(a < 1 or b < 11)
print(a < 1 and b < 11)
print(not (a > 0 and b > 0))

Output

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Identity Operator
Identity operator checks if two operands share the same identity or not, which
means that they share the same location in memory or different. “is” and “is
not” are the keywords used for identity operands.
Operator Description Example
is Returns True if both variables are the same object a is b
is not Returns True if both variables are not the same a is not b
object

Membership Operator
Membership operand checks if the value or variable is a part of a sequence or
not. The sequence could be string, list, tuple, etc. “in” and “not in” are
keywords used for membership operands.
Operator Description Example
in Returns True if a sequence with the specified value a in b
is present in the object
not in Returns True if a sequence with the specified value a not in b
is not present in the object

Bitwise Operator
Bitwise operands are used to perform bit by bit operation on binary numbers.
First, we must change the format of the number from decimal to binary and
then compare them using AND, OR, XOR, NOT, etc.
Operator Name Description
& AND Sets each bit to 1 if both bits are 1
| OR Sets each bit to 1 if one both bits are 1
^ XOR Sets each bit to 1 if only one of two bits is 1
~ NOT Inverts all the bits
<< Zero fill left Shift left by pushing zeros in from the right and let the
shift leftmost bits fall off
>> Signed right Shift right by pushing copies of the leftmost bit from the
shift left, and let the rightmost bits fall off

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IF, ELSE and ELIF Conditions

IF, ELSE and ELIF statement can be defined as a multiway decision taken by our
program due to the certain conditions in our code.
For few viewers, the term “elif” is new as they are not familiar with the word
and it is also not like most of the other words such as list or loops, etc. that
have the same meaning in the English language and in Python programming. In
fact, in English “elif” means honest. But if you have ever done programming in
any language, you must be familiar with “else-if” statement, well “elif” is just
that.
Now coming towards a more formal sort of description. “If and else” are
known as decision making statements for our program. They are very similar to
the decision making we apply in our everyday life that depends on certain
conditions.
Our compiler will execute the if statement to check whether it is true or false
now if it is true the compiler will execute the code in the “if” section of the
program and skip the bunch of code written in “elif” and “else”. But if the “if”
condition is false then the compiler will move towards the elif section and keep
on running the code until it finds a true statement (there could be multiple elif
statements). If this does not happen then it will execute the code written in
the “else” part of the program.
An “if” statement is a must because without an if we cannot apply “else” or
“else-if” statement. On the other hand, else or else if statement is not
necessary because if we must check between only two conditions we use only
“if and else” and even though if we require code to run only when the
statement returns true and do nothing if it returns false then an else statement
is not required at all.
Now let us talk about some technical issues related to the working of decision
statements:
• There is no limit to the number of conditions that we could use in our
program. We can apply as many elif statements as we want but we can
only use one “else” and one “if” statement.
• We can use nested if statements i.e., if statement within an if statement.
It is quite helpful in many cases.

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Example
var1 = 5
var2 = 10
if var1 > var2:
print("Var 1 is greater.")
else:
print("Var 2 is greater.")
# --------------------------------
var1 = 5
var2 = 5
if var1 > var2:
print("Var 1 is greater.")
elif var2 > var1:
print("Var 2 is greater.")
else:
print("Both Are Equal")

Output

Example (using AND operator)

a = 99
b = 33
c = 412
if a > b and c > a:
print("Both conditions are True")

Example (using OR operator)

a = 41
b = 33
c = 500
if a > b or a > c:
print("At least one of the conditions is True")

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Practice Examples (IF-ELSE)

1. Take two numbers as input from User and print which one is greater or
are they equal.
2. Take three numbers as input from User and print which one is greater or
are they equal.
3. Take Salary as input from User and Update the salary of an employee
a. salary less than 10,000, 5 % increment
b. salary between 10,000 and 20, 000, 10 % increment
c. salary between 20,000 and 50,000, 15 % increment
d. salary more than 50,000, 20 % increment
4. Ask the number from User and print whether the number is Odd or Even.
5. A school has following rules for grading system:
a. Below 25 - F
b. 25 to 45 - E
c. 45 to 50 - D
d. 50 to 60 - C
e. 60 to 80 - B
f. Above 80 – A
Ask user to enter marks and print the corresponding grade.
6. A student will not be allowed to sit in exam if his/her attendance is less
than 75%.
a. Take following input from user
i. Number of classes held
ii. Number of classes attended.
b. Print percentage of class attended
c. Print Is student is allowed to sit in exam or not.
7. Calculate the purchase amount after deduction criteria on printed price
a. printed price between 500 and 1000, allow 5% discount
b. printed price between 1000 and 5000, allow 10% discount
c. printed price between 5000 and 10000, allow 15% discount
d. printed price more than 10000, allow 20% discount

For solutions, check the end of the book.

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