HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TRANSPORT
FACULTY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
SOFTWARE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
CHAPTER 7
CONTROL FLOW STATEMENTS
CONTENTS
1. Control Flow
2. Control Flow Statements
3. Conditional Statements
4. Looping Statements
5. Break Statement
6. Continue Statement
Introduction to CSE 2
1. Control Flow
• A program’s control flow is the order in which the program’s
code executes.
• All of the programs that we have examined to this point have a
simple flow of control:
• The statements are executed one after the other in exactly the order
given.
→sequential execution.
• What if you wanted to change the flow of how it works?
Introduction to CSE 3
• For example, you want the program to take some decisions depending
on different situations, such as printing 'Good Morning' or 'Good
Evening' depending on the time of the day?
2. Control Flow Statements
• Most programs have a complicated structure.
• Statements may/may not be executed depending on certain
conditions, or groups of statements are executed multiple times.
• Control flow statements control the way the computer executes
programs.
• There are three control flow statements in Python:
• if statement
• for statement
• while statment
Introduction to CSE 5
Conditional Statements
3. Conditional Statements
• Conditional statements are used to alter the flow of control in the
program.
• They allow for decision making based on
condition.
1. if Statement
• Syntax False (F)
condition
if <condition>:
<statement> True (T)
statement
Introduction to CSE 6
• <condition>: an expression evaluated.
• <statement> is a statement or block of statements which must be
indented.
• There is syntax for branching execution
Introduction to CSE 7
Conditional Statements
3. Conditional Statements
• Grouping Statements: Indentation and Blocks
• Syntax
Introduction to CSE 8
if <condition>: False
<statement>
True
<statement>
...
<statement>
<following_statement>
Introduction to CSE 9
Conditional Statements
2.
• Syntax
True (T) False (F)
if <condition>: Condition
<statement_1>
else:
<statement_2>
Statement1 Statement2
• Evaluate a condition and take
one path if it is true but specify
an alternative path if it is not.
if…else Statement
Introduction to CSE 10
Conditional Statements
Introduction to CSE 11
Conditional Statements
3. if…elif…else Statement
• There is syntax for branching execution based on
several if <<condition_1>: statement_1> conditions.
elif <condition_2>:
• Use one or more elif clauses. <statement_2>
• The else clause is
optional. If
elif<<statement_condition_3>3>: it is present, there
can be only ... one, and it must be specified else:
last <statement_n>
Introduction to CSE 12
Conditional Statements
Introduction to CSE 13
Conditional Statements
4. Nested if Statement
if <condition_1>:
if <condition_1.1>:
<statement_1.1>
elif <condition_1.2>:
<statement_1.2>
else:
<statement_1.3>
elif <condition_2>:
<statement_2>
...
else:
<statement_n>
Conditional Statements
Introduction to CSE 12
Common Errors in Conditional Statements
Note:
Introduction to CSE 15
• Most common errors in conditional statements are caused by
incorrect indentation.
Introduction to CSE 16
Common Errors in Conditional Statements
Note:
• Which if clause is matched by the else clause?
5. if…else Statement In One Line
• Syntax
Introduction to CSE 17
Conditional Statements
if <condition>: <statement>
• There can even be more than one <statement> on the same line,
separated by semicolons:
if <condition>: <st_1>; <st_2>;…;<st_n>
Introduction to CSE 16
Conditional Statements
6. Conditional expressions
• Python supports one additional decision-making entity called a
conditional expression.
• Syntax
<expr_T> if <conditional_expr> else <expr_F>
• <conditional_expr> is evaluated first. If it is true, the expression
evaluates to <expr_T>. If it is false, the expression evaluates to
<expr_F>.
Introduction to CSE 19
Conditional Statements
Conditional Statements
Introduction to CSE 18
pass Statement
• No limit on the number of statements under the two clauses of an
if [Link], have to be at least one statement in each block.
• Occasionally, it is useful to have a section with no statements
(empty block).
• a place keeper, scaffolding, for code you haven’t written yet
→ use the pass statement
if <condition>:
pass
else:
pass
Introduction to CSE 21
4. Looping Statements
• Repeating similar tasks without making errors is something that
computers do well and people do poorly.
• Repeated execution of a set of statements is called iteration.
• There are two types of iteration:
• Definite iteration, in which the number of repetitions is specified explicitly
in advance.
• Indefinite iteration, in which the code block executes until some condition
is met.
Introduction to CSE 22
4. Looping Statements
1. for Statement
• Used for definite iteration when you know exactly how many times the
loop body needs to be executed.
• Syntax:
False (F)
Condition
for <var> in <sequence>:
<statement(s)> True (T)
• <sequence>: holds multiple items of data. Task A
• <var>: a control variable that takes on the values
of the next element in <sequence> each time
through the loop
• <statement(s)>: is loop body, must be indented.
Introduction to CSE 23
4. Looping Statements
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4. Looping Statements
2. while Statement
• Used for definite and indefinite iteration.
• Syntax:
while <condition>:
<statement(s)>
Introduction to CSE 25
4. Looping Statements
• A while loop executes statements repeatedly as long as a
<condition> remains true.
• <statement(s)>: is loop body, must be indented.
Introduction to CSE 26
4. Looping Statements
Introduction to CSE 27
4. Looping Statements
3. Nested Loops
• Nested loops consist of an while <condition>:
outer loop and one or more <while statement(s<condition)>
>: inner loops. <statement(s)>
• Each time the outer loop is repeated, the inner loops
are
for <var> in <sequence>:
reentered and started anew. <statement(s)>
for <var> in <sequence>:
<statement(s)>
Introduction to CSE 28
4. Looping Statements
Introduction to CSE 29
5. Break Statement
• The break statement is used to
• immediately terminate a loop
• break out of a for or while loop before the loop is finished •
Note:
Introduction to CSE 30
• In nested loops, break statement terminate the execution of the
nearest enclosing loop in which it appears.
6. Continue Statement
• The continue statement
• immediately terminates the current iteration
• Jumps to the next iteration
Introduction to CSE 31
Introduction to CSE 32
