Structural analysis 1
Chapter 6
SYMMETRIC BENDING OF BEAMS
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Pure bending
6.3. Nonuniform bending
1
Vu Thi Bich Quyen - HAU
6.1. Introduction
Bending (also known as flexure) characterizes
the behavior of a slender structural element
subjected to an external load applied
perpendicularly to a longitudinal axis of the
element.
The term BEAM refers to a slender bar that
carries transverse loading; that is the applied
load perpendicular to the bar - The transverse
loads cause internal shear forces (Q) and
bending moments (M) in the beams.
The loads acting on a beam cause the beam to
bend (or flex), thereby deforming its axis into a
curve.
Beams – Typical structural members
under bending and shear
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6.1. Introduction
Classifications of beams
They are classified to how they are supported
Statically Determinate Beams
Simple supported beam Overhanging beam Cantilevered beam
Statically Indeterminate Beams
Continuous beam Beam fixed at one end
and simple supported Fixed-supported beam
at the other end
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6.1. Introduction
Symmetrical and unsymmetrical bending
Symmetrical bending: Bending
couples act in a plane of symmetry
of the member
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6.1. Introduction
Symmetrical and unsymmetrical bending
Unsymmetrical bending: the bending
couples do not act in a plane of
symmetry of the member
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6.1. Introduction
Shear and Moment Diagrams
V V
V
M
M M
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6.1. Introduction
Shear and Moment Diagrams
V
V
V
M M
M
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6.1. Introduction
Shear and Moment Diagrams
V V V
M M M
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6.1. Introduction
Assumptions
• The beam has an axial plane of symmetry
• The applied loads lie in the plane of symmetry and are
perpendicular to the axis of the beam
• Beam has a small thickness compared with its height
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6.1. Introduction
Pure bending & Nonuniform bending
Pure bending refers to flexure of abeam
under a constant bending moment Mx.
Therefore, pure bending occurs only in
regions of a beam where the shear force is
zero dM
M = constant;Q = =0
x
dz Pure bending
Nonuniform bending (Transverse bending)
refers to flexure in the presence of shear
forces, which means that the bending
moment changes as we move along the axis
of the beam
Nonuniform
dM
M constant;Q =
x
0 bending
dz
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6.2. Pure bending
6.2. Pure bending M = constant;
x
dM
Q= = 0;
dz
Experimental
Before the experiment, draw on the beam
surface:
- A set of lines parallel to the beam axis.
- A set of lines perpendicular to the
beam axis
Observation
- The longitudinal lines become curved, but
remain parallel to the beam axis, the
distances between them are unchanged.
- Lines perpendicular to the beam axis do not
remain straight and perpendicular to the
beam axis and yet undergo a rotation
Neutral fiber
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Vu Thi Bich Quyen - HAU
6.2. Pure bending
The bending moment causes the material within
the bottom portion of the bar to stretch and the
material within the top portion to compress →
there will be a surface in which longitudinal
(a) Before
deformation fibers of the material will not undergo a change
in length. The surface is called neutral surface
(b) After Neutral axis: intersection
deformation line of the neutral surface
and the cross section
Horizontal lines
become curved
Vertical lines
remain straight,
yet rotate
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6.2. Pure bending
Deformation hypotheses
Hypothesis 1: Bernoulli’s hypothesis about plane cross-sections
Cross-sections remain plane and perpendicular to the beam axis after
deformation =0
Hypothesis 2: About the longitudinal fibers
The longitudinal fibers do not mechanically interact with each other
(do not pull or push each other) when the beam deflects
= = 0
x y
• On the cross-section, there is
only one stress component –
normal stress
0
z
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6.2. Pure bending
Normal strain of a longitudinal fiber
Consider a longitudinal fiber at a
distance y from the N.A
=
y d d
y
d
z z
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6.2. Pure bending
Normal stress on the cross-section
Equilibrium N = dA 0 1
z z
A
M = x dA 0 y z
2
A
M = y dA x
A
z
3
y
Kinematic 4
z
E
y 6
z
Hooke’s law E 5
z z
E
1 & 6 N = ydA 0 S =0 7 The N.A. x – centroidal
z x
A
principal axis of inertia of
E
2 & 6 M = xydA 0 I = 0 8 the beam cross-section
y xy
A
1 M
3 & 6 M =
E
y dA M =
2
E
I x
9
x
A
x
x
EI x
M
6 & 9
z
y 10
x
EIx - Bending (flexural) stiffness of the beam Ix
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6.2. Pure bending
Normal stress distribution on
the cross-section
M
z
y x
I x
Normal stress σz distributed linearly along
the distance y to the N.A. and reaches extremum
values at the top & bottom surfaces of the beam.
For convenience, we usually apply the
engineering formula
M
z
y x
I x
Take “+” if the point of consideration
belongs to the tensile zone
Take “–” if the point of consideration
belongs to the compressive zone
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6.2. Pure bending
Doubly-symmetric cross-sections M h
x
;
m
I 2 M
x m
x
M h
; x
x
min
I 2 x
I Section modulus of
x
x
h the cross-section
2
Singly-symmetric cross-sections
M
x t
y ;
m max
I
x
M
y x c
;
min
I x
max
I I Section moduli of M
x
t
t
; x
x
c
x
c
; x
ym
ym the cross-section
m t
c
x
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6.2. Pure bending
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6.2. Pure bending
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6.2. Pure bending
Strength criterion
For ductile materials m m
; min
t c
For brittle materials
m
t
t c
min
c
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6.3. Nonuniform bending (Transverse bending)
M c
x
tan t;Q 0
y
Experimental Before deformation
P
Before the experiment, draw grid lines on
the beam surface:
- A set of lines parallel to the beam axis.
- A set of lines perpendicular to the After deformation
P
beam axis
Observation
- The longitudinal lines become curved,
square grid becomes parallelogram
grid → There is angular deformation
yz
- Lines perpendicular to the beam axis Normal
zy
z z
do not remain straight and stress zy
perpendicular to the beam axis → yz
Cross-sections are no longer plane Transverse
shear stress
M Longitudinal
Normal stress formula z
y x
shear stress
I x
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6.3. Nonuniform bending
Shear stress on the cross-section
For narrow cross-sectional beams (b<<h), shear stress follows
Zhuravskii’s hypothesis:
• Parallel to the shear force Qy, has the same direction as the shear
force Qy
• Uniformly distributes along the width of the cross-section
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6.3. Nonuniform bending
Shear stress on the cross-section
Qy
Consider the equilibrium of Mx Mx+dMx
an element separated from a
beam segment of length dz Qy+dQy
1 dz 2
z 0
dA b dz dA 0
z1 zy s z2
M M dM
z1
y; x
y; z2
x x
I x
I x
M M dM dM
zy
b dz
S
ydA ydA x
ydA x x x
I I
s
x
I s
x
s
x
dM ydA Shear stress formula
x s
zy s
dz I b x
s
dM QS
x
Q ; ydA S ;
y
s
x zy
y x
s
dz s
Ib x
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6.3. Nonuniform bending
s
Shear stress formula Q S y x
zy s
Ib x
zy - the shear stress in the member at the s
b
point located at a distance y
Qy - the shear forces
Ix - the moment of inertia of the entire
cross-sectional area
bs - the width of the member’s cross-sectional area, measured at the
point where zy is to be determined
Ssx – first moment of the area As, where As is the top (or bottom) portion
of the member’s cross-sectional area, defined from the section where bs
is measured, and ys is distance to the centroid of As, measured from the
neutral axis Sxs y s .As 24
6.3. Nonuniform bending
Shear stress distribution on the cross-section
Rectangular cross-section QS s
bh 3
y x
b b
zy s
I Ib
s
x
x
12
S y A y 1 h y b h y
s
x CS
S
2 2 2
bh 2
y 2
2 4
bh 2
Q y 2
2 4 6Q h
y 2
3 y
y
2
zy
bh bh 4 3
b
12
Notes:
h
y 0 zy
2
3Q
y 0 m
y
Q
y
2A 25
6.3. Nonuniform bending
s
Shear stress distribution on the cross-section QS
zy
y x
s
I shaped cross-section Ib x
Web b ds
1
S S
dys
x x
2
2
1
Q S dy 2
y x
2
zy
Id x
1 h
2
Q S d s
- Height of the cross- 2 2
y x
h
section: h y s
2 Id
1
- Width of a flange: b x
1 h
2
- Thickness of a web: d
- Average thickness of a Q S d s
2 2
y x
flange: s '
1
- Moment of static of a Ib x
haft-section: Sx QS
y 0 m
y x
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Id
x
6.3. Nonuniform bending
I shaped cross-section
Flanges b bs
h 1 h b h
2
S b y y y y
s 2 m
2 2 2 2 4
x
y
h
2
Q y 2 1
'
y
4 1
h h
2 2
s
zy
2I
Q hs s
x
h 4 2 2
y s ' y
2
1
2I 2I
x x
h
y 0
2
Wide-flange cross-section
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6.3. Nonuniform bending
Three stress states
min
min C
C
x m
m
m
z
D
m D
m
m
y
dz
• Uniaxial stress state (A &B): σmax or σmin; =0
• Pure shear stress state (O): σ=0; max
• State of plane stress (C & D): σ≠0; ≠0
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6.3. Nonuniform bending
Strength criterion
Uniaxial stress state
• For ductile materials
Check at cross-section M
t c
m m
; min
x max
• For brittle materials
t c
- For doubly-symmetric cross-sections
Check at cross-section M
m t
x max
min
- For singly-symmetric cross-sections
c
Check at cross-section |M+|max & |M-|max
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6.3. Nonuniform bending
Strength criterion
Pure shear stress state
Check at cross-section Q y max
• For ductile materials
- Conduct an experiment to determine o
n
m
m
- Apply the 3rd failure hypothesis 2
- Apply the 4rd failure hypothesis
3
• For brittle materials
t
1
m
Apply Mohr’s failure hypothesis
t
c
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6.3. Nonuniform bending
Strength criterion
State of plane stress
Check at cross-section: Q & M are moderately large
y x
Point of consideration: & are moderately large (the
intersections between the flange and the web of the
cross-section, e.g. point K)
• For ductile materials
4
e z
2
zy
2
- Apply the 3rd failure hypothesis
3
e z
2
zy
2
- Apply the 4rd failure hypothesis
• For brittle materials 1 1
z
4
z
2
zy
2
Apply Mohr’s failure hypothesis 2 2 t
t
c
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