ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
MATH & NATURAL SCIENCES
CHM 1103 - LAB 2
a) Separation of mixtures by
filtration.
Laboratory
02 Laboratory Title b) Separation by Simple
Exercise Number distillation
Course Code CHM 1103 Course Title Engineering Chemistry
H00541801 Hind mohammed Bukattara
Student ID Student Name
Term 202320 Date
Elsayed Ghaith
Instructor
Section
Group No
Group Ghala Bader H00542625
Members
Note: Students are expected to refrain from all forms of academic dishonesty as defined in the
college policies and as explained and defined by college policies and procedures and directions
from teachers or other college personnel. By signing this cover page you are stating that the work
presented is yours and yours alone. The work includes all figures, tables, calculations, data and
text. Please note only reports that include a signed cover sheet will be graded.
I hereby state that all work submitted in this report is mine and solely mine.
Signature of Report Writer:
Separation of mixtures by a) Filtration
Objectives:
1. To separate a mixture of two solids by filtration.
2. To use correctly a chemical data book to find the required physical properties.
Introduction:
Mixtures are not specific to chemistry; we use and consume them on a daily basis. The beverages
we drink, the fuel we use in our automobiles, the ground we walk on and the air we breathe are
mixtures. Mixture is a material made up of two or more substances that are not chemically
combined.
In this experiment a heterogeneous mixture is separated into individual components by filtration.
Apparatus & Chemicals:
Hot Plate Top loading balance Filtration unit
Chemical data book,
Top pan balance,
Sodium chloride / charcoal mixture (4g), Hot plate,
, Filter funnel,
Boiling chip, Ring clamp and stand,
Filter paper (What man No.1-three 12.5 cm Beakers (two 100 mL),
sheets), Graduated cylinder (25mL),
Safety Note: 1. Safety goggles must be worn at all times in the lab.
2. Gloves should be used wherever necessary.
3. Hot objects should be handled with caution.
Procedure and experimental observations:
Part A: Separation of sodium chloride and charcoal mixture
1. Weigh out 4.0 g of the salt/charcoal mixture (95%, 5%) in a 100 mL beaker and add
about 15.0 mL of distilled water.
2. Stir the mixture for about two minutes to allow the salt to dissolve.
3. Set up a filter funnel with filter paper on a filter funnel stand (ring clamp on stand).
4. Filter the mixture and collect the filtrate into another pre-weighed 100 mL beaker.
5. Look at the solid in the filter. Write down what it looks like: Physical Appearance-
[5 points]. The solid when using the filter paper, has been separated from the water
and it stayed in the filter paper.
6. Add few (3-5) boiling chip to the filtrate.
7. Heat the solution with a hot plate and boil gently to reduce (make smaller) the volume.
8. When you see crystals of sodium chloride, turn off the heat and allow the solution to
cool on a provided mat (never put any hot objet directly on the table).
Result:
1) Describe what the sodium chloride crystals look like: Physical Appearance-
[ 5 points].
Sodium chloride crystals look like tiny, clear or white cubes.
2) Is the combination of salt and charcoal is a new compound or a mixture?
Explain
It’s a
mixture
heterogeno
use mixture
because it
does not
involve a
chemical
reaction to
create a
new
compound
[6
points]
Separation by b) Simple Distillation
Objectives:
1. To separate a homogenous mixture containing two components using simple
2. To assemble and safely operate a simple distillation apparatus.
3. To perform simple tests to check the efficiency of the separation.
Theory:
Distillation is an inexpensive and relatively simple technique used to purify liquids. Chemists
often use this method to separate homogeneous solutions of two or more liquids. In industry,
distillation is used to separate the economically important components of fossil fuels including
natural gas, gasoline, kerosene, heating oil, and lubricants. In the food industry, distillation is used
to concentrate the alcohol in wines and other beverages obtained from the natural fermentation of
fruits and vegetables. Both of these economically important processes separate liquids, which do
not interact with one another, by differences in their boiling points. In practice, liquids can be
separated by simple or fractional distillation. A pure compound boils at a constant temperature,
where as an impure compound boils at a range of temperatures. For example, sea water can be
desalinated by boiling off and condensing the water. Simple distillation is normally used when the
difference in the boiling points of the components of a mixture is very large. This type of
apparatus will only give a clean separation if the boiling point difference is more than 50 to 700 C.
If the distillation is used for a mixture where the boiling points are close to each other, the more
volatile ( evaporates more easily) component will distill over first but it will be contaminated with
the higher-boiling component. If one compound is much more volatile than the other, the
compounds can be separated in one evaporation step. Such a step is called simple distillation and
uses an apparatus that consists of only a pot, a distillation head, a condenser, an adapter, and a
receiver, as shown in Figure 3. When the boiling points of two compounds differ by less than 40
°C, they cannot be separated efficiently by simple distillation. Fractional distillation, a process that
has the effect of many simple distillations, must be used.
Apparatus & Chemicals:
The following glass components are required from the Quick fit kit:
250 mL Round bottom flask 2 Laboratory stands
Still head 2 Extension clamps
Liebig condenser Lab jack
Receiver adapter Heating mantle
125 mL conical flask 2 test tubes and rack
Screw-cap adapter 3 Boiling Chips
0
Thermometer (-10 to 110 C) Dropper
50 mL 0.5M NaCl Silver nitrate (0.1 M)
Safety Note: 1. Safety goggles must be worn at all times in the lab.
2. Gloves should be used wherever necessary.
3. Hot objects should be handled with caution.
Procedure:
Record all observations and data directly in the spaces provided on the Report sheet
1. Collect the equipment and set up a simple distillation apparatus.
2. Transfer about 100 mL of provided NaCl solution which needs to be distilled.
3. Take 1 mL of the solution in a test tube for testing, and transfer remaining solution to the 250
mL round bottom (distilling) flask. Add 3 boiling chips to the flask.
4. Place a clean, dry 125 mL conical bottom flask or a beaker under the mouth of the receiver
adapter to collect the distilled water.
5. Begin heating the solution by turning ON the heating mantle to about position 8, and continue
distillation until about 20 mL of distillate (condensed water) has been collected.
6. Measure the flow rate of the distillate for 10 minutes: Record your observations.
7. Turn the heating mantle OFF and then take about 1 mL of the product (condensed water) into a
clean test tube.
8. Test the original (NaCl solution) sample and product (condensed water) sample by adding a
few drops of 0.1M Silver nitrate solution.
Record your Observations.
Experimental Data:
Results and Analysis
1. Distillation temperature [9]
NaCl
Initial (first) temperature of the distillation vapor 0C 8
Final temperature of the distillation vapor 0C 100
Flow Rate ml/Min 11/5.41 = 2ml/min
2. Silver nitrate test:
Describe what happened when you added silver nitrate solution to the following test solutions:
[10]
I. The original NaCl solution The water turned completely white
II. The distillate or condensed water The water turned slightly white.
sample
b) Write the equation for the above reaction in (a) [5]
AgNo3 + Nacl - NaNo3 + AgCl (s)
Discussion:
1) Comment on the effectiveness (success) of your distillation. How well did it work? [Refer to
optimum flow rate and purity of distillate]. When we added the silver nitrate to the new
water, the water was clear.
[6]
2) Identify the two other types of distillation used in the Laboratory. [10]
Fractional distillation.
Vacuum Distillation
3) When do we use Fractional distillation? [5]
is used in oil refineries to separate the complex mixture into fractions
that contain similar boiling points and therefore similar molecular
weights and properties. Gasoline, diesel fuel, kerosene, and jet fuel
are some of the different fractions produced by an oil refinery.
4) Give three factors needed to get a good separation? [15]
Proper selection of separation method
Optimization of conditions
Quality of equipment and materials
5) What is the difference between condensation, evaporation and distillation? [10]
Condensation: gas to liquid
Evaporation: liquid to gas
Distillation: separation of components based on boiling points
6) How could you separate each of the following two-part mixtures? [9]
1) Lead filings and iron filings: magnet.
2) Salt and sugar: dissolving and filtration
3) Alcohol and water: boiling
7) Where the properties used to separate the components of the mixture extensive or intensive?
Explain. Extentsive properties: are those that depend on the amount of substances presents such
as mass volume total energy
Intensive: are indepemddnetn of the amount of substances prensets and are characteristics of
the material of itself. [5]
