(g) Two more classification schemes that might be used are: models that have the same elements
bonding (O2), and
models that have different elements bonding (HCl); models with a carbon atom (CH4), and models without a carbon
atom (H2O). (Students are likely to discover quickly the variety of compounds that can be formed using carbon
atoms.) The rationale for this classification is that once again, clear distinctions can be made between such bonding
arrangements.
2.1 CLASSIFYING COMPOUNDS
PRACTICE
(Page 68)
Understanding Concepts
1. (a) A metal element and a nonmetal element combine to form an ionic compound.
(b) A nonmetal element and a nonmetal element combine to form a molecular compound.
2. Electrical conductivity can be used as a diagnostic test for an ionic compound. Ionic compounds (many of which
dissolve readily in water) form solutions that conduct electricity.
Applying Inquiry Skills
3. Experimental Design
Solubility: Obtain a small amount of the unknown substance. Observe and record its state at the ambient temperature.
Add a small quantity of the substance to about 10 mL of distilled water. Stir the mixture with a stirring rod and note
whether the chemical dissolves. Many ionic compounds readily dissolve in water.
Conductivity: Obtain a small sample of distilled water in a beaker. Use a low-voltage conductivity apparatus to test
the electrical conductivity of the sample. The apparatus should indicate a reading of zero. Test the electrical conduc-
tivity of the mixture from the above solubility procedure and record observations. Ionic compounds form solutions
that conduct electricity.
4. • Compound A is ionic — its solution conducts electricity.
• Compound B is molecular — it is a liquid at SATP, and its solution does not conduct electricity.
• Compound C is molecular — it is a gas at SATP.
• Compound D is ionic — its solution conducts electricity.
• Compound E is molecular — its solution does not conduct electricity.
2.2 IONIC BONDING
PRACTICE
(Page 71)
Understanding Concepts
1. The properties of ionic compounds that suggest ionic bonds are strong are: they are solids at SATP, they have hard
surfaces, and they have high melting and boiling points.
2. Metal elements and nonmetal elements form ionic bonds with each other.
3. Groups 1, 2, and 3 (13), tend to lose electrons to become positive ions. Groups 15, 16, and 17 tend to gain electrons
to form negative ions.
4. The minimum number of different ions in the formula of an ionic compound is 2. This is because the smallest unit of
an ionic compound that would still have the properties of the compound is a 1:1 ratio of the different ions, with the
general formula MX.
5. (a) S2– (f) K+
(b) Ba 2+ (g) P3–
(c) Br – (h) Rb+
(d) Cl – (i) Be2+
(e) Ca 2+
30 Unit 1 Matter and Chemical Bonding Copyright © 2002 Nelson Thomson Learning
Applying Inquiry Skills
6. (a) Experimental Design
Conductivity of an Ionic Solid: Obtain a small sample of ionic solid such as a piece of chalk (calcium carbonate,
CaCo3(s). Use a low-voltage conductivity apparatus to test the electrical conductivity of the sample. Record your
observations.
Alternatively, fill a 100-mL beaker about one-third full with crystals of sodium chloride. Use a low-voltage
conductivity apparatus to test the electrical conductivity of the sample. Record your observations.
(b) The student is to research the conductivity of molten (liquid) ionic compounds. The student will discover that in
liquid form, ionic compounds conduct electricity.
(c) Ionic compounds are solids at room temperature. As solids they are nonconductors of electricity. However, as
liquids they conduct electricity quite well. Some examples of molten ionic compounds are sodium chloride (melts
at 801˚C), and aluminum oxide, Al2O3 (melts at 2000˚C).
(d) In the solid state, ionic compounds do not conduct electricity. In ionic solids, the ions are tightly held in the crystal
structure, so they are not free to move and carry an electrical current. When an ionic compound is melted, the
attractive forces are overcome and the crystal collapses. The ions are now free to move and carry an electrical
current, as they are in solution.
PRACTICE
(Page 72)
Making Connections
7. The student is to use the Internet to research and report upon the importance of one of the ions that make up the human
body, and comment on whether supplements of the ion are recommended. There are many ions from which to choose.
GO TO www.science.nelson.com, Chemistry 11, Teacher Centre.
PRACTICE
(Page 73)
Understanding Concepts
8. (a) The electron dot diagrams of metal ions differ from those of nonmetal ions in that the diagrams of metal ions have
vacant valence orbitals, and no lone pairs, and show a positive charge outside the square bracket, while the
diagrams of nonmetal ions have no vacant valence orbitals, have lone pairs, and show a negative charge outside
the square bracket.
(b) Electron dot diagrams of metal ions are similar to those of nonmetal ions in that both diagrams show a total charge
that is equal in value but opposite in sign, and both diagrams represent an ion that has full outer orbits of elec-
trons — a configuration exactly the same as that of the nearest noble gas.
9. (a) lithium iodide
Li + I → [Li]+ [I]-
(b) barium chloride
(c) potassium oxide
(d) calcium fluoride
10. (a) nitrogen (e) lithium
(b) sulfur (f) cesium
(c) argon (g) calcium
(d) iodine (h) sodium
Copyright © 2002 Nelson Thomson Learning Chapter 2 Chemical Bonding 31
11. (a) Ca + O → [Ca]2+ [O]2–
The two elements will combine in a ratio of 1:1. The formula is CaO.
(b) 2 Rb + O → [Rb]1+ [O]2– [Rb]1+
The two elements will combine in a ratio of 2:1. The formula is Rb2O.
(c) Sr + O → [Sr]2+ [O]2–
The two elements will combine in a ratio of 1:1. The formula is SrO.
(d) 2 Al + 3 O → [O]2– [Al]3+ [O]2– [Al]3+ [O]2–
The two elements will combine in a ratio of 2:3. The formula is Al2O3.
12.
The electron dot diagrams for the five halogens are identical. Elements in the same chemical family have the same
number of valence electrons, and will thus be represented by the same electron dot diagram.
13. (a) A magnesium atom has two valence electrons. By transferring the two electrons to chlorine atoms, the resulting
magnesium ion will have a stable octet with the same electron configuration as neon.
A chlorine atom has seven valence electrons. By attracting an electron from a magnesium atom, the
resulting chlorine ion will have a stable octet with the same electron configuration as argon. Two chlorine atoms
will attract one electron each from a single magnesium atom.
Mg + 2 Cl → [Cl]– [Mg]2+ [Cl]–
The formula is MgCl2.
(b) A sodium atom has one valence electron. By transferring this electron to a sulfur atom, the resulting sodium ion
will have a stable octet with the same electron configuration as neon.
A sulfur atom has six valence electrons. By attracting two electrons from sodium atoms, the resulting
sulfur ion will have a stable octet with the same electron configuration as argon. One sulfur atom will attract one
electron each, from two separate sodium atoms.
2 Na + S → [Na]+ [S]2– [Na]+
The formula is Na2S.
(c) An aluminum atom has three valence electrons. By transferring the three electrons to oxygen atoms, the resulting
aluminum ion will have a stable octet with the same electron configuration as neon.
An oxygen atom has six valence electrons. By attracting two electrons from aluminum atoms, the resulting
oxygen ion will have a stable octet, also with the same electron configuration as neon. Three oxygen atoms will
attract two electrons each, from two separate aluminum atoms.
2 Al + 3 O → [O]2– [Al]3+ [O]2– [Al]3+ [O]2–
The formula is Al2O3.
(d) A barium atom has two valence electrons. By transferring the two electrons to chlorine atoms, the resulting
barium ion will have a stable octet with the same electron configuration as xenon.
A chlorine atom has seven valence electrons. By attracting an electron from a barium atom, the resulting
chlorine ion will have a stable octet with the same electron configuration as argon. Two chlorine atoms will attract
one electron each from a single barium atom.
Ba + 2 Cl → [Cl]– [Ba]2+ [Cl]–
The formula is BaCl2.
(e) A calcium atom has two valence electrons. By transferring the two electrons to fluorine atoms, the resulting
calcium ion will have a stable octet with the same electron configuration as argon.
A fluorine atom has seven valence electrons. By attracting an electron from a calcium atom, the resulting
fluorine ion will have a stable octet with the same electron configuration as neon. Two fluorine atoms will attract
one electron each from a single calcium atom.
Ca + 2 F → [F]– [Ca]2+ [F]–
The formula is CaF2.
32 Unit 1 Matter and Chemical Bonding Copyright © 2002 Nelson Thomson Learning
(f) A sodium atom has one valence electron. By transferring this electron to an iodine atom, the resulting sodium ion
will have a stable octet with the same electron configuration as neon.
An iodine atom has seven valence electrons. By attracting an electron from a sodium atom, the resulting
iodine ion will have a stable octet with the same electron configuration as xenon.
Na + F → [Na]+ [F]–
The formula is NaF.
(g) A potassium atom has one valence electron. By transferring this electron to a chlorine atom, the resulting
potassium ion will have a stable octet with the same electron configuration as argon.
A chlorine atom has seven valence electrons. By attracting an electron from a potassium atom, the resulting
chlorine ion will have a stable octet with the same electron configuration as argon.
K + Cl → [K]+ [Cl]–
The formula is KCl.
14. (a) baking soda
(b) table salt
(c) limestone or chalk
(d) slaked lime — used to make mortar and plaster
SECTION 2.1- 2.2 QUESTIONS
(Page 74)
Understanding Concepts
1. With respect to periodic trends, elements within a chemical family (group) tend to participate in similar chemical reac-
tions, producing ionic compounds with the same general formula. With respect to electronegativity, Group 1 and 2
metals, which have low electronegativities, will readily react with the elements in Group 17, which have high elec-
tronegativities, to form ionic compounds. As most Group 1 and 2 metals and Group 17 elements are relatively abun-
dant in nature, it makes sense that the ionic compounds that these elements form would also be abundant in nature.
2. To reach a stable state with a full outer orbit of electrons, oxygen must gain two electrons. To reach a stable state with
a full outer orbit of electrons, lithium must lose one electron. Thus, for lithium and oxygen to combine, there must be
two lithium atoms for every one oxygen atom, with each lithium atom donating one electron to a single oxygen
atom — a ratio of two lithium atoms for every one oxygen atom.
3. Ion formation shows periodic trends. Elements within a chemical family (group) tend to produce similar ions, and to
participate in similar chemical reactions, producing ionic compounds with the same general formula.
4. (a) calcium carbonate
(b) calcium hydroxide
(c) sodium chloride
(d) sodium bicarbonate
5. (a) Cs + F → [Cs]+ [F]–
(b) CsF
(c) An ionic compound (an ionic halide).
(d) Solid at SATP, with a hard surface, is brittle, has a high melting point, and forms a solution that conducts
electricity.
(e) The properties of the compound are due to the strong, simultaneous forces of attraction between the positive and
negative ions, which hold the ions firmly in a rigid structure. The solid state, hardness, brittleness, and the high
melting point result from the strong attractions, which occur in the crystal structure. And because the ionic bonds
break down in water, the resulting ions are free to move in solution and conduct electricity.
(f) Cs has a low first ionization energy, and F has a high electron affinity, so it makes sense that the reaction would
be a vigorous one. With the alkali metals, reactivity increases moving down the group, due to increasing atomic
radii and decreasing first ionization energies. With the halogens, reactivity increases moving up the group, due to
decreasing atomic radii and increasing electron affinity.
Copyright © 2002 Nelson Thomson Learning Chapter 2 Chemical Bonding 33
