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ITs Anclades Yenaovs Plone J a S-Cskiv “heey bse s & [ee ne = ee pSSSere lok : —t ess be a 5 alae SAeye- Cinrtentys {8 Conferninoted Lobes cl sels GA Comming “ok eC dro Fosters Ore Kecndgel ny ice Reba tye Lootes OF ace es tT open Spans 7% Qeseorch *1.characteristics of Rural community. Ans.1) Occupation: Indian rural society is agricultural. Almost 90% of the total rural population is directly or indirectly dependent on agriculture. Their main occupation is agriculture. Agriculture industry is the center of economy of rural society. Agriculture has also been modernized in this era of modernization. Farmers will definitely benefit from the modernization of this agricultural sector. 2) Literacy: Literacy in rural areas is very less than in urban areas. According to the 2001 census, overall literacy in India is 65%. But the literacy rate in rural areas of many states is less than 50%. This is because education facilities are not available in rural areas. Similarly, children from rural areas cannot financially afford to come to the city for education. As aresult of all these, the literacy rate in rural areas is low. 3) Population: 72.2% of India's total population lives in rural areas. That is, the number of people living in villages is large in India. In developed countries, the number of people living in villages i.e. rural areas is negligible. According to the 2001 census, 21% of people in Japan, 23% in America and 9% in Australia live in villages. India is a developing country. Due to lack of employment opportunities, people have to depend on agriculture. 4) Small Size: Rural people are living in six lakh villages. 50% of these villages have a population of less than 500. Only 10% of villages have a population of more than 5000. This means all these villages are scattered in smaller sizes. As the livelihood of the rural people does not work in the small villages, they have to migrate to the cities. Hence the size ofrural villages is limited i.e. small. 5) Unemployment: As in cities, there is a problem of employment in rural areas as well. Daily work is available as a farm laborer in rural areas. But it has no organization. According to the 2004-2005 report of the National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO), the male rural unemployment rate was 8%. It is 8.7% among women. Some of the causes of rural unemployment will be as follows. e Seasonal nature of agriculture. e@ Massive population growth. e@ Government employment schemes are not implemented properly. 6) Media Exposure: Various media in rural as compared to urban segmentNeglected areas, due to poor conditions, people in rural areas rarely buy these media for their own consumption. The proportion of various media in rural areas is as follows - @ Doordarshan - 25% e@ Radio - 75% Newspapers @ Magazines etc. 20% Even today, many villages do not have a single television set. Or another T. V. It is in the whole village. Due to the lack of publicity in the media, the true situation in the rural areas does not come before the government, so the government also ignores it. 7) Poverty (Powerty): Agriculture is the source of income for people in rural areas. Indian agriculture is dependent on rain. Therefore, poverty rate is high in rural areas. As per 1999-2000, poverty rate in rural areas was 27% while inurban areas it was 24%. The poverty rate is highest in rural areas in the states of Orissa, Bihar and Madhya Pradesh. Some important reasons for this can be mentioned as follows. The rate of population growth is high mainly among the poor e Landlords oppress rural farm labourers. e@ Harassment by lenders e Improper implementation of poverty alleviation programme 8) Work Participation: Males are more involved in work than females. Males are involved in 52% of the total work in rural areas while women are involved in 30.8%. This proportion is different in urban areas. Here, male participation is 51% and female participation is 11.9%. 9)Other Problems: Other problems include transport, seed, water and connectivity in rural areas. Literacy rate and poverty are both higher in rural areas than in urban areas. The society in rural areas faces many problems such as large- scale exploitation by landlords and moneylenders and seasonal farming. 2.Information commission. ANns.Set up in 2005, the Central Information Commission is an autonomous non-constitutional body that determines if the democratic principles are efficiently being followed in the country or not. The Commission files complaints and looks into the matter of those people who have failed to submit information to the government when asked about it. Basic objectives of this council stand on promoting a feeling of accountability and transparency in the country withempowering the citizens with the information. The Central Information Commission headquarters has been set up at Bhikaji Cama Place in New Delhi. Role and Functions The role of the Central Information Commission is simple and specific. It is the Central Information Commission that looks into the matters of: 1. Receiving and investigating the complaint regarding the absence of information even after requesting it 2. Ordering an investigation into the matters which it thinks are reasonable 3. At the time of investigation, the council has the powers of a civil court where it can summon and demand any document it wants about the complaint 4. Assists those who are incapable of getting a response from an individual with concern to the request of information that he/she has made 5. Assisting those who have been denied for the demand of information made 6. Examination of any record that is being held by any public authority and thus all the information should be disclosed without withholding necessary info Issues related to Commission There are numerous issues faced by the commission and thus it is not free from the flaws which undermine its working 1. The Central Information Commission faces the issue of lack of transparency as there are no records, about the selection procedure of the commission2. There are numerous pending and backlog complaints with the commission which keep on piling up. The reason behind this issue is the fact that it takes about 388 to solve a single case which adds to the piling up of the coming cases and complaints with the commission 3. It also faces the problem of not punishing government personnel that has broken any kind of law or principle 4. Even after numerous directions from the court of law, the commission still faces the problems of vacancies 3.Carbon Credit Ans.The process of protecting the Earth from emissions from various industries is called carbon trading. The concept of Carbon Credit or Carbon Bank is related to this trade. Carbon credit means investing in less polluting industries and disinvesting from heavily polluting industries. In short, Carbon Credit Bank means international business exchange or buying and selling. Selling high carbon emitting companies to low carbon entrepreneurs or investing in low carbon emitting industries. Awareness of the concept Procedure:The central government determines the amount of polluting gas that should be released into the environment. This quantity certified by the central government is considered as the license (Permit) of how much gas should be released in the environment and then this license is divided into small parts and distributed among various companies. It is considered the license or name (Credit) of those companies. E.g. Reliance Company emits 10,000 units of greenhouse gas into the environment. But in reality, if this company gets a license to release 15,000 units of greenhousegases into the environment, Reliance Company can emit another 5,000 units of greenhouse gases into the environment. That is, it is considered that 5000 units of greenhouse gases are left in the name of this company.But suppose Tata Company gets a license to emit 10,000 units of greenhouse gas and In fact, if this company has emitted 15000 units, then 5000 units more than this company has emitted is called as Debit. If these two companies are considered together, there is no balance on the pollution account. This account is closed (A/c), this license between Reliance and Tata Company at fixed price is transferred. It is called carbon trading. 4.Uses of Information Technology: Ans.1) Education: Information technology has opened up new areas of education. Through e-learning, it has become possible to study the subject and take the exam online or through computers. Also its nature is such that we can learn whenever we can. You can solve your problems with the help of various websites. 2) Defence: The strength of the defense department has increased due to the possibility of sending and verifying information with new technology. 3) Mobile technology :With the use of mobile phones it is not only possible to communicate but it is also possible to send and receive information, pictures, songs, radio services etc. easily. With the use of Bluetooth and 3G, services such as sending pictures, video conferencing will also be possible. Internet can also be used wirelessly from mobileCan be doneby system. 4) Industry: The Internet has made it easier to exchange information faster and more securely. Consolidation of businesses makes it easier for businesses to settle debts, provide services. New types of businesses on the Internet are being prepared through Also industries are expanding their capabilities using the internet. 5) Process industries or manufacturing industries: can use information technology to replicate the product before it exists and increase its utility, change the structure, manufacture the product, process the product, etc. Thus, distributors, manufacturers and © researchers are able to bring new products to the market in a short period of time, thereby increasing trade. 6) Media and publications: With the help of satellites it has become possible to send information in isolation using television (T.V.), radio, camera even in rural areas. Newspapers have also been able to get the latest news. The Internet has had a major impact on media and publishing. Books in different languages are available on the internet. These e-books can be used for reading on the Internet as well as for printing and storage. The books needed for the website can be downloaded from the internet with the help of a credit card on the computer at a modest cost. 5.Types of goal setting: ANns.Goals can be defined in various ways. Goals cannot be determined by prioritization or importance. Because goals are your life (Ayushya) they are your goals.The types of goalsetting can be stated as follows - 1) Physical Goals: Physical goals are related to your physical and health. You can only set fitness goals if you lose weight or improve your physical abilities and maintain good health. 2) Career Goals: If you are going to have your career five years from now or ten years from now, what are you going to do to reach your career from where you are, how are you going to swim, what values are you going to cultivate, what skills are you going to acquire etc. Thinking will be positive Only then you can define career goals. 3)Financial Goals: If you are planning your retirement, what kind of house you want to live in, what kind of car you are going to take for your children, what kind of education you are going to give to your children, all these questions are answered by your finances. Depends on the planning and you have to fix your merger accordingly. 4) Relationship & Family Goals: Relationship & Family Goals are your greatest assets in life. How are you going to mend your old friendships and create new ones, what are you going to do for your family, how are you going to maintain your relationship with your child, parents, parents and other family members?Relationship and family goals can be determined. 5) Self Development & Spiritual Goals: There is pa (fruit). It is always green when it is growing. When bad or improvement stops, it ripens like a fruit and falls on the ground. A very important essence/principle of life is that the learner has the ability to keep learning. So always keep learning and improving internally to change your perspective, self image,beliefs you have to define your goals. People who enjoy academics always improve their self-image, relationships, financial satisfaction/success and confidence. Faith is a very important aspect of human life. And so some people set their goals in related fields for self development. 6) Pleasure Goals: Children are the flowers of God's house. Children are always happy because they have a right to be happy. Enjoyable goals are set for learning new things for fun and pursuing new hobbies so that you can be as happy as possible in life. 7) Social Goals: Your life is measured by what you have done for society along with achieving your own goals. It determines your image in society. It is your responsibility as a human being to repay what you have received from society. In fact, it is a responsibility. And so the social goal is determined. 6.Geographic Information System (GIS) Ans.A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer system that analyzes and displays geographically referenced information. It uses data that is attached to a unique location. 1. Agriculture:Gis is a useful tool in agriculture. It uses data about farms, weather, and water resources to help determine the best agricultural practices. Researchers can assist farmers in finding suitable weather conditions for specific crops and locating nearby water sources for irrigation. Governments can utilize GIS to create resource management policies and identify appropriate agricultural lands. e Planning of future food demande Land and soil analysis e@ Pest control @ Drought management 2. Environment:cis can monitor how clean the air is ina specific area. It uses data from satellites that monitor air quality to create maps that show places with high pollution. Government can use this map to create policies to improve the air quality in those places. e@ Quality of Life: It helps monitor the air and water quality to analyze real-life habitat conditions. e Planning: It simplifies the process of selecting the proper location for new infrastructure plans by checking the project’s impact on the environment. 3. Urban Planning and Transportation:Gis helps city planners and transportation experts combine different types of information like maps, satellite pictures, population statistics, and infrastructure data. It helps them make better decisions when designing cities and transportation systems that are sustainable and good for the environment. 4. Disaster Management:Gis can keep an eye on places that have a higher chance of natural disasters. So, it can alert the environment-related authorities in case of emergencies, and they can act accordingly. It can help them reach the affected areas in time, respond to victims, develop recovery plans, and take measures to prevent future disasters. 5. Business and Marketing:Businesses and companies can use GIS tools to evaluate their competitors as well as analyze the markets. This way, they can create impactful marketing strategies to maintain a strong position in themarket. They can also improve production processes to make operations more efficient and effective. 6. Health and Human Services:The government can use GIS to find areas where the population may suffer from specific health conditions. It can help health professionals take the necessary actions in time. GIS can also help coordinate with emergency services during disease outbreaks. 7. Tourism:GIS helps the tourism industry find popular tourist spots and use the knowledge for effective marketing. It also promotes sustainable tourism practices to enhance visitor experiences. e@ Navigation: GIS can create maps with routes, landmarks, and more to make navigation easier. e Destination Marketing: Tourism authorities can promote tourist destinations by highlighting attractions, accommodations, restaurants, and other points of interest. 8. Oil and Gas:GIs uses spatial data to explore the world and find areas with oil and gas resources. It also helps test the benefits of a new project and check if these projects affect the environment in any way. Applications of GIS in Oil and Gas: e Finding locations: Organizations can find the best places to drill for oil and gas by looking at the Earth’s features. e@ Pipeline Management: GIS is important for planning pipeline routes and ensuring they are leak-free and secure.7.Applications of Nano Technology: Ans.1) Medicine: Preliminary trials have been successful in finding treatments for drug-affected areas, cancer or tumors () with the help of nanotechnology. Nanoparticles are very small and easy to inject into a specific area of the body. Encapsulating drugs in nano-capsules to target a specific part of the body, using sensor-based nanotubes is at the testing level of nanotechnology. 2) Household Appliances: Silver nanoparticles are used in refrigerators, air conditioners, (air conditions). Silver's anti- bacterial properties keep refrigerators fresh and free from bacteria and mold. than ordinary refrigerators. 3) Electronics : Attempts are being made to modify molecular and atomic structures through reactions. Through the technology of lithography, it has become possible to install tensors on a computer chip twice every half a year. Television sets or monitors with better color and resolution are made from layers made of nanoparticles. 4) Vehicles: Being stronger than steel, nano tubes are being used in vehicles. Paints made from nanoparticles create very attractive and smooth surfaces. Hydrogen could be used in future vehicles with the help of fuel cells. 5) Cosmetics: Zinc oxide and titanium oxide are the ingredients that protect the skin from ultraviolet rays. The fine particles in the creams spread evenly over the skin and reduce the appearance of wrinkles. In the future cosmetics may change the order of DN and work more elegantly. 6) Games and Toys: Nanotechnology has already been used ingadgets and games. In nano technologybMotors control the Movement of the eyes of dolls and other robots. Compounds of carbon nanotubes are leading to stronger and lighter tennis rackets. Also tennis balls have become more durable. 7) Energy : Solar energy or hydrogen based fuel will have to be depended on in future. Solar cells can be made more efficient with the help of nano materials. Hybrid nanoparticles such as nickel halide will increase the energy storage in batteries. 8) Fabrics : With the help of nano technology, more comfortable fabrics will be created. This will result in a fabric that does not need to be ironed and washed frequently. 9) Environment : Nanomaterials prepared by low temperature hybridization will help in reducing pollution in industries. Nanoparticles will be useful in water purification, detection of toxic atoms, pesticides. 8.Issues of urbanization. Ans.1)WATER AVAILABILITY:Water is essential for Maintaining an adequate food supply and a productive environment for the human population and for other animals, plants, and microbes worldwide. a) Water scarcity: Uncoordinated urban growth and ‘fragmented' leapfrog developments in India and different parts of the world have resulted in contamination of drinking water. Water pollution results in the spread of serious humandiseases and diminishes water quality. b) Water Quality: The problem of sanitation is acute in many developing countries, which discharge an estimated 95% of their untreated urban sewage directly into surface waters. Overall, waterborne infections account for 90% of all human infectious diseases in developing countries and deaths, primarily among infants and young children. The World Health Organisation estimated that around 700,000 Indians die each year from diarrhoea. c) Cost of water :How much tariff (tariff) to charge on water depends entirely on the state government in India. Therefore, the structure and methods of water tariff are different. At low cost considering the average tariff Water is supplied. Therefore, water is misused on a large scale. 2)AFFORDABLE HOUSING:"Affordability" as a concept is very generic and could have different meanings for different people based on differences in income levels. Defining affordable housing in India is a difficult task given that at every square kilometre of the country, the dynamics of the market are different. Constraints on Affordable Housing: Availability of affordable housing in adequate numbers is one of the greatest necessities of urban India today. Indian cities fall short of planned housing for low income and economically weaker households, resulting in compromised living conditions. Whilst this is detrimental to the planned growth of cities, it also gives birth to demography of "Less than equal citizens" forced to live in substandard clusters of slums. The key constraints for affordable housing are as follows: a) Availability of land: One of the important key constraintsfor affordable housing is inadequate supply of land. The Government's vision of "Affordable Housing for Al" will require acquisition / supply of large land parcels on a regular basis. As per 2011 Census, the country's urban land mass (2.4 percent of total land mass) houses approximately 31 percent of the country's population, excluding people who live on the streets. b) Urbanization: India's urban population is increasing at a faster rate than its total population. This situation has resulted in pressure on urban infrastructure and in an increase in the number of homeless people living on the streets. As per the 2001 census the total urban homeless population was 7,78,599 people, which would be much more currently given the inadequate availability of affordable / low-cost housing. c)poor quality of construction often low housing translates into low quality construction. To keep the price in the affordable limits the quality of materials, design etc. takes a back seat. In addition safety concerns are also very important since poor material can lead to building collapse and cause damage to life and property. 3)Transport or Traffic Congestion:Congestion is one of the most prevalent transport problems in large urban agglomerations. Traffic congestion occurs when transport demand exceeds transport supply at a specific point in time and in a specific section of the transport system. Following are the issues associated with traffic congestion i) Parking difficulties : Congestion and parking are interrelated since looking for a parking space (called "cruising") creates additional delays and impairs localcirculation. In central areas of large cities cruising may account for more than 10% of the local circulation as drivers can spend 20 minutes looking for a parking spot. iii) Accidents and safety : Growing traffic in urban areas is linked with a growing number of accidents and fatalities, especially in developing countries. Accidents account for a significant share of recurring delays.As traffic increases, people feel less safe to use the streets. iv) Freight distribution: Globalization and the materialization of the economy have resulted in growing quantities of freight moving within cities. As freight traffic commonly shares infrastructures with the circulation of passengers. 4)WASTE MANAGEMENT:Wast means something that has been discarded. Waste is generally of three winds: 1. Liquid 2. Gaseous and 3. Solid Waste Solid waste is often called the kind of waste after air and water pollution, and this arises out of various human activities in urban areas. Handling and disposal of solid waste has become a big problem in most of the urban areas. The solid waste may be three kinds, namely, domestic waste, industrial waste, and hospital waste. 1.Domestic Waste:Very large quantity of domestic waste is generated in urban areas; like Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai, Hydrabad etc. Mumbai city alone produces more than 3500 tonnes of garbage and 200 million tonnes of sewage every day. 2.Industrial waste:Apart from traditional industries like textile, chemicals, engineering, electrial, the electronicsindustry has emerged as fastest growing segment of Indian industries. This industry generates lot of E-wastes 3.Plastic Waste:The important sources of plastic waste are from packaging, carry bags, bottles, containers, trash bags from health and medicare from hotels and catering industry. 4.Management of Plastic Waste:Plastic have become an indispensable part of our daily life but repeated re- processing of plastic waste, and its disposal poses environmental problems and health hazards. 4) Waste Management:Garbage is a part of our environment. A large amount of waste material is produced by humans. Natural causes are relatively rare. In general, waste is found in solid, liquid and gaseous form.Even in the early days, food waste, metals and smoke from fires etc. generated waste, but since the amount of waste was less, it did not pose much of a threat to the environment. But due to large scale growth in industrialization, large scale growth in agriculture and mining industries and population growth, huge amount of waste is being generated, proper disposal of this waste is called waste management.