CHEMICAL REFERENCE MATERIAL

FORMULAE AND NAMES OF SOME COMMON IONS

CATIONS ANIONS CATIONS

GROUP I II III IV V VI VII TRANSITION ELEMENTS

CHARGE 1+ 2+ 3+ 4+ 3 2 1 1+ 2+ 3+

Li+ Be2+ A3+ N3 O2 F Cu+ Cu2+

Na+ Mg2+ S2 Cℓ Ag+

K+ Ca2+ Br Au+ Au3+

Rb+ Sr2+ Sn4+ I Zn2+

Cs+ Ba2+ Pb4+ Cd2+

Hg+ Hg2+

Fe2+ Fe3+

(a) Tin and Lead also commonly form Sn2+ and Pb2+ ions

(b) Other 1+ ions: NH4+ (ammonium) and H3O+ (hydronium)

1 2 3

OH hydroxide O22 peroxide

CN cyanide
MnO4 permanganate
CH3CO2 acetate

NO2 nitrite CrO42 chromate

NO3 nitrate Cr2O72 dichromate

CℓO hypochlorite
CℓO2 chlorite
CℓO3 chlorate
CℓO4 perchlorate
HCO3 hydrogen carbonate CO32 carbonate
HSO3 hydrogen sulphite SO32 sulphite
hydrogen sulphate SO42 sulphate
HSO4
dihydrogen phosphate HPO42 hydrogen phosphate PO43 phosphate
H2PO4
CONVENTIONS FOR REPRESENTING CHEMICAL FORMULAE

e.g. Formulae for butane:

empirical C2H5
molecular C4H10
structural CH3CH2CH2CH3

H H H H
Lewis H C C C C H
H H H H

H H H H

2-D structural H C C C C H

H H H H

line

3-D structural CH3

(about C-2)
2
C
CH2CH3
H
H

In 3-D structural formulae the following conventions are used:

: Bond in the plane of the paper

: Bond in front of the plane of the paper

: Bond behind the plane of the paper

The geometry around C-2 above is tetrahedral. CH3

C CH2CH3
H
H
Carbon and Carbon Compounds at 25C

Compound Hof kJ mol1 S J K1 mol1 Gof kJ mol1

C(g) +716.7 +158.0 +671.3
C(graphite) 0 +5.8 0
C(diamond) +1.9 +2.4 +2.9
CO(g) 110.5 +197.6 137.2
CO2(g) 393.5 +213.7 394.4
CH4(g) 74.5 +186.1 50.8
C2H2(g) +226.8 +200.8 +209.2
C2H4(g) +52.3 +219.4 +68.1
C2H6(g) 84.7 +229.5 32.9
C3H6(g)(cyclopropane) +53.3 +237 +104
C3H8(g) 103.8 +269.9 23.4
C4H8(g)(cyclobutane) +28.4 +265 +100
C4H10(g)(n-butane) 126.1 +310.1 17.2
C5H10(g)(cyclopentane) 78.4 +293 +39
C5H12(g)(n-pentane) 146.4 +348.9 8.4
C5H12(l)(n-pentane) 173.2 +263.3 9.6
C6H6(l)(benzene) +49.0 +172.2 +124.7
C6H12(g)(cyclohexane) 123.3 +298 +32
n-C6H14(l) 198.6 +295.9 4.4
n-C7H16(l) 224.0 +328.5 +1.0
n-C8H18(l) 250.0 +361.2 +6.4
CH2O(g) 108.7 +218.7 113
CH3OH(l) 238.7 +126.8 166.4
C2H5OH(l l) 277.7 +160.7 174.9
CH3CO2H(l) 484.5 +159.8 390.0
C6H12O6(s)(glucose) 1268 +182.4 919.2
C12H22O11(s)(sucrose) 2226.1 +360 1545
CH2Cℓ2(l) 124.1 +177.8 67.3
CHCℓ (l) 135.1 +201.7 73.7
CCℓ4(l) 135.4 +216.4 65.3
Standard enthalpies, entropies, and Gibbs functions for ions in
water at 298 K

Ion H/kJ mol1 S/J K1 mol1 G/kJ mol1

H+ 0 0 0
Li+ 278.44 14.2 293.80
Na+ 239.66 60.2 261.87
K+ 251.2 10.25 282.28
NH4+ 132.8 112.0 79.50
Ca2+ 541.96 55.2 553.04
Cu2+ 64.39 98.7 65.03
Zn2+ 152.4 106.5 147.21
Fe2+ 118.7 113.4 84.91
Fe3+ 98.0 293.3 10.50
OH 229.94 105.4 157.30
Cl 167.45 55.10 131.17
Br 120.9 80.71 102.82
I 55.94 109.4 51.67
SO 24  907.51 17.2 741.99

PO 34 1284.1 217.6 1025.5

 Average Bond Energies* (kJ mol1)
H C N O F Cℓ Br I Si P S
H 436
C 413 348

--- 619d
--- 812t
N 389 293 159

--- 616d 418d

--- 879t 941t
O 463 335 157 138
--- 707d --- 498d
--- 1070t
F 565 485 270 184 155
Cℓ 431 326 200 205 254 243
Br 364 276 --- --- --- 219 190
I 294 238 --- --- --- 210 178 149
Si 318 --- --- 464 --- --- --- --- 196
P 322 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 197
S 338 --- --- --- 496 250 212 --- --- --- 266
* Values are for single bonds except where otherwise stated; d indicates a double
bond and t a triple bond.
 Standard Reduction Potentials

Reaction* o
Ered (V)
Oxidizing Agents Reducing Agents

very weak Li+ + e  Li(s) very strong 3.05

K+ + e   K(s) 2.93
Ca + 2e
2+
 Ca(s) 2.87
Na + e  Na(s) 2.71
Mg2+ + 2e  Mg(s) 2.36
Aℓ3+ + 3e  Aℓ (s) 1.66
2H2O + 2e  H2(g) + 2OH 0.83
Zn2+ + 2e  Zn(s) 0.76
Cr3+ + e  Cr(s) 0.74
Fe2+ + 2e  Fe(s) 0.44
Cr3+ + e  Cr2+ 0.41
Ni2+ + 2e  Ni(s) 0.25
Sn2+ + 2e  Sn(s) 0.16
Pb2+ + 2e  Pb(s) 0.13
2H+ + 2e  H2(g) 0
S(s) + 2H+ + 2e  H2S +0.14
Cu2+ + e  Cu+ +0.15
AgCℓ(s) + e  Ag(s) + Cℓ +0.22
Cu2+ + 2e  Cu(s) +0.34
Cu+ + e  Cu(s) +0.52
I2(s) + 2e  2I +0.54
O2(g) + 2H+ + 2e  H2O2 +0.68
Fe3+ + e  Fe2+ +0.77
Ag+ + e  Ag(s) +0.80
NO3 + 2H+ + e

 NO2(g) + H2O +0.80
NO3 + 4H+ + 3e  NO(g) + 2H2O +0.97
Br2(l) + 2e  2Br +1.09
O2(g) + 4H+ + 4e  2H2O +1.23
Cr2O72 + 14H+ + 6e  2Cr3+ + 7H2O +1.33
Cℓ2(g) + 2e  2Cℓ +1.36
MnO4 + 8H+ + 4e
  Mn2+ + 4H2O +1.49
Au3+ + 3e  Au(s) +1.50
H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e  2H2O +1.78
Co3+ + e  Co2+ +1.81
very strong F2(g) + 2e  2F very weak +2.87
*The designation (aq) has been omitted after each ion and molecule in solution.