Introduction of Artificial

Intelligence in the Judicial

System
 How does technology enhance administration of
justice
• Processing time is considerably
• Less room for h u m a n error.
reduced
• Redu ces the am ount of on-site
• Court processes are expedited. document storage
• Interoperable platforms enables
• Improved access to justice
seamless communication with
• Facilitates detailed analysis of
minimal effort.
information
• Transfer of files enables
• Increased Transparency
transparency and flexibility
• Efficiency is greatly increased
• Allows for effective tracking, searching, editing, and archiving
using O C R and machine readable data.
• Legal experts such as Richard Susskind and Jordan Furlong
have been bemoaning about the legal profession’s woes and its
stubborn adherence to traditions.
• Marriage of Law and technology would brings a lot of work-
flexibility.
• Lack of Restriction of physical space, storage and analysis
gives professionals a better work-life balance.
 How is technology reshaping the justice
delivery system
• Assisting to inform, support and advise people involved in the justice system
• Can replace certain functions and activities that were previously carried out
by humans
• Optimise operational functions rather than detracting from or replacing legal
work
• Can change the way that judges work and provide for very different forms of
justice (disruptive technology), particularly where processes change
significantly
AI
Data Mining in Law
• Law technology has taken many forms and one of them is data mining.
• A voluminous amount of data produced is digitized and firms have started to
make use of this untapped resource to gain valuable insights.

• While still in the preliminary stages, this technology in the legal profession
can bring tremendous changes.
• For example, it can impact how judges treat certain litigants and can help find
important evidence imperative to a case.
 Natural Language Processing

Natural language processing strives to build machines that understand and

respond to text or voice data—and respond with text or speech of their own—in
much the same way humans do

• Spam Detection
• Machine Translation ( Google Translate)
• Virtual Agents and Chatbots ( Apple Siri, Amazon Alexa )
• Social Media Sentiment Analysis ( uncovering hidden insights from SM)
• Text Summarization ( Blinkst)
 Translation Accuracy
A great way to test any machine translation tool is to translate
text to one language and then back to the original.

An oft-cited classic example:

Not long ago, translating “The spirit is willing but the flesh is
weak” from English to Russian and back yielded “The vodka is
good but the meat is rotten.”
Today, the result is “The spirit desires, but the flesh is weak,”
Machine Learning and Deep Learning
• AI teaches computers how to “learn, reason, perceive, infer, communicate, and
make decisions like hu m a ns do.”
• M achine learning enables the compu ter m ake decision s with minimal
programming.
• Deep learning uses more advanced algorithms to perform more abstract tasks
s u c h as recognizing images.
• Ultimately, with machine learning or deep learning, computers actually become
better at their tasks with experience.
• Fundamental to this learning are the three core processes of how cognitive
computing works:
• 1) gather information,
• 2) analyze and try to understand the information, and
• 3) make decisions based on this understanding.
• Deep learning networks are bridges between digital computers
and the real world; this allows us to communicate with computers
on our own terms. We already talk to smart speakers, which will
become much smarter. Keyboards will become obsolete, taking
their place in museums alongside typewriters. This makes the
benefits of deep learning available to everyone.
• Deep learning machines are sometimes likened to auto-educating
infants, who can absorb knowledge and skills, such as spatial
orientation and language, even in the absence of any formal
instruction or “coding.”
 Big Data
• The term big data refers to massive, complex and high velocity
datasets. It is the fuel that powers the evolution of AI’s decision
making.

• Big data can be explored and analyzed for information and insights.
• Big Data Analytics is the use of processes and technologies, including
AI and machine learning, to combine and analyze massive datasets
with the goal of identifying patterns and developing actionable
insights. This helps you make faster, better, data-driven decisions that
can increase efficiency.
• Technology makes professional work more efficient by
automating routine tasks. A lot of low value, tedious, and
repetitive legal work that was previously conducted manually can
now be handled through automation.
• Automatization can take care of manual or administrative work,
allowing judicial staff to focus on more complex or rewarding
tasks.
• Advanced technology can assume other aspects of professional
work, through the creation of protocols, standardized documents
or online services. This should result in enhanced productivity
and faster turnaround and delivery of services.
 E-filing of cases
• With the ability to read and file from anywhere, it's like having the court at your
fingertips.

• Full case information is available immediately to Lawyers, parties, and the general
public online

• The judge and Lawyer can review the case file at any place.

• Immense convenience- Even Court Fee can be paid online

• All orders can be served to the Government Departments in real time

• Seamless and accurate

• Decongest Courts
• Environment friendly

• Ascertain pendency and case pattern

• Transparency, inclusiveness efficiency and enhanced access to justice
Inter-operable Criminal Justice System ( I C J S )

• The Inter-operable Criminal Justice System (ICJS) enables

seamless transfer of data and information among different
pillars of the criminal justice system, like courts, police,
jails and forensic science laboratories, from one platform.
• With the aid of the I C J S platform, FIR, case diary and
charge sheet can be accessed by Courts
• Speedy Disposal of Bails- V C in Jails for remand prisoners
N Step
• The service of summons and processes by traditional
methods are often a cause for inevitable delay in speedy
disposal of cases.
• N S T E P is a centralised process service tracking application
comprising of a web application and a complementary
mobile app designed to streamline the process.
NJD G
• N J D G is a national repository of data relating
to cases pending and disposed of in all district
and taluka courts of the country and also the
High Courts

• Enables efficient case management and

monitoring of cases leading to effective
disposal of cases.

• Data uploaded and collated on the portal can

be accessed and analysed in all parameters

• N J D G gives the consolidated figures of cases

instituted, disposed and the pendency of
cases in all courts across the country.
 E-challan

• Efficient use of technology in providing an easy, efficient and comprehensive

traffic enforcement system

• Nation-wide data sharing and lead to better traffic discipline and road safety.

• Issuance of traffic challans, managing records/ back-end operations, tracking

offence history, payments, reports etc. by leveraging latest technologies

• Connecting all the stakeholders through a common system which is ensuring

data integrity, reliability and transparency.

• Minimizing time and efforts of citizen in making payments or follow-up actions

which they face after getting challan on Road

• Mobile applications are being
made to provide legal device to
litigants in natural language.

• In the near future 24/7

personalized legal advice would
be given to litigants in natural
language.
E Services App
Judge Analytics
 AI Basics
• AI can be described as “allowing a machine to behave in such a way that it would be
called intelligent if a human being behaved in such a way”. (John McCarthy,
considered to have invented the term “Artificial Intelligence”, in 1956.)
• The Oxford Dictionary defines Artificial Intelligence as the theory and development
of computer systems able to perform tasks normally requiring human intelligence,
such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and translation
between languages.
• AI is a very broad term comprising a variety of components. These include cognitive
and machine learning such as intelligent personal assistants like Siri and Cortana
and at a much more simplistic level grammar and spell-checkers and robotic learning
where a person shows the machine how to perform a task and it then mirrors the
steps taken (for example automatic invoice scanning and processing).
• Since the turn of the 21st century, AI has made remarkable progress
with the development of deep neural networks or D N N.
• The precise mechanics of how these work is somewhat similar to
human brain.
• D N N consists of thousands of simulated neurons that send and receive
signals to and from each other and enables deep learning. In short,
they can teach themselves how to do things with little or no human
supervision.
• By harnessing the deep learning power of DNNs , AI was able to defeat
the ancient Chinese board game of Go.
What can artificial intelligence do for
courts?
• Organizing Information
• Recognising patterns in text documents and files ( Eg E Discovery )

• Advise
• AI can look out for relevant information and provide answer.

• Predictions
• AI that claims to be able to predict court decisions (applications which predict the
outcome of a case at SCOTUS with an accuracy of 70.2%
• AI can act as catalyst in lessening the burden of the judiciary, especially in
those cases that involve menial offences, leaving the complex cases to be
decided by human judges.
• In order for AI to be able to process legal information effectively, the legal
information must first be made machine processable.

• As technology progresses, more and more tasks will be performed by non-

specialists with the assistance of digitized processes and systems.
• AI, in order to work, needs ‘big data’. Luc Julia, one of the creators of the
digital assistant Siri, evokes this image, ‘if a machine is to be able to
recognize a cat with 95% certainty, we need about 100,000 pictures of cats.
• AI and big data can work together to achieve more. First, data is fed
into the AI engine, making the AI smarter.
• Next, less human intervention is needed for the AI to run properly.
• And finally, the less AI needs people to run it, the closer society comes
to realizing the full potential of this ongoing AI/big data cycle.
• AI is already able to help individuals, litigants and judges with
organising information. As the library of legal information is enriched,
Artificial intelligence can also help with advice and suggestions.
• The legal profession uses AI technology for research more than any other law
related application. Westlaw, LexisNexis, Google Scholar, Fastcase, and Ross
Intelligence are among the most recognized names providing legal research
tools.
• Companies like Casetext and Ross Intelligence are building research platforms
that have more sophisticated semantic understanding of legal opinion’s actual
meanings and enable them to provide nuances perspectives on how different
cases relate to one another.
• Ross, developed by IBM, has been adopted many law firms worldwide,
particularly in the U S A and is primarily used to vet legal contracts, conduct
legal research, and briefly summarize case laws etc.
•Deloitte U K has developed a tax-related application which goes
beyond rules-based solutions, using ‘human eye matching’ (fuzzy) and
Artificial Intelligence, where the tool ‘learns’ from the user’s tax
decisions. The tool can rapidly analyze complete sets of data,
eliminating both the risk of human error and sampling risk.
•An assessment of the impact of AI requires an understanding of both
the practice of law and technology. A recent study by Mckinsey & Co
estimates that 23% of lawyer time is automatable. Another reliable
research shows 13% of lawyer time can be performed by computers.
• A group of American academics has developed a machine learning application
that claims to be able to predict the outcome of a case at the Supreme Court of
the United States (SCOTUS) with an accuracy of 70.2%, and the voting
behavior of individual judges with 71.9% accuracy.
• Correctional Offender Management Profiling for Alternative Sanctions
(COMPAS), is used in practice by U. S . criminal judges in some states when
assessing the recidivism risk of defendants or convicted persons, in decisions
on pre-trial detention, sentencing or early release. The tool has its flaws and is
often criticised. By using data from the past, it systematically overestimates
recidivism among African American defendants compared to Caucasian
Americans
• The technologies developed by ManCorp Innovations Lab (MCIL) could prove crucial
for judges, especially at a time when all courts have gone online and the use of paper
has largely reduced.

• For Jharkhand High Court, the company had developed two pieces of technology
1. Optical Character Recognition (OCR) - which converts scanned documents into
computer readable text, corrects the orientation, etc.
2. ChatBot - controlled by both voice commands and text.
• In order to make this operational, an exhaustive list of about 120-150 questions that
would naturally crop up in a judge's mind when looking at criminal cases, especially
cases of murder, were framed. Thereafter, a bunch of similar cases were labelled in
the system, which made reading of files a smooth and quick endeavour.
The system will be able to tell the specifics of a particular case, like
• number of victims,
• number of accused persons,
• what are the crimes committed by the accused,
• what was the severity of the injury caused to victim,
• how long did the police take to reach the scene of the crime,
• what was the cause of death according to post mortem,
• whether the blood samples collected matched the blood samples on the weapon
match the wound, etc.
• ‘JUDi’ - an entire smart office solution powered by AI is a solution where
everything from managing documents to assigning tasks to communicating
via emails, video calls, instant messaging, reading and highlighting scanned
documents, researching on any aspect in the files, adding notes, making
illustrations, tables and charts and drafting documents or performing
simple tasks like approval and rejections - all of these can be done on a
digital platform which also enables the software to track an individual’s
digital footprint, eventually leading to automation
SUPACE
• The Supreme Court through this a portal intends to use machine learning
to deal with the amount of data received regarding the various cases.
• It is a hybrid system and a perfect combination of human intelligence and
machine learning that works wonders in combination with human
intelligence.
• The AI-controlled tool is designed to process only information and make it
available to judges for decision. It does not participate in the decision-
making process.
• Jud ges dealing with criminal matters would use it on an experimental
basis.
SUVAS
• The ‘Supreme Court Vidhik Anuvaad Software’ is a
machine-assisted translation tool trained by Artificial
Intelligence.
• S U VA S has the capacity and capability of translating
English Judicial documents, Orders, or Judgments into
nine vernacular language scripts and vice versa.
• This is the first step towards the introduction of Artificial
Intelligence in the Judicial Domain.”
The five principles of the Ethical Charter on the
Use of Artificial Intelligence in Judicial Systems
and their environment

• Principle of respect for fundamental rights

• Principle of non-discrimination
• Principle of quality and security
• Principle of transparency, impartiality and fairness
• Principle “under user control”
The potential benefits of AI Adjudication
• First, AI adjudication could mitigate, or even eliminate, the
arbitrariness that results from drawing a “good” or sympathetic
judge.
• Second, standardization of the adjudication process itself could
make good on codified justice’s promise to eliminate human bias
from judicial decision-making.
 Applications of AI
• Lawyers are required to manually review, edit a large number of documents
• Companies have developed AI systems that can automatically ingest proposed
contracts, analyze them in full using natural language processing (NLP)
technology, and determine which portions of the contract are acceptable and
which are problematic.

• Software enables users to assemble, automate, approve, digitally sign, and

manage all of their contracts – all from one place.
• Litigation prediction, legal research, precedent analysis, Litigation Analytics
(How Judge decided earlier in similar cases ), and e-Discovery.
• In international arbitration, the use of AI has been predicted for a
variety of tasks, including appointment of arbitrators, legal
research, drafting and proof-reading of written submissions,
translation of documents, case management and document
organization, cost estimations, hearing arrangements (such as
transcripts or simultaneous foreign language interpretation), and
drafting of standard sections of awards.
Blockchain
Blockchain is a shared, distributed ledger that facilitates the
process of recording transactions and tracking assets in a
network.
• An asset can be
• tangible — a house, a car,cash, land; or
• intangible like intellectual property, s u c h as patents, copyrights, or
branding. Virtually anything of value can be tracked and
transacted on a blockchain network, reducing risk and cutting
costs for all involved.
The blockchain can be imagined as a decentralized database in which entries
are unchangeably grouped in chronologically sorted, linked blocks.
 Features of Blockchain
• Consensus: For a transaction to be valid , all participants m u st agree on its
validity.

• Provenance: Participants know wh ere the asset cam e from and how its
ownership has changed over time.

• Immutability: No participant can tamper with a transaction after it’s been

recorded to the ledger. If a transaction is in error, a new transaction must be
used to reverse the error, and both transactions are then visible.

• Finality : A sin gle, shared ledger provides on e place to go to determine the

ownership of an asset or the completion of a transaction.
Tracking vehicle Ownership- Conventionally
Tracking vehicle Ownership with Blockchain
Smart Contracts
• Smart contracts are digital contracts stored on a
blockchain that are automatically executed when
predetermined terms and conditions are met.
• Used to automate the execution of an agreement so that all
participants can be immediately certain of the outcome,
without any intermediary’s involvement or time loss.
Case Scenario-1- Insurance
The insurance industry can also use blockchain.
Insurance providers need an efficient way to process claims, verify that an insurable
event (such as an accident) actually occurred, and provide customers with fair and
timely payouts. With automated insurance claim processing, policy conditions are
written into a smart contract stored on the blockchain and connected to publicly
available data via the Internet. Whenever an insurable event occurs and is reported
by a trusted source, the insurance policy is automatically triggered, the claim is
processed according to the terms of the policy specified in the smart contract, and
the customer is paid.

The benefits for insurance are as follows:

»Eliminates the cost of processing insurance claims
»Reduces the opportunity for insurance fraud
»Great relief for citizens
 Key benefits of Blockchain

• Time Savings Transaction time is slashed to minutes from days

• Cost Savings Less Oversight, intermediaries reduced and costs saved.

• Tighter Security Features protect against tampering, fraud and cybercrime

• Enhanced privacy Viewership of transaction can be restricted

• Improved auditability Shared ledger means a single source of truth

• Increased efficiency Streamlines transfer of ownership with speed and efficiency
Challenges
• Not all AI-based applications allow such simple forms of control as
those discussed above. Predictive systems are the quintessential
example of a more complex state of affairs.
• The use of AI science and technology in criminal matters poses specific
challenges as its application may reflect some current public debates
about the alleged predictability of offending behaviour.
• VI CTO R, the Brazilian Supreme Court’s Artificial Intelligence,
according to its developers, does not exercise automated decision-
making . It is used to ascertain the general repercussion in matters pending
before the Supreme Court in an efficient manner.
• However, Victor can generate incorrect, unjustified, or unfair results
regarding the deleterious consequences from machine learning from
biased data sets, to the opacity of these algorithms, and to the
discrimination potentially generated by them.
• Human decisions can be based on values and considerations that a
machine lacks. For example, a judge could decide to order the bail of a
female offender who has a risk of recidivism, on the basis of a hierarchy
of values, for example by setting greater store by her role as a mother
and protector of her children, whereas the algorithm would be able to
determine the risk of reoffending more accurately but would not be able
to operate such a hierarchy of priorities. Eg C O M PA S
With advanced technology, have traditional professional positions
such as lawyers, judges, auditors would become obsolete?
Contrary to the fears of many professionals, technology won’t lead
to a decrease in the number of professional jobs. If that were the
case, machines would be harmful to our jobs and well-being. The
opposite is true, however.
This causes a fear in the minds of the professionals, but they are
actually misunderstanding their role. Their reason for being
shouldn’t be to maintain their privileged status, but to help solve
society’s problems by providing even more access to their expert
knowledge.
• Judges need to understand how AI works, in order to make
adequate use of it. Courts, in turn, need to digitize their
information and provide it with legal interpretation, in order to
make it more usable for artificial intelligence systems.
• Professionals need to be flexible, adapting to the new technology
and need to be prepared to go with the flow to ensure they stay
relevant in our modern world. Technology is a tool to make
knowledge more accessible; it helps us all.
 Conclusion
What good can AI do for justice, and what does it take?
Legal information needs to be more structured and endowed
with meaning.
As the library of legal information is enriched, Artificial
intelligence can also help with advice and suggestions.
Courts must constantly monitor their system for effectiveness
and adjust it if necessary. For courts and court systems, largely
set up and run as production organisations, this kind of
development work is a huge new task.