OAFETY EFINITION The WAY IN Which SoMeEone otiy aay prom danger Or 19 the precaution nsed/tanen io be out of i erngee: Hazarn / BANGER Sarety goodwork PIALe 1S more hein Cleanliness Tes deanliness ancl orclernecs thak Cultivate the " haait dp neainess . j Au Working GAS Should be KePE Clean oncll roe From Obstractiong Gb all time ie HCA Ov foal anol OtrOr mnarériqls lee liping ardurel ave the Oud of . tapping, accidents in Some Shops £ war kehopad K clean orcleriy Snop.1s gleays a Sgpe Shop to work On ik. 1. Never Wear looge Cloenes Ina Machine shop. Reo , Hes watehes and roil lip Sleeves +p tre Elbows. 2» Nene wear an-) Merals or TINGS Whidh C4N be Caught ay Machinery So noe atempe +0 Operate am) machirery bu you have Fully urdererandling "Q Machine uyed ancl be Sule you Knew how +o Steep a Mechine by pu Steve <the machine + Muroys sKop, before meAouving oil working ancl adi uetment + 6 «Never Operate machi me but or uniess guels ave in Place. 6 Do ave Orkempr > Stop machine is4y hanels keep the 5 Floor pee Erom p,! GCG Hd! ancl BONE pOrsdn Opeating the Py run, PVD BHOt 19 HHO york cheap. sacnchineaieeni Sarety Goggles. Bren gin grecleg ES machines or Catking machines | 5 to node dnelgecl by him/her, trade, one ales vs thMeans having an anaveness oF hazard ancl clangers ap todls, One hinery Or equipment Mechine 40dIs andl Materials jn an lnduotey - A goed Sarety attitide results in gq goed Oapeido“k Dreess Ava Beuavioug Dvce a tramee juve Crtermethe inclnsery clears to preveneé accidents and injuries ‘The first otep w develop copety hab7t Wight From the obGre Of his Sher Coreer nich 29/1 1g 64 throughout hislher entire working Agta Wearing oGpety Cldkhing ts One Of He Firot essenha | per develop: ns gece! habits anel thewe ave! lWear Guitable overoll at all Hmres shite in she yoorkShop or Pactory SThis must be kepe clean ancl repair, a. keose Cla snos- to always % Source Of danger pareicu larly when 4ong a MAChHine ASleeves Shoutel be Dlled up, Warn out muse be avernlly FAkKeN aaa, - EOOT WEAR=Gapery Shoes Or ppp _MPuee pe wenn _winenguer Dring WW a WorkShop: aThey mmuet have a eee! FA Cap ie reve +d preere . sapunes po te _t0E9 =Good oapety oor have 10 addlicion Sree! intewdres EP | prévenk onort Objects line nails prom penetrarns the ooles WoRkiwG SSaceta = Each Year people Ore If accident while +e are wovkinyon an Automooile , a Vp Tree aceidento conicl SI bE preveniad by greater atenhoh +0 Sapetye = Working an Automoe: Je ina Workohop reed OF + be dangerous - 2 we first Grep in an accident, preyenHon io to tok Sarety- ale wpa are noe bure wWhake You are dbing 19 6afe, then pind ont befoe ord aheacl 2 Fr re. 2 Arways be ready oO emergency a= knon He layout op the anor aknow cnere Fine! telephones, Fire extingnieners joe - ancl first ard egy prren& - = Me nexe Hep 1 acc idle Nt> preventior le to unclaotanc share +e hazard ave ancl to PprDteck dren ane! yourcelF Uswa HAAD OLS = Mary accidents are Canyed by Careleoo ue of ordering hand nol:————————— —— OO TC—CS—SC—C =Greasy teole can Step out o we hand and fall nko a moving park oF tre machine and sly te infuse Someme- = Toole With harp end Mey Canee COKS If Ne handed Peper ly. FoLwe® THis Swrere RuceEs DHEA UgiNG HANS-TooLs Make gure ypu hanes are gree of dust, greawe oe oi) Dhen 4eing bOals [Link] proper type Of oi2e OF Nancl tools . [Link] Gure thar Gharp encl mooi wwecl are i gooel . Condition oviaRP AeeHanelie edges O pointed tO0lS Lith Care, [Link] Sure yeu hancdie Sharm edges Of FOIS & FIOM Nounsele ancl Fello® workers 6. Ciamp Grel-gerk an bens er SeGuee wa vice WhEN Uving Chige) ornen lriving Scryer ng wel o oe Q9 Ocreds [Link] a Sape Sheld or Sarety glacves when grirdes oF tubing rmakerials Arrange your Work GD hae Ohes ave protectecl prom Flying Chips 8 Control tne Chivel wth the Other hancl while the ofhe- 1S Suppl4ina power.Pree bool 40 Clasy—Mare Wish Nance HENORe Toors LGruser = A hardned oveei bar th carving edges gyinelecl ar one end Te iy clriven with hammer 2 Cur metal. [Link] «A zool used wo cnt exrtevnal enveats BEmE=A havadenecl steel tool mth pass oF catung edges vive! Le vemoave mete) pry Polishing Smoot Dr Shaping ip. Unek -SAW=A sae usecl por Crbeing metal 5. TReamer=A Awol with Curving eaiges need bh remove small amoust OF mera! prom cid hole. Meta woot a “Too.s _ These ar& Ywols uyecl to Ghape meral =Scren ExTRACTOR-!s & po! used %w Grremnove broker boits wTAP —A Top) ieee! Fo Ob. 9Tecmall threads aTisT Dane —4 hardened Zool used Boelrill holesMATERIAL DEFINITION AND PROPERTIES OF MATERIAL Vavions words used to descrite Properties of marerids, ancl por Wns purpose Urey have erat meaning In gereral ComverSotion Qe Game tem qe often nyeel Accwvately ancl ws important thet when we discuss materi dls WE should undestarg enacy whet they wear and bee then accurstely - Terms HaRpwees: Is the vesistence of tHe meitevial to Cnttirg 1 Suvpace inclenta zion a-Tmasivess STE Ground of energy whe matersa| can absorb without breaking and Measuring Tes ability BW wAnsremd shock 3 Tense STRENGTH % The maximum prc Ue marevia! can withetarel in tension Coniling par?) OM pression Cracking) Torqpe Ct918ting ) and Sheav Csicle icy Pressure ) BALou? breakingeae st ELASTIC TE? !S 2hre length to Which the mateuals can be Stvetched ard 6til return Yo its _ origina | lengt When release . Ihe €lostic tea limit point beyor! Ohick i remain Strengy. HEAT AND ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY Is gq measure op hoe the material will Conduct heat corel electricity . Buctivity = Is the length to Dich Ghe Maternal cn ce Stretched Wtheur breaking ° Baitireness = An ability por rod terig| Y break. TEMPERING = Is the hardeing with bypsiquent omenling W high temperdtue . . cl reheatidy after pevious hardning and subsiquent Lodling « «ls Prrpose 6s A remove the axeee excessive batflemn FOr Me creel. ToR@us =e euming dy Weisting Cpt. ARNEAUING? Is tomKEe Giags ov Net) nerd wy hevding 1% Gnel wlodly lettag 1% get cold.x he limestone has the poser to act with mel dag Store oF Ore and pms 4 Seay Which floats in the melying tron. Wher tre melen irdn eaves the Furnance the day ic rar ofr. xTne Niguel won is poured in lage laddies . This py ochact us caliecl Hot - METAL! When 2" last into mMovids 15 called Pig leon # Steel 1S paduce prom ever not meta) pe iG bron One Op the Bree! making process is the Basie Otyger Progress FeRRous METAL Wen ard Steel won 15 One oF *he bavie element uisec/ IN the monupatturing of lot TvdT, Brought 17a ancl steel) Sreel can be Clasdipie! by He fhe amount of jn + Contains. Iné meluent Gg small gmoudt OF Carb? wm ofeel is vey queak CaR@on STren Loo = Gibon Skeel Wirth Ont This reel Can be meted acl ie cloes n6% conrain enon, cavkon 40 be harclenel les ‘nanupacda reel a9 Shect plat bars, round tubes ancl rand \bars.High CARBON STEEL With 0.6-1a% Carbon, This reel is nye cor Yeo! tine hack Gad blacle. te C99 be elena, Mepium CARBON STEEL With 0-3-064 carb™. Tnis Steel is usecl in ke many cea machine parts anel tool like hammer heads. Auey STEEL lp Gome sthe mera! are addecl to steel, Hey the metal give Specia| qualiues. Below are eome OF me mere) and ther ingluence on we Properties or reel, NigkeL ig nickel 1% aelelecl to Steel H Iereage te otergh ancl traghress of Steel, beside 1— give oteel 4 better resistance ggpinstCorresion . A criRomium Ve Chrominm aclled 40 stee| (* increas +e hardness arel torgnress of Steel. Gear ancl akes are often mace prom ehrome nickel otee! because oF Ms hardness and Axpghness ~MANGANESE The metal acd % the othength of steci, % helps we negt tveatmedt OF steel, Ralsay line accel the teeth of beke? oF % baliclorer ave mace Of thie alloy, METHopS OF MaAnurACTURING STEEL HOTROLLED The Steel Is Shaped! like Q@vOune] bar When hor Opn FINISMER Te has a very pinwhed Guvpace - GALVANISED Mildeyeei is comed Mth Bncte© aqvoici Corrasion. PeRFoRATER oR EXPAND The mel is Perporarec] Rh eacl, hole PROCESSING Pig IRON TO OBTAIN STecu WHITE Pic IRON sFe= Contains Manganese . Tnts element encourage the caren jron £0 borel Aogeher. White big jrdh hag G Whirte glossy Surface with 4 eadiatieg Fractuve tines le ts brought “+0 big Iron mixer Ceollecter Jin liquid from terce to tne oree} Furnane WhereNB (@nveoGuor to cree! +ike place: GREY Pia Row Comeatne SiliLon Cones CUrkon +0 Precipate as Graphite on Cooling - This WPe Of pia iron has 4 grey ewsace Dien pracwed le 's boaygnt Fo Ae FoUuNchess in We Porm OF Pigs ancl processed Bw ofain Ast iron Pia jRoN DENSITY G&77T0 7.3 ka/bm3s meTNG PowT APPROX 1B0OE CARBON CONTENT 3 TOS Z Sel 1g a perrONe meal Which Can be forged we imouk pu the reagan en* FURTHER PRoczesinG OF PIG IRON INTO CAST MATERIALS Cast iron containing graphiee Flakes 1S Obearne] 19 melting pUrnance pYOM grey Pig 1729, SeraP ier ane oreel Serap. Wher cooled slonly +ne precipi tates in the form Or plakes or grapne whnk qe lowed between the Cryckals a the bay® and creel sorap- Cmerpinrte tet aera aa See EPEC TEES Grapnize Gres te Fractured grey iron Space, re ~eypics) grey Colour and enhoange +ne Oliching Properties einy Mach enabsri4y ancl vibration dlemnprng OF he grey iron. ME high Zabor convent of 2.¢ to. ae % \Sthe reason for the Wlakively lod mehing point and goel carobility GREY CAST IRON OR GG Sambo. | GG : Benoa Fas kg Iden? MNering Point igo’ © tase’ Cag "ng Jemperatuve APpr>y 13500 Tengile strength 100 RO KOO NS /rym* & longayon Mmoge Zero Shrinkage 1°leo Bin Stancord Te ii Grey leon 6 uel FOr parte which are cligg cult to produce by ater metnod becauee of ther shape, 0.9 CHlincler blocks. bearing housing ; Latha uot mem Yoel pn car Bertreres ALL UMINI UM)41% by WARE ancl IWghry mere! ¥ 1% is ductile xGeed concducer of hear ancl ele cwierty ele Wy bed In airCrape welustries ancl) Fer fAlericoxiom OF pots and pans. Ver) OFeD 19 Uvedl to Cavt prolets 1ike Warm Pumps ancl Eneiwe Parts Aluminum is available wm many Kinds of alloy NoN FERROUS Metais (Arte us) Brass, ie a Mixtuve OF Copper ancl Unc, The majeria] 19 Anchle ancl ie to avert lable Ih WI ancl Great - In our workohae we use the C-epel [Link] mm) For brazing » Bronze ls an alloy OF copper ancl tin. | has a Rerclioh Goicdien Colour. T+ 1S Used por bbeaving manerials, The amount Of BN ly imporzent por harelreso Mere tin than coppEY become harder’ -E : a Auuminium Bronte tis an alloy OF coppers Tin and allumina an. Copper mixed Hh alluminiu™ is added +0 increaw® +e resistance againgt Corrasidn SorT Souper Is AD alley OF tA and lead. Le has & grey colour, This giley 's ugecl por Ft SPldeving .We can Say els Core 40 bar Now Metac [Lasrics Mansa PRarvced mW VARIOUS (ITERMEDATES STHEES FROM Tre Raw reece, MiHERAS OIL, Come, LINE BIR AND WATER ARE Caueo SYNTHITICS. The besianayion ALSO APPHED TO rides” amie TH Properties SistipicAntly CHansed Sy THE EFMEcT CF CremicALs Gealiwbee places) = materia! Tee Basic MATIRINL FOR PLASTICS ARE UsutLT FeRWER FROM Simpre , Smaie Basic movecuces CMONOMER). These compirie with one AMTHER From many SiDes CPorymers) By THE PRecESS AMowM AS PoLIMARISATEM PeLYCoMDENSATION OR POLYADDICTION ROO” RAM Ex CEPTIC MALLY baace wacecuces CitieRomolecures).Noweven Prasties ARE PRODUCED FROM MaTURAL Macro ~ Morecuies SUBSTANCES , THe Speciric PRorgaties OF PLASTICS ARE! -hew wear Hist THERMAL ExPAnsion -Poor THERMAR Cemoucrivity ~Seod \surator - thai CoRmosion ResisTANCE Dismpvanrases They Possess THEIR Low TEMPERATURE STABILITY IM Most Cases - Mest PLASTICS ARE USED AS INSUPATING MaATIANALS. They nRe EXTREMELY SUITABLE FOR PRESSING Br CASTING, Rew oR INECTION MouLDING Plastics ARE GRovRED DEPEND Of THEIR VARRGOS BEHAVICR OF Wren 1S MaLnLy DETERMMED BY FORM OF THEIR Mico ~ Morecuces mmo THE ARRANGEMENT CF CHEMERL BANDS IN THE MaTIRAL They are. Dvropiast JwéRmoenast ELastopenstFE Duro Puast Ake miso caused Duramers OR THERMIGSETHNG PLASTICS + PRE MATIRINL MADE FAM A Liqom OR MELTMBLE PRE Paoover, whiay HARSEN ONDER PRESSURE, le eimueteecveny Wester TO WS cre rMeDENER MME &D9e0 Ceasnns RESINS APHESSIVE RESAHS Ih FawnER Fae Re Seretion- THEeRmo PiLASTS THERMGPLASTS GRE REKERER TO AG PrAsTEMERS RRE Mor - HARDENIG PLASTICS, HARD TRAMSERHRENT AND PORES 1 Low TEMMRERATIRE THES SOFTER ASAIN REN Exposes TH Heat THEr RIReT Become ELastic Lime ROBBER THEM! PRASTIC.’ Aeten Hearing THEY can BE FORMED Br cmPl|ss METH Such aS CASTING, BENDING AT\D WELOIIG BY avang ren-VoteTWLE Solvents Gerteners), The Sereriing Pont OF THERM CPLASTS CAT BE HOSTED TW Room “TEMPERATURE URE WHEN THEY BECOME TOUR, LEATHER” OR ELASTIC Prd can BE BENT Application. Sarrerteo CPiasticisen) Poeyvinis CHLORIDE AS seo FOR FLEXIBLE Hoses CONTROL AMOSS INTERICN LYMING AND FROM RemeestsS FEAR MATS; HO TRUM Cavers ,INSVLATIONS OF ALEC Ric WIRING /SEMS COvVERS/CLOWMY DESIZHA TS ante KAS AD 6 UBAAOaLDuro Piast fice miso cauen DuRsmeRs OR THERMGSETING PLASTICS PRE MATIRVGL MADE FROM A Ligne OR MECTABLE PRE Paoouer, wWHIGH HARSEN ONDER PRESSURE. Le eimuttenecusry WeRTEeD TO NCE GF UF HMEDENER FRE adveo Cnsnns. REINS APHESSIVE RESLHS Ih PawneR Form RS Serution. THeRmo PunsTS THERMOPLASTS GRE RerEReES TO AS PrAsTeMeERS ARE Mor ~ HARDEN PLASTICS, HARD TRAnSPARETIT ATID POROUS 1 Low TEMmRATRE THEY SOFTER ASAIN WHEN Exposes TE Ment “THer FIRST Become ELaspic EWE ROBBER THEC Prastic. Acten Hearitta THEY cAN Be FORMED Br cmPLEsS MeTKcD Gucn as CASTING» BENDING AMD WELDITIG, BY womng rien-Veretne solvents Gerteners), The Gervening foutt OF THERMcPLASTS CAN BE HDIVGTED TS Room “TEMPERATURE UREN WHEH THEY BECOME TeLsrt, LEaTirERr OR ELASTIC PAD cA BE BENT APPLicaTion: Sarees Cunsticasen) PoLyving CHLORIDE As se? FOR FLEXIBLE Hoses COITROL WMOSS INTERIOM LNMING AND FRIM CAVERS NSOLETHIO NS Hawmeests Fpeae® MATS; FLOl TRIN! OF BCT Rie Wiking SEMSs COVERS, CLOIAMY CESIANN TO Parrect THE mERRER ACMIBST MESTORE of CHEWMOaMLDuro Piast Are Aiso ca ued Duramers OR THERMIGSETING PLASTICS? PRE MATIRL MADE FROM A Liqos OR MECIRBLE PRE Prooucr ,whie HMARSET ONDER PRESSURE, LF simuLtereeuser WeAtep JO USe CF LF PMR DENER Mee Avec CeREnns REWINS RONESSIVE RESATIS I PewDER Foam AS Sevutied. THERMO PLASTS THERMOPLASTS GRE RECERER TO AS PrAsTeMERS RRE Tor ~ HARD ENG PLASTICS, HARD TRANSPARENT AND PORELS 81 bow IMPERATURE THER SOFTER ASAIN WHEN ExPOSES TH Hear THer FIRST Become Evaspie LHe ROBBER TECK PRAsTic.s Aeter Meaning THEY can Be FORMED Br cwPless MEIKE Such as CASTING, BENDING AMID WeLDing BY noang ren-Votstne Soiwents Cortewers), The Gertening fowtT CF THERMeCPLASTS CA BE MDILSTED TO Room “TEMPERATURE UPSET WHER THEY BECOME TeLsM, LEmneEry eR ELASTIC PHD can BE BENT ApPLicerion Serrerten Crasticisen) PoLyvins CHLORIDE AS yse? FoR FLEXIBLE Hoses CoriTMoL WrloSS INTERICA LMI AND FROM R@wmeests Fone MATS, Fel /TRAVAK Cavers ,INSOLATIONS OF BEC Re WIRING SMS COVERS,CLOWMG DESL TO MESTORE O2@ CHEWLeRL Paores\ THE weAfe® AA MUSTAMD Sort FOAM CF Foscus, INstTamsent PANEL ACO ARMREST Panoing - Kano pourvinil cHpoae w deep Toa Mee, Reot DRA IAS tlawerates & Weel Rim Eatgenskes Evastopiast Eiasropasts ALS&O REFERG AS ELASTOMER PA ARE PACTS WTH AT IMERMEDIMTE ROBBER STASE THEY Become ELAS LAE A RUBBER wner vUiEAniced. This Means Tier cAN Be PUT oF AMAPE 1E ApPLisD SAME FoRce BUT THEN REVERT TS THER PREVIOUS foam. THEY be NeT MELT AT HIGH TEMeEARTORE BOT Aemaced ELASTIC UNTIL DESTREYED BY CHEMICAL DECOMPONSATET > EHASTOP Mars ARE TOT ABLE FoR Might STRETIGTH & SATREME Erengatie™, aro FOR Qooo ELasicty APPLICATION THEY ARE CSED FoRgT RES SPANG ELements Bames Terts Domes SPonGQy RvopperTases Toseress TYRE \SeRTS. Ou Ring Ou sean TYRE TReaps Suutconl A qrove ef PLARTICA WONIGFS OERER FRO ALL OTHER IN THAT THEF HVE GIRICON Ae THE WIA Competent THESE BEY OBTAUKES FROM SATO ATD BY REDLCTION WOK Come (mh AT ELECTRIC FIMATKE ATE A Fuenen compsnents is OXY@EN. IN GT RER PLASTIC CARBON 16 XHE mA ELEMENT. ALL suicor are very sTRetLY WATER RELENT PROViCE To SRP FoR ADHESIVE ARE CriEMICAL TERUTRAL ELECTRICALLY IMecLATINg PMO RELATIVELY HEMT RescisTArice. Since oi De MeT CRUSE NATURAL RUBBER TO SWELL BA vere sma QUATITY OF StHicoN OW MAKE POITIT, CARE PRaovcTS ; Freed FdooR WAX Paver LeaTREt TEXTUE water REPEUENTa Be Guass GLASS PRODUCE IN GLASS MELTING PLANTS THER onit MaTIRAL FRom ween 7 cant Be mabe 1S QuaRTs Sanp Courcon facd TV \S Finery PomoeReED Teri Soon Is ADDED AS A Ft Fipx. Lome mane THE GLASS BALLRT DORABLE AND HAND: THE RAW MATIRVALS ARE MICCED IN DROMS ,CowEeRee INTC FIRE RESSIgTANT CONTAINERS AND MecteD Jo A nought MAS I THE Guass. MeLTing FURMANGE AT TemPeRATURE OF About 1200c FHS MES SaHlOEIES OH CooLg TO FAM ® TRansPARECTT MATEUAL THe GLASS. Guass iS A USED VERY POPULAR MATERIAL BECAUSE OF TS EATREMELK DESITINGE PROPERTIES - Tr 1s MARO Ane TRANBPAREMT ANO AFFECTED BY FCIO NO ALIAALIES A POOR cetOUcTGR OF HEAT ANO Electeciry [acco necator! Oniy tS senstve To stock (6 & SeMR scURCE oF PRetiem Sarerr Gincs Tne glass uged In Rutemdeiie Mut ndt develop Gravp Edges Of pointed sier ip Broken (As in Tre cas F Pate class). Ac they could injure ane O0Ly PaktonAsbestos Asbestos is maieria! containing Silicate Oveu Con be Seperertedl easily mio fibres. Th & acid resistant, Wigu neat cessrance ancl Poor Canductar of Clectricity ancl neat So tratis often “sed as an msutating materials . he Hos ae Ustalig Very Sopt a Con be possessed wid Corels or Clot or presgecl into Sheet or Wubes hen mined Witt | Bincligg material Asbestos fibre. is ysecl por heort, vesistand gaoked , brakes and cluteh liming, pressure Gealing plete cnc a giler IN Synthetic resin press mouieling & Compments - Asbestos cement pane! ancl tubes are prtcluced b ung Cement as the binding medium. Asbestos Cord is employed ao eOFt packing meneriais for pumps and Crankchart geal . Ksbestas cloth is used in te Menypacture OF prreprdor ClothingeMEASUREMENT IsloPec tion Can ve defined AS +0 Co}ablibh Whether o workpiece (Tes compment> or object posseses tre vequirec| dimensions ancl Grape. Dioenanne ood eiapes. ee calarrained oi and qui tn length Gnd angles. ln. PECHon can be Carried out by the Use Of \ngpechon — Can Glup ce clone by non-dimengion #met for Cxample vigual inapection of b4rFace ancl Functional testing Of engine Measure 15 numeral © DMPGrIsdn OF o Measured cUarby for exampie a leneth or angle With Measuring Instrument Ihe result OF +e meaoureme + (meaourecl Value) loathe atte! climension y numeral andl unity ecipied Gauaina VS fhe direct Comparigon of the Component being Inspedécl voy a gauge. Wis establish Whether the ingpechon Comparents lie @ pre uct ibed liv a terre 22 and ohape (orth: tpi errGauge Only enable a Corluoron +p ce reached ancl does not spelcl on-| numeral value: Units 1 m=todm Celecimneter ) =100 ee 1000 = 1000 COOmm (Micrometer) \ngpe chon Aid ave divicled in measuring lngrument ancl gauges depending 7 the type OF tot oF ingpection MEASURING INSTRUMENTS Measuring Ingiruments can beater representation CF acta! dimensians or indicating instrument - Those hits wmbody actna| Meaguremert Const oF G pred distance or poor man oF FA@oLange block try Saver) or @ gevies oF Graduated tntervals CCaltiorahan Seale) lndiceiting Ingtrament onch Ge gliding Calipers, Micro meign. clial gauge o” Dropracty Gndso +2 meagured value aean analogue digpioy on & gradveded scale with a marking on idl cation Gr&iaten Scare Are wimple engin measwing metrumenis- Te length units ave Sapa on em by a oe graduated Markings Forming Scales - These ave Steel rules Cetraighs Eclge, polding Rules meounring, ape +Gauaes Simpe Gauae: these incivicie +e FEeIer Gauge, Lome Gauge ] mneet metal cauge -boiot clriN ed ME33le gauge and radia geage Feerer Gauge 1 : Metau WoRK Fiaine ISG work proces wheredy FINE Ghavings Me removed, Fire Fire conviats of 42 badly Colacle) With cutting edges cor mild OF in ard the jang With wilh which re File 45 attached + fine grip or henclie CLASS 1 FICATION Fie are classified acceding +0 me Size vNape oF o | type } eck , 400th Shape and metned OF Manupec toring OF Cae and cuting pitchWoRk ImPLEmENT Hack SaidENGiWes ae Tree ae a number op reechont por sething the engre af the prom pronto + Can The large rss ep the engine aL the pront oF thc cor ques the deer protection 10 the event of head colsion, also engire _ceeling 14 Simpler 72 strong. renng = In adel tion the Sorterdiag ability op te vehicle: (> revma lly Leder ip tHe eight ls Concentrakd at tre prot Rear Emawe Pacing engine ad the rear er the vehicle can be rencte ao a untt at Incorporate the cluteh, GQ eather, od ponal dre assembly word Such an avangerert, le is Necessar] fy se Te form oF incle pendent pee eee NisdbVAN TAGES ~ Per bercling 7 the yehicle .nerrally dfiring heaut ote ~ Poor Cebling System - reer Mest prvate care rune 29 y poor wheels prppael otto bauss robber tyres: prllecl arth Bar uncer Suppiciert pressure fe Stpport ME foal they carry. (Rhey also absirb shocksa ot teen aomnens-qenien howT = Ame (M3 is seep por hecring. the wheels Oe Carrier! 07 © SHB aye bich SQ we/ upen kingpig at the exdrimitres xp the axle Rear Arce i tube ene RO tb. udteaily sing driving Shape to th the rear wheels ore pixecf wth Suitable b which He isheels + the Hibe 1 enle at the Ite fo enclose the pice! Poser Unit Vie cake ee ey A engine and fs mounted at tHe frond end oe te ith the chitedhy sii gam da omelintiy. ples Engre behing, clutch cne/ gearbox are a Smpie Une Pp TROP LER SHAFT.Constant VerociF) Jew I cv JowT Frame lehassi © eee Ihe ceengenentS ports S #e cneel reecl A proms of Gome. feimd hich cor © atleshec ood by eshich they can be Supparted- Jacke, PoisTS - Te 65 soretmes Necessary raise pre chee! % avehicl, Clear opp be _greunc, bas Pavals, doneg by dack of Arch thee Ve Saera! types, n_jacking yp 4 Mehele,a great care reel fo be drken ty ensure that fhe jacke 15 poster fe the pught_ pe Is. Prare Vehictes are requicel Py le te be gprttecl th Sep cent braking Dem ond guocaly takes He pom a brakes attached to cach of te par wneele Exectrican LeuprenT Voniles ce requireel by few f cron Corten lights 4 a gy prot ae pear dung Joe hour op clérkress on & por elite oi bil Ig ed Hee are invariably electéam ate Exncine Seock fi tre eee eerie oe Sak Bia one a known a3 “ono Bcck” Cone echsrs dts chee + 4S Cemmparec! wall previods pactie ah Seperale $ Cylircle csere! a clei ge a ee, oF echir bi Qimplecares of assembly Clnereosed + igicttly ee te engine otactere: Carned +o ie legéal Coretusion, this devebprrenl brings Us 46 tre arrangerrentis hos alread Laivers. Bhieh the Cylinder endl erenk Case are Cortarnec!/ q og le € eating hich forms the main shuchre & the engine CyLinoer LINER 109 Oupace OF -wre Cylades OF HHO C¥imcler Pout be made oF relgenely herel raenerta/ bich 15 resistant te wearCast tron 1) push, sed bocce db boil. reasonabl, ba ced coun bb/cat ivhe complicated Abapes’ “[hece ate bowevet mocy Oypezend veugdes @ cost von gut! these whacl. Leavel|~h ber l fot weet" tes beidg tighzerec! doan 420 pornte In partienlar muse be carefully obewved , le Follaa +e typical ween F 4ine nead Hob ong ela-De #€ Fina) Hightining using a rrque Wrench 4d Are Specipiad Manugackuer's Setong \ CRANK GHAFT : = fille gadns Crankohaet us rhe main Shope of the engi Se end 1s cared in being, 19 the Cran kcase. Usually crecle o ighauality Geel or tren Crenkshaet 1s forme! of rotates In the main bearing jours! in the bering Number of Sechore tthe mein jones Journal 1s port o¢ Shape hich rotates cComectine tO pahth the r i a i CramePin) /cRADK TouRNaL reel is pretel ofp coe prom Crank Rabius thre rain: , by a ditence ca,Ilecl Toe ee connects the main journal fe the crenkpin ancl Bhere the journals yoIn He Web, a pred o reclius '& powmed to avoiel a harp comer DaALance MASSES extended 40 FO balance CO5eS bhe Webs are masses nich are ugecl IN cerzain FIPES OF Engine te ensw€ shak the rOtaring Parts Gre balance ay eff and Wo cause M2? viblatiOn Dhen pre eng 45 possible (6 moving.THROW Ine dlicneter oF Crainkpin circle te Troe is equal otreke of the puton. > FiydHeel ‘Tre Fly Shel is normally attached FO tne reer end op the crankohare - The attachment must be carepully Securecl rel fo Ghould be powible t2 assemble the plyaheel 19 one piste only improper pitting max resalt in ore Yibrqgtion . Oiways Oil US delivered under pressure to the main bearing .A hole is drillect through the eb to He ourpace of He Crankpin,. Main Gouna! ere hole more grouncl +re groove 1m the main bearing a> the Ohapt romes, allarxing comainers Supply g oi! to pass to the cremkpin Ov ReTaiwerRs Fumaer Ring le a thin ring or pin op +e hape. 1) reaching +hy ring From the rear bearing \oflung OFF be Centripugal pore ao the ohapt roturee aml is caygnt in @ Cavity from hich draing hole feadls +he oi! taack 4Serorr lo like OQ Coaree Sered +4hread 15 Machine! in the Supace oF He Crankohazt . LiP Type sear Ye conasts of opecial jhape wyninene rubber ring Suppeie! by Steel nell, "Chute ear /epgor BEARING The power deve laped by the engine 19 pransmiresel through Phe clurch f the gearlax tO We ohezt He DN Whe, the Cbhiven part oe He clutch i> pittet is Udnalig Oup porte! ae it gorerel end IN @ bearing the rear end of he Crankohart Connecting Ros (con Ron the pict) 7 12 crankohazt,'5 mole op le connect. Alluminium An +2 piston ends jes (S the pin called the gquelgeon pin ahh is cited into holes 1 the piston and +he comecting 0d 40 couple them together. Jpe erd ahi FI OF He guedgeon pin ts Senaner phen that Nich pits onthe cranhahagt ad week Encl are el ne gmalter enc and big ences regpectneThe Pesite Shank of me vod is genaally made oy H seek end Gives HE Queatcet ponuitle reeovstence fp cvle buckling without exessive sje Bis Eds the crank Journal neceosary ve Split end Acta tre OF the Crankpin dod beit qe te > halves apse mbin on to the Crankpin = 2attacheable porkoy 19 eqlied BIG envy PIN (re bott are used & hgh tense ciel prevent then ‘The head are Spec ally pommel reraking hile Nutty “are ee Frered ancl lockec| Splies ping and tap washes Smaue END INE CONSHCUCHON oF 4he BMall ercls oF eenncerins Genrecaung rod Yarnies according + 44€ methed o cog 6 ng) + yet f Securing tne guegeen pin Ore or more Poles are drited FIOM the beac ine) Sucrace, ce \n come case a ole is dri Wtec| through +e +nic Kring OF thes wel OF the Srank tp Cary oll From tHe eg end 40 small encl uncler pressure proms tne agerPistons fei, FE clesely ingle the 64 hinder \deally ie would be poecty free te mae up * dean wide the C{l\rder. Features OF A Pion CROWN le FPIMO He upper Ourpace ON Which +e gas presave io equal t the Cross S€cHO?, Gre oF He CYlircler mu tiipiicel lov the 99> paste » W's gorce ack along we centre (2 OF thE Cinder, is Haren iwcect Hreengin HME ErMctwe OF 4he Biter to FRE gndlgeon pin buses & 40 4etne Connecting ced During te greater part of He wtrone Ene coanecting rel epeeis ab a> ange we cone ling op be cylinder, Is are Cawes 8% Side porce 10 be applied | the PIEPR 1D the cyhnde all ad je fs Necessary to provide bearing Ourpace ar pormec| on vkirt fb dilow free piston maemeat je must have some clearance. Ihis Intar alled gas © break prom combusrea Chae ber Pass rhe piste, Since the greatest, leche Occurg ishes precewe is highly and the Po 'o hoe Mua, oF the oil Film labricatins se Piste will be ure aaay On carbone.Apter combustion, the gas containg Later vapour Carte choxide Dhich may contami nate lubricating Oi! ancl tee EO Corrosan | tne engine pers Fi melas wet lec Qo much possibe, piso ere pred! ee gues aeund 4he prison jus eles bellows fie crovsrn | The CEN of the peter ib directly expose! be bhe pull heak of fhe barning gases Chnins Corba ctes Those gaees Are Extremely hie clurigg poser ancl exrnuc sirdkes SO pista absorp more hear from hot gasts od we beak neel @ be rereovel quickly re keep the tem peratue within réasonable limits, 6d he&it Is passed yw tre Cylinder all FvOugh ne pister eng, and ociet tren the Cylincles 1s coolecl by running Wailer oil and air MATERIAL \o meade pp alluminium- le Fas high Coepp iene og thera! expansion , ADVAN TAGES we improves te dermal conclu cavity Which makes por loses pistN crO3N Jempeaue , XW Reciuce mass OF the pistdrn due pp loow the engire - dene Of aluminium, permittn