LINUX CHEAT-SHEET

Neel Soni
 Folders / Directory

Create single folder mkdir <folder name>

Create multiple folders mkdir <folder name> <folder name>

Create nested folders mkdir -p <folder 1>/<folder 2>/<folder 3>

Create multiple numbers of folders at once mkdir <folder name>{starting-range..ending-range}

ex. mkdir day-{1..5}

Change directory cd <folder name>

cd ~[username] goes to another user’s home directory.

cd .. moves one directory up.

cd- moves to your previous directory.

Check present working directory (current working folder) pwd

Files

Create single file touch <file name>

cat > <file name>

Create multiple files touch <file name> <file name>

Create nested files touch -p <file 1>/<file 2>/<file 3>

Create multiple numbers of files at once touch <file name>{starting-range..ending-range}

ex. touch day-{1..5}

View what’s in the file cat <file name>

Merge 2 files and store data in one cat filename1 filename2 > filename3

Merges filename1.txt and filename2.txt and stores the output in

Show only top lines from the file head –[number] [filename]

Show only bottom lines from the file tail –[number] [filename]

Word Count wc [options] [filename]

-w count number of words

-l count number of lines

Find the difference between two files diff [options] <file 1> <file 2>

-c displays the difference between two files in a context form.

-u displays the output without redundant information.

-i makes the diff command case insensitive

List out folders and files ls

List out all the files and folders including hidden with file permissions ls -la

List out all the files and folders with file permissions ls -ltr

Lists all the files in the subdirectories ls -R

Print on screen

Print echo <options> “<to be print>”

use -e for (\n) new line

Print printf “<to be print>”

Date and Time

Current date and time date

Clear Screen

Clear the screen clear

ctrl + L (windows)
Make current line at the top of the screen without removing data
cmd + L (mac)

Copy and Paste

Copy file and paste cp <option> <source location> <destination location>

Copy all data starting with specific word/character cp <option> <source-location>* <destination location>

Copy folder having data cp -r <source location> <destination location>

Delete

Remove the file and directory rm <option> <source location> <destination location>

<options>

-r for recursive (used for folders)

-v verbose

-f for forcefully

Move and Rename

Move the file or folder mv <source location> <destination location>

Rename the file or folder mv <old name > <new name>

History
Commands you have run till now history [options]

-c clears the complete history list.

-d offset deletes the history entry at the OFFSET position.

-a appends history lines.

Super User

Be a Super User sudo su

Run command with super user ability sudo <command>

User Management

create a user account sudo useradd <option> <username>

option:

-m to make a directory for the user

Set password to a user account sudo passwd <username>

Switch User Account su <username>

Logout from a user account exit

Delete user account sudo userdel <username>

Change user account name sudo usermod -l <new_name> <old_name>

Current username whoami

Group Management

Add group account groupadd [name]

Group property grep [group name] /etc/group

Group admin property grep [group name] /etc/gshadow

Delete group groupdel [groupname]

Add and Remove members gpasswd [options] [username] [groupname]

-a add single member

-M add multiple members

-d remove member

make group admin gpasswd -A [usename] [groupname]

Edit file

Vim editor vim <file name>

Nano editor nano <file name>

Change file permission chmod <permission> <file name>

u (Owner) - Permissions used for the owner of the file.

g (Group) - Permissions used by members of the group.

o (Other) - Permissions used by all other users.

r (read) – permit to read the file.

w (write) – permit to write the file.

x (execute) – permit to execute the file.

Change File Owner

Change the file owner chown [option] owner[:group] file(s)

Change Group Owner

change the group owner sudo chgrp <group name> <file name>

ACL

Access control list is a service which is used for providing special

check acl permission getfacl <file/directory name>

give acl permission to user setfacl -m u:<username>:<permission> <file>

permission: r w x

removes acl permission of user setfacl -x u:<username>: <file>

set ACL permission to Group setfacl -m g:<groupname>:<permission> <file path>

remove acl permission of group setfacl -х g: <groupname>: <file path>

Remove all ACL permissions setfacl -b <file path>

Shell Scripting

Identify interpreter (first line for script) #!/bin/bash - GNU Bourne-Again Shell

#!/bin/sh - The Bourne Shell

#!/bin/csh - The C Shell

#!/bin/ksh - The Korn Shell

Read input value read <variable name>

Print echo / printf

Run file ./<filename>.sh

./file.sh
 bash file.sh

sh file.sh

Package manager (may differ by OS)

Install package sudo apt-get install <package Name> -y

Update packages sudo apt-get update

Upgrade packages sudo apt-get upgrade -y

Manage tools

Check status of tool sudo systemctl status <tool name>

sudo service <tool name> status

Start Tools sudo systemctl start <toolname>

Stop tools sudo systemctl stop <toolname>

Auto enable tools sudo systemctl enable <toolname>

xargs

build and execute commands from standard input xargs [options] [command]

echo "New Folder" | xargs mkdir

AWK (prints files data with programming)

Print awk [pattern] {action}

Pattern:

$0 - entire line

$1, $2, $3 … - for each column (if exists)

NR - number of records (lines)

NF - number of fields (columns in the current line)

Action:

print

awk '{print $0}' file.sh

Find (find directory)

Find the directory find [option] [path] [expression]

option:

-name

-type

-user
 -group

-size (MB=M, KB=K, GB=G)

Search the file with less than 10 mb find /temp -size -10M

Search the file with 10 mb find /temp -size 10M

Search the file with more than 10 mb find /temp -size +10M

Find files with guid permission find [path] -perm [expression]

Find files with suid permission expressions:

Find files with sticky bit permission 4755

264

1755

Grep (prints specific word in file)

Find a word in a file(s) grep [option] [expression] <file name> <file name> …

options:

-i = intensive (case sensitive)

-r = recursively

-v = invert string match

-l = display the file names that matches the string

-L = display the file names that do not contain the string

-n =match line with number

^ = display the lines that start with a string

Search and redirect output in a new file grep [expression] <source file> > <destination file>

Disk space

To display disk space usage df [options] [file]

-h Human readable

-m displays usage in MBs.

-k displays usage in KBs.

-T shows the file system type in a new column.

Archive

archives multiple files to TAR format tar [options] [archive_file] [file or directory to be archived]

-c create a new archive

-x, –extract, –get extract files from an archive

-v Verbose output

-f Archive file name

-u, –update only append files newer than copy in archive

-gzip (gzip compression)

-bz2 (compression)
 -J (xz compression)

-C (specific destination)

Zip - unzip zip [options] <zipfile-name> file1 file2….

unzip [option] file_name.zip

File Size

show file size in human readable format du -h [file path]

Check running processes

Linux running processes top

Interactive program that monitors system resources and server htop

User Manual

user manual of any commands in terminal man <command name>

Job Automation

Two types at (execute for once)

crontab (execute every time)

Set job with at command at [time]

at > [expression]

eg. at 8:10 AM

at> useradd neelsoni23

ctrl+d

show pending job atq

remove at job atrm 2

restrict user accessing at vim /etc/at.deny

neelsoni23 (add username)

:wq

Start Crontab service systemctl start crond

Permanent on crond service systemctl enable crond

set cron jobs crontab -e

***** [file path]

i. * - Minute field 0 to 59
ii. * - Minute field 0 to 59
iii. * - Day of Month 1-31
iv. * - Month field 1-12
v. * - Day Of Week 0-6

crontab [options]
 -l jobs of current year

-r remove cron jobs

-u set for other users

Restrict user from crond service vim /etc/cron.deny

log file tail -f /var/log/cron

Show IP

Show ip address ifconfig

ip addr

ip a

SSH

Remote connect any device with ssh sudo ssh [options] [username]@[ip address]

-i “[key]” for protected key

Services

services systemctl [option] [service name]

Options:

status – display status

enable - permanently on

disable - permanently off

start - start the service

stop - to stop

restart - to restart

e.g systemctl status sshd

Remote File Transfer

With Secure Copy(scp) scp [sourcefile] [username@ip]:[path]

File - Local to remote scp myfile.txt [email protected]:/mnt/d/

Folder - Local to remote scp [option] [sourcefolder] [username@ip]:[path]

scp -r /DevOps [email protected]:/mnt/d/

File - Remote to Local scp [username@ip]:[path] [sourcefile]

scp [email protected]:/mnt/d/ myfile.txt

Folder - Remote to Local scp -r [username@ip]:[path] [sourcefolder]

scp -r [email protected]:/mnt/d/ /home/DevOps

With rsync rsync -rvh [source path] [username@ip]:[destination path]

Local to Remote rsync -rvh /home/DevOps [email protected]:/mnt/d/

Remote to Local rsync -rvh [username@ip]:[destination path] [source path]