Chapter 1
Questions
1. Charged particles passing through matter 5. What is the intensity at 9 m (30 ft) for an lose
energy primarily because of: unshielded X-ray source that is
232 (900 mR/hr) at 3 m (10 ft)?
a. scatter radiation.
b. ionizatiom 26 mC/kg/hr (100 mR]hr).
c. secondary scatter- b. 64 mC/kg/hr (250 mR/hr).
d. charged electrons. c. 116 mC/kgmr (450 mR/hr).
HB:81•, CT:2-15 d. 258 (1000
HB:198
2. When elecü•ons of many different energies strike a target, a continuous spectrum of 6.
Geometric unsharpness can be reduced by X-rays is generated. These X-rays are using
a:
known as:
a, focal spot sizea,
bremsstrahlung- b. smaller focal spot size.
b. Compton X-rays. c. shorter source-to-film distance.
c. scattering. d. longer object-to-film distance.
d. slow electron emission- CT:6-25
HB:82; CT:2-9
7- It is required that the radiographs of a part
3- To produce an exposure equivalent to 5 mA 102 mm (4 in.) thick must have a geometric
at 305 mm (12 in.), what current is required unsharpness no larger than 0.4 mm if the
source-to-film distance is changed to (0.015 in.). If the maximum projected 609 mm (24
in.) and the exposure time is dimension of your radiation source is kept the same?
2.5 mm (0.1 in.), what minimum source-tofilm distance must you use to satisfy
the
a. 4 mA. unsharpness requirement?
b- 10 mA-
c. 20 num. a. 66 cm (26 in.). d. 40 b. 76 cm (30 in.). HB:198;
CT:2-11 c, 91 cm (36 in.).
d. 102 cm (40 in.).
4- A source-to-film distance of 762 mm CT:6-29
(30 in.) is changed to 609 mm (24 in.),
What exposure time would be required if 8. All other factors being the same, the original
exposure time was 10 radiographic sharpness or definition is improved by using:
a, 2.5 minutes.
b 5.0 minutes. a. slower film.
c. 6.4 minutes. b faster film.
d. 15.2 minutes. c. film with a larger grain size.
HB:199 d. slower film with fluorescent screens.
CT:606
9. Other factors being the same, radiographic is improved by:
a. raising the kilovoltage and lowering the current.
b. lowering the kilovoltage-
c. using faster film, adjusting the exposure to produce the minimum film density
allowed.
1B:180; CT:6-27
10. The minimum source-to-film distance needed to produce acceptable radiographs depends
on the focal spot (source) size, the
maximum allowable unsharpness, and the:
a, type of film. b density of the object.
c. object-to-detector distance,
d. atomic number of the object material.
CT:608
I l. A significant difference between automatic and manual processing is that:
a. the chemistry in automatic processors is more uniform.
b. manual processing is faster.
c. automatic processing is more reliable
and cost effectived, developer time is not critical with
automatic processing.
12. The safelights for RT should have colored filters and frosted white bulbs, and be
placed 1-1.2 m (3-4 ft) from the darkroom work surfaces- What should be the wattage of the
bulbs?
a. 7.5-15 w. b, 15-20 w. c. 20-30 w. 30-40 W.
HB:314
Because white light bulbs are used in darkroom safelights, the light must be filtered
with a:
a. blue/green filter.
b. red/amber filter.
c. dark filter of any color.
d. yellow/green filter.
I-B:313
14. The loading bench in a darkroom should be:
a. next to the film processing tanks or machine. b. away from the film processing tmks
or machine.
c. near the enfrance for convenience in passing films in and out of the darkroom,
d. neu the vent fan to assure a good rate of air flow over the film as it is loaded in the
cassettes or film holders.
1--B:312
15. Static marks in radiographs may result from:
a. using contaminated cotton gloves.
b. using noninterleaved film.
c. sliding film rapidly out of the film holder, d. loading several films into
one film holder.
16. When using strips of roll film, they must be sealed with dark tape to prevent:
a. light spots on the film. b ekposure to light.
c. lighter densities on developed films. d- burn out of lead identification numbers.
11 Unexposed film should be stored in an area protected from heat, humidity, light, and:
a. penetrating radiation.
b. electrical fields.
c. magnetic fields.
d. red light.
I-m:235
18- The liquids used for manual processing should include:
a. developer, stop bath, and watere
b. developer, fixer, stop bath, and wetting
agent
c. fixer, stop bath* and water.
d. developer, stop bath, fixer, and water.
CT:4-11
19. Adding chemicals to restore the activity of a developer solution during normal use is
known as:
a. reactivation.
b replenishment
c. restoration.
de renovation.
CT:4-11
20. The basic purpose of a stop bath is to:
a. cause development to cease.
b. speed up the fixing process.
c- enha.nce the alkalinity of the developer that on the film.
d. prevent excessive fixation.
CT:4-12
21. The basic purpose of the fixer is to:
a. soften the film emulsion.
b. remove the unexposed silver halides.
c. reduce the alkalinity of the developer.
d. neutralize the developer acids,
CT:4m12
22. Other factors bei.ng equal, processing film in solutions that are too warm may result in:
a. lower densities.
b. mottling.
c. frilling or loosening of the emulsion.
d. uneven densities.
23. Washing film in cold water (less than
10 QC, (50 OF) during manual film processing results in:
a. greater washing action. b little washing action taking place.
c. uniform drawing of water from the film.
d. improved results from the film drying process.
CT:4æ13
24. Using a wetting agent in manual film processing will assist in:
a. the developing stage of the process. b hardening the film emulsion.
c. reducing water marks and streaks.
d. controlling film density.
CT:4-14
25. For best results, film should be dried:
a. in ambient air.
b. by an oscillating fane c; in a dryer for a minimum of 2 hours.
d, in a warm, filtered air dryer.
CT:4e15
26. The major advantages of automatic film processing are:
a, fewer spills and splashes in the darkroom.
b improved sensitivity of the radiographs.
c. reduced cost and time for processing.
d. speed, consistency and efficiency.
I-B:348
27. Which of the following should be done to
preserve radiographs during long-term storage?
a. Seal the radiographs in plastic envelopes.
b. Keep the radiographs away from bright light or sunlight.
d. Store radiographs horizontally, on top
of each other.
c. Do not use interleaving paper between the radiographs.
28. Excessive density in a radiographic image may be a result of:
a. insufficient fixing.
b. excessive exposure time.
c. the use of fine grain film.
d. the use of an X-ray energy greater than 200 kV.
29. The difference in density between different parts of a radiograph is called:
a. radiographic contrast.
b. radiographic latitude. c, gamma of the film.
d. subject contrast.
1--1B:182
30, Overall image quality of a radiograph is determined by its radiographic contrast and:
a. definition.
b. density.
c. sensitivity.
d. latitude.
I-m:273
31. In manual processing, low radiographic density may be due to:
a. high developer temperature.
b. high developer concentration.
c. weak developer solution-
d. over-replenishing.
CT:4-10
32, Over-developing may result in:
a- streaking.
b. fogging. c, spotting.
d. lower density.
cT:4ö11
33, Unwanted marks and images that are produced during the processing of a radiograph
are known as:
a. anomalies.
b. irregularities.
c. artifacts.
d- relevant indications.
1--1B:398
34. A densitometer is an insüument that is used to measure:
a. the X-ray density of an object.
b. the depth of color of an object.
c. the physical density of an object.
d. the transmittance or reflectance of
HB:388
35. Which of the following factors is most important in assuring that satisfactory radiographs
can be stored for years without becoming useless?
a, Development beyond 5 minutes at 20 O C (68 OF).
b. Using low pH stop bath.
c. Thorough washing to remove all the thiosulfate.
d. Fixing for at least three times the normal clearing time.
I-m:310
36. Densitometers should be calibrated before use by:
a. taking a series of readings from a calibrated density strip.
b. using production radiographs with known densities.
c. measuring the reflected light from a radiograph.
d. using a photometer.
37. Grinding cracks axe not readily discernible by RT because:
a. they are in the wrong direction. b they are too tight and shallow.
c. products are usually inspected prior to grinding operationsde there produce no
difference in the material density.
CT:7e15
38. Stress corrosion cracking may sometimes be detected with RT when using high definition
and high contrast techniques and when:
a, a major dimension of the corrosion is perpendicular to the X-ray beam.
b. a major dimension of the corrosion is parallel to the X-ray beam.
c. for thin parts, the radiation source is a
betatron.
d, the corrosion was not caused by nuclear reactor water.
CT;7-60
39* Discontinuities caused by fatigue and/or corrosion are categorized as:
a. processing discontinuities.
b. inherent discontinuities.
c. service discontinuities.
d. metallurgical discontinuities.
40. Heat-affected zone cracking is not easily detected with RT because:
a. of the orientation of the cracks.
b. the cracks are too tight to be detected.
c. the cracks are too shallow to be detected.
d. the cracks are very irregular in shape.
CT:7-18
41. Inherent discontinuities are those found in:
a. forgings,
b. plate.
c. ferrous metals ingots.
42. Nonmetallic inclusions in a casting appear on a radiograph as:
a. nearly round dark spots b clustered, elliptical dark spots.
irregularly-shaped dark spots.
d. smooth, long, narrow dark lines.
HB:473
43. Which of following discontinuities is not related to the casting process?
a. Cold shuts; b Hot tears.
c. Laminations.
