12/10/2022

JAVA PROGRAMMING

Week 2: More Data Types and

Operators
Lecturer: NGUYỄN Thị Minh Tuyền

Plan 2

1. Arrays
2. Strings
3. Operators

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Plan 3

1. Arrays
2. Strings
3. Operators

Java Programming

Array 4

• An array is a collection of variables of the same type,

referred to by a common name.
• In Java, arrays can have one or more dimensions,
although the one-dimensional array is the most common.
• Arrays are used for a variety of purposes because they
offer a convenient means of grouping together related
variables.

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One-Dimensional Arrays 5

• General form:
type arrayname[] = new type[size];
• type declares the element type of the array. The element
type determines the data type of each element contained
in the array.
• The number of elements that the array will hold is
determined by size.
• The creation of an array is a two-step process
• declare an array reference variable.
• allocate memory for the array, assigning a reference to that
memory to the array variable.
à arrays in Java are dynamically allocated using the new operator.

Java Programming

Example 6
1. // Demonstrate a one-dimensional array.
2. public class ArrayDemo {
3. public static void main(String[] args) {
4. int sample[] = new int [10];
5. int i;
6. for(i = 0; i < 10 ; i++) sample[i] = i;
7. for(i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
8. System.out.println("sample[" + i +
9. "] = " + sample[i]);
10. }
11. }
12. }

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1. public class MinMax {

2.
3.
public static void main(String[] args) { 7
int n = 10;
4.
int nums[] = new int[n];
5.
int min, max;
6.
nums[0] = 99; nums[1] = -10; nums[2] = 100123;
7.
nums[3] = 18; nums[4] = -978; nums[5] = 5623;
8.
nums[6] = 463; nums[7] = -9; nums[8] = 287;
9.
10. nums[9] = 49; min = max = nums[0];
11. for(int i = 1; i < n; i++) {
12. if(nums[i] < min) min = nums[i];
13. if(nums[i] > max) max = nums[i];
14. }
15. System.out.println("Min and max: " + min
16. + " " + max);
17.
}
}
Java Programming

type arrayname[] = { val1, val2, val3, ... , valN }; 8

1. public class MinMax2 {
2. public static void main(String[] args) {
3. int n = 10;
4. int nums[] = {99, -10, 100123, 18, -978,
5. 5623, 463, -9, 287, 49};
6. int min, max;
7. min = max = nums[0];
8. for(int i = 1; i < n; i++) {
9. if(nums[i] < min) min = nums[i];
10. if(nums[i] > max) max = nums[i];
11. }
12. System.out.println("Min and max: " + min
13. + " " + max);
14. }
15. }
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1. public class ArrayErr {
2. public static void main(String[] args) {
3. int sample[] = new int[10];
4. int i;
5. //generate an array overrun
6. for(i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
7. sample[i] = i;
8. }
9. }
10. }
à an ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException is generated and the
program is terminated.

Java Programming

MULTIDIMENSIONAL ARRAYS 10

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Two-Dimensional Arrays 11

• Multidimensional array is an array of arrays.

• Two-dimensional array is the simplest form of the
multidimensional array.
• A list of one-dimensional arrays.
• Example:
int table[][] = new int[10][20];

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Example 12
1. int table[][] = new int[3][4];
2. for(int i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
3. for(int j = 0; j < 4; ++j) {
4. table[i][j] = (i*4) + j + 1;
5. System.out.print(table[i][j] + " ");
6. }
7. System.out.println();
8. }

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Irregular Arrays 13

• When allocating memory for a multidimensional array:

• Need to specify only the memory for the first (leftmost)
dimension.
• It is possible to allocate the remaining dimensions
separately.
• Example: when you allocate dimensions separately, you do not
need to allocate the same number of elements for each index.
• Since multidimensional arrays are implemented as arrays
of arrays, the length of each array is under your control.

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1. ...
14
2. int riders[][] = new int[7][];
3. // The second dimensions are 10 elements long
4. riders[0] = new int[10]; riders[1] = new int[10];
5. riders[2] = new int[10]; riders[3] = new int[10];
6. riders[4] = new int[10];
7. // The second dimensions are 2 elements long
8. riders[5] = new int[2]; riders[6] = new int[2];
9. int i, j;
10. //fabricate some fake data
11. for(i = 0; i < 5; i++)
12. for(j = 0; j < 10; j++) riders[i][j] = i + j + 10;
13. for(i = 5; i < 7; i++)
14. for(j = 0; j < 2; j++) riders[i][j] = i + j + 10;
15. ...
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1. ...
2.
System.out.println("Riders per trip during the week:");
3.
for(i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
4.
5. for(j = 0; j < 10; j++)
6. System.out.print(riders[i][j] + " ");
7.
System.out.println();
8.
}
9.
10.
System.out.println();
11. System.out.println("Riders per trip on the weekend:");
12. for(i = 5; i < 7; i++) {
13.
for(j = 0; j < 2; j++)
14.
System.out.print(riders[i][j] + " ");
System.out.println();
} Java Programming

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Arrays of three or more

dimensions 16

• Java allows arrays with more than two dimensions.

• General form:
type name[ ][ ]...[ ] = new type[size1][size2]...[sizeN];

• Example:
int multidim[][][] = new int[4][10][3];

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Initializing multi-dimensional arrays 17

1. typespecifier array_name[] [] = {
2. { val, val, val, ..., val },
3. { val, val, val, ..., val },
4. .
5. .
6. .
7. { val, val, val, ..., val }
8. };

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Example 18
1. // Initialize a two-dimensional array.
2. public class Squares {
3. public static void main(String[] args) {
4. int sqrs[][] = {
5. {1, 1},{2, 4},{3, 9},{4, 16},
6. {5, 25},{6, 36},{7, 49},{8, 64},
7. {9, 81},{10, 100}
8. };
9. for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
10. for(int j = 0; j < 2; j++)
11. System.out.print(sqrs[i][j] + " ");
12. System.out.println();
13. }
14. }
15. }
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Alternative array declaration 19

type[] varname;
• Example:
int counter[] = new int[3];
int[] counter = new int[3];
char table[][] = new char[3][4];
char[][] table = new char[3][4];
int [] nums, nums2, nums3;// create three arrays
int nums[], nums2[], nums3[]; // also, create
three arrays
int[] someMethod() {..}

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Assigning array references 20

• When you assign one array reference variable to another,

you are simply changing what object that variable refers
to.
• You are not causing a copy of the array to be made, nor
are you causing the contents of one array to be copied to
the other.
• Example: AssignARef.java

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Using length 21

• Recall: In Java, arrays are implemented as objects.

àBenefit: each array has associated with it a length
instance variable that contains the number of elements that
the array can hold.
• Example: LengthDemo.java (See next slide)

Java Programming

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1.
int list[] = new int[10];
22
2.

3.
int nums[] = {1, 2, 3};
4. int table[][] = { {1, 2, 3},{4, 5}, {6, 7, 8, 9} };
5.
System.out.println("Length of list is " + list.length);
6.

7. System.out.println("Length of nums is " + nums.length);

8.
System.out.println("Length of table is " + table.length);
9.

10.
System.out.println("Length of table[0] is " + table[0].length);
11. System.out.println("Length of table[1] is " + table[1].length);
12.
System.out.println("Length of table[2] is " + table[2].length);
13.

14. System.out.println();
15. // Use length to initialize list
16.
for(int i = 0; i < list.length; i++)
17.

list[i] = i * i;
System.out.print("Here is list: ");
for(int i = 0; i < list.length; i++)
System.out.print(list[i] + " ");
System.out.println();
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The for-each style for loop 23

for(type itr-var : collection) statement-block

• type specifies the type, and
• itr-var specifies the name of an iteration variable that will receive
the elements from a collection, one at a time, from beginning to end.
• The collection being cycled through is specified by collection.
• With each iteration of the loop, the next element in the collection is
retrieved and stored in itr-var.
• The loop repeats until all elements in the collection have been
obtained.
à When iterating over an array of size N, the enhanced for obtains the
elements in the array in index order, from 0 to N–1.

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Example 24
1. // Use a for-each style for loop
2. public class ForEach {
3. public static void main(String[] args) {
4. int nums[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10};
5. int sum = 0;
6. // Use for-each style for to display and sum the values.
7. for(int x : nums) {
8. System.out.println("Value is: " + x);
9. sum += x;
10. }
11. System.out.println("Summation: " + sum);
12. }
13. }

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1. public class NoChange {

2.
3.
public static void main(String[] args) {
int nums[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}; 25
4. // Use for-each style for to display and sum the values.
5. for(int x : nums) {
6. System.out.print(x + " ");
7. x = x * 10; // no effect on nums
8. }
9. System.out.println();
10. for(int x : nums) {
11. System.out.print(x + " ");
12. }
13. System.out.println();
14. }
15. }
16.

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Iterating over multi-dimensional

arrays 26

• Enhanced for also works on multidimensional arrays.

• Remember: Multi-dimensional arrays consist of arrays of
arrays.
• In general, when using the foreach for to iterate over an
array of N dimensions, the objects obtained will be arrays
of N–1 dimensions.

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Example 27
1. int sum = 0;
2. int nums[][] = new int[3][5];
3. // give nums some values
4. for(int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
5. for(int j = 0; j < 5; j++)
6. nums[i][j] = (i+1)*(j+1);
7. // Use for-each for loop to display and sum the values
8. for(int x[] : nums) {// Notice how x is declared
9. for(int y: x) {
10. System.out.println("Value is: " + y);
11. sum += y;
12. }
13. }
14. System.out.println("Summation: " + sum);
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Applying the Enhanced for 28

1. int nums[] = {6, 8, 3, 7, 5, 6, 1, 4};
2. int val = 5;
3. boolean found = false;
4. // Use for-each style for to search nums for val.
5. for(int x : nums) {
6. if (x == val) {
7. found = true;
8. break;
9. }
10. }
11. if(found)
12. System.out.println("Value found!");

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Plan 29

1. Arrays
2. Strings
3. Operators

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Constructing Strings 30

• Using new and calling the String constructor.

• Constructing a String from another String

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Example 31
1. // Introduce String.
2. public class StringDemo {
3. public static void main(String[] args) {
4. System.out.println("In Java, strings are objects.");
5. String str1 = new String("Java strings are objects");
6. String str2 = "They are constructed in various ways.";
7. String str3 = new String(str2);
8. System.out.println(str1);
9. System.out.println(str2);
10. System.out.println(str3);
11. }
12. }

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Operating on Strings 32

• Operations

• String substring(int startIndex, int endIndex)

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Arrays of Strings 33
1. String strs[] = {"This", "is", "a", "test."};
2. System.out.println("Original array: ");
3. for(String s: strs)
4. System.out.print(s + " ");
5. System.out.println("\n");
6. // change a string
7. strs[1] = "was";
8. strs[3] = "test, too!";
9. System.out.println("Modified array: ");
10. for(String s: strs)
11. System.out.print(s + " ");
12. System.out.println("\n");

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Strings are immutable 34

• The contents of a String object are immutable.

• This restriction allows Java to implement strings more
efficiently.
• When you need a string that is a variation on one that already
exists, simply create a new string that contains the desired
changes.
• Unused String objects are automatically garbage collected.
• String reference variables may change the object to
which they refer.
• The contents of a specific String object cannot be changed after
it is created.
• Java also supplies StringBuilder and
StringBuffer that support strings that can be
changed.

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Using a string to control a

switch statement 35
1. String command = "cancel";
2. switch(command) {
3. case "connect":
4. System.out.println("Connecting");
5. break;
6. case "cancel":
7. System.out.println("Canceling");
8. break;
9. case "disconnect":
10. System.out.println("Disconnecting");
11. break;
12. default:
13. System.out.println("Command Error!");
break;
Java Programming
}

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Using command-line arguments 36

1. // Display all command-line information
2. public class CLDemo {
3.

4. public static void main(String[] args) {

5. System.out.println("There are " + args.length +
6. " command-line arguments.");
7. System.out.println("They are: ");
8. for(int i = 0; i < args.length; i++)
9. System.out.println("arg[" + i + "]:" + args[i]);
10. }
11. }

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Plan 37

1. Arrays
2. Strings
3. Operators

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The bitwise operators 38

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Example 39
1. // Uppercase letters.
2. public class UpCase {
3. public static void main(String[] args) {
4. char ch;
5. for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
6. ch = (char)('a' + i);
7. System.out.print(ch);
8. // This statement turns off the 6th bit.
9. ch = (char)((int)ch & 65503);
10. // ch is now uppercase
11. System.out.print(ch + " ");
12. }
13. }
14. }

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40
1. // Display the bits within a byte.
2. public class ShowBits {
3. public static void main(String[] args) {
4. int t;
5. byte val;
6. val = 123;
7. for(t = 128; t > 0; t = t/2) {
8. if((val & t) != 0) System.out.print("1 ");
9. else System.out.print("0 ");
10. }
11. }
12. }

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The Shift Operators 41

value << num-bits

value >> num-bits
value >>> num-bits
• value is the value being shifted by the number of bit
positions specified by num-bits.

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Bitwise Shorthand Assignments 42

• x = x ^ 127;
• x ^= 127;

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The ? operator 43
if (condition)
var = expression1;
else
var = expression2;
is equivalent to
var = condition ? expression1 : expression2;
• Example:
// get absolute value of val
absval = val < 0 ? -val : val;

if(val < 0) absval = - val;

else absval = val;

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44
1. // Prevent a division by zero using the ?.
2. public class NoZeroDiv {
3. public static void main(String[] args) {
4. int result;
5. for(int i = -5; i < 6; i++) {
6. result = (i != 0) ? (100/i) : 0;
7. if(i != 0)
8. System.out.println("100 / " + i
9. + " is " + result);
10. }
11. }
12. }

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1. public class NoZeroDiv2 {
2. public static void main(String[] args) {
3. for(int i = -5; i < 6; i++) {
4. if((i != 0) ? true : false)
5. System.out.println("100 / " + i +
6. " is " + 100/i);
7. }
8. }
9. }

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QUESTION ?

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