#_ Essential SHELL SCRIPTING Operations [+100 ]

Basic Shell Scripting Commands:

● echo: Display text or variables.

● cd: Change the current directory.
● pwd: Print the current working directory.
● ls: List files and directories.
● touch: Create an empty file.
● mkdir: Create a new directory.
● rmdir: Remove an empty directory.
● rm: Remove files or directories.
● cp: Copy files or directories.
● mv: Move or rename files/directories.
● cat: Concatenate and display file contents.
● more: Display file contents page by page.
● less: Display file contents interactively.
● head: Display the beginning of a file.
● tail: Display the end of a file.
● grep: Search text using patterns.
● find: Search for files and directories.
● wc: Count lines, words, and characters.
● sort: Sort lines in a file.
● cut: Remove sections from lines of files.
● sed: Stream editor for text manipulation.
● awk: Text processing tool.
● tee: Redirect output to multiple files.
● chmod: Change file permissions.
● chown: Change file ownership.
● ps: List running processes.
● top: Display dynamic process information.
● kill: Terminate processes.
● df: Show disk space usage.
● du: Estimate file and directory space usage.
● date: Display or set the date and time.

By: Waleed Mousa

● cal: Display a calendar.
● tar: Archive files.
● zip: Compress files.
● unzip: Extract files from a ZIP archive.
● curl: Transfer data with URLs.
● wget: Download files from the internet.
● ping: Test network connectivity.
● ifconfig: Display or configure network interfaces.
● netstat: Network statistics.
● hostname: Show or set system hostname.
● who: Display who is logged in.
● users: List users currently logged in.
● groups: List user groups.
● passwd: Change user password.
● su: Switch user.
● sudo: Execute commands with superuser privileges.
● exit: Exit the shell or log out.
● alias: Create command shortcuts.
● history: Display command history.
● !: Repeat previous command.
● source: Execute a script in the current shell.
● ./script.sh: Execute a shell script.
● #: Add comments in scripts.
● $: Access and manipulate variables.
● export: Make variables available to subshells.
● read: Read input from the user.
● for loop: Iterate over a list.
● while loop: Execute commands while a condition is true.
● case: Execute commands based on pattern matching.
● test: Evaluate conditions.
● [ ]: Another form of the test command.
● (( )): Arithmetic evaluation.
● $?: Get the exit status of the last command.
● $0, $1, $2, ...: Access script arguments.
● $$: Get the PID of the current shell.

By: Waleed Mousa

 ● $!: Get the PID of the last background command.
● $@: All arguments as separate words.
● $#: Number of arguments.
● $*: All arguments as a single word.

Intermediate Shell Scripting Commands:

● grep -r: Recursively search for text in files.

● find -exec: Execute commands on found files.
● awk scripting: Write more advanced text processing scripts.
● sed scripting: Create complex text transformations.
● cut -f: Specify field delimiters.
● sort -k: Sort using a specific field.
● chmod octal: Set permissions using octal notation.
● chown -R: Recursively change file ownership.
● ps aux: List detailed process information.
● kill -9: Forcefully terminate processes.
● df -h: Display disk space usage in human-readable format.
● du -h: Display disk usage in a more readable format.
● tar -xzvf: Extract compressed tar archives.
● ifconfig eth0 up/down: Enable or disable network interfaces.
● netstat -tuln: List listening ports.
● hostnamectl: View and set system hostname (modern systems).
● whoami: Display the current username.
● id: Show user and group information.
● groups USERNAME: List groups for a user.
● passwd USERNAME: Change another user's password.
● sudo visudo: Edit the sudoers file safely.
● !n: Execute the nth command from history.
● $RANDOM: Generate random numbers in scripts.
● $((expression)): Perform arithmetic operations in scripts.
● if-elif-else: Conditional branching.
● case/esac: Complex case statement.
● $IFS: Internal Field Separator for word splitting.
● $HOME: User's home directory.
● $PATH: System search path for executables.

By: Waleed Mousa

 ● $PWD: Current working directory.
● $USER: Current user's name.
● $HOSTNAME: Hostname of the system.
● $SHELL: Current shell.
● $LINENO: Current line number in a script.
● shift: Shift command-line arguments.
● readonly: Make variables read-only.
● trap: Execute commands on signals.
● function: Define reusable functions.
● getopts: Parse command-line options.
● $?: Exit status of the last command.
● $!: Process ID of the last background command.
● $@: All arguments as separate words.
● $#: Number of arguments.
● $*: All arguments as a single word.
● $?: Exit status of the last command.

Advanced Shell Scripting Commands:

● grep -o: Show only matching parts of a line.

● find -type: Search for specific file types.
● awk -F: Specify field separators.
● sed -i: Edit files in-place.
● for loop: Iterate over ranges and patterns.
● while loop: Use conditional loops with complex tests.
● case: Handle complex conditions with case statements.
● eval: Evaluate and execute commands dynamically.
● declare: Create and manipulate variables dynamically.
● select: Create interactive menus.
● set: Set or unset shell options.
● exec: Replace the current shell process.
● read -p: Prompt for input.
● here documents: Pass input to commands.
● process substitution: Use <() and >() to manipulate data.
● I/O redirection: Redirect input and output.
● file descriptors: Work with custom file descriptors.

By: Waleed Mousa

● pipes: Create pipelines for data processing.
● signals: Handle signals and traps.
● coproc: Run commands in coprocesses.
● arithmetic expansion: Perform complex calculations.
● regex matching: Use regular expressions in scripts.
● string manipulation: Manipulate strings in scripts.
● arrays: Use arrays for data storage.
● associative arrays: Create key-value data structures.
● error handling: Implement error handling in scripts.
● debugging: Debug shell scripts with set -x.
● scripting best practices: Follow scripting best practices.
● shebang: Set the script's interpreter.
● cron: Schedule script execution.
● at: Schedule one-time script execution.
● systemd timers: Create timers for scripts (systemd-based systems).
● journalctl: View system logs (systemd-based systems).
● awk 'BEGIN/END': Execute commands before/after processing.
● awk 'NR': Use the record number in AWK.
● basename: Extract the filename from a path.
● dirname: Extract the directory from a path.
● $FUNCNAME: Get the name of the current function.
● $BASH_SOURCE: Get the name of the script.
● $BASH_VERSION: Get the Bash version.
● readonly -f: Make functions read-only.
● $LINENO: Get the current line number.
● $COLUMNS: Get the terminal's columns.
● $LINES: Get the terminal's lines.
● $RANDOM: Generate random numbers.
● getopts: Handle advanced command-line options.
● $PPID: Get the parent process ID.
● find -print0: Print null-terminated output for safe parsing.
● rsync: Synchronize files and directories.
● curl/wget: Download files from the internet.
● ssh/scp: Securely connect and transfer files.
● expect: Automate interactive tasks.

By: Waleed Mousa

● xargs: Process input arguments.
● printf: Format and print data.
● timeout: Run a command with a time limit.
● logger: Log messages to system logs.
● mktemp: Create temporary files and directories.
● flock: File locking for synchronization.
● lsof: List open files and processes.
● awk 'END': Execute commands after processing input.
● awk 'NF': Filter non-empty lines.
● sed -e: Execute multiple expressions.
● sed -r: Use extended regular expressions.
● shellcheck: Check shell scripts for errors.
● tput: Control terminal text attributes.
● set -e: Exit script on error.
● set -u: Treat unset variables as errors.
● set -o pipefail: Exit on pipeline failure.
● eval "$VAR": Execute dynamic code.
● declare -A: Declare associative arrays.
● $IFS: Input Field Separator (IFS) manipulation.
● read -a: Read input into an array.
● $BASH_ENV: Specify an environment file.
● scp/rsync with SSH keys: Securely transfer files.
● cron with environment variables: Set environment variables in cron
jobs.

By: Waleed Mousa