2/28/17
Chemical Principles and Processes: Two complementary approaches to
Properties of Gases doing science
Robert Boyle
• Born 25/1/1627
• Founder of modern chemistry
• “The Skeptical Chymist”, 1661
• Wish list
Isaac Newton
• Born 25/12/1642
Dr Deborah Crittenden • Founder of modern (classical) physics
• “Philosophiae Naturalis Principia
[email protected] Mathematica”, 1687
Two complementary approaches to
Example 1: Solar PV Materials
doing science
First generation (mostly empirical)
• Get into the lab
• Try lots of different semi-metals
• Make multiple careful, repeatable
observations • See which one works best
• Find a pattern that links all your • Rationalize why (Shockley & Queisser)
observations • Now reached efficiency limits
• Establish a set of common Second generation (mostly rational)
principles that apply to all matter • Organic systems: lower cost & higher efficiency
(“Laws”) • Bio-inspired but near-limitless possibilities
• Carefully apply these principles to • Narrow down using rational design
specific situations • Need to understand behaviour of electrons (QM)
• Deduce the expected behaviour
Example 2: Properties of Gases Empirical Evidence
Empirical/inductive approach
• How does pressure change with
• Measure pairwise relationships between different volume?
physical properties of gases: temperature (T),
volume (V), pressure (P), amount (n)
• Collate and generalize into an overall relationship • How does volume change with
temperature?
Rational/deductive approach
• Assume molecules obey Newton’s laws of motion
• Do the same amounts (measured in
• (Ignoring effects of interactions between them) moles) of different gases occupy the
• Derive relationship between P, V, n, T same volume?
1
2/28/17
Boyle’s Law Empirical Evidence
• How does pressure change with volume? • How does pressure change with volume?
– Volume is inversely proportional to pressure
(Boyle’s Law)
Pressure = P Pressure = 2P
Volume = V
1
⇒ 1
0 2 0 2
Volume = ½V
Charles’ Law Charles’ Law
• How does the volume of a fixed amount of gas • How does the volume of a fixed amount of gas
change with temperature? change with temperature?
400 400 400 400
300 300 300 300
Volume = V 200
⇒ Volume = ½V
200
Volume = V 200
⇒ Volume = 2V 200
100 100 100 100
0 0 0 0
Temperature = T Temperature = ½T Temperature = T Temperature = 2T
Empirical Evidence Avogadro’s Law
• How does pressure change with volume? • Do the same amounts of different gases occupy
– Volume is inversely proportional to pressure the same volume, at the same pressure?
(Boyle’s Law)
• How does the volume of a fixed amount of gas
change with temperature?
– Volume is proportional to temperature (Charles’
Law)
2
2/28/17
Empirical Evidence Boyle’s, Charles’ and Avogadro’s Laws
• How does pressure change with volume?
– Volume is inversely proportional to pressure
(Boyle’s Law) Boyle’s Law V ∝ P-1
• How does the volume of a fixed amount of gas
change with temperature? Charles’ Law V∝T
– Volume is proportional to temperature (Charles’
Law) Avogadro’s
Law
V∝n
• Do the same amounts of different gases
occupy the same volume?
– Yes, volume is only proportional to number of gas
molecules (Avogadro’s Law)
Boyle’s, Charles’ and Avogadro’s Laws Boyle’s, Charles’ and Avogadro’s Laws
Boyle’s Law PV = constant Boyle’s Law P1V1 = P2V2
Charles’ Law V/T = constant Charles’ Law V1/T1 = V2/T2
Avogadro’s Avogadro’s
Law
V/n = constant V1/n1 = V2/n2
Law
The Ideal Gas Law The Ideal Gas Law
Boyle’s Law V ∝ P-1 Boyle’s Law V ∝ P-1
Charles’ Law V∝T Charles’ Law V∝T
Avogadro’s Avogadro’s
Law
V∝n V∝n
Law
Ideal Gas Law Ideal Gas Law PV = nRT
3
2/28/17
Using the Ideal Gas Law SI quantities and dimensions
First, check that units make sense • Volume, V m3
• Pressure, P Pascals (Pa)
Pressure Temperature = Newtons/m2 (N m-2)
(Pa) PV = nRT (K) = kg/m/s2 (kg m-1 s-2)
Volume Ideal gas • Temperature, T Kelvin (K)
(m3) constant =
Amount • Number of particles, n mole (mol)
8.314
(mol) (J K-1 mol-1) • Ideal gas constant, R J K-1 mol-1
= N m K-1 mol-1
= kg m2 s-2 K-1 mol-1
Unit conversions - V Unit conversions – P, T
• 1 L = 10 cm x 10 cm x 10 cm • 1 atmosphere = 101325 Pa = 101.325 kPa
= 0.1 m x 0.1 m x 0.1 m • 1 Bar = 100000 Pa = 100 kPa
= 0.001 m3 • 1 mmHg (millimeter of Mercury) = 133.32 Pa
= 1 x 10-3 m3
• degrees Kelvin = 273.15 + degrees Celcius
• 1 mL = 1 cm x 1 cm x 1 cm
= 0.01 m x 0.01 m x 0.01 m
= 0.000001 m3
= 1 x 10-6 m3
Tackling Gas Laws Problems Tutorial Question
A weather balloon is filled with a light, monatomic gas to a
• Convert all quantities to SI units volume of 2.80 m3 at sea level where the pressure is 1022
• Choose appropriate equation mbar and the temperature is 20.2 °C. The balloon is released
and rises to an altitude of 11 km where the pressure is 226
• ‘Rearrange’ equation to find unknown quantity mbar and the temperature is -56.4 °C.
as a function of known/given quantities
(a) Calculate the volume of the balloon at 11 km altitude.
• Plug numbers in to equation
(b) Calculate the number of moles of gas in the balloon.
• Be sure to show all working
(c) If the mass of gas delivered to the balloon was 469.6 g,
calculate the molar mass of the gas and write the chemical
symbol.
(d) Calculate the density of gas in the balloon at sea level;
give your answers in units of kg m-3.
4
2/28/17
Tutorial Question Tutorial Question
After a heavy night’s drinking at the ski fields, a bunch of Once everyone has sobered up, they decide to go out
physical chemists with an unlimited supply of balloons (I backcountry skiing, so they pack their avalanche airbags.
know, this just gets sillier and sillier, right?) decide that they The avalanche airbags inflate by generating nitrogen gas
will prank their companions by blowing up the balloons from sodium azide:
outside (-5 °C), and shove them in the windows, into the 2 NaN3(s) → 2 Na(s) + 3 N2(g)
heated bunk rooms (25 °C).
What mass of NaN3 [MNa = 22.9898, MN = 14.01] is
If the maximum volume a balloon can contain without required to inflate a 170 L avalanche bag to atmospheric
bursting is 10 litres, what is the smallest volume they can pressure at winter temperatures (0 °C)?
inflate the balloon to outside to ensure that it will burst when
put inside? How much room for error do they have? What mass would be required for a smaller skier who only
required a 150 L avalanche bag?
To optimize your exam marks Further Reading
Boyle’s wish list for future scientific achievement:
• Complete tutorial questions in advance of http://blogs.royalsociety.org/history-of-science/2010/08/27/robert-boyle-list/
tutorial on Thursday/Friday Deductive vs inductive reasoning and the scientific method:
http://www.livescience.com/21569-deduction-vs-induction.html
• Additional practice with exam-style questions: http://www.livescience.com/20896-science-scientific-method.html
BestChoice Ideal Gas Law 1 module ‘Rearranging’ equations:
http://www.khanacademy.org/math/algebra/solving-linear-equations-and-
inequalities/solving_for_variable/v/rearrange-formulas-to-isolate-specific-variables
The Standard International system of units for measurement:
http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/units.html
Dimensional analysis (do the units make sense?):
https://www.khanacademy.org/math/algebra/introduction-to-algebra/units-
algebra/v/dimensional-analysis-units-algebraically
http://xkcd.com/687/
