The Art of Protection Under Epithelial tissues:

//Cutaneous membrane = skin //

Added facts:
● Dry membrane (waterproof)
● Integumentary system- most
● Outermost protective
superficial system of the body
boundary
● concept of body membranes
● Construction
● Integumentary system- skin
○ Epidermis is composed
integument- protection from uv
of keratinized stratified
rays of the sun (init protection)
squamous epithelium
● Protection of major organs
○ Dermis is mostly dense
through these membranes
(fibrous) connective
tissue

// Mucous membranes (mucosae) //

● Moist membranes
Body membranes
● Line all body cavities that open
● Functions of body membranes
to the exterior body surface
(protection)
● Adapted for absorption or
○ Cover body surfaces
secretion
○ Line body cavities
● Construction
○ Form protective sheets
○ Epithelium type depends
around organs
on site
● Classified according to tissue
○ Loose connective tissue
types
(Lamina propria)
// Serous membranes (serosae) //
Body membranes:
● Line open body cavities that
1. Epithelial membranes
are closed to the exterior of the
a. Cutaneous
body
b. Mucous
● Occur in pairs, separated by
c. Serous serous fluid, with a visceral and
2. Connective tissue membranes parietal layer
a. Synovial membranes ● Construction
○ Simple squamous
epithelium
○ Areolar connective tissue
● Specific serous membranes
| EPITHELIAL MEMBRANES |
○ Peritoneum
● Are simple organs
■ Abdominal cavity
● Also called covering and lining
○ Pleura
(protection) membranes
■ Around the lungs
● These membranes contain
○ Pericardium
○ Epithelial tissue layer
■ Around the heart
○ Connective tissue layer
 heat as controlled by the
| CONNECTIVE TISSUE MEMBRANES nervous system
| 4. Aids in excretion of urea and
uric acid
// Synovial membranes// 5. Synthesizes vitamin D-
● Loose areolar connective absorption of Calcium-> bones
tissue only (no epithelial tissue)
● Line fibrous capsules 👆🏻Vit. D 👉🏻 👆🏻Ca 👉🏻 👇🏻P
surrounding joints
○ Line bursae
○ Line tendon sheaths STRUCTURE OF THE SKIN
(prevent friction)
● Secrete a lubricating fluid to ● Two kinds of tissue compose
cushion organs moving the skin
against each other during ○ Epidermis (SSE)
muscle activity ○ Dermis (bc)
● Hypodermis (subcutaneous
layer)
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM ○ Anchors the skin to
underlying organs
Integumentary system consists of the ○ Not technically part of
: the integumentary
● Skin (cutaneous membrane) system
● Skin appendages ○ Composed mostly of
○ Sweat glands adipose tissue
○ Oil glands ○ Serves as a shock
○ Hair absorber and insulates
○ Nails deeper tissues

-FUNCTIONS- // Epidermis- outer layer //

1. Insulates and cushion deeper ● Capable of being hard and
body organs tough
2. Protects the entire body from: ● Stratified squamous
a. Mechanical damage epithelium
(bumps and cuts) ● Keratinocytes (the most
b. Chemical damage (acids common cell) produce a
and bases) fibrous protein called keratin
c. Thermal damage (heat ● Avascular- no flow of blood
or cold) ● Composed of five layers (strata)
d. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation ● Summary of layers of the
(sunlight) epidermis from deepest to
e. Microbes (bacteria) most superficial
f. Desiccation (drying out) ○ Stratum basale-
3. Aids in loss or retention deepest/ generation of
(thermoregulation) of body skin cells
 ○ Stratum spinosum ● Is a pigment produced by
○ Stratum granulosum melanocytes
○ Stratum lucidum(thick, ● Melanocytes are mostly in the
hairless skin only) stratum basale of the
○ Stratum corneum- most epidermis
superficial ● Color is yellow to brown to
black
● Melanin accumulates in
Stratum basale (stratum membrane bound granules
germinativum) called melanosomes
● Deepest layer of epidermis ● Amount of melanin produced
● Lies next to dermis depend upon genetics and
● Wavy borderline with the exposure to sunlight
dermis anchors the two
together Epidermal dendritic cells
● Cells undergoing mitosis ● Alert and activate immune
● Daughter cells are pushed (immunity) cells to a threat
upward to become the most (bacterial or viral invasion)
superficial layers Merkel cells
● Associated with sensory
Stratum spinosum (sensation) nerve ending
● Cells become increasingly ● Serve as touch receptors
flatter and more keratinized called merkel discs

Stratum granulosum // Dermis //

Stratum lucidum ● Connective tissue
● Formed from dead cells of the ● Underlies the epidermis
deeper strata ● Two layers of the dermis:
● Occurs only in thick, hairless ○ Papillary layer (upper
skin of the palms of hands and dermal region) contain
soles of feet projections called
dermal papillae
Stratum corneum ■ Indent the
● Outermost layer of epidermis epidermis above
● Shingle-like dead cells are ■ Many projections
filled with keratin (protective contain capillary
protein prevents water loss loops, and others
from skin) house pain and
touch receptors
■ On palm and sole
surfaces, papillae
STRUCTURE OF THE SKIN increase friction
and gripping
Melanin (pigmentation) ability
 ■ Fingerprints are ● Pallor (blanching)- due to
identifying films of emotional stress (such as fear),
sweat anemia, low blood pressure,

👉🏻
○ Reticular layer (deepest impaired blood flow to an area
skin layer) ● Jaundice bilirubin-
■ Blood vessels hyperbilirubinemia (yellow
■ Sweat and oil cast)— indicates amlover
glands disorder
■ Deep pressure ● Bruises (black and blue
receptors (lamellar marks)— hematomas
corpuscles)
● Other dermal feature
○ Cutaneous sensory APPENDAGES OF THE SKIN

👉🏻
receptors

👉🏻
○ Phagocytes engulfs Sebaceous (oil) glands

👉🏻
bacteria prevents ● Located all over the skin

👉🏻
infection inflammation except from palms and soles
localized ● Produce sebum (oil)
○ Collagen and elastic ○ Makes skin soft and
fibers moist
○ Blood vessels ○ Prevents hair from
becoming brittle
○ Kills bacteria
SKIN COLOR ● Most have ducts that empty
into hair follicles; others open
Three pigments contribute to skin directly onto skin surface
color ● Glands are activated at
1. Melanin puberty
a. Yellow, reddish brown, or
black pigments Cutaneous glands are all exocrine
2. Carotene glands (substance)
a. Orange yellow pigment ● Sebaceous glands
from some vegetables ● Sweat glands
3. Hemoglobin Hair
a. Red coloring from blood Hair follicles
cells in dermal Nails
capillaries
b. Oxygen content Sweat (sudoriferous) glands
determines the extent of ● Produce sweat
red coloring ● Widely distributed in skin
Two types of sudoriferous glands
● Redness (erythema)- due to 1. Eccrine glands
embarrassment, inflammation, 2. Apocrine glands
hypertension, fever, or allergy
/ Eccrine glands/
 ● Open via duct to sweat pores ○ Dermal region provides
on the skin’s surface a blood supply to the
● Produce acidic Sweat hair bulb (deepest part
○ Water, salts, vitamin C, of the follicle)
traces of metabolic ○ Arrector pili muscle
waste connects to the hair
● Functions in body temp follicle to pull hairs
regulation upright when we are cold
or frightened
/Apocrine glands/
● Ducts empty into hair follicles /Nails/
in the armpit and genitals ● Heavily keratinized, scalelike
● Begin to function in puberty modifications of the epidermis
● Release sweat that also ● Stratum basale extends
contains fatty acids and beneath the nail bed, which is
proteins (milky or yellowish responsible for growth
color) ● Lack of pigment makes nails
● Play a minimal role in body colorless
temp regulation ● Parts of a nail
○ Free edge
/Hair/ ○ Body is the visible
● Produced by hair follicle attached portion
● Root is enclosed in the follicle ○ Nail folds are skin folds
● Shaft projects from the surface that overlap the edges of
of the scalp or skin the nail; the cuticle is the
● Consists of hard keratinized proximal edge
epithelial cells ○ Root of nail is embedded
● Melanocytes provide pigment in skin
for hair color ○ Growth of the nail occurs
● Hair grows in the matrix of the from nail matrix
hair bulb in Stratum basale

/hair anatomy/ HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES OF

● Central medulla SKIN
● Cortex surrounds medulla
● Cuticle on outside of cortex Infections and allergies
○ Most heavily keratinized ● Athlete’s foot
region of the hair ○ Caused by fungal
infection (tinea pedis)
/ Associated hair structures / ○ Itchy, red peeling skin
● Hair follicle between the toes
○ Composed of an ● Boils (furuncles) and
epithelial root sheath carbuncles
and fibrous sheath ○ Caused by inflammation
of hair follicles
 ○ Carbuncles are clusters ○ Result in loss of body
of boil caused by fluid and infection from
bacteria the invasion of bacteria
● Cold sores (fever blisters) ● Extent of a burn is estimated
○ Caused by human using the rule of nines
herpesvirus 1 ○ Body is divided into 11
○ Blisters itch and sting areas for quick
● Contact dermatitis estimation
○ Caused by exposure to ○ Each area represents
chemicals that provoke about 9 percent of total
allergic responses body surface area
○ Itching, redness, and ■ The area
swelling of the skin surrounding the
● Impetigo genitals (the
○ Caused by bacterial perineum)
infection represents 1
○ Pink, fluid filled raised percent of body
lesions around surface area
mouth/nose
● Psoriasis
○ Triggered by trauma,
infection, hormonal
changes or stress
○ Red epidermal lesions
covered with dry, silvery
scales that itch, burn,
crack or sometimes
bleed
● Burns
○ Tissue damage and cell
death caused by heat,
electricity, UV radiation,
or chemicals
○ Associated dangers:
■ Protein
denaturation
■ Dehydration and
electrolyte
imbalance
■ Circulatory shock
(hypovolemic
shock)
 sunlight and tanning
beds
● Cancer can be classified in two
ways
● First degree burn (superficial ○ Benign means the
burn) neoplasm (tumor) has
○ Only epidermis is not spread
damaged ○ Malignant means the
○ Skin is red and swollen neoplasm has invaded
● Second degree burn (partial other body areas
thickness burn) ● Basal cell carcinoma
○ Epidermis and ○ Least malignant and
superficial part of most common type of
dermis are damaged skin cancer
○ Skin is red, painful, and ○ Arises from cells in
blistered stratum basale that are
○ Regrowth of the altered so that they can
epithelium can occur no longer make keratin
● Third degree burn (full ○ Lesions appear as shiny,
thickness burn) dome shaped nodules
○ Destroys epidermis and that develop a central
dermis; burned area is ulcer
painless ● Squamous cell carcinoma
○ Requires skin grafts, as ○ Believed to be induced
regeneration is not by UV exposure
possible ○ Arises from cells of
○ Burned area is blanched stratum spinosum
(gray white) or black ○ Lesions appear as scaly,
● Fourth degree burn (full reddened papules that
thickness burn) gradually form shallow
○ Extends into deeper ulcers
tissues (bone, muscle, ○ Early removal allows
tendons) good chance of cure
○ Appears dry and ○ Metastasized to lymph
leathery nodes if not removed
○ Requires surgery and ● Malignant melanoma
grafting ○ Most deadly of skin
○ May require amputation cancers, but accounts
● Skin cancer for only 5 percent of skin
○ Most common form of cancers
cancer in humans ○ Arises from melanocytes
○ Most important risk ○ Metastasized rapidly to
factor is overexposure to lymph and blood vessels
ultraviolet radiation in
○ Detection uses ABCDE
rule for recognizing
melanoma
■ A- ASymmetry
● Two sides of
pigmented
mole do not
match
■ B- border of
irregularity
● Borders of
mole are not
smooth
■ C-Color
● Different
colors in
pigmented
area
■ D- Diameter
● Spot is
larger than
6mm in
diameter
■ E- Evolution
● One or
more of the
ABCD
characterist
ics is
evolving