The discovery of electricity has been an incredible breakthrough

in human history. In the late 18th century, a few scientists were Function of Sentence Question
beginning to understand how this phenomenon worked and its
potential applications. Benjamin Franklin was one of the first
pioneers who conducted experiments related to electrical charges
and created hypotheses on their behavior which helped pave way for
further exploration into what would become modern-day electricity.
1
Which choice best describes the function of the 3rd sentence in the
Through his research with kites during thunderstorms he showed
overall structure of the text?
that lightning is essentially electrical energy at work while other
researchers like Alessandro Volta started developing batteries using
metals, liquids, etc., as well as discovering new methods by which
electric current could be generated through friction or chemical
reactions between different materials in contact with each other. With To provide an example of Benjamin Franklin’s contributions to electricity
these early discoveries came numerous inventions such as light bulbs, A research.
telephones and even radio broadcasting technology; all paving way
for our modern world where we rely heavily upon electricity daily!

To describe modern-day applications for electricity such as powering

B lights, phones etc..

To provide an example of how light bulbs, telephones and radio broad-

C casting technology were invented using electricity research findings from
Benjamin Franklin’s experiments.

D To introduce Alessandro Volta and his discoveries related to electricity.

1
Inflation is a complex phenomenon that results from many factors
working together to cause prices of goods and services to rise. In the Function of Sentence Question
short-term, demand-pull inflation occurs when aggregate demand
outpaces an economy’s ability to produce enough supply; this often
happens in times of rapid economic growth or due to excessive
government spending. Additionally, cost-push inflation can occur
if firms increase their costs for wages or raw materials which then
2
Which choice best describes the function of the 4th sentence in the
leads them to raise prices on finished products as well. Furthermore,
overall structure of the text?
currency devaluation may also lead to consumers demanding more
foreign currencies, resulting in further price increases as domestic
money loses purchasing power relative abroad. Finally monetary
policy decisions by central banks such as lowering interest rates can
spur too much liquidity into markets leading buyers bidding up
asset values beyond sustainable levels thus raising overall consumer A It explains the relationship between supply and demand in an economy.

expenses over time. All these macroeconomic forces come together

creating upward pressure on market pricing levels we call “inflation”.

B It states that inflation is caused by central banks raising interest rates.

It outlines how price increases result from government spending too much
C money.

D It provides an example of how currency devaluation can lead to inflation.

2
Communism is a political and economic ideology that has its roots
in the 18th century, specifically with German philosopher Karl Marx. Function of Sentence Question
His writing laid out his concept of class struggle between those
who own capital (bourgeoisie) and working classes (proletariat).
The proletariat would eventually gain enough power to overthrow
capitalism through revolution, allowing for a more equal distribution
of wealth among all citizens. This was later implemented by Vladimir
3
Which choice best describes the function of the 2nd sentence in the
Lenin during Russia’s October Revolution in 1917 where he declared
overall structure of the text?
Soviet Russia as the world’s first socialist state based on Marxist-
Leninist principles. Since then it has been adopted or adapted by
many states around the globe including China, Cuba, North Korea
and Vietnam which still practice varying forms today though some
have since transitioned away from their Communist systems towards It defines terms that are important for understanding the rest of the para-
other ideals like market socialism or social democracy due to global A graph.
pressure over human rights violations associated with Communism
regimes throughout history.

It outlines all human rights violations associated with Communist regimes

B throughout history.

C It explains Marx’s concept of the conflict between two classes.

It explains why Communism was adopted by many countries around the

D globe.

3
Nancy Pelosi is a progressive Democrat who subscribes to the
ideology of “pay-go” economics. This means that she believes any Function of Sentence Question
new spending should be offset with cuts in other areas or revenue
increases, such as taxes. She supports raising taxes on corporations
and high earners while advocating for tax breaks for middle class
families and those living in poverty. In addition, Pelosi has pushed
hard against Republican attempts to repeal Obamacare because it
4
Which choice best describes the function of the 4th sentence in the
provides healthcare access to millions of Americans who would have
overall structure of the text?
none otherwise; instead she proposes strengthening existing health
care legislation through amendments like lowering prescription
drug costs by allowing Medicare negotiations with pharmaceutical
companies and providing greater subsidies so more people can afford
insurance premiums without government assistance relying heavily It describes how she has opposed Republican attempts at repealing
upon Medicaid expansion programs. Lastly, Nancy is also an advocate A Obamacare.
for LGBT rights proclaiming all forms of discrimination based on
gender identity or sexual orientation unacceptable whether at home
or abroad.

It explains Pelosi’s stance on healthcare legislation with specific examples

B of her policy proposals.

C It provides an example of her radical progressive ideology.

It highlights how different Pelosi’s ideas are compared to those of Repub-

D licans.

4
D-Day was a major event during World War II and is remembered as
one of the most significant battles in history. On June 6th, 1944 more Function of Sentence Question
than 156,000 Allied troops landed along the coast of Normandy in
France to launch an attack against Nazi Germany’s occupying forces.
This massive invasion involved soldiers from multiple countries
including Britain, Canada, Poland and The United States—marking it
as largest amphibious military operation ever undertaken by mankind
5
Which choice best describes the function of the 5th sentence in the
at that time. Code named “Operation Overlord” this daring feat came
overall structure of the text?
with great risk but paid off; within three months of the invasion,
Germany was forced to surrender and World War II was brought to
an end. As incredible as this victory may have been, it also came with
a heavy price; over 4,400 Allied troops were killed during D-Day
while many more suffered injuries or went missing in action. On June
6th every year since then we remember those who made the ultimate A To remind readers that D-Day was a costly victory.

sacrifice on that fateful day so long ago—and are reminded of their

courage and heroism when faced with such grave danger.

To explain why Operation Overlord was such an important mission in

B World War II.

To highlight how remarkable it was for so many countries from around

C the world to come together.

D To generate sympathy from the reader for the individuals who died.

5
The Battle of Thermopylae was a crucial battle during the Greco-
Persian Wars. It took place in 480 BC near the mountain pass of Function of Sentence Question
Thermopylae, Greece. The Persian army led by King Xerxes I sought
to conquer all of Greece but were met with strong resistance from a
small force of Greeks, mainly Spartans and Thespians. Led by Spartan
king Leonidas I, this 300-strong unit managed to hold off thousands
of Persians for three days before finally being overwhelmed on the
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What is the purpose of the last sentence?
fourth day due to treason from a local Greek who had revealed an
alternate route around their position. Despite their defeat, the courage
and loyalty demonstrated by Leonidas and his men inspired other
Greeks to rise up against Persia’s forces which ultimately resulted in
victory for them in 479 BC at Plataea.
To emphasize the role of the Battle of Thermopylae as a turning point in
A the greater conflict against Persia.

To give further detail and context that explain why Leonidas and his men
B
were defeated at Thermopylae.

To remind the reader that while the battle had an important impact, it was
C still a defeat for the Greeks.

To explain how despite the defeat of Xerxes I, he was able to go on to con-

D quer and oppress the Greek city-states.

6
In 49 BC, Julius Caesar crossed the Rubicon River in Northern
Italy with his army and began a civil war that changed the course Function of Sentence Question
of history. This event signaled that he was prepared to challenge
Pompey’s control over Rome and its territories. The phrase “crossing
the Rubicon” has since become synonymous for taking an irreversible
action; this is because once Caesar had taken such a bold step, there
was no turning back from it. His actions set off a series of events
7
What is the purpose of the third sentence?
which ultimately led to him becoming one of the most powerful men
in Rome and changing its political landscape forever.

To explain our modern understanding of why Julius Caesar crossed the

A Rubicon River in 49 BC.

It establishes a recently discovered timeline of events leading up to cross-

B ing the Rubicon River by Julius Caesar and his army.

It notes the historical significance of Caesar’s actions as they are remem-

C bered today as an idiom.

D It criticises Caesar’s choice to take such an irresponsible action.

7
Charles Dickens is renowned for his contribution to the literary world
and remains one of the most influential authors in history. His works Function of Sentence Question
have been translated into multiple languages, inspiring generations
of readers across the globe with their timeless themes. He wrote
about some of society’s greatest issues such as poverty and injustice
while also exploring human emotions that still resonate today. His
novels are considered classics - from A Tale Of Two Cities to Great
8
What is the purpose of the fourth sentence?
Expectations – which continue to be widely read by both young
people and adults alike; showing us how powerful literature can be
when used effectively for storytelling purposes. Having written over
15 novels during his lifetime, Charles Dickens’ legacy lives on through
these beloved stories he has left behind forever imprinted upon our
collective cultural consciousness.
A To discuss the themes explored in Dickens’ novels.

To list of some of the most important books Dickens wrote during his
B
lifetime

C To explain why Charles Dickens was a successful author.

To give evidence to the fact that Dickens’ work has had a long-lasting
D impact.

8
Hip hop began in the 1970s as a form of social expression among
African American and Latino youth living in impoverished urban Function of Sentence Question
communities. The four elements that define hip hop are MCing
(rapping or rhyming), DJing, breakdancing and graffiti art. These
skills were used to express personal struggles with poverty, racism,
violence and other issues faced by people from these backgrounds at
the time. DJs created musical soundscapes for rappers who shared
9
What is the purpose of the third sentence?
their stories through rhymes about life on the street corner—this was
later known as rap music. Break dance battles provided outlets for
physical release while also serving an important role within larger
competitions between rival crews or neighborhoods over stylistic
differences- this became what we now know as b-boy culture today.

A To illustrate the various themes explored by hip hop artists.

B To allow the reader to better understand the elements that define hip hop.

It explains the issues present in low-income neighborhoods that were

C highlighted by the media at the time.

To persuade the reader that hip hop is more profound and cultured than
D most people think.

9
The Renaissance period of history was a time of great advancement
and change in Europe. It began around the early 1400s, when Function of Sentence Question
artisans and scholars alike rediscovered ancient Greek texts that
had previously been lost to Western culture. This sparked an era of
renewed intellectual activity as people explored classical literature,
philosophy, science, mathematics and more topics than ever before.
During this time advances were made in many fields such as
10
What is the purpose of the last sentence?
medicine; new technology improved life across countries while giving
artists access to unprecedented levels of realism through oil painting
techniques developed during the renaissance period by Flemish
painters like Jan van Eyck or Rogier van der Weyden who focused on
portraiture work using vivid colors with detailed attention paid for
each facial features. In addition, the invention of the printing press To give an example of the effects of the renaissance on contemporary
created books which spread knowledge throughout society, quickly A European society.
leading to advancements in education.

B To discuss how literature was used in society during this time period.

It discusses how technological advances helped improve life across coun-

C tries in Europe during this era of history.

To explain the rhetorical techniques developed during the Renaissance

D period by writers of the time.

10
The Declaration of Independence is a document that was ratified on
July 4, 1776. It declared the United States as an independent nation Function of Sentence Question
free from British rule and oppression. The declaration not only
established America’s freedom but also set forth the core principles
which would guide its newly-formed government for centuries to
come; chief among them being “unalienable rights” such as life,
liberty and pursuit of happiness granted by God himself instead of
11
What is the purpose of the fourth sentence?
any manmade law or authority. Further still it outlines how these
rights had been violated by King George III under his tyrannical
rule over Britain’s American colonies at the time – thus providing
justification for their eventual rebellion against him in what became
known as the Revolutionary War. Thus this single document has
become one of America’s most cherished symbols representing both It provides an overview of what happened during the Revolutionary War
our history and values even today - a reminder that we must always A and how it influenced the creation of the Declaration of Independence.
remain vigilant when protecting those same liberties so dearly fought
for two hundred years ago now enshrined within it forevermore.

It serves to provide a link between the actions of King George III and the
B American Revolution.

It states how life, liberty and pursuit of happiness can be achieved through
C following manmade law or authority instead of God’s will.

It explains why the Declaration of Independence is a cherished symbol in

D America today.

11
The Whiskey Rebellion of 1794 was an uprising by western
Pennsylvania farmers against the federal government. Led by a Function of Sentence Question
group called the “Whiskey Boys,” these protesters argued that excise
taxes on whiskey production imposed by President Washington’s
administration were unfair and oppressive, leading to civil unrest
in several counties across Western Pennsylvania. The rebellion
ultimately failed as Federal troops marched into Pittsburgh in July
12
What is the purpose of the last sentence?
of 1794, bringing about its end before it could gain any significant
traction or cause major disruption throughout the country. Despite
this failure however, many believe that through their efforts and
sacrifice during this brief period of resistance these brave men and
women helped lay down a foundation for future generations’ fight for
justice long after they had gone from history’s pages. To emphasize the legacy of the Whiskey Rebellion despite its shortcom-
A ings.

To emphasize how these protesters were ultimately successful in achieving

B
their goals at the time.

To acknowledge that without this rebellion, future generations would not

C have been able to continue fighting against injustice.

It reminds the reader that whiskey production should be taxed more heav-
D ily to discourage unrest.

12
In 1803, the United States made a momentous decision by purchasing
828,000 square miles of land from France for $15 million. This Function of Sentence Question
enormous territory was known as the Louisiana Purchase and
stretched across 15 present-day states in America’s heartland. The
purchase doubled the size of our nation overnight and provided
access to valuable resources like timber, fur trapping grounds, fish
populations and navigable rivers that could be used to transport
13
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goods along commercial trade routes. Moreover it secured safe
passage between U.S ports on both sides of the Mississippi River
which had been threatened by foreign powers prior to this transaction
- making it possible for settlers westward expansion into new
territories while establishing American hegemony over these lands
well before they were formally organized as individual states within It explains how the Louisiana Purchase allowed settlers to move westward
Union boundaries later down the line. A into new territories.

It discusses how the purchase secured safe passage between U.S ports on
B both sides of the Mississippi River prior to this transaction.

It outlines why it was important for America’s hegemony over these lands
C to be recognized before they were formally organized as individual states.

It details the factors that would go on to make the Louisiana Purchase

D such an impactful event in the expansion of the nation’s power and influ-
ence.

13
The Monroe Doctrine was a foreign policy statement issued by United
States President James Monroe in 1823. It declared that any attempt Function of Sentence Question
from European nations to colonize or interfere with the affairs of
sovereign states within North and South America would be viewed
as acts of aggression requiring U.S intervention. The doctrine also
established American neutrality towards existing colonies, while
asserting the right to reject future colonization efforts made by other
14
What is the purpose of the third sentence?
powers such as France and Spain. In addition, it affirmed the US’s
commitment to free trade amongst all independent countries within
its hemisphere—an important step forward for Latin American
independence movements at this time period which had been largely
stifled under Spanish rule prior to their revolutions in early 19th
century. To clarify that the doctrine was akin to a declaration of war against France
A and Spain.

To explain how the Monroe Doctrine affected politics in other countries in

B
the Americas.

To explain how Europe had been dominating Latin American countries

C prior to their revolutions in early 19th century

To emphasize how the Monroe Doctrine limited free trade between Spain
D and France.

14
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, signed on February 2nd 1848
between the United States and Mexico, officially ended the Mexican- Function of Sentence Question
American War. Through this treaty, Mexico ceded an immense area
in exchange for fifteen million dollars from America. This region
included parts of modern day California, Arizona, New Mexico
and Texas as well as portions of Utah and Colorado. The historic
agreement also granted full citizenship to all Mexicans living within
15
What is the purpose of the fourth sentence?
these new U.S borders while ensuring that their property rights would
be respected under American law; thus allowing them protection
from discrimination or abuse by other citizens or officials alike.
In addition to recognizing a clear boundary along the Rio Grande
River ,the treaty formally established peace after two years of intense
fighting alongside several notable territorial changes made at its It explains the mechanisms used in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo to
conclusion which still have ramifications today. A ensure just treatment of the Mexicans who resided in the previously men-
tioned acquired territories.

It describes how the Treaty of Guatalupe Hidalgo avoided a massive immi-

B grant crisis in the aftermath of the war.

To describe how hostile relations between American and Mexican citizens

C would operate going forward.

To illustrate how the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo negatively affected

D Mexican citizens residing in the areas included in the treaty.

15
The Watergate scandal was a major political scandal that took place
in the United States during 1972 and 1974. It began with the burglary Function of Sentence Question
of Democratic National Committee offices located at the Watergate
office complex by five men linked to President Richard Nixon’s re-
election campaign. The ensuing investigation uncovered evidence
linking high ranking officials, including White House Chief of Staff
H.R. Haldeman and Attorney General John Mitchell, to an extensive
16
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cover up operation involving bribery, obstruction of justice and illegal
wiretapping intended to prevent further inquiry into their activities.
The revelation led Congress to move for impeachment proceedings
against President Nixon which resulted in his resignation on August
9th 1974; making him one of only two presidents ever forced from
office through constitutional means.
A To list the crimes that were committed in the scandal.

B To emphasize the scale of the scandal.

C To further identify the individuals involved in the scandal.

D To provide evidence of illegal activities conducted by the president.

16
The PATCO Strike of 1981 was a pivotal moment in labor history.
From August 3rd to the 11th, tens of thousands of air traffic Function of Sentence Question
controllers employed by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
went on strike over wages and working conditions. The President at
that time, Ronald Reagan, declared their actions illegal and ultimately
fired them all for refusing to return to work despite two federal
courts ruling otherwise. This decision had far-reaching consequences
17
What is the purpose of the last sentence?
beyond just those directly involved; it marked a major shift in
how unions were dealt with going forward as well as representing
an overall decrease in power for organized labor across America’s
industrial landscape. It also set off a wave of anti-union sentiment
which is still felt today amongst certain factions within society who
view such organizations negatively or claim they are no longer needed To explain how thanks to the PATCO strike, labor unions are no longer
- even though collective bargaining surely remains one important way A necessary in today’s society.
workers can fight unfairness from employers large and small alike.

To criticize those who view organized labor unfavorably and argue that it
B should be abolished entirely.

C It laments the result of the PATCO strike as a loss for American workers.

It outlines the complicated state of public sentiment regarding unions

D today.

17
The US Army-McCarthy hearings of 1954 were a series of
investigations held by the United States Senate’s Permanent Function of Sentence Question
Subcommittee on Investigations into allegations made against
Senator Joseph McCarthy. At issue was whether or not members of
the communist party had infiltrated and taken control over certain
aspects within the military establishment. The investigation lasted
for 36 days, during which time both sides presented evidence to
18
What is the purpose of the second sentence?
support their claims as well as witnesses who testified either in favor
or opposition to these accusations. In the end, a report concluded
that there was no infiltration but instead found fault with McCarthy’s
tactics used during his questioning and censured him for it. This
marked an important moment in American history where democracy
triumphed over fear mongering rhetoric from those in power; proving To reveal the outcome of the hearings and their affect on American society
once again our strength lies firmly rooted within freedom and justice A at large.
rather than allowing any one person too much influence over others
through unfounded suspicion alone.

To describe the methods the Communist Party used to infiltrate American

B institutions.

C To explain the fears that justified the hearings.

D To define the scope of the hearings.

18
The sinking of the RMS Lusitania on May 7, 1915 was a tragic event
in world history that left 1,198 people dead. It began when a German Function of Sentence Question
U-boat torpedoed the British passenger liner without warning while it
sailed off the southern coast of Ireland during World War I. The ship
went down just 18 minutes after being struck and survivors described
horrifying scenes as men and women scrambled to get into lifeboats
before she sank beneath them. Most notably among those lost were
19
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128 Americans travelling aboard who perished due to Germany’s
disregard for neutrality laws at sea regarding merchant ships not
involved with war efforts or military personnel transport. In response,
then President Woodrow Wilson denounced their actions as “a crime
against humanity” which eventually led America closer towards
joining WWI by 1917 - an act that would ultimately bring about its
A To establish that Germany’s actions were in violation of international law.
end three short years later in 1918 upon victory from allied forces
over Central Powers including Germany itself.

To explain why the sinking of the Lusitania contributed to America join-

B ing WWI.

It outlines what happened after Germany torpedoed the British passenger

C liner without warning.

It emphasizes the immense loss of life that occurred when the Lusitania
D was sunk.

19
The Dred Scott decision of 1857 is one of the most infamous rulings
in U.S. Supreme Court history, and continues to have a lingering Function of Sentence Question
impact on American society today. The case involved an enslaved
African-American man named Dred Scott who sued for his freedom
after being taken by his owner into free territory. In its ruling,
the court held that black Americans could not be citizens under
federal law and therefore had no standing to sue in federal courts;
20
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furthermore, it declared that Congress was powerless to prohibit
slavery from existing within territories belonging to the United States
at any time prior or subsequent thereto - effectively overruling state
laws banning slavery wherever they existed across America’s new
western frontiers. This egregious ruling helped create conditions
leading up directly towards civil war less than four years later as pro- To provide background information that explains why the court made its
slavery Southerners were emboldened while abolitionists around the A decision.
nation fumed with rage over this damning judgement against basic
human rights which still reverberates throughout our culture today.

To emphasize the power of the Supreme Court compared to the power of

B states and the Federal Congress.

To summarize the final decision in the case and its ramifications across the
C country.

It provides reasons why the Civil War would begin four years after the
D Dred Scott decision.

20