Koadic C3
COM Command & Control
DEF CON 25 - July 2017
Agenda
● Current open-source "malware" options for red teams
● Koadic (C3)
○ Advanced JScript/VBScript RAT
● The hell we went through
● Demos
whoami /all
● @zerosum0x0
● @Aleph___Naught
● @JennaMagius
● @The_Naterz
Red Team @ RiskSense, Inc
First things first...
● "SMBLoris" attack
○ Windows 0-day denial-of-service
SMBLoris
Notes
● Not responsible for other people's actions
● A ton of overlapping research, incremental work
○ Consolidate research/techniques
○ "Advances state of the art"
● Meme slides = dirty hack/workaround
● Prototype
○ Used on real engagements
○ Submit fixes, not tixes
Intrusion Phases
● Reconnaissance
● Initial Exploitation
● Establish Persistence
● Install Tools
● Move Laterally
● Collect, Exfil, and Exploit
Source: Rob Joyce, NSA/TAO Director, Enigma 2016
Current State of Windows Post Exploitation
● Yet but a few open-source "malware" options for red teams
○ Meterpreter
○ Cobalt Strike
○ PowerShell Empire
● Roll your own…
○ A decent option- the bad guys do
Downsides of PE Malware
● Meterpreter is amazing software!
● Post-exploitation (and some exploits [psexec]) often involve
dropping a binary
○ Binaries are what AV love
○ Need to evade payload
■ Veil Evasion
■ Shellter
Downside of PowerShell
● Empire is amazing software!
● Requires PowerShell (duh)
○ Officially- Server 2008 SP2*
○ Requires modern .NET
● Extensive logging/disabling mechanisms
* [Link]
WTS C3 - COM C&C
● Target Win2k SP0
○ Possibly earlier
● JScript/VBScript
○ Baked directly into the core of Windows
■ Not an addon-- harder to limit
○ Powerful COM exposed by the OS
○ Creative use of default .exe's
● Ways to execute completely in memory
○ The main benefit of PowerShell
COM Background
● Component Object Model
○ Language neutral
○ Object oriented
○ Binary interface
○ Distributed
● Arguable precursor to .NET
○ Slightly different goals and implementation
■ AKA "still relevant"?
● Found EVERYWHERE in Windows
Downsides of WSH
● No access to Windows API
● No real threading
● Missing a lot of "standard" functions
○ Base64
■ Can be done with other programs
● Unicode strings
○ Bad for making structs/shellcode
Downsides of VBScript
● Shlemiel the Painter problem with string indexing (Mid)
○ Inefficient string iterations
○ @JennaMagius: "Bring the Bucket With You"
● Insane exception handling method
○ "On error resume next", for every scope
● Definitely not lingua franca
Readline Improvements
● Readline is the interactive shell
● When shells/messages start to rain in…
○ Output overwrites input
● @JennaMagius fixed it, redraw
○ Commit to Metasploit in PR #7570
○ Still an issue in Empire
Koadic Terminology
● Zombie
○ a hooked target
● Stager
○ web server to perform hook
● Implant
○ starts jobs on a zombie
● Job
○ does something interesting
Architecture Overview
Plugin Architecture
● run() method
○ Stager - Spawns HTTP server
○ Implant - Starts Job
● ~VARIABLE~ based JS files
● "[Link]" helper functions
○ Run commands
○ Upload/download
○ File I/O
○ HTTP I/O
■ Report on jobs
Implant Categories
● Pivot
● Persistence
● Manage
● Elevate
● Gather
● Scan
● Fun
● Inject
Stager Architecture
● Generally, hook by manual command
○ Can hook from IE, Office macros, etc.
● Python simple HTTP/S threaded server
○ Encryption through TLS/SSL (depending on target)
● Long-poll
● When a job is ready, clones itself twice and dies
Stager Job Cloning
● Hook: If not "Session ID"
○ Assigned a session ID
■ Fork stage
● Stage: If "Session ID" present
○ long-poll to get a "Job ID"
■ Fork stage
■ Fork job
■ Exit
● Job: If "Session ID" && "Job ID"
○ Send job payload
■ Do work
■ Report
■ Exit
[Link]
● COM Scriptlets
○ Still written to disk
● Present on Windows 2000
● Less sandboxed than MSHTA
[Link] Stager
● HTML "Applications"
○ Access to registry, filesystem, shell, etc.
○ Some IE security zone sandboxing
● Payload is tiny
○ But missing on Windows 2000
Hidden HTA
● Experimented with
many techniques
to hide window
● Later saw malware
samples do same
thing
[Link]
● Abuses path/command line parsing
○ Loads [Link]
○ Executes JScript
● Basically same thing as [Link]
● Less Window visibility
○ MSHTA stager forks to [Link]
Script Unresponsive
● Can long-poll HTTP forever, np
○ Because it's a COM call
● Run too many lines of JScript
○ Even just a few milliseconds?
○ Abort!!
HKCU\Software\Microsoft\Internet Explorer\Styles\MaxScriptStatements
"Uploading" Files
● Binary data is hard to work with…
● Writing byte-by-byte uses limited instructions
● [Link]([Link])
○ Can't write stream directly to file
○ But… information theory allows it
"Uploading" Files
"Downloading" Files
● Post data is double encoded
○ Windows-1252
○ UTF-8
● Can't send NULL bytes \x00
○ We add another layer of encoding
■ \\ = \\\\
■ \0 = \\\x30
● Extremely slow to decode()
○ So we use hard-coded lookup table
DEMO
Upload+Download, SHA256 verify
UAC Bypasses
● [Link] by @enigma0x3
○ HKCU\Software\Classes\mscfile\shell\open\command
● [Link] by @enigma0x3
○ HKCU\Software\Classes\exefile\shell\runas\command
● [Link] by [Link]
○ HKCU\Software\Classes\ms-settings\shell\open\command
● UACME by @hFireF0X
○ Future work, 35+ methods
Dumping NTLM on Local Machines
● Stored in registry hives
○ reg save HKLM\SAM [Link] /y
○ reg save HKLM\SYSTEM [Link] /y
○ reg save HKLM\SECURITY [Link] /y
● Download to C3 server
● Decode with CoreSecurity/Impacket
○ [Link] -sam %s -system %s -security %s LOCAL
Dumping NTLM from Domain Controllers
● Make shadow copy
○ vssadmin create shadow /for=C:
○ copy shadow\windows\ntds\[Link] %TEMP%\[Link]
○ reg save HKLM\SECURITY [Link]
● Download to C3 Server
● Decode with CoreSecurity/Impacket
○ [Link] -ntds %s -system %s -hashes LMHASH:NTHASH LOCAL
DEMO
Bypass UAC, Hashdump
HTTP
● Several HTTP COM Object ProgIDs
○ [Link]
○ [Link]
○ [Link]
○ [Link]
○ [Link]
○ etc.
● Same basic interface
○ Drastically different behaviors
TCP Scanner
● Use HTTP object to "port scan"
○ AJAX Port Scanner
● Depending on status code, determine if port open
PSExec
● Microsoft signed
● No need to "upload" binary
○ \\[Link]@SSL\tools\
● "Dirty bit" are you sure?
○ Bypass is: use a different way to exec it?
● psexec \\computer\ -u domain\user -p pwd -accepteula ~CMD~
WMI
● Start command remotely
● Runs in session 0
○ No GUI = no UAC bypass
■ Need hacks
DEMO
TCP Scan, Pivot
Excel COM Object
● Work gave us Office licenses, we found a good use for them…
● Many workstations have Office
● Excel spreadsheets can be created in memory
○ No need for GUI at all
● Excel spreadsheets have macros
○ Run any VBA, with access to Windows API
■ Shellcode
■ Reflective DLLS
DotNetToJs
● Attack by @tiraniddo
● Uses COM objects installed with .NET
● Load custom serialized object
○ Access to Windows API
DynamicWrapperX
● Written by Yuri Popov (Freeware)
● Allows access to Windows API
● Drop DLL and Manifest
● Registration-free COM
○ Avoids COM registry writes
○ @subTee "re-discovered"
[Link]
● @clymb3r fork added to Mimikatz core
○ Goal: we want to use this existing DLL
● PowerShell Empire uses "memory module"
○ DLL mapping performed in PowerShell
■ Not reflective injection
■ We're limited on instructions
● "[Link]"
[Link]
● Normal Reflective DLL
● Built-in HTTP
● Determines if x64 system and x86 process
○ Forks if necessary
● Process hollowing of %WINDIR%\sysnative\[Link]
● Injects [Link]
○ privilege::debug - SeDebugPrivilege
○ token::elevate - NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM
○ Runs the custom command
■ sekurlsa::logonPasswords
DEMO
Mimikatz
Mitigations
● Device Guard/AppLocker/CI
● Block:
○ WSH
○ HTA
○ SCT
● Delete all .exes!
● Delete all COM objects!
○ Including script parsers!
Add to Metasploit
● Additional targets for command/Binary drop modules
○ Such as psexec
● Iterate over all methods of forking to shellcode
○ Until one works
Future Work
● Clean up code
● JavaScript Minimizer/obfuscator
● getsystem
● Persistence implants
● Close some DoS vectors
Related Talks
● COM in Sixty Seconds
○ James Forshaw @ INFILTRATE 2017
● Windows Archaeology
○ Casey Smith and Matt Nelson @ BSides Nashville 2017
● Establishing a Foothold with JavaScript
○ Casey Smith @ Derbycon 2016
Thanks!
● @zerosum0x0
● @Aleph___Naught
[Link]
● DEF CON Workshop - Saturday @ 14:30 - Octavarius 5
○ Windows Post-Exploitation/Malware Forward Engineering
○ shellcode, winapi, COM, .NET
