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Igneous Rock Classification Guide

This document discusses various types of earth materials and igneous rocks. It describes minerals as naturally formed solid materials with specific chemical compositions and crystal structures. Rocks are aggregates of minerals or organic matter. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma or lava and are classified based on their chemical composition and texture. Factors like temperature, pressure, and water content influence rock melting. Igneous rocks exhibit different textures depending on their cooling rate, from phaneritic to aphanitic textures.

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30 views27 pages

Igneous Rock Classification Guide

This document discusses various types of earth materials and igneous rocks. It describes minerals as naturally formed solid materials with specific chemical compositions and crystal structures. Rocks are aggregates of minerals or organic matter. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma or lava and are classified based on their chemical composition and texture. Factors like temperature, pressure, and water content influence rock melting. Igneous rocks exhibit different textures depending on their cooling rate, from phaneritic to aphanitic textures.

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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Earth Materials
Mineral - Naturally formed
- Solid
- Formed by inorganic processes
- Specific chemical composition
- Characteristic crystal structure
Rock * a coherent, naturally occurring solid, consisting of
an aggregate of one or more minerals, or a mass of natural
glass or organic matter
Rock classification
 Igneous rock
 Plutonic rock
 Volcanic rock
Igneous rock
 Sedimentary rock a rock that forms when
 Clastic rock
hot molten rock
(magma or lava) cools
 Non-clastic rock and freezes solid
 Metamorphic rock
 Foliated rock
 Non-foliated rock
Factors controlling the Melting
 Temperature
 melting begins at 800-1200 °C
 source of heat is radioactive decay
 Pressure
 As pressure increases, melting
temperature increases
 Water
 As water content increases, melting
temperature decreases
Geothermal Gradient

30 °C /km
Relationship among P° T° and Melt
Dry melting Wet melting
Type of molten materials

 Magma = molten materials below the earth@s surface


 Lava = molten materials above the earth@s surface
Classification & types of igneous rocks
 Mode of occurrence
 Plutonic or Intrusive rocks
 Volcanic or Extrusive rocks
 Chemical & mineralogical classification
 Felsic rocks
 Intermediate rocks
 Mafic rocks
 Ultramafic rock
Mode of occurrence
Plutonic (Intrusive) rock * cools and
solidifies below the Earth's surface
Big difference of temperatures
Rate of cooling is slow ---> large crystals

Volcanic (Extrusive) rock * cools and


solidifies above the Earth's surface
Small difference of temperatures
Rate of cooling is rapid ---> small crystals or glasses
Chemical & mineralogical classification

 Felsic rocks ----> feldspar + silica


 Intermediate rocks
 Mafic rocks ----> magnesium + ferrous
 Ultramafic rock
felsic = quartz, K-feldspar
mafic = olivine, pyroxene, amphibole
Increasing Fe and Mg
Increasing silica content
Felsic/ Silicic Mafic
Igneous Rock
light colored intermediate dark colored
Classification
high in SiO2 low in SiO2

Phaneritic Plutonic (magma)


Granite Diorite Gabbro
(coarse grained) Intrusive

Aphanitic Volcanic (lava)


Rhyolite Andesite Basalt
(fine grained) Extrusive
Bowen@s Reaction Series
Types of igneous textures
 Phaneritic texture
 Aphanitic texture
 Glassy texture
 Porphyritic texture
 Vesicular texture
 Amygdaloidal texture
 Flow texture
Phaneritic texture * slow cooling, large crystal
Aphaneritic texture * rapid cooling, small crystal
Phaneritic

Porphyritic-Phaneritic

Phenocrysts in Groundmass
Aphanitic

Porphyritic-Aphanitic

Phenocrysts in Groundmass
Silicic Chemical Composition
Phaneritic Texture – Aphanitic Texture –
slow cooling rapid cooling
large crystals small crystals

Granite Rhyolite
Intermediate Chemical Composition
Phaneritic Texture – Aphanitic Texture –
slow cooling rapid cooling
large crystals small crystals

Diorite Andesite
Mafic Chemical Composition
Phaneritic Texture – Aphanitic Texture –
slow cooling rapid cooling
large crystals small crystals

Gabbro Basalt
Pegmatite
Glassy texture * very rapid cooling,
no crystal structures

conchoidal fracture
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