PDS Lab
Section 16
Autumn-2017
Tutorial 3
C Programming Constructs
This flowchart shows how to find the roots of a Quadratic equation Ax2+Bx+C = 0
Start
Input
A,B,C
x B 2 4 AC
B x
x1
False If True 2A 2A
x0 B x
x2
2A 2A
Roots are not real Print real roots
x1 , x 2
Stop
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There are three things in any programming:
Sequence: A set of statements which would be executed one after another.
Start
Input
A,B,C
x B 2 4 AC
B x
x1
False If True 2A 2A
x0 B x
x2
2A 2A
Roots are not real Print real roots
x1 , x 2
Stop
© D. Samanta, IIT
Branching: Out of many paths, follow one path
Start
Input
A,B,C
x B 2 4 AC
B x
x1
False If True 2A 2A
x0 B x
x2
2A 2A
Roots are not real Print real roots
x1 , x 2
Stop
© D. Samanta, IIT
Iteration: Repeat a sequence for a number of times.
Start
count= 0;
max= -1;
Please enter
[No]
+ve number count<10?
[Yes]
[True] Read a Print the
x<0? number x maximum
from keyboard
[False]
Stop
[False]
max>x? max=x
[True]
count=count+1
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Branching
Branching (also called decision ) allows different set of instructions to
be executed depending on the outcome of logical test.
[False] [True]
Logical test
Block 2 Block 1
The if-else statement is used to express decision.
if (logical test)
block 1
else
Example # include<stdio.h>
Start char sex;
int age;
Read sex main()
and age
{
scanf(‘‘%c’’,&sex);
If scanf(‘‘%d’’,&age);
[False] [True]
(sex==’F’) &&
age<21
Print “You are if((sex==‘F’)&&(age<21))
Print “Hi old
Fox!” a pretty printf(//…………);
woman”;
else
© D. Samanta, IIT printf(//…………);
Stop }
Nesting of if-else statement
If (condition 1)
Block 1
if(condition 2)
Block 2
……
if(condition n)
Block n
else
else
Block 2
else
Block 1
Problem may arise if all “if” statement may not have “else” part! Dangling else
problem.
if (exp1) if (exp1)
if(exp2) if(exp2){
statement1; statement1;
else else
statement2; statement2;
}
Rule: An else clause is associated with the closest preceding unmatched if.
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Switch : Multiple Branching
switch (expression) {
case const1: statement1
case const2: statement2
…………………
…………………
default: statement
}
Switch statement is used to select a particular statement from a group of alternative
statement(s).
Note: Here, expression should evaluate to an int value
const1, const2, …. Are integer values only
Example:
int letter;
switch(letter = getchar())
{
case ‘A’:
printf(“First letter %c\n”, letter);
break;
case ‘Z’:
printf(“Last letter %c\n”, letter);
break;
default:
printf(“Your letter %c\n”, letter);
break;
}
Note: The use of break statement
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Conditional Operator ?:
Example
interest = (balance>5000)? balance×0.15 : balance×0.10;
This is equivalent to:
if =(balance>5000)
interest= balance×0.15;
else
interest= balance×0.10;
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Looping
In looping (also called iteration) a group of instructions that are
executed repeatedly while some condition remains true.
There are three ways to control a looping:
Condition Sentinel
controlled Counter controlled
controlled
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Example 1: Counter controlled
Read 5 integers and display the value of their summation.
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Example 2: Condition controlled
Given an exam marks as input, display the appropriate message based
on the rules below:
• If marks is greater than 49, display “PASS”, otherwise display
“FAIL”
• However, for input outside the 0-100 range, display “WRONG
INPUT” and prompt the user to input again until a valid input is
entered.
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Example 3: Sentinel controlled
Read a number of positive integers and display the summation and
average of these integers.
A negative or zero input indicates the end of input process.
• Input Example: Sentinel
30 16 42 9 Value
• Output Example:
88
29.33
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While Statement
The “while” statement is used to carry out looping operations, in
which a group of statements is executed repeatedly, as long as some
condition remains satisfied.
while (condition)
statement (s);
Example 4: Syntax of while statement
while (condition) {
statement_1;
...
statement_N;
}
while ( ) {
printf (“Line no : d.\n”,i);
;
}
Note:
The while-loop will not be entered if the loop-control expression
evaluates to false (zero) even before the first iteration.
break can be used to come out of the while loop.
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Example 5: while statement with break
float weight;
int flag = 1;
printf ("Enter your weight: ");
scanf ("%f", &weight);
while ( weight > 65.0 ) {
printf ("Go, exercise, ");
printf ("then come back. \n");
printf ("Do you want to continue?");
scanf ("%d", &flag);
if (!flag)
break;
}
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Nested while Statement
How would you print the following diagram?
*****
*****
*****
repeat 3 times repeat 5 times
print a row of 5 stars print *
#define ROWS 3
#define COLS 5
…
row =1;
while (row <= ROWS) {
/* print a row of 5 *’s */
row++;
}
row=1;
while (row <= ROWS) { outer
col=1; loop
while (col <= COLS) {
printf (“*“);
col++; inner
} loop
printf(“\n”);
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IIT
}
do-while Statement
do statement while (expression)
main ()
{
int digit=0;
do
printf(“%d\n”,digit++);
while (digit <= 9) ;
}
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for Statement
The “for” statement is the most commonly used looping structure in
C.
General syntax:
for ( expr1; expr2; expr3) statement;
expr1 (init) : initialize parameters
expr2 (test): test condition, loop continues if satisfied
expr3 (update): used to alter the value of the parameters
after each iteration
statement (body): body of the loop
for (expr1;expr2;expr3) {
statement
}
Example
int i;
for (i=1; i < 100; i += 2;) {
printf(“%d\t”,i);
}
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The comma operator
We can give several statements separated by commas in place of
“expression1”, “expression2”, and “expression3”.
Example
for (fact=1, i=1; i<=10; i++)
fact fact i;
for (sum=0, i=1; i<=N; i++)
sum sum i i;
Specifying “Infinite Loop”
while (1) {
statements
}
for (; ;)
{
statements
}
do {
statements
} while (1);
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The break Statement
Break out of the loop { }
can be used with
while
do while
for
switch
Example
int main() {
int fact, i;
fact = 1; i = 1;
while ( i<=10 ) /* Run loop for 10 times */
{
fact = fact * i;
if ( fact > 100 ) {
printf("Factorial of %d above 100", i);
break;
/* break out of the while loop */
}
i++ ;
}
return 1;
}
© D. Samanta, IIT
does not work with
if
else
• Causes immediate exit from a while, do/while, for or
switch structure.
• Program execution continues with the first statement after
the structure.
The continue Statement
• Skips the remaining statements in the body of a
while, for or do/while structure.
Proceeds with the next iteration of the loop.
while and do/while
Loop-continuation test is evaluated immediately after
the continue statement is executed.
• for structure
expression3 is evaluated, then expression2 is evalu-
ated.
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Example
/* a program segment to calculate 10!
fact = 1; i = 1;
while (1) {
;
;
if( 10 )
continue; /* not done yet! Go to loop */
else
break; /* Done! Break the loop
}
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Tutorial Problems
Problem 1
Draw the flowchart of the following C program
# include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int a, b, c;
scanf(“%d %d %d ”, &a, &b, &c);
if &&
printf (“\n The largest number is %d”, a );
if b &&
printf (“\n The largest number is %d”, b );
if c &&
printf (“\n The largest number is %d”, c );
}
Problem 2
Are the following two code fragments give same result?
Code 1:
if (section==16)
printf(‘‘you are in section 16’’);
Code 2:
if (section=16)
printf(‘‘you are in section 16’’);
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Problem 3
What will be the output of the following code segment? You should assume
suitable values of the variables and then give your answer.
z = 0;
if(n>0)
if(a>b)
z=a;
else z=b;
printf(‘‘Yahoo! %d’’, z);
Case 1: n = 5, a = 9, b = 6
Case 2: n = -5, a = 9, b = 6
Case 3 n = 5, a = 6, b = 9
Problem 4
Your program asks a user to type y or Y to select Yes and n or N to select No.
Which of the following codes is correct to show the option selected by the user?
Code 1
c = getchar();
if(c==‘y’)&&(c==‘Y’) printf(‘‘Yes \n’’);
else printf(‘‘No \n’’);
Code 2
c = getchar();
if(c!=‘n’)||(c!=‘N’) printf(‘‘Yes \n’’);
else printf(‘‘No \n’’);
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Problem 5
Write simplified equivalent code for the following.
x = ((a>10)&&(b<5))?a+b:0;
marks>60 ? printf(“passed \n”): printf(“fail \n”);
Problem 6
Write c-program to convert a grade given a marks.
: 90
A: 80 90
: 70 80
: 60 70
: 50 60
: 35 50
: 35
Problem 7
Which of the following nested if statements are logically equivalent to the flow
chart below?
F
a==
T
T T
d> b> x=b
F F
F
x=a c x= c
T
(A) if(a==b)if(d>c) if(b>c)x=b; else if (c==a);else x=c; else x=a;
(B) if(a==b)if(d>c) if(b>c)x=b; else if (c==a); x=c; else x=a;
(C)© D. Samanta, IIT
if(a==b)if(d>c) if(b>c)x=b; else if (c!=a) x=c; else x=a;
(D) if(a==b)if(d>c) if(b>c)x=b; else if (c!=a) x=c; else; else x=a;
(E) None of the above.
Problem 8
How would you print the following Pascal triangle?
*
***
*****
*******
Problem 9
Let n, i and sum be int variables. The user enters a positive value
of n. Which of the following program segments prints the largest
value of sum?
sum = 0; i = 1; while (++i < n) sum += i;
printf("%d", sum);
sum = 0; i = 1; while (i++ < n) sum += i;
printf("%d", sum);
for (sum = 0, i = 1; i < n; i++) sum += i;
printf("%d", sum);
for (sum = 0, i = 1; i <= n; ++i) sum += i;
printf("%d", sum);
© D. Samanta, IIT
Problem 10
Consider the program segment.
int sum = 0;
int i = 0;
while (i < 5)
{
sum = sum + i;
i++;
}
printf(‘‘%d\n’’,sum);
Suppose we replace the while loop in the segment above with a for loop.
Which of the following for loops will result in the same value of sum
printing out?
A. for (int i = 0; i <= 5; i++)
sum = sum + i;
B. for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++)
sum = sum + i;
C. for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++)
sum = sum + i;
D. for (int i = 2; i < 5; i++)
sum = sum + i;
E. for (int i = 1; i < 6; i++)
sum = sum + i;
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Important links:
http://cse.iitkgp.ac.in/~dsamanta/courses/pds/index.html
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